Women in Judaism - Knowledge

4646:"It would appear that all were intended for earlier generations when everyone dwelt in the place of their familial ancestral home and ancestral tradition was very powerful among all to follow the path of their fathers... under such circumstances we could maintain that a woman not study Mishnayos and, for guidance, rely on her righteous parents, but presently, due to our myriad sins, ancestral tradition has become exceptionally weak and it is common that people do not dwell in proximity to the family home, and especially those women who devote themselves to mastering the vernacular, surely it is a now a great mitzvah to teach them Scripture and the ethical teachings of our sages such as Pirkei Avos, Menoras Ha-Ma'or and the like so that they will internalize our sacred faith because they are prone to abandon the path of God and violate all principles of faith." 6306:. Female Reconstructionist rabbis were instrumental in the creation of rituals, stories, and music that give women a voice in Judaism. Most of the focus has been on rituals for life-cycle events. New ceremonies have been created for births, weddings, divorces, conversions, weaning, and the onset of menarche and menopause. The Reconstructionist movement committed to creating liturgy that supports gender equality and the celebration of women's lives. Another major step: The Federation of Reconstructionist Congregations developed educational programs that teach the full acceptance of lesbians, as well as rituals that affirm lesbian relationships. Reconstructionist rabbis officiate at same-sex weddings. Reconstructionist Judaism allows openly 4422: 6368:; OHALAH condemns all types of sexism; OHALAH is committed to gender equality, now and in all generations to come; and OHALAH supports equal rights regardless of gender." Also in 2014, ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal issued a statement stating, "ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal supports the observance of Women's History Month, International Women's Day, and Women's Equality Day, condemns all types of sexism, is committed to gender equality, now and in all generations to come, and supports equal rights regardless of gender, in recognition and allegiance to the view that we are all equally created in the Divine Image." 60: 5410: 2437: 5418: 4716: 12615: 6055:

decision-makers for others. The Responsum also held that traditionally minded communities and individuals could continue traditional practice without sinning. By adopting this Responsum, CJLS was able to provide a considered Jewish-law justification for its egalitarian practices, without having to rely on potentially unconvincing arguments, undermine the religious importance of community and clergy, ask individual women intrusive questions, repudiate the

6068: 4557: 5835: 4685: 12604: 6516: 12728: 12635: 5689: 5545:(advocates) in those courts. Women are also permitted to provide evidence under oath, and their statements are considered to be fully credible in ritual matters. The exclusion of women as witnesses has exceptions which have required exploration under rabbinic law, as the role of women in society and the obligations of religious groups under external civil law have been subject to increasing recent scrutiny. 12625: 9725: 4347:. The reasoning was that a woman and her body would distract men and give them impure thoughts during prayer. Due to this rabbinical interpretation, scholars viewed the women's role in the synagogue as limited and sometimes non-existent. Later research reported that women had a significant role in the synagogue and the community at large. Women usually attended synagogue, for example, on the 12735: 8154:

personal emphasis in this affluent Los Angeles suburb is educating women through a weekly Caffeine for the Soul class, monthly Rosh Chodesh Society meetings, and the wildly-popular bat-mitzvah classes she leads. Bryski also serves on the editorial board of the Rosh Chodesh Society, a project of Jewish Learning Institute (JLI), and is a prolific writer.

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local communities will embody egalitarian and inclusive values, manifested in a variety of leadership and decision-making structures, ensuring that women and men are full and equal partners in every aspect of our communal Jewish life." In 2014 OHALAH issued a board resolution stating, "Therefore, be it resolved that: OHALAH supports the observance of

6267:, served as rabbi of the Manhattan Reconstructionist Congregation in 1976, and gained a pulpit in 1977 at Beth El Zedeck congregation in Indianapolis. Sandy Eisenberg Sasso was accepted without debate or subsequent controversy. In 2005, 24 of the movement's 106 synagogues in the US had women as senior or assistant rabbis. In 2013 Rabbi 4434: 5911:

eligible to serve as agents and decision-makers for others. The responsum also held that traditionally-minded communities and individual women could opt out without sinning. By adopting this responsum, the CJLS allowed itself to provide a considered Jewish-law justification for its practices, without having to rely on

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traditional sources express multiple or more liberal viewpoints, particularly where the role of women in the past was arguably broader than in later times. Feminist advocates within Orthodoxy generally stay within the traditional legal process of argumentation, seeking a gradualist approach. Nevertheless, a growing

6011:, and second Sigal responsa were considered by JTSA faculty as part of its decision to ordain women as rabbis in 1983. The Rabbinowitz responsum sidestepped the issue of obligation, arguing that a community representative was no longer needed in prayer and hence the question of whether a woman can perform 6401:

on August 26 to commemorate the anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution allowing women to vote; The Society condemns gender discrimination in all its forms, including restriction of rights, limited access to education, violence, and subjugation; and The Society

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is the sole legitimate form of Jewish decisionmaking, and holds that Jews must consider their conscience and ethical principles inherent in the Jewish tradition when deciding upon a right course of action. Consensus is widespread among Reform Jews that traditional distinctions between the role of men

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Orthodox women have been working to expand women's learning and scholarship, promoting women's ritual inclusion in worship, and promoting women's communal and religious leadership. Some rabbinic leaders are opposed to such changes, claiming that women are motivated by sociological reasons rather than

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and the practices necessary for running a devout household; both of which they were obligated to learn. Until the twentieth century, women were often discouraged from learning Talmud and other advanced Jewish texts. In the past 100 years, Orthodox Jewish education for women has expanded. This is most

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is practiced instead of levirate marriage). These and other gender differences found in the Torah suggest that biblical society viewed continuity, property, and family unity as paramount; however, they also suggest that women were to be subordinate to men. Men were required to perform specific duties

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More liberal variants of Modern Orthodox Judaism tend to view proposed changes in the role of women on a case-by-case basis, focusing on arguments regarding the religious and legal role of specific prayers, rituals and activities individually. Such arguments focus on cases where the Talmud and other

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claimed that three factors affected how Jewish women were perceived by society: "the biblical and Talmudic heritage; the situation in the non-Jewish society within which the Jews lived and functioned; and the economic status of the Jews, including the woman's role in supporting the family." Grossman

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by which women would be advisers on Jewish law in the area of family purity and as adult educators in Orthodox synagogues. This required a part-time training course for 18 months, the first such course in the United Kingdom. On August 23, 2016, Karmit Feintuch became the first woman in Jerusalem to

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officials for suspicious behavior such as lighting candles to honor the Sabbath or refusing to eat pork. The Inquisition targeted crypto-Jewish women at least as much as it targeted crypto-Jewish men, because women were accused of perpetuating Jewish tradition while men were merely permitting their

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on role-of-women issues. This responsum held that although Jewish women do not traditionally have the same obligations as men, Conservative women have collectively and voluntarily undertaken them. Because of this, the Fine responsum held that Conservative women were eligible to serve as agents and

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community have opposed many changes to the role of women. Many have argued that religious and social constraints on women are timeless, and are not subject to change. Many have argued that giving traditionally male roles to women would detract from both women's and men's ability to lead fulfilling

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interpretations depicted women in a negative light, emphasizing a duality between matter and spirit in which femininity was associated, with negative connotations, with earth and matter. Gentile society was seen as a negative influence on the Jewish community. For example, it seems that Jews would

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became the first female cantor in Jewish Renewal (and the first female cantor in Germany) in 2002. In 2009 and 2012 respectively, OHALAH (Association of Rabbis for Jewish Renewal) issued a board statement and a resolution supporting Women of the Wall. OHALAH's Statement of Principles states, "Our

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of JTSA issued an influential paper arguing that women had historically always been obligated in prayer, using more detailed arguments than the Blumenthal and first Sigal responsa. The paper suggested that women who followed traditional practices were failing to meet their obligations. Rabbi Roth

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and explained the Conservative approach to the role of women in prayer. It holds that although Jewish women do not traditionally have the same obligations as men, Conservative women have voluntarily undertaken them. Because of this undertaking, Fine's responsum claimed that Conservative women are

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applied to both men and women; however, women were usually exempt from requirements to perform a duty at a specific time, as opposed to doing so at a convenient time or requirements to abstain from an act). Two prominent theories attempt to explain this: pragmatism (because women's duties consume

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and female aspects of the divine presence and human-divine relationship, and which saw marriage as a holy covenant between partners rather than just a civil contract, had great influence. Kabbalists explained the phenomenon of menstruation as expressions of the demonic or sinful character of the

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Depending on the location, women either attended the same service as the men or conducted their own. In larger synagogues, a designated woman who was able to follow the cantor would repeat the prayers for the women. Women had always attended services on Shabbat and holidays, but beginning in the

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composed of Orthodox, Traditional, Conservative, and Reform rabbis, established in Denver, Colorado to promote uniform conversion standards, dissolved in 1983 due to that resolution.. In 2015, the majority of Britain's Assembly of Reform Rabbis voted in favor of a position paper proposing "that

5676:(Hebrew: "chained women") are women whose husbands refuse to give them a divorce contract (a "get"). The word can also refer to a woman whose husband has disappeared. In Orthodox Judaism, only a man is able to serve a "get". In order to prevent a husband from such a refusal, many couples sign a 5599:

in Choshen Mishpat (Siman 35, 14) rules that in a case where only women congregate, or in a case where only women could possibly testify (in this case, the alleged harassment occurred behind closed doors), they can, and should, certainly testify. (Terumas Hadeshen Siman 353 and Agudah Perek 10,

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ruled that a woman who found her husband "repugnant" could ask a court to compel a divorce by flogging the recalcitrant husband "because she is not like a captive, to be subjected to intercourse with one who is hateful to her". Furthermore, Maimonides ruled that a woman may "consider herself as

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passed a resolution which stated, "RCA members with positions in Orthodox institutions may not ordain women into the Orthodox rabbinate, regardless of the title used; or hire or ratify the hiring of a woman into a rabbinic position at an Orthodox institution; or allow a title implying rabbinic

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Mrs. Shula Bryski, representative to Thousand Oaks, California, and a mother of six, says that the Rebbe "empowered women in a way perhaps never done before". Embracing modernity, the Rebbe understood that today, "women need more sophisticated Judaism, more depth, more spirituality". Bryski's

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issued a statement in 1996 stating, "We affirm that a woman has the moral right and should have the continuing legal right to decide whether or not to terminate a pregnancy in accordance with her own ethical standards. Because a decision to terminate a pregnancy carries serious, irreversible

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Women are portrayed subverting male-dominated power structures. Many Jewish women are considered foundational by feminists because they provide insights into life during those times. They are notable for breaking the male dominance of historical documentation. This is notable given the poor

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were traditionally optional for women, but argued that women in modern times could change their traditional roles. The Roth responsum argued that women could voluntarily assume the same obligations as men, and that women who do so (e. g., pray three times a day regularly) could count in a

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called for the full equality of women and men, despite the obvious difficulties reconciling this stance with traditional Jewish practice. The Reconstructionist Movement always allowed women to be ordained. In 1968, women were accepted into the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, under

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was moot. CJLS stated that an argument potentially undermining the value of community and clergy was unconvincing: "We should not be afraid to recognize that the function of clergy is to help our people connect with the holy." The Roth and second Sigal responsa accepted that time-bound

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that refers to God as both "Loving Father" and "Compassionate Mother". Other notable changes replaced a line from the Reform movement's earlier prayerbook, "Gates of Repentance", that mentioned the joy of a bride and groom specifically, with the line "rejoicing with couples under the

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individuals who live a Jewish life, and who are patrilineally Jewish, can be welcomed into the Jewish community and confirmed as Jewish through an individual process". Britain's Assembly of Reform Rabbis stated that rabbis "would be able to take local decisions – ratified by the

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relates that Israelite men and women were present at Sinai; however, the covenant bound men to act upon its requirements and to ensure that household members (wives, children, and slaves) also met these requirements. In this sense, the covenant bound women, though indirectly.

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Talmud Babylonia Kelim Bava Kamma 4:17 separately in Sifre Deuteronomy 307 in both she is personally left unnamed and referred to as just, 'and we have learned from the daughter of Haninah ben Terradyon', a sign of the prevailing attitude towards women (as property of their

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eleventh century, women became more involved in the synagogue and its rituals. Separate seating for women became a norm around the beginning of the thirteenth century. Women, however, did much more than pray. One of their main jobs was to beautify the building. Women sewed

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passed a resolution waiving the need for formal conversion for anyone with at least one Jewish parent who has made affirmative acts of Jewish identity. The 1983 resolution had a mixed reception in Reform Jewish communities outside of the United States. Most notably, the

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Conservative Judaism traditionally held traditional views of women's role. However, in 1946, the new Silverman siddur changed the traditional words of thanking God for "not making me a woman", instead thanking God for "making me a free person." In 1955, the CJLS of the

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and serve as agents. JTSA accordingly required female rabbinical students wishing to train as rabbis to personally obligate themselves. Synagogue rabbis, unwilling to inquire into individual religiosity, found this impractical. The second Sigal responsum called for a

5996:'s general prayer obligation and examples of cases in which women were traditionally obligated to say specific prayers. They inferred from them a public prayer obligation identical to that of men. The Blumenthal responsum extrapolated from a minority authority that a 4108:

Women depended on men economically. Women generally did not own property except in the rare case of inheriting land from a father who did not bear sons. Even in such cases, "women would be required to remarry within the tribe so as not to reduce its land holdings".

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that allowed religious-affiliated institutions to be exempt from requirements mandating the provision of reproductive healthcare services. In 2013 stated, "Therefore, be it resolved that: The Society for Humanistic Judaism wholeheartedly supports the observance of

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A growing movement advocates for increased inclusion of women in positions such as rabbis, cantors, and communal leaders. This challenges historic practices. Perspectives on women's roles evolved over time due to discussion and reinterpretation of religious texts.

5591:, identified sexual harassment cases as coming under a class of exceptions to the traditional exclusion, under which "even children or women" have not only a right, but an obligation, to testify, and can be relied upon by a rabbinical court as valid witnesses: 8800:, they may still carry out full prayer services. Goren later either clarified or retracted his view, stating that his writing was purely a speculative work published against his wishes, not intended as a practical responsum, and that in his view, the actual 6275:. She was the first woman and first lesbian to officially to lead a Jewish congregational union, and the first female rabbi and first lesbian to lead a Jewish seminary; the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College is both a congregational union and a seminary. 4164:. The daughter of a scholar was considered a good prospect for marriage in part because of her education. Stories in the Talmud present women whose husbands died or were exiled and yet were able to educate their children because of their own education. 5973:

article. These opinions sought to launch a wholesale shift in women's public roles through a comprehensive legal justification. Most such opinions proposed that Jewish women always were, or had become, legally obligated to perform many of the same

8065: 7957: 4627:, the prohibition of teaching women does not apply to a motivated woman or girl. Maimonides' response to detractors was the prohibition is against teaching Mishnah to any student—male or female—unless they are properly prepared and motivated. 5621:

that would normally not rely on women witnesses, they would certainly agree that in our case ... where there is ample evidence that this Rabbi violated Torah precepts, then even children or women can certainly be kosher as witnesses, as the

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Between 1973 and 2002, the Conservative movement adopted changes through its official organizations, but without issuing explanatory opinions. Since 2002, the Conservative movement coalesced around a unified approach to the role of women.

5224:. One reason is that tefillin are believed to help men avoid thoughts considered impure, while women are believed to not have such thoughts. Soloveitchik wrote that while women do not lack the capability to perform such acts, there is no 5124:) dividing the left and right sides of the synagogue, with the women on one side and the men on the other. Historically, many Orthodox synagogues restricted women to seating in the balconies, while men sat on the main floor. Formally, a 4519:

ruled that, "For it is the way of the Gentiles to behave thus, but Heaven forbid that any Jew should do so. And one who beats his wife is to be excommunicated and banned and beaten." He also ruled that a battered wife could petition a

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Although Judaism prescribes modesty for both men and women, the importance of modesty in dress and conduct is particularly stressed among women and girls. Orthodox women wear skirts and avoid trousers, and most married Orthodox women

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While few women are mentioned by name, and none are known to have authored a rabbinic work, those who are mentioned are portrayed as having a strong influence on their husbands. Occasionally they have a public persona. Examples are

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Reform Judaism generally holds that the various differences between the roles of men and women in traditional Jewish law are not relevant to modern conditions and no longer applicable. Accordingly, legal arguments were not needed.

