The Holocaust - Knowledge

2693:, p. 36, "The Holocaust is particular to Jews and yet has had increasing relevance for those who do not identify as Jewish. ... All Jews everywhere were to be murdered because of their racial heritage was 'put into state policy' on January 20, 1942 at the Wannsee conference (Bazyler 2017, 29). Witness to the genocide of the Jews is a uniquely Jewish experience, because only Jews were targeted by that policy, even if other groups were targeted for genocide under other policies. The Nazi regime committed genocide against the Roma and Sinti, governed by separate policies. They also committed war crimes against Soviet Prisoners of War under other policies. So too the mass murder of disabled and the mentally ill had their own policies. The Nazis committed multiple genocides and crimes against humanity, at the same time, sometimes in the same place, governed by different laws, policies, and practices. It is not correct to say that there were many victim types during 'the Holocaust,' if by 'the Holocaust' we mean the genocide of the Jews."; 1225: 1796: 1919: 68: 728: 978: 1384: 1994: 1101: 2182: 1725: 1213: 2258: 1664: 1454:, partly because of the low priority accorded to these transports. Shortage of rail transport sometimes led to postponement or cancellation of deportations. Upon arrival, the victims were robbed of their remaining possessions, forced to undress, had their hair cut, and were chased into the gas chamber. Death from the gas was agonizing and could take as long as 30 minutes. The gas chambers were primitive and sometimes malfunctioned. Some prisoners were shot because the gas chambers were not functioning. At other extermination camps, nearly everyone on a transport was killed on arrival, but at Auschwitz around 20–25 percent were separated out for labor, although many of these prisoners died later on through starvation, mass shooting, torture, and medical experiments. 2721:, p. xxxix, "This book deals with the fate of the Jews, not of 'other victims' of Nazi political repression and racial-biological policies. Several other groups endured social exclusion, incarceration in concentration camps, and mass murder. However, the rationale for the persecution of these groups differed radically from the intentions that underlay anti-Jewish policy. Even though homosexual men and women, Germans of African descent, and the severely mentally and physically disabled were all disparaged in Nazi racial thinking, and depicted as a threat to the strength and purity of the Volk, only the Jews were characterized as an implacable, powerful, global enemy that had to be fought at every turn and finally eliminated."; 2713:, p. 50, "Given this, it must always be remembered that the Holocaust was a premeditated action by the Nazis to permanently eradicate a Jewish presence in Europe. Others—the disabled, Roma, Poles and other Slavs, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, dissenting clergy, communists, socialists, "asocials," and political opponents of all sorts—were also persecuted and in many cases murdered in huge numbers; however, it was the campaign against the Jews that was the ideological "ground zero" for Nazi racial ideology. Others besides Jews were murdered, often on a genocidal scale, and should be remembered and acknowledged: but it was only the Jews who were all to be killed as part of a calculated policy of genocide."; 2769:, pp. 14–15, "There are a number of words I will try to avoid because of the serious misconceptions they might lead to. The terms 'Holocaust' and 'Shoah' are not useful since neither has any analytical value. 'Holocaust' (derived from the Greek holókauton, or burned sacrifice) has a religious connotation unbefitting of the event it is supposed to refer to, and users of this term may mean by it either the persecution and murder of Jews alone, or Nazi German violence against any group more generally ... Importantly, 'Holocaust' and 'Shoah' have also been criticized as 'teleological and anachronistic' terms that convey a retrospective view that makes complex processes appear 'as a single event.'"; 2006: 2066: 2547: 2091:

determination, and luck played a major role in determining survival. Jews in hiding were hunted down with the assistance of local collaborators and rewards offered for their denunciation. The death penalty was sometimes enforced on people hiding them, especially in eastern Europe. Rescuers' motivations varied on a spectrum from altruism to expecting sex or material gain; it was not uncommon for helpers to betray or murder Jews if their money ran out. Gerlach argues that hundreds of thousands of Jews may have died because of rumors or denunciations, and many others never attempted to escape because of a belief it was hopeless.

2761:, p. 6, "Echoing this view, some have contended that the expression 'the Holocaust' ought to refer not only to the encounter between the Third Reich and the Jews but also to 'the horrors that Poles, other Slavs, and Gypsies endured at the hands of the Nazis' (Lukas, 1986: 220). Others have extended the term to encompass the Third Reich's treatment of homosexuals, the mentally ill or infrm, and Jehovah's Witnesses, speaking of 11 or 12 million victims of the Holocaust, half of whom were Jews. Still others have