9140:"Conservative movement is closing its gender gap, but there is still work to be done - St. Louis Jewish Light: Commentaries - Conservative movement is closing its gender gap, but there is still work to be done: Commentaries" 10826: 9278:"Rabbi Avram Reisner, OBSERVING NIDDAH IN OUR DAY: AN INQUIRY ON THE STATUS OF PURITY AND THE PROHIBITION OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH A MENSTRUANT, Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006" 4022:

Marriage and family law in biblical times gave men powers that it did not give to women. For example, a husband could choose to divorce a wife, but a wife could not divorce a husband without his consent. The practice of

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women and Modern Orthodox rabbis sought to provide more Jewish education for women. Modern Orthodox communities promote women's secular education. A few Modern Orthodox Synagogues have women serving as clergy, including

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The first Sigal and the Blumenthal responsa were considered by CJLS as part of its decision on prayer roles in 1973. They argued that women had always had the same obligations as men. The first Sigal responsum used the

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A more liberal, permissive view maintains that women's prayer groups can be compatible with halakha, but only if they do not carry out a full prayer service (i. e., do not include certain parts of the service known as

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interpretation independent of legal precedents. CJLS, unwilling to take either an intrusive approach or repudiate the traditional legal process, did not adopt either and let the JTS faculty vote stand unexplained.

5568:, there were no valid witnesses against him, and hence, the case for his expulsion had to be thrown out for lack of evidence. In a ruling of importance for Orthodox women's capacity for legal self-protection under 4671:

is necessary to provide a firm foundation for faith, such study becomes obligatory and obviously lies beyond the pale of any prohibition.' Undoubtedly, the Rav's prescription was more far-reaching than that of the

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in this area. Rabbi Tendler claimed that the tradition of exclusion of women's testimony should compel the RCA to disregard the allegations. He argued that since the testimony of a woman could not be admitted in

5458:, women in these groups have read the prayers and study Torah. A number of leaders from all segments of Orthodox Judaism have commented on this issue, but it has had a little, although growing, impact on 5874:

A commission appointed by the Conservative movement to study the issue of ordaining women as rabbis, met between 1977 and 1978. It consisted of eleven men and three women: attorney Marian Siner Gordon,

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During the Middle Ages, a conflict emerged between Judaism's expectations of women and the reality in which they lived; this was similar to the lives of Christian women of the period. This prompted the

10851: 5060:. Opinions vary among Orthodox Jews concerning these principles. Most claim that men and women have different roles and bear different obligations. For example, women are not burdened with time-bound 4515:

ruled, "The cry of the daughters of our people has been heard concerning the sons of Israel who raise their hands to strike their wives. Yet who has given a husband the authority to beat his wife?"

6496:. Seltzer is non-denominationally Jewish. From spring 2011 until August 2012 she scribed another Sefer Torah, this time for the Reform congregation Beth Israel in San Diego. On September 22, 2013, 4549:

Many women had enough education to help their husbands in business or even run their own. Jewish women seem to have lent money to Christian women throughout Europe. Women also worked as copyists,

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describes itself as "a worldwide, transdenominational movement grounded in Judaism's prophetic and mystical traditions". The Jewish Renewal movement ordains women and men as rabbis and cantors.

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Jewish women had a limited education. They were taught to read, write, run a household. They were given some education in religious law that was essential to their daily lives, such as keeping

5826:(ritual immersion) following menstruation, although liberalizing certain details. Such practices, while requirements of Conservative Judaism, are not widely observed among Conservative laity. 9382: 3870:, and by cultural factors. Although the Hebrew Bible and rabbinic literature present various female role models, religious law treats women in specific ways. According to a 2017 study by the 9077: 5496:

or reading from the Torah), and only if services are spiritually and sincerely motivated, as is usually the case; they cannot be sanctioned if they are inspired by a desire to rebel against

8903: 10830: 6317:. Others devoted energy to helping women gain the right of divorce in traditional Jewish communities. Many have spoken out for the right of Jewish women to pray aloud and read from the 5064:. Others believe that such differences have cultural, social, and historical causes. Women were historically exempted from religious study beyond understanding the practical aspects of 4388:

analyze the modesty of their Gentile neighbors before officially moving into a new community, because they knew that their children would be influenced by their surroundings. After the

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In 1973, 1983, and 1993, individual rabbis and professors issued six major opinions that influenced the Conservative approach, the first and second Sigal, Blumenthal, Rabinowitz, and

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adopted a policy banning women from serving as clergy, from holding titles such as "rabbi", and from performing common clergy functions even without a title, in its US congregations.

2549: 10747: 11333:(2001). "Gender, Halakhaha and Women's Suffrage: Responsa of the First Three Chief Rabbis on the Public Role of Women in the Jewish State". In Jacob, Walter; Zemer, Moshe (eds.). 10160: 9899: 6083:

and women violate the deeper ethical principles of Judaism. This has enabled Reform communities to allow women to perform many rituals traditionally reserved for men, such as:

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was ordained by Yeshivat Maharat and given the freedom to choose her own title, she chose "Rabbi". She became the first female Modern Orthodox rabbi in the US in January 2016.

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was done instead. The widow removes her brother-in-law's shoe, spits in front of him, and proclaims, "This is what happens to someone who will not build his brother's house!"

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also provided women with some material and emotional protections related to marriage, and divorce that most non-Jewish women did not enjoy during the first millennium of the

10087: 8662: 8479: 8423:"NYC Orthodox High School Lets Girls Put On Tefillin - The Jewish Press - JewishPress.com - Jewish Press News Desk - 20 Shevat 5774 – January 20, 2014 - JewishPress.com" 6410:

Sofrot is the feminine plural of Sofer. A Sopher, Sopher, Sofer STaM, or Sofer ST"M (Heb: "scribe", סופר סת״ם) is a Jewish scribe who is able and entitled to transcribe

1081: 4542:. Both Christian and Jewish girls were educated in the home. Although Christian girls might have either a male or female tutor, most Jewish girls had a female tutor. 6392:

consequences, it is one to be made with great care and with keen awareness of the complex psychological, emotional, and ethical implications." In 2012, they opposed

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A third view argues in favor of the acceptability of calling women to the Torah in mixed services, and leading certain parts of the service which do not require a

10397: 9464: 9302:"Rabbi Miriam Berkowitz, RESHAPING THE LAWS OF FAMILY PURITY FOR THE MODERN WORLD, Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006" 8560: 6047:

argued that Conservative Judaism should reconsider before adopting a stance that labeled its most traditional members as sinners. The issue was again dropped.

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A rabbi may decide which particular rulings to adopt for the congregation; thus, some Conservative congregations became more or less egalitarian than others.

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curtains and Torah covers; some survive. The synagogue was a communal place for both men and women where worship, learning and community activities occurred.

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Reform prayerbooks tend to avoid male-specific words and pronouns, making all references to God in translations in gender-neutral language. For example, the

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Continuing the Orthodox approach remained acceptable. Individual Conservative rabbis and synagogues were not required to change, and a small number did not.

1314: 1009: 6422:, and other religious writings. (ST"M, סת״ם, is an abbreviation for Sefer Torahs, Tefillin, and Mezuzot. The masculine plural of sofer is "sofrim" סופרים). 10277: 4667:

like the boys: "The halakha prohibiting Torah study for women is not indiscriminate or all-encompassing. ... 'If ever circumstances dictate that study of

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applied to widows of childless husbands, but not to widowers of childless wives; though, if either did not consent to the marriage, a ceremony called

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Fishbane, Simcha (1993). "In Any Case There Are No Sinful Thoughts: The Role and Status of Women in Jewish Law as Expressed in the Arukh Hashulhan".

10472: 173: 9863: 9389: 9254:"Rabbi Susan Grossman, MIKVEH AND THE SANCTITY OF BEING CREATED HUMAN, Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006" 5353:

On June 10, 2015, Dr. Meesh Hammer-Kossoy and Rahel Berkovits became the first two women to be ordained as Modern Orthodox Jewish Rabbas in Israel.

11648: 9524: 9236:"Rabbi Miriam Berkowitz, Mikveh and the Sanctity of Family Relations, Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006" 9084: 5577: 4546:. More sources of education were available for Jewish women in Muslim-controlled lands. Middle Eastern Jewry had an abundance of female literates. 4328:. This goes back to ancient times when women could go only as far as the second court of the Temple." In most synagogues, women were given an area 1196: 9496: 6181:, the American Reform Jewish prayer book released in 2007, references to God as "He" have been removed, and whenever Jewish patriarchs are named ( 7619: 5284:, located in the United States, became the first Orthodox institution to consecrate female clergy. The graduates of Yeshivat Maharat were called 4314:

Prohibitions against teaching women Torah eased, and women started to form prayer groups. Women participated in Jewish practices publicly at the

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commits itself to maintain vigilance and speak out in the fight to bring gender equality to our generation and to the generations that follow."

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divorced and remarry" if her husband remained absent for three years. This was to prevent women married to traveling merchants from becoming an

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toward women originally differed little from the Orthodox position, it later minimized legal and ritual differences between men and women. The

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of over four feet or so (ten handbreadths) suffices, even if the men can see the women, though such a small separation is not ideal. A typical

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for their wives, but these often reinforced gendered roles. These included the provision of clothing, food, and sexual service to their wives.

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In 2013, the Israeli Orthodox rabbinical organization Beit Hillel issued a halachic ruling which allows women, for the first time, to say the

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an online peer-reviewed journal covering women in Judaism, with a special emphasis on history, but also including book reviews and fiction.

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of New York dedicated a new Torah, which members of Beth Elohim said was the first Torah in New York City to be completed by a woman. The

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scribed by a group of women (six female sofers, from Brazil, Canada, Israel, and the United States) was completed; this was known as the

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does not include women in its list of those ineligible to write Sifrei Torah, some see this as proof that women are permitted to write a

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In 2002, the CJLS returned to the issue and adopted a single authoritative approach, the Fine responsum, as the definitive Conservative

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A man without a wife lives without joy, blessing, and good; a man should love his wife as himself and respect her more than himself.

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When the roles of women in religion change, men's roles may also change. With their acceptance of patrilineal descent in 1979, the

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could be formed with nine men and one woman in an emergency. CJLS declined to adopt either responsum. Rabbi Sigal reported to the

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scroll. However, virtually all Orthodox (both Modern and Ultra) authorities reject the idea that a woman is permitted to write a

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arguments, undermine the religious importance of community and clergy, ask individual women intrusive questions, repudiate the

5884: 5838: 5783:. The child of a Jewish mother is born Jewish; the child of a Jewish father is born Jewish if and only if the mother is Jewish. 3831: 3765: 2801: 2554: 2402: 1572: 1507: 1389: 10642: 9703: 8456: 6254:. From the beginning, Reconstructionist Jewish ritual allowed men and women to pray together. It was on this basis that Rabbi 12671: 11524: 11502: 11446: 11399: 11377: 11342: 11274: 11240: 11075: 11053: 11034: 10996: 10974: 10931: 10342: 10008: 9941: 9790: 9171: 8295: 7941: 7801: 7440: 7331: 7304: 6978: 6948: 6880: 6743: 6141: 5701: 4991: 2958: 2517: 693: 9497:"OH 53.4.1984 Responsum on the status of women: with special attention to the questions of Shaliah Tzibbur, Edut and Gittin" 9062:

Profiles in American Judaism: The Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist Traditions in Historical Perspective

12790: 11886: 8354: 6541: 6272: 2990: 1131: 10146: 9357: 4065:("thanksgiving") offering after childbirth. Hence, they participated in many of the major public religious roles that non- 11800: 10895: 10561: 9564: 7020: 5212:

discouraged women from serving as presidents of synagogues or other official leadership positions, from performing other

3057: 1399: 1216: 1206: 446: 5448:(prayer) groups beginning in the 1970s. While Orthodox legal authorities agree that women are prohibited from forming a 13136: 12638: 11881: 11293: 11216: 10869: 10597: 10579: 6480:

From October 2010 until spring 2011, Julie Seltzer, one of the female sofers from the Women's Torah Project, scribed a

6429:

45b states: "Sifrei Torah, tefillin, and mezuzot written by a heretic, a star-worshipper, a slave, a woman, a minor, a

4392:, women became virtually the only source of Jewish ritual and tradition in the Catholic world in a phenomenon known as 1795: 1745: 1710: 1404: 1269: 1136: 10624: 10401: 8634:"Rabbinical Council of America officially bans ordination and hiring of women rabbis | Jewish Telegraphic Agency" 5811:

includes a clause that puts a husband and wife on more equal footing when it comes to marriage and divorce law within

4271:

Since Jews were seen as second-class citizens in Christian and Muslim societies (legally known in the Muslim world as

4208:

A man must be careful never to speak slightingly to his wife, because women are prone to tears and sensitive to wrong.

12500: 12329: 11157: 11097: 9471: 8768: 8268: 7485: 6905: 4794: 3824: 3760: 2395: 1487: 1449: 1424: 1344: 1329: 1176: 1116: 1071: 10447: 8578: 8516: 8233: 7584: 7081: 5184:

In accordance with Jewish Law, Orthodox Jewish women refrain from bodily contact with their husbands while they are

13167: 12495: 12490: 12394: 10712: 10536: 9599: 4761: 2507: 2457: 1780: 1762: 1668: 1562: 1414: 1409: 1334: 1299: 1166: 9842: 6679:(a woman who wishes to divorce her husband, but her husband refused to provide her with a Jewish divorce contract) 5655:

lives. Haredim have perceived arguments for liberalization as stemming from antagonism to Jewish law and beliefs.

5474:

The most restrictive view, held by a few rabbis, rules that all women's prayer groups are absolutely forbidden by

5246:

stating that a woman can perform a specific official communal service for her own needs, but not those of others.

4105:, that makes them less dependent than men on religious practices to retain a strong spiritual connection to God). 12339: 12214: 11263:

Melammed, Renee Levine (November 2009). "Women in Medieval Jewish Societies". In Greenspahn, Frederick E. (ed.).

6994: 6564: 5610: 5273:

became the first woman to ordained as a "Rabba", or female equivalent of a rabbi, when she started serving as an

4373:

menstruant. These changes were accompanied by increased pietistic strictures, including greater requirements for

3310: 3230: 3052: 2847: 2298: 2197: 1752: 1735: 1688: 1587: 1497: 1434: 1384: 1364: 1359: 1279: 1253: 1228: 1106: 1096: 1086: 1066: 1061: 10204: 9416:"Responsum on the Status of Women: With Special Attention to the Questions of Shalial) Tzibbur, Edut and Gittin" 8615: 12025: 11876: 11866: 11760: 11611: 11128: 10950: 10358: 6388: 5614: 5263: 5156: 4638:

education for girls to counteract the French "finishing schools" prevalent in his day for the daughters of the

4530:

money. These rulings occurred in the midst of societies where wife-beating was legally sanctioned and routine.

4130: 3944:

Compared to men, relatively few women are mentioned in the Bible by name and role. Those mentioned include the

2767: 2603: 1771: 1757: 1725: 1705: 1673: 1617: 1592: 1567: 1547: 1537: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1492: 1482: 1477: 1454: 1369: 1354: 1274: 1233: 1186: 1181: 1101: 1046: 52: 10598:"Society for Humanistic Judaism Supports August 26 as Women's Equality Day and Condemns Gender Discrimination" 5932:, which reaffirmed the obligation of Conservative women to abstain from sexual relations during and following 12294: 12116: 11805: 11545: 5635: 5553: 5429:

In Germany, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, women's prayer groups were led by female cantors. Rabbi

5372: 5350:

women's college's course, as well as passing examinations equivalent to the rabbinate's requirement for men.

5010: 4845: 4751: 3510: 3077: 2192: 1730: 1715: 1678: 1640: 1612: 1602: 1597: 1582: 1577: 1557: 1542: 1527: 1502: 1468: 1439: 1339: 1324: 1248: 1238: 1156: 1126: 1051: 1037: 11666: 10669: 10511: 9806: 9333: 8095: 7987: 4594:

verse 12:13. Rabbi Meir's wife is credited with teaching him how to understand some verses from Isaiah. The

12449: 12076: 11639:"Congregational Dignity and Human Dignity: Women and Public Torah Reading, Sperber, Daniel. Edah 3:2, 2002" 9741:"Five questions for the first woman to chair the Union for Reform Judaism | Jewish Telegraphic Agency" 9507: 7753:

Baskin, Judith R. (Spring 1991). "Some Parallels in the Education of Medieval Jewish and Christian Women".

7710:

Baskin, Judith R. (Spring 1991). "Some Parallels in the Education of Medieval Jewish and Christian Women".

7359:

Baskin, Judith R. (Spring 1991). "Some Parallels in the Education of Medieval Jewish and Christian Women".

6607: 6559: 6361: 5422: 5331:-morning prayer in an all-female prayer group; the first Modern Orthodox high school in the U.S. to do so. 4408:

and life cycle rituals as possible without raising suspicion. Occasionally, these women were prosecuted by

3745: 2980: 2898: 2873: 2806: 1800: 1720: 1683: 1607: 1552: 1419: 1394: 1319: 1294: 1284: 1223: 1146: 1141: 1121: 1111: 1091: 1076: 969: 673: 437: 432: 17: 10476: 9641: 8215: 6149:

rejected patrilineal descent and requires formal conversion for anyone whose mother is not Jewish. A joint

4421: 12828: 12454: 11250:

Marcus, Ivan G (Spring 1986). "Mothers, Martyrs, and Moneymakers: Some Jewish Women in Medieval Europe".

10808: 9542: 4598:

references certain women teaching men the Torah from behind a curtain, so that no man would be offended.

4234: 2975: 2613: 1790: 1785: 1740: 1693: 1379: 1349: 1309: 1304: 1161: 467: 9528: 6898:

Introducing the women's Hebrew Bible : feminism, gender justice, and the study of the Old Testament

5188:

and for 7 days afterwards, and after the birth of a child. The Israeli Rabbinate allows women to act as

4586:. Female Tannaitic Torah jurists included Rabbi Meir's wife, Rabbi Meir's daughter, and the daughter of 13157: 12618: 12354: 12319: 11855: 8329: 8167: 6575: 6485: 5950:, and reducing the circumstances under which spotting and similar conditions would mandate abstinence. 5942:

prior to resumption, while liberalizing observance requirements including shortening the length of the

4699: 4137:(i. e., commandments that prescribe ritual action that must be done at certain times such as hearing a 3770: 3360: 2264: 2109: 1817: 1211: 407: 397: 133: 9933:

Putting God on the Guest List: How to Reclaim the Spiritual Meaning of Your Child's Bar Or Bat Mitzvah

9761: 8955: 6214:" (wedding canpopy), and adding a third, non-gendered option to the way worshippers are called to the 12785: 12664: 12399: 12334: 12324: 12250: 12126: 11978: 11837: 11822: 11753: 10896:"Female Jewish scribe helps keep tradition alive - The Portland Press Herald / Maine Sunday Telegram" 10852:"Congregation Beth Elohim in Park Slope dedicates new Torah for 150th anniversary - News 12 Brooklyn" 10426: 9159: 8561:"The Jewish Press » » Rabbi Lila Kagedan, First Female Rabbi at Orthodox Shul in Melbourne" 6602: 6251: 6034:

ERA", overruling all non-egalitarian provisions in law or, in the alternative, adopet an approach to

5780: 5364: 4817: 4616: 4175:

Greater is the reward to be given by the All-Mighty to the (righteous) women than to (righteous) men.

3148: 2478: 2378: 2071: 1922: 1863: 754: 46: 11678:, Fine, David. Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly (Conservative), 2002 10040: 10026:

Call Them Builders: A Resource Booklet about Jewish Attitudes and Practices on Birth and Family Life

8140: 8040:"Perpetuating Stereotypes: A Study of Gender, Family, and Religious Life in Jewish Children's Books" 6004:

membership that many on the CJLS, while agreeing with the result, found the arguments unconvincing.

4611:

tended to elevate the status of women above the then norm. For example, he permitted women to study

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supported the principle that a man can pass Judaism on to the next generation as well as a woman.

4550: 4036:

Laws concerning the loss of female virginity have no male equivalent. Many of these laws, such as

12424: 12279: 11985: 11898: 10234: 9983: 9239: 8012: 6398: 6365: 5795:). CJLS stated that this ceremony should not be performed for women. Other ceremonies, such as a 5467: 5368: 5254: 4941: 2436: 2222: 2212: 2177: 2056: 2046: 1829: 1000: 942: 776: 455: 412: 127: 11046:

The Moon's Lost Light: A Torah Perspective on Women from the Fall of Eve to the Final Redemption

10069:

This is reflected in the prayer books that have been published by the Reconstructionist movement

5638:, while initially relying on its own investigation, chose to rely on the Halakhic ruling of the 4101:

their time) and spirituality (because "women have superior inherent spiritual wisdom", known as

13093: 12916: 12888: 12588: 12369: 12284: 12047: 9660: 7320:

Ben-Sasson, Hayim (2010-09-09). "Spiritual and Social Creativity". In Ben-Sasson, H. H. (ed.).

6938: 5209: 4901: 4656: 4524:

to compel a husband to grant a divorce, with a monetary fine owed to her on top of the regular

2953: 2638: 2628: 2564: 2341: 2076: 1990: 1056: 608: 227: 197: 10332: 9780: 9308: 9161: 8480:"First Halacha Sefer By Women Makes Waves in Israeli Orthodox World - JP Updates - JP Updates" 8442: 8258: 7931: 7930:

Twersky, Mayor (1998). "A Glimpse of the Rav". In Genaḳ, Menaḥem Dov ben Ḥayim Yitsḥaḳ (ed.).

7477: 7321: 6968: 6733: 5288:

rather than rabbi. However, in 2015, Yaffa Epstein was ordained as Rabba there. Also in 2015,

4676:

and others. But the difference in magnitude should not obscure their fundamental agreement ."

12810: 12419: 12414: 12359: 12314: 12121: 11702:, 1988. Summary of Orthodox arguments regarding women counting in minyan for certain purposes 11638: 11627: 11330: 9260: 8846: 8825: 8758: 7430: 7294: 6870: 6264: 6193:), so also are the matriarchs (Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah.) In 2015 the Reform Jewish 5606: 4956: 4168: 3790: 3735: 3665: 3645: 3630: 3500: 3022: 2985: 2893: 2757: 2593: 2232: 2227: 2172: 1960: 875: 603: 590: 485: 202: 64: 9284: 9117: 9028: 8868: 8250: 6800:"Jewish and Islamic Religious Feminist Exegesis of the Sacred Books: Adam, Woman and Gender" 12926: 12657: 12628: 12304: 12104: 10827:"A Special Open House with Torah Scribe Julie Seltzer: Observe the Completion of our Torah" 10128: 9327:"Responsum's review and critique of prior CJLS efforts to adopt an authoritative responsum" 6384: 6162: 6140:

Concerns about intermarriage influenced the Reform Jewish position on gender. In 1983, the

6071:

Contemporary Reform service, with some congregants wearing head coverings and prayer shawls

5697: 5556:

following allegations of sexual harassment, illustrated the importance of clarification of

5470:

in a debate which still continues today. There are three schools of thought on this issue:

5347: 4840: 4587: 4246: 3675: 3670: 3615: 3565: 3550: 3435: 3325: 3275: 3155: 2716: 2677: 2512: 2502: 2488: 2303: 2255: 1995: 1853: 666: 531: 520: 478: 42: 11686: 11598: 8935: 8597:"Breach in US Orthodox Judaism grows as Haredi body rejects "Open Orthodoxy" institutions" 5887:(JTSA) faculty voted, also without accompanying opinion, to ordain women as rabbis and as 4160:

Evidence suggests that, at least among the elite, women were educated in the Bible and in

3930:

inherit that status from their Jewish father with the corresponding title HaKohen/HaLevi.

59: 8: 12759: 12542: 11967: 11717: 11705: 11421:(1993). "Can the Demand for Change In the Status of Women Be Halakhically Legitimated?". 11170:(Spring 1991). "Some Parallels in the Education of Medieval Jewish and Christian Women". 10960: 8811: 8461: 7429:

Adelman, Howard (2001-11-18). "Italian Jewish Women at Prayer". In Fine, Lawrence (ed.).

6761:""Who Hast Not Made Me a Man": The Movement for Equal Rights for Women in American Jewry" 6462: 6434: 6170: 6001: 5862: 5847: 5705: 5501: 5304: 4446: 4255: 4250: 4051: 3871: 3780: 3710: 3640: 3515: 3490: 3470: 3450: 3330: 3205: 3195: 3072: 2903: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2728: 2633: 2618: 2578: 2539: 2356: 2051: 729: 596: 499: 492: 422: 310: 185: 5500:. People in this group include Rabbi Avraham Elkana Shapiro, former British Chief Rabbi 12434: 12187: 12158: 12109: 11929: 11817: 11795: 11512: 11195: 11187: 10748:"Program Detail: Torah Closing Program and Reception | Contemporary Jewish Museum" 10147:"Radin, Charles A. First openly gay rabbi elected leader, Boston Globe, March 13, 2007" 9825:"Sandy Sasso ordained as first female Reconstructionist rabbi - Jewish Women's Archive" 8498: 8066:"A GUIDE TO FACILITATING EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF THE ULTRA-ORTHODOX JEWISH COMMUNITY" 7958:"A GUIDE TO FACILITATING EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF THE ULTRA-ORTHODOX JEWISH COMMUNITY" 7778: 7770: 7735: 7727: 7530: 7384: 7376: 7173: 7131: 6831: 6823: 6780: 6668: 6376: 6352: 6178: 5880: 5441:

Memorial Book, one Richenza was inscribed with the title "prayer leader of the women".

5057: 4931: 4855: 4804: 4631: 4516: 4192: 4054:

once a year (men should on each of the three main festivals if possible) and offer the

3945: 3939: 3795: 3690: 3650: 3520: 3415: 3380: 3190: 3180: 3105: 3047: 3032: 2883: 2863: 2840: 2692: 2672: 2451: 2207: 2157: 2104: 2099: 2013: 1883: 1151: 980: 739: 659: 513: 79: 35: 11737: 10497: 6504:

was scribed by Linda Coppleson. As of 2014, there were an estimated 50 female sofers.

5531:

Traditionally, women are not generally permitted to serve as witnesses in an Orthodox

12535: 12528: 12459: 12429: 11871: 11520: 11498: 11478: 11442: 11395: 11373: 11338: 11289: 11270: 11236: 11212: 11199: 11153: 11124: 11117: 11103: 11093: 11071: 11049: 11030: 10992: 10970: 10946: 10927: 10338: 10004: 9937: 9786: 9167: 8764: 8430: 8291: 8264: 7937: 7782: 7739: 7534: 7522: 7481: 7470: 7436: 7388: 7327: 7300: 7243: 7117: 6974: 6944: 6911: 6901: 6876: 6835: 6815: 6772: 6739: 6692: 6326: 6314: 5421:

Hebrew manuscript containing prayers for women, Italy 1791. In the collection of the

5409: 5043: 4776: 4512: 4037: 4024: 3715: 3685: 3610: 3590: 3575: 3530: 3495: 3460: 3395: 3335: 3270: 3250: 3245: 3115: 3100: 3027: 3017: 3005: 2915: 2908: 2888: 2772: 2687: 2643: 2573: 2483: 2351: 2293: 2273: 2090: 1650: 1289: 749: 620: 550: 427: 340: 207: 10278:"Femmes et judaïsme - Des femmes veulent changer la loi juive concernant le divorce" 10187:"Gordon, Sheldon (21 April 2006) "Billboards Focus on Jewish Domestic Violence", in 9002: 8311: 6827: 6799: 13073: 12906: 12583: 12521: 12384: 11934: 11226: 11179: 11167: 10919: 9824: 9711: 8967:(Note: parenthetical translations are added, parenthetical references are original) 8186: 7762: 7719: 7514: 7368: 7290: 7145: 6970:

Biblical Literacy: The Most Important People, Events, and Ideas of the Hebrew Bible

6964: 6807: 6438: 5588: 5557: 5430: 5379: 5281: 5164: 5053: 4756: 4464: 4454: 4276: 4102: 3881: 3800: 3785: 3775: 3755: 3725: 3660: 3635: 3560: 3540: 3535: 3480: 3400: 3365: 3350: 3315: 3300: 3280: 3225: 3210: 3200: 3185: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3110: 3087: 2930: 2711: 2682: 2659: 2522: 2321: 2202: 2162: 2126: 1824: 1374: 885: 641: 545: 460: 350: 142: 10562:"Society for Humanistic Judaism Condemns Attempt to Limit Abortion Using Tax Code" 5789:, a proposed ceremony based on the biblical redemption of the eldest newborn son ( 5376:

ordination to be used by a teacher of Limudei Kodesh in an Orthodox institution."

5230:(Jewish tradition) that permits it. In making his decision, he relied upon Jewish 13126: 13106: 12961: 12692: 12485: 12299: 12234: 12227: 12166: 11919: 11810: 11712: 11693: 11628:"Qeri'at ha-Torah by Women: A Halakhic Analysis, Shapiro, Mendel. Edah 1:2, 2001" 11264: 11230: 11022: 11006: 10984: 10964: 9998: 9931: 9579: 8285: 7416: 7229: 6934: 6682: 6547: 6255: 6043: 5970: 5455: 5417: 5320: 5082: 5035: 5031: 4946: 4850: 4809: 4707: 4689: 4590:. Haninah's daughter is mentioned as a sage in the non-Talmud third-century text 4426: 4396:. Crypto-Jewish women slaughtered their own animals, and followed as many of the 4389: 4280:

used these factors to argue that women's status overall during this period rose.

4050:

Women participated in ritual life. Women were required to make pilgrimage to the

3750: 3740: 3730: 3705: 3695: 3625: 3605: 3585: 3525: 3465: 3445: 3430: 3385: 3375: 3355: 3290: 3240: 3235: 3220: 3175: 3120: 2935: 2608: 2283: 2242: 2237: 2217: 2139: 2133: 2066: 2018: 1858: 1839: 990: 719: 631: 614: 158: 9160:

Elliot N. Dorff; Rector and Professor of Philosophy Elliot N Dorff, PhD (2018).

8403: 8362: 7045:"Why do Orthodox women not wear tefillin or tallit? - Magazine - Jerusalem Post" 5712:

on this topic. These provide for women's active participation in areas such as:

5680:

that forces the husband to serve a get or else be reported to the Jewish court.

4453:" in Hebrew, which in English means "mainstay of the house". In traditional and 4433: 4069:

men could, albeit less often and on a somewhat smaller and more discreet scale.

13101: 12858: 12800: 12608: 12404: 11620: 11326: 11145: 10112: 8655:"With female spiritual advisor, Efrat spotlights women's empowerment in Israel" 6665:(quorum of at least ten Jews acceptable for the recitation of certain prayers) 6521: 6344: 6313:

Prominent members of the Reconstructionist community focused on issues such as

6268: 6260: 6222:(from the house of), in addition to the traditional "son of" or "daughter of". 6206: 6194: 6075: 5651: 5639: 5459: 5398: 5386: 5274: 5259: 5133: 5118:

are typically limited to men. Many Orthodox synagogues have physical barriers (

5078: 4822: 4393: 3988: 3915: 3885: 3805: 3720: 3700: 3680: 3655: 3620: 3580: 3555: 3545: 3485: 3455: 3440: 3410: 3405: 3390: 3370: 3320: 3265: 3260: 3215: 3137: 2970: 2920: 2830: 2779: 2723: 2383: 2182: 2037: 1917: 1896: 1873: 1868: 1846: 1834: 1429: 910: 844: 809: 787: 724: 562: 540: 402: 381: 357: 123: 105: 11623:

A Directory of Halakhic Possibilities For A More Egalitarian Kiddushin Ritual.

11107: 10565: 9979: 9882:"Trailblazing Reconstructionist Deborah Waxman Relishes Challenges of Judaism" 8701: 6915: 6461:

became the world's first public, traditionally-trained, female sofer. In 2007

6453:(marriage contracts), STaM not intended for ritual use, and other writings of 13151: 12982: 12873: 12795: 12697: 11482: 11365: 11085: 11063: 9930:

Lebeau, William H.; Salkin, Jeffrey K.; Sasso, Sandy Eisenberg (2014-06-03).

9187: 8977: 7526: 7518: 6819: 6776: 6489: 6458: 6380: 6348: 5876: 5596: 5463: 5343: 5342:(Idit Bartov and Anat Novoselsky) was published. They were ordained by Rabbi 5137: 5113: 4771: 4605:, or school for Talmudic studies, is an "exclusively masculine environment". 4142: 4061:. They would also do so on special occasions in their lives such as giving a 3810: 3595: 3570: 3505: 3475: 3425: 3420: 3345: 3285: 3255: 3130: 2965: 2835: 2796: 2784: 2762: 2744: 2559: 2331: 2326: 1532: 1459: 985: 834: 829: 824: 814: 792: 744: 506: 345: 250: 212: 163: 10601: 10583: 7502: 6387:, ordained in 2001; Humanistic Judaism later stopped ordaining cantors. The 4715: 13083: 12717: 12409: 12289: 12020: 11721:, 1998. Summary of Orthodox arguments for and against women's prayer groups 11387: 10966:

Menstrual Purity: Rabbinic and Christian Reconstructions of Biblical Gender

10873: 10628: 10376: 10116: 8790: 7077: 6648: 6612: 6322: 6226: 5933: 5790: 5623: 5357: 5296: 5289: 5270: 5185: 4896: 4487: 4329: 4263:), he replied that he must first take counsel with his wife, which he did. 4205:

Israel was redeemed from Egypt by virtue of its (Israel's) righteous women.

3897: 3892:, although the father's name is used to describe sons and daughters in the 3859: 3095: 2583: 2361: 2187: 2028: 2023: 1981: 1934: 1028: 895: 880: 839: 804: 417: 259: 68: 11409:

Reisman, Levi M. (1998). "Feminism - A Force That Will Split Orthodoxy?".

10698: 8847:"Congregational Dignity and Human Dignity: Women and Public Torah Reading" 5394:

be hired as a Modern Orthodox "rabbanit" and serve as a spiritual leader.

12921: 12712: 12707: 12152: 11956: 11517:

Women, Jewish Law and Modernity: New Opportunities in a Post-feminist Age

11310: 11150:

Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period

10655: 10451: 10295: 10186: 9843:"Reconstructionist Judaism in the United States - Jewish Women's Archive" 8787: 7432:

Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period

7201: 6811: 6654: 6582: 6493: 6481: 6470: 6466: 6446: 6288: 5919:

tradition, or label women as sinners who followed traditional practices.

5892: 5797: 5112:-brief discourses on the weekly Torah portion-after or between services; 5107: 5070: 4673: 4659:

taught that all religious Ashkenazi Jews, with the exception of hardline

4639: 4409: 4285: 4238: 4015: 4011: 3889: 3042: 3012: 2789: 2346: 2288: 1953: 859: 854: 849: 819: 11191: 10540: 10313: 10080:"Montreal congregation hires first female scribe to pen Torah in Canada" 8869:"Halachic ruling: Women may say Kaddish - Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews" 8721:"Orthodox Union bars women from serving as clergy in its synagogues – J" 8039: 7774: 7731: 7380: 6784: 6760: 5818:

CJLS reaffirmed in 2006 the obligation of Conservative women to observe

12997: 12702: 12389: 12258: 11727:

Women Who Write Torah, A New Generation of Female Scribes Makes History

11724: 11615: 11434: 11418: 11183: 9864:"Reconstructionists Pick First Woman, Lesbian As Denominational Leader" 7766: 7723: 7372: 5231: 4746: 4668: 4608: 4511:

The rabbis instituted and tightened prohibitions on domestic violence.

4498: 4479: 4242: 4230: 4154: 4003: 3863: 3125: 3067: 3062: 2004: 1018: 947: 905: 734: 714: 273: 180: 100: 11456:

Shenhav, Sharon (1999). "Human Rights, Jewish Women, and Jewish Law".

11313:; Magnus, Shulamith (1981). "Orthodoxy Responds to Feminist Ferment". 10580:"Society for Humanistic Judaism Speaks Out Against Conscience Clauses" 6067: 6059:

tradition, or label women following traditional practices as sinners.

5371:, and Open Orthodoxy as having rejected basic tenets of Judaism. The 5307:'s Faculty of Exact Sciences. Also in 2013, the first class of female 4556: 12379: 12208: 12030: 11827: 11490: 11392:

Feminism Encounters Traditional Judaism: Resistance and Accommodation

10208: 9782:

Women who Would be Rabbis: A History of Women's Ordination, 1889-1985

8943: 8784: 8404:"Malka Schaps Becomes First Female Haredi Dean at Israeli University" 6569: 6529: 6008: 5966: 5923: 5899: 5505: 5438: 5292:

was ordained as Rabbi there, their first graduate to take the title.

5225: 5120: 4483: 4383: 4368: 4356: 4315: 4260: 4198: 3923: 2167: 2152: 1242: 1190: 952: 900: 890: 571: 567: 557: 472: 232: 30:

This article is about historical and modern views of Jewish females (

11599:

Women in Judaism: A Multidisciplinary eJournal by Dina Ripsman Elyon

11068:

Women Who Would Be Rabbis: A History of Women's Ordination 1889-1985

9324:

This section summarizes the CLJS's 2002 Fine "Women and the Minyan"

8687:"Chief Rabbi Mirvis launches new qualification for female educators" 8187:"Tefillingate: Orthodoxy must not reject its most committed members" 6078:

believes in the equality of men and women. It rejects the idea that

5906:, which provided a religious-law foundation for women counting in a 5834: 5776:

Areas where legal differences remain between men and women include:

4684: 920: 13121: 13058: 12966: 12951: 12946: 12931: 12848: 12749: 12245: 12181: 12174: 12010: 11832: 11745: 10730:"CJMs resident scribe takes part in group Torah project in Seattle" 10362: 6642: 6535: 6379:

ordains both men and women as rabbis; its first rabbi was a woman,

6155: 5766: 5709: 5584: 5565: 5536: 5532: 5250: 5099: 4521: 4494: 4475: 4468: 4442: 4363: 4325: 4297: 4086: 4055: 4029: 3927: 2527: 2336: 1946: 1878: 709: 217: 168: 11148:(2001). "Italian Jewish Women at Prayer". In Lawrence Fine (ed.). 10537:"Contributions of Jewish Women to Music and Women to Jewish Music" 10060:

Rabbi reaches out to interfaith couples as rates climb 8-24-06.pdf

9543:"Reform Movement's Resolution on Patrilineal Descent (March 1983)" 9003:"Tefillingate: Orthodoxy must not reject its most committed women" 8312:"Sara Hurwitz adopts the title of Rabbah - Jewish Women's Archive" 6263:'s leadership. The first ordained female Reconstructionist rabbi, 4630:

One of the most important Ashkenazi rabbanim of the past century,

4493:

The rabbis instituted legal methods to enable women to petition a

4332:, most likely a balcony; some synagogues had a separate building. 13111: 13063: 13048: 13043: 13031: 13019: 13014: 13002: 12956: 12898: 12868: 12863: 12805: 12764: 12464: 12374: 12240: 12015: 11009:(1993). "Women and Prayer: An Attempt to Dispel Some Fallacies". 10677: 10515: 8616:"Avi Weiss Defends 'Open Orthodoxy' as Agudah Rabbis Declare War" 7159: 6595: 6450: 6430: 6250:

The equality of women and men is a central tenet and hallmark of

6182: 5888: 5569: 5560: 5520: 5493: 5476: 5312: 4936: 4660: 4526: 4374: 4348: 4337: 4302: 4275:), it was harder for Jewish women to establish their own status. 4227: 4223: 4125: 4119: 4092: 4042: 4007: 4002:

According to Jewish tradition, a covenant was formed between the

3976: 3968: 3952: 3855: 3082: 3037: 2312: 2278: 2147: 1941: 930: 925: 797: 688: 583: 579: 575: 324: 319: 296: 278: 153: 148: 138: 116: 91: 12727: 9525:"Judaism: Women and prayer: An attempt to dispel some fallacies" 9504:

Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly

9222:

Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly

7503:"The Menstruant as "Other" in Medieval Judaism and Christianity" 6651:(peace and harmony in the relationship between husband and wife) 6233:. In 2015, Daryl Messinger became the first female Union chair. 5688: 5367:

denounced moves to ordain women, and declared Yeshivat Maharat,

5216:

traditionally performed by males exclusively, such as wearing a

13131: 13116: 13078: 13068: 13053: 13038: 13024: 13009: 12987: 12911: 12883: 12878: 12853: 12843: 12838: 12769: 12754: 12364: 12145: 12096: 12089: 12082: 12053: 12040: 12035: 10670:"Simchat Torah with a Soferet's Torah - Jewish Women's Archive" 10048: 9645: 7507:

Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues

6804:

Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues

6676: 6662: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6588: 6454: 6426: 6425:

Forming the basis for the discussion of women becoming sofrot,

6383:, who was ordained in 1999. Its first cantor was also a woman, 6298: 5938: 5928: 5867: 5865:

voted, without issuing an opinion, that women could count in a

5807: 5760: 5672: 5573: 5541: 5512: 5489: 5450: 5311:

advisers in the US graduated from the North American branch of

5300: 5197: 5179: 5149: 5093: 5087: 4981: 4971: 4961: 4921: 4911: 4886: 4876: 4799: 4539: 4504: 4397: 4378: 4343: 4272: 4178:

Ten measures of speech descended to the world; women took nine.

4138: 4096:. However, these requirements applied only to men. Many of the 4073: 4066: 4058: 3992: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3907: 3877: 3867: 2598: 1972: 1967: 1927: 1912: 1023: 915: 335: 301: 287: 222: 12649: 11235:. Translated by Chapman, Jonathan. Brandeis University Press. 11114: 11090:

America's Jewish Women: A History from Colonial Times to Today

10774:"Julie Seltzer, Torah Scribe, Breaks Ground in Museum Project" 8804:

was in accord with the second school of thought, listed above.

8542:"NJ Orthodox shul announces hire of woman using 'rabbi' title" 8457:"Landmark US program graduates first female halachic advisers" 7467: 5382:

became the first female Orthodox spiritual advisor in Israel.

5196:

advisers on matters considered sensitive and personal such as

12992: 12941: 12936: 11495:

Women at Prayer: A Halakhic Analysis of Women's Prayer Groups

9571: 8760:

Women at Prayer: A Halakhic Analysis of Women's Prayer Groups

8260:

Women at Prayer: A Halakhic Analysis of Women's Prayer Groups

7215: 7187: 6599:(female Jewish scribe who can transcribe religious documents) 6492:. This makes her the first American female sofer to scribe a 6465:, a British woman, became the first female sofer to scribe a 6351:

became the first female rabbi in Jewish Renewal in 1981, and

6278:

The Reconstructionist Community began including women in the

6190: 6186: 6119: 5748: 5618: 5444:

Orthodox women more recently began holding organized women's

5338:

decisions was written by women who were ordained to serve as

5303:

dean at an Israeli university when she was appointed dean of

4171:

contains laudatory and derogatory quotes. The Talmud states:

4081: 3984: 3980: 3948: 3919: 3893: 2532: 2470: 935: 364: 268: 237: 10893: 10028:. Reconstructionist Federation of Congregations and Havurot. 8738: 7340: 4318:. Women probably learned how to read the liturgy in Hebrew. 3874:, women account for 52% of the worldwide Jewish population. 11565: 10792:"CJM to celebrate end of groundbreaking Torah project – J." 9064:. San Francisco: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1984. p. 110 7565: 7541: 6307: 4077: 3960: 3911: 87: 10423:"2012 Statement of Support for Women of the Wall - Ohalah" 10231:"Springtide Resources, Wife Abuse in the Jewish Community" 9960: 9679:"'Gates of Repentance' replacement advances Reform trends" 9163:

Modern Conservative Judaism: Evolving Thought and Practice

7933:

Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik: Man of Halacha, Man of Faith

7789: 7400: 7398: 5539:), although they have recently been permitted to serve as 5106:

In Orthodox synagogues, women are not entitled to deliver

4615:

despite the fact that other legal opinions did not. Rabbi

4441:

Marriage, domestic violence and divorce were discussed by

4133:"), but were excused from doing most time-bound, positive 67:

soldier-officer praying at the Judaism sacred site of the

12734: 11592: 11560: 9997:

Sasso, Sandy Eisenberg; Schein, Jeffrey L., eds. (2005).

8499:"Newly-minted Female Orthodox Rabbis To Be Called Rabba'" 5466:. However, the emergence of this phenomenon has enmeshed 5249:

Women's issues garnered more interest with the advent of

4335:

Separation from the men was created by the Rabbis in the

11555: 11469:

Stern, Marc D. (2002). "On Egalitarianism and Halakha".

10512:"Society for Humanistic Judaism – Rabbis and Leadership" 10041:"Rabbi reaches out to interfaith couples as rates climb" 9704:"Rabbi Stacy Offner Joins Union Staff as Vice President" 8796:

have ruled in 1974 that while women do not constitute a

8558: 7820: 7449: 7082:"The Jew Who Wasn't There: Halacha and the Jewish Woman" 6735:

World Religions: The Great Faiths Explored and Explained

6671:(a movement to give women more roles in prayer services) 34:

Jewesses). For the portrayal of Biblical womanhood, see

11649:"Women and Prayer: An Attempt to Dispel Some Fallacies" 11570: 11550: 10989:

The Ordination of Women as Rabbis: Studies and Responsa

10256: 8579:"Moetzes: "Open Orthodoxy" Not a Form of Torah Judaism" 7691: 7679: 7667: 7655: 7395: 5895:, among others, voted as a member of the JTSA faculty. 5801:(welcoming a newborn daughter), should instead be used. 4129:(i. e., commandments that prohibit activities such as " 11587: 11575: 6657:

or Simchat Bat (Jewish baby naming ceremony for girls)

6572:(Yiddish) or Rabbanit (Hebrew) (Orthodox rabbi's wife) 5822:(sexual abstinence during and after menstruation) and 2495:

Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

11439:

Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism

11232:

Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe

11209:

Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages

9858: 9856: 8936:

The Awareness Center: Case of Rabbi Mordecai Tendler.

8702:"Israeli Orthodox Synagogue Gets a First Woman Rabbi" 8552: 7553: 7271: 7021:"Women's Status, Part 3: Positive Time-Bound Mitzvot" 6872:

Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts

6205:. It includes a version of the High Holy Days prayer 5132:

consists of wheeled wooden panels, often topped with

4300:

in the fifteenth century, the wife of the rabbi wore

4157:. Penal and civil law treated men and women equally. 4145:). A woman was not, however, prohibited from doing a 10398:"2009 Board Statement on Women of the Wall - Ohalah" 9986:

from the original on 2021-11-17 – via YouTube.

9358:"Obligation of Women to Perform Jewish Commandments" 7832: 7808: 7476:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. p. 7259: 6511: 5956: 5946:, lifting restrictions on non-sexual contact during 1951: 1932: 355: 11119:

The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E.-1900 C.E.

7625: 7601: 7472:

The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E.-1900 C.E.

6632:(prohibitions of secluding oneself with a stranger) 5642:Rabbinical body as authoritative in the situation. 11116: 11115:Taitz, Emily; Sondra Henry; Cheryl Tallan (2003). 9853: 9561:"Reform Judaism in Israel: Progress and Prospects" 9188:"Francine Klagsbrun | Jewish Women's Archive" 8382: 8287:Halakhic Positions of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik 7469: 7468:Taitz, Emily; Sondra Henry; Cheryl Tallan (2003). 6943:. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 1356–1359. 4634:, known popularly as the "Chofetz Chaim", favored 10699:"As New Year Dawns, Jewish Women Mark Milestones" 10334:Imagining the Jewish Future: Essays and Responses 9929: 9581:A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America 8613: 8474: 8472: 6296:reading, and wearing ritual prayer garments like 3999:documentation of most women's lives at the time. 13149: 11335:Gender Issues in Jewish Law: Essays and Responsa 10330: 9208: 9206: 9204: 8826:"Qeri'at ha-Torah by Women: A Halakhic Analysis" 6900:(Second ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. 6738:. National Geographic Books. pp. 121, 131. 5645: 3880:has a bearing on familial lines: in traditional 2718:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 11471:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 11266:Women and Judaism: New Insights and Scholarship 10724: 10722: 9624:"The slimline siddur with a touch of Bob Dylan" 9294: 8949:"The Awareness Center: Harav Wosner's Teshuvah" 8808:"WOMEN'S PRAYER SERVICES - THEORY AND PRACTICE" 6895: 5663:movement seeks to address gender inequalities. 4447:Marriage is an important institution in Judaism 4413:wives and daughters to organize the household. 11682:Egalitarian Jewish Services A Discussion Paper 11152:. Princeton University Press. pp. 52–60. 10473:"Board Resolution on Gender Equality - Ohalah" 10129:"Anne Lapidus Lerner - Jewish Women's Archive" 9246: 9048:CJLS teshuvah by Rabbi Gerald C. Skolnik, 1993 8469: 8234:"Modesty and Sexuality in Halakhic Literature" 8122:"Feminism and Orthodoxy - What It's All About" 7352: 6282:and allowing them to come up to the Torah for 6236: 6229:became the first female vice president of the 6030:, or rabbinical edict, "that would serve as a 4582:it can be derived that women should not study 4296:in a way equal to men. In some communities of 3910:status (patrilineal descent from the tribe of 3858:over millenia. Their role is reflected in the 12665: 11761: 11706:"Women's Prayer Services Theory and Practice" 11325: 11303: 9600:"UK Reform rabbis accept patrilineal descent" 9270: 9201: 9153: 9078:"Mikveh and the Sanctity of Family Relations" 6929: 6927: 6925: 6714:"The Gender Gap in Religion Around the World" 6310:people to be ordained as rabbis and cantors. 5011: 3832: 2403: 11309: 11123:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. 10719: 10324: 8681: 8679: 8038:Sigalow, Emily; Fox, Nicole S. (June 2024). 7299:. Wayne State University Press. p. 94. 6937:(2004). "Women". In Lieber, David L. (ed.). 6245: 5983: 5976: 5523:prayer in memory of their deceased parents. 4560:The Montreal Star 07 Mar 1921, Mon · Page 11 4084:'s first wife, accepted the commandments of 53:Genetic studies of Jews § Maternal_line 11413:. Vol. 31, no. 5. pp. 37–47. 10894:Jeff KunerthOrlando Sentinel (2014-08-23). 10369: 10000:The Voice of Children: A Siddur for Shabbat 9996: 9661:"In New Prayer Book, Signs of Broad Change" 9228: 9056: 9054: 8421:Desk, Jewish Press News (20 January 2014). 7800:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMelammed1991 ( 7585:"What is the Role of the Woman in Judaism?" 7293:(1998). "Jewish Women in the Middle Ages". 4195:heard his mother's footsteps he would say: 3914:) is given only to a Jewish male descended 647:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 12672: 12658: 11768: 11754: 11511: 10991:. Jewish Theological Seminary of America. 10801: 9593: 9591: 9577: 8559:Jewish Press News Briefs (21 March 2016). 8517:"Why Orthodox Judaism needs female rabbis" 8385:"Why Orthodox Judaism needs female rabbis" 8037: 7435:. Princeton University Press. p. 52. 7319: 7313: 6922: 6325:in Jerusalem, particularly members of the 5552:, the first rabbi to be expelled from the 5437:for the women with musical voice". In the 5018: 5004: 4461:tends to the family and household duties. 3918:from Levi; likewise a Kohen descends from 3839: 3825: 2410: 2396: 11364: 11283: 11211:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 10983: 10959: 9671: 9658: 8719:Wilensky, David A. M. (3 February 2017). 8676: 8119: 7826: 7455: 7346: 6963: 5755:- an arbiter in matters of religious law) 4623:only if they wanted to. According to the 4425:Jewish marriage certificate, dated 1740 ( 4214:Women have greater powers of discernment. 11351: 11262: 11225: 11092:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 11043: 11021: 11005: 10829:. Archive.is. 2013-04-14. Archived from 10448:"Aleph Statement of Principles - Ohalah" 9955: 9953: 9051: 9000: 8744: 8718: 8496: 8184: 7795: 7697: 7685: 7673: 7661: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7404: 7277: 7265: 6933: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6334:Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association 6066: 5833: 5687: 5416: 5408: 5404: 4683: 4564: 4555: 4432: 4420: 4197:Let me arise before the approach of the 3866:(the corpus of rabbinic literature), by 58: 11571:Women's League for Conservative Judaism 11556:Jewish Coalition Against Domestic Abuse 11455: 11408: 11386: 11288:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. 11144: 10656:"A Female Scribe's Trailblazing Effort" 9977: 9588: 9380: 9026: 8534: 8401: 8383:Rabbi Lila Kagedan (25 November 2015). 8283: 7929: 7428: 6147:Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism 5683: 5085:rabbis discourage women from wearing a 14: 13150: 11848: 11612:Spots of Light: Women in the Holocaust 11566:Orthodox Union: The Women's Initiative 11249: 11166: 11084: 11062: 10924:Jewish Women in Historical Perspective 10918: 9807:"Reconstructionist Rabbinical College" 9778: 9659:Goodstein, Laurie (3 September 2007). 9465:"On the Ordination of Women as Rabbis" 9166:. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 160–. 9072: 9070: 8901: 8866: 8330:"Female Orthodox Leaders: New and Old" 8138: 8013:"The Role Of Men And Women In Judaism" 7838: 7814: 7752: 7709: 7358: 7326:. Yokai Publishing. pp. 612–627. 7296:Jewish Women in Historical Perspective 7289: 7018: 6758: 6731: 6457:beyond simple STaM. In 2003, Canadian 6449:. Yet women are permitted to inscribe 6286:. They also continued the practice of 5885:Jewish Theological Seminary of America 5841:building at 3080 Broadway in Manhattan 5508:. This is the generally followed view. 4544:Higher learning was uncommon for women 13163:Women's rights in religious movements 12653: 12496:Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (UK) 11749: 11489: 11468: 11206: 11027:Rereading The Rabbis: A Woman's Voice 10940: 10771: 10038: 9950: 9597: 8756: 8614:Josh Nathan-Kazis (3 November 2015). 8256: 8168:"The State of Orthodox Judaism Today" 8165: 8120:Handelman, Susan (25 December 2011). 7631: 7607: 7500: 7076: 6868: 6797: 6720: 6716:. Pew Research Center. 22 March 2016. 6371: 6142:Central Conference of American Rabbis 5702:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 5630:(monograph) (Orach Chaim T'shuvah 11) 5526: 4569: 4185:– i. e., they possess more intuition. 3900:, e. g., "Dinah, daughter of Jacob". 31: 12624: 11775: 11433: 11417: 10945:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 10713:"Women's Torah dedicated in Seattle" 10504: 10331:David A. Teutsch (3 November 1992). 9738: 9696: 9438: 8805: 8420: 8185:Sztokman, Elana (January 29, 2014). 6542:First World Congress of Jewish Women 6273:Reconstructionist Rabbinical College 6271:was elected as the President of the 4390:expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 2991:Gender representation in video games 12634: 11286:Jews and Judaism in the Middle Ages 10813:The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com 10582:. February 12, 2013. Archived from 9900:"RRC Announces New President Elect" 9215:"OH 55:1.2002 Women and the Minyan" 9067: 8699: 8166:Kress, Michael (25 December 2011). 7049:The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com 5454:(prayer quorum) for the purpose of 5170: 5143: 5048: 4217:Women are especially tenderhearted. 24: 11337:. Berghahn Books. pp. 58–81. 10912: 9785:. Beacon Press. pp. 187–188. 9584:. University Press of New England. 9137: 8257:Weiss, Avraham (6 December 2018). 8231: 8143:. Chabad Lubavitch World HQ / News 6896:Scholz, Susanne (10 August 2017). 6706: 6405: 5203: 5069:visible in the development of the 4619:wrote that women should study the 4443:Jewish sages of the Medieval world 4211:Women have greater faith than men. 25: 13179: 12564:Orthodox Jewish schools for women 11551:Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance 11534: 10023: 9762:"Who is a Reconstructionist Jew?" 9494: 9413: 9029:"e women extorted by ex-husbands" 8902:Geller, Myron S. (October 2001). 8139:Lakein, Dvora (October 6, 2014). 8093: 7985: 6995:"Eiruvin 95b: Tefillin for Women" 6626:(guidelines for physical contact) 6437:, are unfit for ritual use.". As 6339: 6062: 5957:Conservative approaches to change 5077:religion. For example, Orthodox, 4309: 4292:to demand that women fulfill the 4112: 3933: 438:Historical population comparisons 12733: 12726: 12633: 12623: 12614: 12613: 12602: 12491:League of Jewish Women (Germany) 11138: 10926:. Wayne State University Press. 10887: 10862: 10844: 10819: 10784: 10772:Weber, Bruce (7 November 2009). 10765: 10740: 10705: 10691: 10662: 10648: 10635: 10617: 10608: 10590: 10572: 10554: 10529: 10490: 10465: 10440: 10415: 10390: 10351: 10306: 10288: 10270: 10241: 10223: 10197: 10179: 10153: 10139: 10121: 10105: 10072: 10063: 10032: 10017: 9990: 9971: 9923: 9892: 9874: 9835: 9817: 9799: 9772: 9754: 9732: 9726:"What's Rabbi Offner up to Now?" 9718: 9652: 9634: 9616: 9553: 9535: 9517: 9488: 9457: 9439:Fine, David J. (June 12, 2002). 9432: 9407: 9374: 9350: 9318: 9212: 9180: 9131: 9102: 9042: 9020: 9001:Sztokman, Elana (Jan 28, 2014). 8994: 8970: 8928: 8895: 8886: 8860: 8839: 8818: 8777: 8750: 8712: 8693: 6875:. Summit Books. pp. 31–81. 6514: 6484:as part of an exhibition at the 5922:In 2006, the CJLS adopted three 5413:Torah Reading at Robinson's Arch 5334:In 2014, the first-ever book of 4762:National Council of Jewish Women 4714: 4416: 4253:was asked to assume the role of 2508:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2435: 1082:Democratic Republic of the Congo 996:Historical population by country 12679: 11284:Steinberg, Theodore L. (2008). 9936:. ReadHowYouWant.com, Limited. 8647: 8626: 8607: 8589: 8571: 8509: 8497:Ettinger, Yair (12 June 2015). 8490: 8449: 8414: 8395: 8376: 8347: 8322: 8304: 8277: 8225: 8201: 8178: 8159: 8132: 8113: 8087: 8058: 8031: 8005: 7979: 7950: 7923: 7914: 7905: 7896: 7887: 7884:Babylonian Talmud, Berachot 10a 7878: 7866: 7856: 7844: 7746: 7703: 7646: 7637: 7613: 7577: 7494: 7461: 7422: 7410: 7283: 7256:Babylonian Talmud, Brachoth 27b 7250: 7236: 7222: 7208: 7194: 7180: 7166: 7152: 7138: 7124: 7110: 7101: 7092: 7070: 7061: 7037: 7012: 6987: 6973:. Harper Collins. p. 403. 6565:Women rabbis and Torah scholars 6201:was released as a companion to 5988:, to do so in the same manner. 5605:This is also the ruling of the 4508:if the husband never returned. 4377:, and greater strictures while 4072:According to Jewish tradition, 12501:Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz 11887:World Congress of Jewish Women 11877:1907 New York City Rent Strike 11867:1904 New York City Rent Strike 11741:, Jewish Women's Archive, 2005 11519:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. 11497:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. 10498:"Statement On Gender Equality" 10300:soniasarahlipsyc.canalblog.com 9598:Lewis, Jerry (July 17, 2015). 8904:"Woman Is Eligible to Testify" 8867:Novick, Akiva (25 June 2013). 8763:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. 8601:The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com 8290:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. 8263:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. 8096:"The Role of Women in Judaism" 7988:"The Role of Women in Judaism" 7920:Likkutei Halachos, Sotah p. 21 7323:A History of the Jewish People 6957: 6889: 6862: 6850:"Medical Definition of Levite" 6842: 6791: 6752: 6389:Society for Humanistic Judaism 5264:Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun 4679: 4467:instituted a rabbinic decree ( 4266: 4259:("Prince" or President of the 4131:Thou shalt not commit adultery 13: 1: 11441:. Brandeis University Press. 10969:. Stanford University Press. 10961:Fonrobert, Charlotte Elisheva 10614:Sofer is masculine, singular. 10600:. August 2013. Archived from 10337:. SUNY Press. pp. 264–. 9779:Nadell, Pamela Susan (1998). 8757:Weiss, Avraham (2001-01-01). 6765:The American Jewish Year Book 6759:Lerner, Anne Lapidus (1977). 6700: 6158:– confirming Jewish status". 5646:Orthodox approaches to change 5636:Rabbinical Council of America 5554:Rabbinical Council of America 5492:; for example the recital of 5373:Rabbinical Council of America 5323:began allowing girls to wrap 4574:From certain contexts of the 4449:. The wife/mother is called " 4326:men and women pray separately 653:Christianity and Judaism 11546:Chabad.org: The Jewish Woman 10780:– via www.nytimes.com. 10320:(in Hebrew). 4 January 2022. 10296:"Blog de Sonia Sarah Lipsyc" 10039:Shefa, Sheri (August 2006). 9811:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9766:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9547:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9362:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9027:Farkash, Tali (2013-07-07). 8209:"Hebrew Institute Riverdale" 6645:(finding a marriage partner) 6608:Gender separation in Judaism 6560:Women as theological figures 6169:(1995) does so, as does the 5982:as men and, when performing 5898:In 2002, the CJLS adapted a 5423:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 4533: 4324:stated that traditionally, " 4149:from which she was excused. 3854:have affected the course of 2959:Portrayal in American comics 2550:Heads of state or government 7: 10161:"Congregation Dorshei Emet" 10003:. Reconstructionist Press. 8806:Frimmer, Dov I.; A, Aryeh. 7501:Koren, Sharon Faye (2009). 7019:ריפקין, אנדי (2018-12-26). 6732:Bowker, John (2021-10-12). 6507: 6237:Reform approaches to change 5727:Being counted as part of a 5580:, writing on behalf of the 5515:, under certain conditions. 5136:to allow women to view the 4235:Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva 4040:, are no longer practiced ( 3888:affiliation is passed down 1952: 1933: 1660:Latin America and Caribbean 356: 10: 13184: 11304:Orthodox Judaism and women 11044:Heshelis, Devorah (2006). 8402:Haaretz (2 October 2013). 6585:(schools for Haredi girls) 6576:List of women in the Bible 6486:Contemporary Jewish Museum 5879:Rivkah Harris, and author 5829: 5177: 5147: 5029: 4752:Center for Women's Justice 4123:to carry out all negative 3937: 2265:Jewish political movements 1962:Conversion to Judaism 50: 40: 29: 13092: 12975: 12897: 12819: 12778: 12742: 12724: 12685: 12597: 12576: 12556: 12513: 12473: 12272: 12215:Rabbis and Torah scholars 12200: 12137: 12069: 11998: 11949: 11912: 11838:Gender and Jewish studies 11823:Matrilineality in Judaism 11783: 11595:a Jewish feminist journal 10514:. Shj.org. Archived from 9685:. Jweekly.com. 2015-03-26 9578:Wertheimer, Jack (1997). 8546:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 8273:– via Google Books. 6603:Gender and Jewish Studies 6362:International Women's Day 6252:Reconstructionist Judaism 6246:Reconstructionist Judaism 5861:In 1973, the CJLS of the 5850:allowed women to have an 5696:Although the position of 5666: 5548:The recent case of Rabbi 5365:Agudath Israel of America 4818:Lo Nivcharot, Lo Bocharot 4663:, must teach their girls 4617:Chaim Joseph David Azulai 4553:, spinners, and weavers. 4490:did not accept this ban. 668:Hinduism and Judaism 47:Matrilineality in Judaism 12455:Women's Rabbinic Network 11862:1902 Kosher Meat Boycott 11731:The Jewish Daily Forward 11621:The Kiddushin Variations 11614:an online exhibition by 10024:Sasso, Sandy Eisenberg. 9965:The Canadian Jewish News 9708:Union for Reform Judaism 9381:Barmash, Pamela (2014). 9110:"Female Purity (Niddah)" 8521:The Canadian Jewish News 8389:The Canadian Jewish News 8284:Ziegler, Aharon (1998). 7519:10.2979/nas.2009.-.17.33 6869:Holtz, Barry W. (1984). 6638:Jewish views on marriage 6553:List of Jewish feminists 6498:Congregation Beth Elohim 6231:Union for Reform Judaism 5299:became the first female 5040:Orthodox Jewish feminism 4786:Orthodox Jewish feminism 4731:List of Jewish feminists 4517:Rabbi Meir of Rothenberg 494:Temple in Jerusalem 187:Bar and bat mitzvah 27:Role of women in Judaism 13168:Gender roles by society 12425:Women of Reform Judaism 12320:Haifa Women's Coalition 11856:Jewish Women's Congress 11576:Women of Reform Judaism 11207:Cohen, Mark R. (2008). 10314:"דף הבית2 - נשות הכותל" 5468:Modern Orthodox Judaism 5369:Yeshivat Chovevei Torah 4513:Rabbi Peretz ben Elijah 4366:, which emphasized the 4117:Women were required by 2545:Conservatives in the US 2518:Explorers and travelers 456:Twelve Tribes of Israel 12589:Tomb of the Matriarchs 12370:League of Jewish Women 12325:Israel Women's Network 12070:Practices and concepts 11882:1909 Shirtwaist Strike 11660:"Women and the Minyan" 11588:Jewish Women's Archive 10941:Biale, Rachel (1984). 10539:. JMWC. Archived from 10359:"About Jewish Renewal" 10249:"Get Involved - JCADA" 9441:"Women and the Minyan" 9114:Jewish Women's Archive 9083:. 2006. Archived from 8978:"Feminism and Judaism" 8700:JTA (23 August 2016). 8238:Jewish Women's Archive 8172:Jewish Virtual Library 8094:Fried, Rabbi Pinchos. 7986:Fried, Rabbi Pinchos. 7086:Jewish Women's Archive 6538:(daughter of a Levite) 6532:(daughter of a priest) 6122:and halakhic decisor ( 6072: 5984: 5977: 5842: 5805:A Conservative Jewish 5751:and halakhic decisor ( 5693: 5587:(Rabbinical court) of 5426: 5414: 5255:Modern Orthodox Jewish 5210:Joseph B. Soloveitchik 5208:Orthodox leader Rabbi 5167:, hat, beret, or wig. 4951:Advisors of Jewish Law 4692: 4657:Joseph B. Soloveitchik 4648: 4561: 4438: 4430: 4183:light on raw knowledge 2848:In Shakespeare's works 72: 12791:Prayers and blessings 12415:Union of Jewish Women 12340:Women Artists' Circle 11893:Women's Torah Project 11029:. Avalon Publishing. 10586:on December 28, 2013. 10568:on December 28, 2013. 10379:. Jwa.org. 2003-09-11 10318:womenofthewall.org.il 8141:"How Does She Do It?" 7936:. Ktav. p. 113. 6688:Women's Torah Project 6475:Women's Torah Project 6358:Women's History Month 6265:Sandy Eisenberg Sasso 6111:Serving as a cantor ( 6087:Publicly reading the 6070: 5902:by Rabbi David Fine, 5837: 5740:Serving as a cantor ( 5716:Publicly reading the 5708:issued decisions and 5691: 5420: 5412: 5405:Women's prayer groups 5030:Further information: 4687: 4644: 4565:Debates in Jewish law 4559: 4497:to compel a divorce. 4437:Moroccan Jewish women 4436: 4424: 4398:Jewish dietary laws ( 4237:; Yalta, the wife of 4169:rabbinical literature 2604:Nobel Prize laureates 1202:São Tomé and Príncipe 1197:Republic of the Congo 591:Second Temple Judaism 462:Kingdom of Judah 433:Modern historiography 62: 41:Further information: 12927:Weekly Torah reading 12481:Clara de Hirsch Home 11899:Women's Siyum HaShas 11733:, November 19, 2010. 11252:Conservative Judaism 10943:Women and Jewish Law 10701:. 12 September 2007. 10631:on October 19, 2009. 10604:on October 18, 2013. 10189:Jewish Daily Forward 10045:Canadian Jewish News 9886:Jewish Daily Forward 9642:"Siddur Lev Chadash" 9628:The Jewish Chronicle 9513:on 27 November 2010. 9395:on December 19, 2023 9142:. Stljewishlight.com 9090:on December 19, 2023 8916:on December 19, 2023 8073:Jewish Care Victoria 7965:Jewish Care Victoria 7291:Baskin, Judith Reesa 6828:10.2979/nashim.29.56 6812:10.2979/nashim.29.56 6798:Roded, Ruth (2015). 6469:. In 2010 the first 6399:Women's Equality Day 6366:Women's Equality Day 6104:Being called for an 5936:and to immerse in a 5904:Women and the Minyan 5858:-readings services. 5733:Being called for an 5698:Conservative Judaism 5684:Conservative Judaism 5678:prenuptial agreement 5486:devarim shebikedusha 5348:Midreshet Lindenbaum 4588:Haninah ben Teradion 4381:. Philosophical and 4247:Eliezer ben Hurcanus 3761:United Arab Emirates 2698:in the United States 2513:Economic development 2503:Diversity (politics) 2489:Female entrepreneurs 2304:World Agudath Israel 1445:United Arab Emirates 532:Second Temple period 522:Babylonian captivity 71:in Jerusalem, Israel 43:Maternity in Judaism 12760:Bar and bat mitzvah 12543:The American Jewess 11801:Early modern period 11651:, Judith Hauptman, 11513:Wolowelsky, Joel B. 11411:The Jewish Observer 10876:on October 11, 2014 10365:on October 7, 2014. 9383:"Women and Mitzvot" 9060:Raphael, Marc Lee. 8934:English summary at 8747:, pp. 180–182. 8462:The Times of Israel 8019:. November 29, 2019 7574:, pp. 105–111. 7349:, pp. 157–158. 7107:Steinsaltz, 179-180 7080:(26 October 2016). 6591:(menstruation laws) 6463:Jen Taylor Friedman 6163:UK Liberal movement 6042:In 1993, Professor 6002:Rabbinical Assembly 5863:Rabbinical Assembly 5848:Rabbinical Assembly 5781:Matrilineal descent 5706:Rabbinical Assembly 5626:pointed out in his 5502:Immanuel Jakobovits 5389:created the job of 5346:, after completing 5305:Bar Ilan University 5238:in Chulin 2a and a 4916:"chained" marriages 4814:Political activism 4651:Joseph Soloveitchik 4482:Jews. At the time, 4251:Eleazar ben Azariah 4052:Temple in Jerusalem 3922:, the first Kohen. 3896:and in traditional 3872:Pew Research Center 3746:Trinidad and Tobago 2981:Speculative fiction 2874:Theological figures 2819:Feminist philosophy 2619:Reproductive rights 2425:Part of a series on 597:Hellenistic Judaism 175:Land of Israel 134:Principles of faith 12899:Religious practice 12609:Judaism portal 12474:Historic / defunct 12188:Court of the Women 11818:Gender and Judaism 11711:2019-09-12 at the 11692:2019-09-12 at the 11687:"Women and Minyan" 11655:42 (1993): 94–103. 11184:10.1007/bf01679792 10809:"Torah, she wrote" 10778:The New York Times 10736:. 22 October 2010. 10715:. 16 October 2010. 10625:"Women and Sofrut" 10500:. 4 February 2014. 9739:Eden, Ami (2015). 9665:The New York Times 9604:The Jerusalem Post 9314:on March 20, 2009. 9242:on March 20, 2009. 8548:. 11 January 2016. 8441:has generic name ( 8189:. No. Haaretz 7798:, pp. 91–100. 7767:10.1007/bf01679792 7724:10.1007/bf01679792 7550:, p. 277–278. 7373:10.1007/bf01679792 6669:Partnership minyan 6394:conscience clauses 6377:Humanistic Judaism 6372:Humanistic Judaism 6353:Avitall Gerstetter 6171:UK Reform Movement 6167:Siddur Lev Chadash 6098:Being part of the 6073: 5969:responsa, and the 5926:on the subject of 5881:Francine Klagsbrun 5843: 5694: 5527:Women as witnesses 5427: 5415: 5277:spiritual leader. 4932:Partnership minyan 4926:synagogue services 4805:Partnership minyan 4693: 4669:Torah sh-Ba'al Peh 4632:Yisrael Meir Kagan 4570:Education of women 4562: 4439: 4431: 4351:and the holidays. 4330:named Ezrat Nashim 4306:like her husband. 4226:, the wife of the 4193:Rav Yosef b. Hiyya 4076:, the daughter of 3940:Women in the Bible 3890:through the mother 3311:Dominican Republic 3078:Mixed martial arts 3048:Fastpitch softball 2629:Violence and abuse 2614:Positions of power 2158:Jewish Koine Greek 1700:Dominican Republic 981:Judaism by country 660:Jews and Christmas 515:Assyrian captivity 73: 36:Women in the Bible 13158:Judaism and women 13145: 13144: 12801:Grace after meals 12686:Birth and infancy 12647: 12646: 12572: 12571: 12552: 12551: 12529:Hadassah Magazine 12509: 12508: 12360:Kohenet Institute 12268: 12267: 12196: 12195: 12077:Gender separation 12065: 12064: 12016:Marriage contract 11950:Life cycle events 11945: 11944: 11908: 11907: 11872:1906 Tonsil Riots 11606:Particular issues 11526:978-0-88125-574-4 11504:978-0-88125-719-9 11448:978-1-58465-389-9 11401:978-1-58465-658-6 11379:978-0-275-99154-8 11370:Women and Judaism 11344:978-1-57181-239-1 11276:978-0-8147-3218-2 11242:978-1-58465-391-2 11227:Grossman, Avraham 11168:Baskin, Judith R. 11077:978-0-8070-3649-5 11064:Nadell, Pamela S. 11055:978-1-56871-377-9 11036:978-0-8133-3400-4 10998:978-0-87334-041-0 10976:978-0-8047-4553-6 10933:978-0-8143-2091-4 10920:Baskin, Judith R. 10898:. Pressherald.com 10344:978-0-7914-1168-1 10010:978-0-935457-51-3 9943:978-1-4596-8039-5 9888:. 9 October 2013. 9792:978-0-8070-3648-8 9290:on April 7, 2008. 9266:on April 7, 2008. 9173:978-0-8276-1387-4 8946:) (in Hebrew) at 8297:978-0-88125-937-7 8221:on March 7, 2012. 7943:978-0-88125-612-3 7442:978-0-691-05787-3 7333:978-0-85792-468-1 7306:978-0-8143-2713-5 7025:www.etzion.org.il 6980:978-0-06-201301-9 6965:Telushkin, Joseph 6950:978-0-8276-0804-7 6882:978-0-671-45467-8 6745:978-0-7440-3475-2 6693:Women of the Wall 6620:(modest behavior) 6327:Women of the Wall 6315:domestic violence 6108:to read the Torah 5737:to read the Torah 5661:Orthodox feminist 5363:In the fall, the 5044:Women of the Wall 5028: 5027: 4987: 4977: 4967: 4952: 4927: 4917: 4907: 4892: 4882: 4777:Women of the Wall 4767:Orthodox feminism 4592:Tractate Semahot, 4167:Classical Jewish 4038:levirate marriage 4025:levirate marriage 3849: 3848: 3053:Football / soccer 2976:Fictional pirates 2768:Art history field 2644:Exchange of women 2420: 2419: 2369: 2368: 2117: 2116: 1864:Reconstructionist 1808: 1807: 960: 959: 767: 766: 604:Jewish–Roman wars 552:Hasmonean dynasty 468:Kingdom of Israel 372: 371: 16:(Redirected from 13175: 12907:613 commandments 12829:Marriageable age 12737: 12730: 12674: 12667: 12660: 12651: 12650: 12637: 12636: 12627: 12626: 12617: 12616: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12554: 12553: 12511: 12510: 12471: 12470: 12198: 12197: 12138:Prayer and study 12135: 12134: 12041:Ritual immersion 11996: 11995: 11910: 11909: 11846: 11845: 11806:In the Holocaust 11791:Women in Judaism 11777:Women in Judaism 11770: 11763: 11756: 11747: 11746: 11725:Elissa Strauss, 11677: 11673: 11671: 11665:. Archived from 11664: 11645: 11643: 11634: 11632: 11530: 11508: 11486: 11465: 11452: 11430: 11414: 11405: 11383: 11361: 11348: 11322: 11299: 11280: 11259: 11246: 11222: 11203: 11163: 11134: 11122: 11111: 11081: 11070:. Beacon Press. 11059: 11048:. Targum Press. 11040: 11023:Hauptman, Judith 11018: 11007:Hauptman, Judith 11002: 10985:Greenberg, Simon 10980: 10956: 10937: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10872:. Archived from 10866: 10860: 10859: 10858:on June 2, 2015. 10854:. Archived from 10848: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10750:. Archived from 10744: 10738: 10737: 10726: 10717: 10716: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10676:. Archived from 10666: 10660: 10659: 10652: 10646: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10627:. Archived from 10621: 10615: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10564:. 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Archived from 10036: 10030: 10029: 10021: 10015: 10014: 9994: 9988: 9987: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9957: 9948: 9947: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9911: 9905:. Archived from 9904: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9860: 9851: 9850: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9710:. Archived from 9700: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9648:on July 5, 2008. 9644:. Archived from 9638: 9632: 9631: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9595: 9586: 9585: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9563:. Archived from 9557: 9551: 9550: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9527:. Archived from 9521: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9506:. Archived from 9501: 9495:Sigal, Phillip. 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9476: 9470:. Archived from 9469: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9445: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9420: 9414:Sigal, Phillip. 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9394: 9388:. 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Archived from 8781: 8775: 8774: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8683: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8661:. Archived from 8651: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8565:The Jewish Press 8556: 8550: 8549: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8482:. Archived from 8476: 8467: 8466: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8361:. Archived from 8359:Yeshivat Maharat 8351: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8214:. Archived from 8213: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8126:Chabad Lubavitch 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8070: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7962: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7927: 7921: 7918: 7912: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7894: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7876: 7873:Tractate Semahot 7870: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7650: 7644: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7475: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7393: 7392: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7248: 7240: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7212: 7206: 7198: 7192: 7184: 7178: 7170: 7164: 7156: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7128: 7122: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6935:Hauptman, Judith 6931: 6920: 6919: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6729: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6199:Mishkan HaNefesh 6007:The Rabinowitz, 5987: 5980: 5742:shaliach tzibbur 5589:Monsey, New York 5566:Rabbinical court 5550:Mordecai Tendler 5537:rabbinical court 5464:Sephardi Judaism 5456:regular services 5431:Eliezer of Worms 5380:Jennie Rosenfeld 5282:Yeshivat Maharat 5157:cover their hair 5144:Rules of modesty 5054:Orthodox Judaism 5049:Orthodox Judaism 5020: 5013: 5006: 4985: 4976:physical contact 4975: 4965: 4950: 4925: 4915: 4906:divorce document 4905: 4891:ritual immersion 4890: 4880: 4757:Mizrahi feminism 4718: 4695: 4694: 4522:rabbinical court 4495:rabbinical court 4465:Rabbeinu Gershom 4455:Orthodox Judaism 3975:the prophetess; 3967:the prophetess; 3882:Rabbinic Judaism 3852:Women in Judaism 3841: 3834: 3827: 3511:Marshall Islands 3088:Paralympic Games 2719: 2496: 2461: 2439: 2430:Women in society 2422: 2421: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2261: 2260: 2142: 1963: 1957: 1938: 1902: 1901: 1849: 1796:New Zealand 1748: 1711:El Salvador 1701: 1633:Northern America 1625: 1219: 975: 974: 886:Crimean Karaites 782: 781: 760: 758: 679: 677: 669: 663: 654: 642:Rabbinic Judaism 623: 617: 611: 599: 587: 553: 546:Maccabean Revolt 523: 516: 510: 502: 495: 489: 481: 463: 387: 386: 361: 256: 255: 188: 176: 75: 74: 33: 21: 13183: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13127:Yahrzeit candle 13088: 12976:Religious items 12971: 12893: 12815: 12796:Prayer services 12774: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12722: 12693:Hebrew birthday 12681: 12678: 12648: 12643: 12603: 12601: 12593: 12568: 12548: 12505: 12486:Di Vilde Chayes 12469: 12420:Cantors Network 12300:Chochmat Nashim 12264: 12235:Toanot Rabniyot 12228:Yoetzet halacha 12201:Religious roles 12192: 12167:Tefillin Barbie 12133: 12061: 12021:Marital harmony 11994: 11941: 11920:Jewish feminism 11904: 11844: 11779: 11774: 11739:Mordecai Kaplan 11713:Wayback Machine 11694:Wayback Machine 11675: 11669: 11662: 11658: 11641: 11637: 11630: 11626: 11593:Lilith Magazine 11537: 11527: 11505: 11449: 11402: 11380: 11345: 11327:Ellenson, David 11306: 11296: 11277: 11243: 11219: 11160: 11146:Adelman, Howard 11141: 11131: 11100: 11078: 11056: 11037: 10999: 10977: 10953: 10934: 10915: 10913:Further reading 10910: 10901: 10899: 10892: 10888: 10879: 10877: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10836: 10834: 10825: 10824: 10820: 10807: 10806: 10802: 10797:. 1 April 2011. 10790: 10789: 10785: 10770: 10766: 10757: 10755: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10728: 10727: 10720: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10683: 10681: 10674:jwablog.jwa.org 10668: 10667: 10663: 10654: 10653: 10649: 10643:Orah Hayyim 271 10640: 10636: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10613: 10609: 10596: 10595: 10591: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10560: 10559: 10555: 10546: 10544: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10521: 10519: 10510: 10509: 10505: 10496: 10495: 10491: 10482: 10480: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10457: 10455: 10446: 10445: 10441: 10432: 10430: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10407: 10405: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10382: 10380: 10377:"Lynn Gottlieb" 10375: 10374: 10370: 10357: 10356: 10352: 10345: 10329: 10325: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10276: 10275: 10271: 10262: 10260: 10247: 10246: 10242: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10203: 10202: 10198: 10185: 10184: 10180: 10170: 10168: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10135:. 23 June 2021. 10127: 10126: 10122: 10110: 10106: 10093: 10091: 10078: 10077: 10073: 10068: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10037: 10033: 10022: 10018: 10011: 9995: 9991: 9976: 9972: 9959: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9928: 9924: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9868:The Jewish Week 9862: 9861: 9854: 9849:. 23 June 2021. 9841: 9840: 9836: 9823: 9822: 9818: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9777: 9773: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9746: 9744: 9737: 9733: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9688: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9672: 9657: 9653: 9640: 9639: 9635: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9608: 9606: 9596: 9589: 9576: 9572: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9510: 9499: 9493: 9489: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9437: 9433: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9412: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9379: 9375: 9366: 9364: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9329: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9304: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9263: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9234: 9233: 9229: 9217: 9213:Fine, David J. 9211: 9202: 9193: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9174: 9158: 9154: 9145: 9143: 9138:Newman, Debra. 9136: 9132: 9123: 9121: 9108: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9068: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9043: 9034: 9032: 9025: 9021: 9011: 9009: 8999: 8995: 8986: 8984: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8958: 8951: 8947: 8933: 8929: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8878: 8876: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8755: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8730: 8728: 8717: 8713: 8698: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8677: 8668: 8666: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8639: 8637: 8636:. Jta.org. 2015 8632: 8631: 8627: 8612: 8608: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8557: 8553: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8526: 8524: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8495: 8491: 8478: 8477: 8470: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8438: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8400: 8396: 8381: 8377: 8368: 8366: 8355:"Class of 2015" 8353: 8352: 8348: 8339: 8337: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8282: 8278: 8271: 8255: 8251: 8242: 8240: 8232:Ahituv, Yosef. 8230: 8226: 8218: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8183: 8179: 8164: 8160: 8146: 8144: 8137: 8133: 8118: 8114: 8104: 8102: 8092: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8036: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8011: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7994: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7911:Tuv Ayin, no. 4 7910: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7751: 7747: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7466: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7396: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7098:Steinsaltz, 179 7097: 7093: 7075: 7071: 7067:Steinsaltz, 178 7066: 7062: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7029: 7027: 7017: 7013: 7004: 7002: 6999:Torah In Motion 6993: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6932: 6923: 6908: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6867: 6863: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6796: 6792: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6730: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6683:Women in Israel 6548:Jewish feminism 6520: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6408: 6406:Sofrot (scribe) 6374: 6342: 6256:Mordecai Kaplan 6248: 6239: 6203:Mishkan T'filah 6179:Mishkan T'filah 6175:Forms of Prayer 6113:shalich tzibbur 6065: 6044:Judith Hauptman 5959: 5883:. In 1983, the 5832: 5686: 5669: 5650:Leaders of the 5648: 5615:Mahar"i of Minz 5529: 5488:that require a 5407: 5321:SAR High School 5317:yoetzet halacha 5206: 5204:Modern Orthodox 5182: 5176: 5152: 5146: 5058:complementarian 5051: 5046: 5036:Women in Israel 5032:Jewish feminism 5024: 4810:Chochmat Nashim 4708:Jewish feminism 4690:Shabbat candles 4682: 4572: 4567: 4536: 4427:Brooklyn Museum 4419: 4312: 4269: 4245:, the wife of 4199:divine presence 4115: 4006:and the God of 3942: 3936: 3845: 3816: 3815: 3151: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3121:Track and field 3008: 2998: 2997: 2949: 2948:Popular culture 2941: 2940: 2869: 2868: 2853: 2852: 2807:Science fiction 2753: 2752: 2734: 2733: 2717: 2668: 2667: 2649: 2648: 2624:Venture capital 2589:Law enforcement 2494: 2479:Animal advocacy 2475: 2455: 2452:Women's history 2447: 2416: 2371: 2370: 2258: 2248: 2247: 2238:Judeo-Malayalam 2218:Judaeo-Georgian 2138: 2129: 2119: 2118: 2019:Yiddish theatre 1961: 1899: 1889: 1888: 1847: 1820: 1810: 1809: 1746: 1699: 1623: 1217: 1001:Genetic studies 972: 962: 961: 779: 769: 768: 756: 755: 675: 674: 667: 657: 652: 634:and Middle Ages 632:Rabbinic period 619: 613: 606: 594: 565: 551: 521: 514: 505: 497: 493: 484: 479:in Judaism 476: 461: 384: 374: 373: 253: 243: 242: 186: 174: 119: 55: 49: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13181: 13171: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13102:Chevra Kadisha 13098: 13096: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13007: 13006: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12903: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12859:Jewish wedding 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12825: 12823: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12786:Ritual washing 12782: 12780: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12746: 12744: 12740: 12739: 12725: 12723: 12721: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12677: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12654: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12641: 12631: 12621: 12611: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12573: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12560: 12558: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12539: 12532: 12525: 12517: 12515: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12477: 12475: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12460:Women's Spirit 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12405:Philomath Club 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12276: 12274: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12262: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12243: 12238: 12231: 12224: 12223: 12222: 12212: 12204: 12202: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12178: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12156: 12149: 12141: 12139: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12119: 12114: 12113: 12112: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12093: 12086: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12002: 12000: 11993: 11992: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11965: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11916: 11914: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11896: 11890: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11852: 11850: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11787: 11785: 11784:General topics 11781: 11780: 11773: 11772: 11765: 11758: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11735: 11722: 11703: 11684: 11679: 11672:on 2010-11-27. 11656: 11646: 11635: 11624: 11618: 11603: 11602: 11596: 11590: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11536: 11535:External links 11533: 11532: 11531: 11525: 11509: 11503: 11487: 11466: 11453: 11447: 11431: 11415: 11406: 11400: 11384: 11378: 11366:Greenberg, Blu 11362: 11349: 11343: 11331:Rosen, Michael 11323: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11295:978-0275985882 11294: 11281: 11275: 11260: 11247: 11241: 11223: 11218:978-0691139319 11217: 11204: 11172:Jewish History 11164: 11158: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11129: 11112: 11098: 11086:Nadell, Pamela 11082: 11076: 11060: 11054: 11041: 11035: 11019: 11003: 10997: 10981: 10975: 10957: 10951: 10938: 10932: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10886: 10861: 10843: 10818: 10800: 10783: 10764: 10739: 10718: 10704: 10690: 10661: 10658:. 3 June 2005. 10647: 10634: 10616: 10607: 10589: 10571: 10553: 10528: 10503: 10489: 10464: 10439: 10414: 10389: 10368: 10350: 10343: 10323: 10305: 10287: 10269: 10240: 10237:on 2000-01-17. 10222: 10220:Na'amat Canada 10196: 10178: 10152: 10138: 10120: 10113:Rebecca Alpert 10104: 10102:, 3 June 2009. 10100:Jewish Tribune 10084:Jewish Tribune 10071: 10062: 10031: 10016: 10009: 9989: 9980:"Darchei Noam" 9970: 9949: 9942: 9922: 9891: 9873: 9852: 9834: 9816: 9798: 9791: 9771: 9753: 9731: 9717: 9714:on 2014-02-02. 9695: 9670: 9651: 9633: 9615: 9587: 9570: 9567:on 2016-03-04. 9552: 9534: 9531:on 2004-11-30. 9516: 9487: 9456: 9431: 9406: 9373: 9349: 9317: 9293: 9269: 9245: 9227: 9200: 9179: 9172: 9152: 9130: 9101: 9066: 9050: 9041: 9019: 8993: 8969: 8961:on 2006-09-08. 8927: 8894: 8885: 8875:. Ynetnews.com 8859: 8856:(78.1 KB) 8838: 8817: 8814:on 2019-09-12. 8783:Israel's late 8776: 8769: 8749: 8737: 8711: 8692: 8675: 8646: 8625: 8606: 8588: 8570: 8551: 8533: 8508: 8489: 8486:on 2015-03-25. 8468: 8448: 8413: 8394: 8375: 8346: 8321: 8303: 8296: 8276: 8269: 8249: 8224: 8200: 8177: 8158: 8131: 8112: 8086: 8057: 8030: 8017:The Curriculum 8004: 7978: 7949: 7942: 7922: 7913: 7904: 7895: 7886: 7877: 7865: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7829:, p. 160. 7827:Steinberg 2008 7819: 7807: 7788: 7755:Jewish History 7745: 7712:Jewish History 7702: 7700:, p. 230. 7690: 7688:, p. 222. 7678: 7676:, p. 226. 7666: 7664:, p. 224. 7654: 7645: 7636: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7589:www.chabad.org 7576: 7564: 7552: 7540: 7493: 7486: 7460: 7458:, p. 157. 7456:Steinberg 2008 7448: 7441: 7421: 7409: 7407:, p. 181. 7394: 7361:Jewish History 7351: 7347:Steinberg 2008 7339: 7332: 7312: 7305: 7282: 7270: 7258: 7249: 7235: 7221: 7207: 7193: 7179: 7165: 7151: 7137: 7123: 7109: 7100: 7091: 7069: 7060: 7036: 7011: 6986: 6979: 6967:(2010-08-17). 6956: 6949: 6921: 6906: 6888: 6881: 6861: 6841: 6790: 6751: 6744: 6719: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6605: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6526: 6525: 6522:Judaism portal 6509: 6506: 6407: 6404: 6373: 6370: 6345:Jewish Renewal 6341: 6340:Jewish Renewal 6338: 6269:Deborah Waxman 6261:Ira Eisenstein 6247: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6207:Avinu Malkeinu 6195:High Holy Days 6138: 6137: 6127: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6096: 6076:Reform Judaism 6064: 6063:Reform Judaism 6061: 5958: 5955: 5831: 5828: 5803: 5802: 5784: 5771: 5770: 5756: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5725: 5704:(CJLS) of the 5685: 5682: 5668: 5665: 5647: 5644: 5632: 5631: 5602: 5601: 5578:Benzion Wosner 5528: 5525: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5481: 5406: 5403: 5399:Orthodox Union 5387:Ephraim Mirvis 5356:In June 2015, 5260:Gilah Kletenik 5244:Tur Yoreh Deah 5234:, including a 5205: 5202: 5178:Main article: 5175: 5169: 5159:with a scarf ( 5148:Main article: 5145: 5142: 5050: 5047: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4979: 4969: 4959: 4954: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4919: 4909: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4874: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4848: 4843: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4702:of articles on 4681: 4678: 4653: 4652: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4535: 4532: 4474:) prohibiting 4459:akeret habayit 4451:akeret habayit 4418: 4415: 4394:crypto-Judaism 4311: 4310:Religious life 4308: 4268: 4265: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4189: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4114: 4113:Talmudic times 4111: 3989:Persian Jewish 3935: 3934:Biblical times 3932: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3766:United Kingdom 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138:List of sports 3135: 3134: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2995: 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2365: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2299:Territorialism 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2183:Judaeo-Spanish 2180: 2178:Judaeo-Iranian 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2008: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1624:United Kingdom 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1057:Bilad-el-Sudan 1054: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1013: 1012: 1010:Land of Israel 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 973: 968: 967: 964: 963: 958: 957: 956: 955: 950: 945: 940: 939: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 870: 869: 868:Related groups 865: 864: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 801: 800: 795: 780: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 764: 763: 762: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 725:Jewish atheism 722: 717: 712: 704: 703: 699: 698: 697: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676:Islamic–Jewish 671: 664: 649: 644: 636: 635: 628: 627: 626: 625: 601: 588: 560: 555: 548: 543: 541:Yehud Medinata 535: 534: 528: 527: 526: 525: 518: 511: 503: 490: 482: 470: 465: 458: 450: 449: 447:Ancient Israel 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 403:Land of Israel 400: 392: 391: 385: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 369: 368: 367: 362: 358:Shulchan Aruch 353: 348: 343: 338: 330: 329: 328: 327: 322: 314: 313: 307: 306: 305: 304: 299: 291: 290: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 263: 262: 254: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 183: 178: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 136: 131: 124:God in Judaism 120: 115: 114: 111: 110: 109: 108: 103: 95: 94: 84: 83: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13180: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13095: 13091: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13033: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13008: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12983:Sifrei Kodesh 12981: 12980: 12978: 12974: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12874:Sheva Brachot 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12834:Role of women 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12818: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12743:Coming of age 12741: 12736: 12729: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12698:Shalom Zachar 12696: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12675: 12670: 12668: 12663: 12661: 12656: 12655: 12652: 12640: 12632: 12630: 12622: 12620: 12612: 12610: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12584:Rachel's Tomb 12582: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12559: 12555: 12545: 12544: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12533: 12531: 12530: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12385:N'shei Chabad 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12273:Organizations 12271: 12261: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12236: 12232: 12230: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12199: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12148: 12147: 12143: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12128: 12127:Homosexuality 12125: 12124: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12117:Birth control 12115: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12056: 12055: 12051: 12050: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12036:Ritual purity 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12026:Head covering 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11964: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11911: 11900: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11820: 11819: 11816: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11766: 11764: 11759: 11757: 11752: 11751: 11748: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11723: 11720: 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NYU Press. 11268: 11267: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11248: 11244: 11238: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11210: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11159:0-691-05787-7 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11142: 11132: 11126: 11121: 11120: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11099:9780393651232 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11051: 11047: 11042: 11038: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10944: 10939: 10935: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10916: 10897: 10890: 10875: 10871: 10870:"Our Soferet" 10865: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10833:on 2013-04-14 10832: 10828: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10796: 10793: 10787: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10754:on 2011-04-08 10753: 10749: 10743: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10723: 10714: 10708: 10700: 10694: 10680:on 2011-07-28 10679: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10657: 10651: 10644: 10638: 10630: 10626: 10620: 10611: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10543:on 2016-05-12 10542: 10538: 10532: 10518:on 2013-09-28 10517: 10513: 10507: 10499: 10493: 10479:on 2014-02-21 10478: 10474: 10468: 10454:on 2015-04-03 10453: 10449: 10443: 10429:on 2013-10-19 10428: 10424: 10418: 10404:on 2013-10-19 10403: 10399: 10393: 10378: 10372: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10346: 10340: 10336: 10335: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10259:on 2017-09-12 10258: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10211:on 2011-07-14 10210: 10206: 10200: 10192: 10190: 10182: 10167:on 2011-07-26 10166: 10162: 10156: 10148: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10101: 10090:on 2011-11-30 10089: 10085: 10081: 10075: 10066: 10051:on 2012-07-11 10050: 10046: 10042: 10035: 10027: 10020: 10012: 10006: 10002: 10001: 9993: 9985: 9981: 9978:DarcheiNoam. 9974: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9945: 9939: 9935: 9934: 9926: 9912:on 2015-09-24 9908: 9901: 9895: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9857: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9794: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9742: 9735: 9727: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9605: 9601: 9594: 9592: 9583: 9582: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9477:on 2006-05-26 9473: 9466: 9460: 9442: 9435: 9417: 9410: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9339:on 2010-11-27 9335: 9328: 9321: 9310: 9303: 9297: 9286: 9279: 9273: 9262: 9255: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9231: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9189: 9183: 9175: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9156: 9141: 9134: 9120:on 2023-12-19 9119: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9086: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9045: 9030: 9023: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8983: 8982:pluralism.org 8979: 8973: 8965:(130 KB) 8957: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8889: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8848: 8842: 8835:(972 KB) 8827: 8821: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8780: 8772: 8770:9780881257199 8766: 8762: 8761: 8753: 8746: 8745:Grossman 2004 8741: 8727:. Jweekly.com 8726: 8722: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8688: 8682: 8680: 8665:on 2015-02-07 8664: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8473: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8452: 8444: 8432: 8424: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8365:on 2015-12-05 8364: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8299: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8280: 8272: 8270:9780881257199 8266: 8262: 8261: 8253: 8239: 8235: 8228: 8217: 8210: 8204: 8188: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8142: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8074: 8067: 8061: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8018: 8014: 8008: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7966: 7959: 7953: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7926: 7917: 7908: 7902:Kraemer, 335. 7899: 7893:Kraemer, 315. 7890: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841:, p. 39. 7840: 7835: 7828: 7823: 7817:, p. 38. 7816: 7811: 7803: 7797: 7796:Melammed 1991 7792: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7698:Grossman 2004 7694: 7687: 7686:Grossman 2004 7682: 7675: 7674:Grossman 2004 7670: 7663: 7662:Grossman 2004 7658: 7652:Kraemer, 289. 7649: 7643:Kraemer, 345. 7640: 7634:, p. 91. 7633: 7628: 7621: 7620:Hilkhot Ishut 7616: 7610:, p. 81. 7609: 7604: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7573: 7572:Melammed 2009 7568: 7561: 7560:Grossman 2004 7556: 7549: 7548:Grossman 2004 7544: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7489: 7487:9780827607521 7483: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7464: 7457: 7452: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7405:Grossman 2004 7401: 7399: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7316: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7279: 7278:Grossman 2004 7274: 7267: 7266:Grossman 2004 7262: 7253: 7246: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7231: 7225: 7218: 7217: 7211: 7204: 7203: 7197: 7190: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7175: 7169: 7162: 7161: 7155: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7134: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7119: 7113: 7104: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7078:Adler, Rachel 7073: 7064: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6907:9780567663375 6903: 6899: 6892: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6865: 6851: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6806:(29): 56–80. 6805: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6512: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6490:San Francisco 6487: 6483: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6459:Aviel Barclay 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6439:Arba'ah Turim 6436: 6432: 6428: 6427:Talmud Gittin 6423: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6385:Deborah Davis 6382: 6381:Tamara Kolton 6378: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6349:Lynn Gottlieb 6346: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6060: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5877:Assyriologist 5872: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5840: 5836: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792:Pidyon Ha-Ben 5788: 5787:Pidyon Ha-Bat 5785: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5692:Rabot - Torah 5690: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5617:. Even those 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5480:(Jewish law). 5479: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5419: 5411: 5402: 5400: 5397:In 2017, the 5395: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344:Shlomo Riskin 5341: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5275:Open Orthodox 5272: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5138:Torah reading 5135: 5134:one-way glass 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4983: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4923: 4920: 4913: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846:Birth control 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772:Shira Hadasha 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4417:Domestic life 4414: 4411: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4290:Sefer Hakanah 4287: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239:Rabbi Nachman 4236: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143:Rosh Hashanah 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979:(who married 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916:patrilineally 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3771:United States 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3341:FS Micronesia 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3131:Winter sports 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2966:Film industry 2964: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826:Photographers 2824: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2707:Organizations 2705: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2634:Voting rights 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2560:Queen regnant 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2223:Judeo-Aramaic 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2213:Judeo-Italian 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2193:Ghardaïa Sign 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1818:Denominations 1814: 1813: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646:United States 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 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1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 986:Lists of Jews 984: 982: 979: 978: 977: 976: 971: 966: 965: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 872: 871: 867: 866: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 786: 785: 784: 783: 778: 773: 772: 761: 753: 751: 748: 746: 745:The Holocaust 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 706: 705: 701: 700: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 672: 670: 665: 661: 655: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 638: 637: 633: 630: 629: 622: 616: 610: 605: 602: 598: 592: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 537: 536: 533: 530: 529: 524: 519: 517: 512: 508: 504: 501: 496: 491: 487: 483: 480: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 448: 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habanot 11987: 11986:Girls' Day ( 11972: 11968: 11961: 11957: 11889:(1923, 1929) 11796:In the Bible 11790: 11776: 11738: 11730: 11726: 11716: 11697: 11667:the original 11652: 11605: 11604: 11582:Publications 11581: 11580: 11539: 11538: 11516: 11494: 11474: 11470: 11461: 11457: 11438: 11426: 11422: 11410: 11391: 11369: 11357: 11353: 11334: 11318: 11314: 11311:Berman, Saul 11285: 11265: 11255: 11251: 11231: 11208: 11178:(1): 41–51. 11175: 11171: 11149: 11118: 11089: 11067: 11045: 11026: 11014: 11010: 10988: 10965: 10942: 10923: 10900:. 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Retrieved 6844: 6803: 6793: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6734: 6708: 6649:Shalom bayit 6613:Ezrat Nashim 6594: 6501: 6479: 6442: 6435:apostate Jew 6424: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6409: 6375: 6343: 6331: 6323:Western Wall 6318: 6312: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6249: 6240: 6227:Stacy Offner 6224: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6202: 6198: 6197:prayer book 6174: 6166: 6160: 6150: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6092: 6088: 6079: 6074: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6006: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5975: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5934:menstruation 5927: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5873: 5866: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5823: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5775: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5695: 5671: 5670: 5657: 5649: 5633: 5627: 5624:Chasam Sofer 5581: 5547: 5540: 5530: 5518: 5504:, and Rabbi 5497: 5485: 5475: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5362: 5358:Lila Kagedan 5355: 5352: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5308: 5297:Malka Schaps 5294: 5290:Lila Kagedan 5285: 5279: 5271:Sara Hurwitz 5268: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5193: 5189: 5186:menstruating 5183: 5171: 5160: 5153: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5114: 5109:divrei Torah 5108: 5105: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5075: 5065: 5061: 5052: 4881:menstruation 4862: 4688:Girl lights 4674:Hafets Hayim 4664: 4654: 4645: 4635: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4548: 4537: 4525: 4510: 4503: 4492: 4488:Mizrahi Jews 4470: 4463: 4458: 4450: 4440: 4403: 4399: 4382: 4379:menstruating 4375:modest dress 4367: 4362:The rise of 4361: 4353: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4320: 4313: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4270: 4254: 4220: 4196: 4182: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4134: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4071: 4062: 4049: 4041: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4001: 3997: 3943: 3906: 3902: 3898:Hebrew names 3876: 3860:Hebrew Bible 3851: 3850: 3791:Vatican City 3736:Turkmenistan 3666:South Africa 3646:Sierra Leone 3631:Saudi Arabia 3096:Roller derby 2925: 2894:Christianity 2879:Baháʼí Faith 2758:Architecture 2458:legal rights 2362:Post-Zionism 2233:Judeo-Berber 2228:Judeo-Arabic 2188:Judeo-Gascon 1935:Pidyon haben 1854:Conservative 1400:Saudi Arabia 1218:South Africa 1207:Sierra Leone 1029:Israeli Jews 943:Mosaic Arabs 896:Kaifeng Jews 757:Arab–Israeli 730:Emancipation 609:Great Revolt 418:Anti-Judaism 413:Antisemitism 408:Name "Judea" 203:Baal teshuva 69:Western Wall 56: 18:Jewish Women 12922:Torah study 12849:Matchmaking 12713:Hebrew name 12708:Zeved habat 12680:Jewish life 12639:WikiProject 12153:Tseno Ureno 12011:Matchmaking 11973:bat mitzvah 11962:Simchat bat 11958:Zeved habat 11895:(2003–2010) 11561:Na'amat USA 11477:(2): 1–30. 11435:Ross, Tamar 11419:Ross, Tamar 11372:. Praeger. 11258:(3): 34–45. 11139:Middle Ages 9031:. Ynet News 8788:Chief Rabbi 8620:The Forward 8439:|last= 8334:The Forward 8193:October 29, 8147:17 November 8100:Torah Mates 8075:. p. 3 7992:Torah Mates 7967:. p. 3 7852:Proverbs 31 7850:Medrish on 7839:Marcus 1986 7815:Marcus 1986 7202:Baba Metzia 6655:Zeved habat 6583:Bais Yaakov 6494:Sefer Torah 6482:Sefer Torah 6471:Sefer Torah 6467:Sefer Torah 6447:Sefer Torah 6289:bat mitzvah 6218:, offering 6177:(2008). In 6118:Serving as 6093:ba'al kriah 5893:Paula Hyman 5798:Simchat Bat 5747:Serving as 5722:ba'al kriah 5582:Shevet Levi 5240:Beit Yoseph 5071:Bais Yaakov 4823:U'Bizchutan 4680:Present day 4640:bourgeoisie 4601:However, a 4410:Inquisition 4286:kabbalistic 4267:Middle Ages 4012:Mount Sinai 3971:the Judge; 3676:South Sudan 3671:South Korea 3616:Puerto Rico 3601:Philippines 3566:North Korea 3551:New Zealand 3436:Ivory Coast 3326:El Salvador 3156:Afghanistan 3013:Auto racing 2986:Video games 2899:Catholicism 2678:Engineering 2555:Legislators 2357:Revisionist 2347:Neo-Zionism 1954:Zeved habat 1747:Puerto Rico 1573:Netherlands 1405:South Korea 1390:Philippines 1270:Afghanistan 1137:Ivory Coast 911:Crypto-Jews 876:Bnei Anusim 855:Bene Israel 820:Beta Israel 777:Communities 684:Middle Ages 423:Persecution 198:Bereavement 13152:Categories 13137:Honorifics 12854:Engagement 12811:Honorifics 12779:Daily life 12703:Brit milah 12259:Firzogerin 11979:For adults 11616:Yad Vashem 11491:Weiss, Avi 11130:0827607520 11108:1037810222 10952:0805238875 10902:2015-07-19 10880:2024-02-01 10837:2018-07-12 10758:2014-10-06 10684:2013-10-11 10547:2012-07-09 10522:2012-03-12 10483:2014-01-17 10458:2013-08-23 10433:2013-08-23 10408:2013-08-23 10383:2010-11-19 10263:2018-12-06 10215:2011-01-21 10171:2011-01-21 10115:and Rabbi 10111:See Rabbi 10094:2011-01-21 10055:2011-01-21 9916:2013-10-10 9747:2015-11-10 9689:2015-04-14 9609:2015-07-19 9481:2018-12-17 9367:2023-12-19 9343:2006-03-10 9194:2015-09-07 9146:2018-07-12 9124:2023-12-19 9035:2014-10-29 8987:2024-08-12 8879:2015-07-19 8785:Ashkenazic 8731:2017-02-04 8669:2015-01-26 8640:2015-11-01 8527:2024-02-01 8369:2016-01-05 8340:2024-02-01 8243:2024-02-01 8105:August 19, 8079:August 19, 8050:August 19, 8023:August 19, 7997:August 19, 7971:August 19, 7632:Biale 1984 7608:Biale 1984 7594:2016-10-20 7054:2019-03-08 7030:2019-03-08 7005:2019-03-08 6916:1005279889 6855:2017-02-19 6701:References 6129:Wearing a 5758:Wearing a 5613:, and the 5570:Jewish law 4942:Ordination 4863:In Judaism 4747:Bat Shalom 4609:Maimonides 4499:Maimonides 4480:Ashkenazic 4243:Ima Shalom 4231:Rabbi Meir 4181:Women are 4155:Common Era 4004:Israelites 3946:Matriarchs 3938:See also: 3924:Bat-Kohens 3781:Uzbekistan 3711:Tajikistan 3641:Seychelles 3516:Mauritania 3491:Madagascar 3471:Kyrgyzstan 3451:Kazakhstan 3331:East Timor 3206:Bangladesh 3196:Azerbaijan 3149:By country 3136:See also: 3126:Volleyball 3068:Ice hockey 3063:Gymnastics 3023:Basketball 2814:Philosophy 2802:Literature 2749:Humanities 2729:Telegraphy 2664:Technology 2579:Journalism 2540:Government 2342:Maximalism 2294:Secularism 2274:Autonomism 2091:Literature 1884:Humanistic 1488:Azerbaijan 1450:Uzbekistan 1425:Tajikistan 1345:Kyrgyzstan 1330:Kazakhstan 1177:Mozambique 1152:Madagascar 1072:Cape Verde 1024:New Yishuv 1019:Old Yishuv 970:Population 948:Subbotniks 906:Samaritans 845:Romanyotim 788:Ashkenazim 735:Old Yishuv 715:Sabbateans 702:Modern era 694:Golden Age 621:Bar Kokhba 341:Beit Yosef 208:Philosophy 51:See also: 12400:Nivcharot 12290:B'not Esh 12209:Rebbetzin 12122:Sexuality 12110:In Israel 12031:Homemaker 11828:Bat-Kohen 11811:In Israel 11718:Tradition 11699:Tradition 11483:0041-0608 11200:143121150 11017:: 94–103. 10282:Le Devoir 10253:jcada.org 9743:. 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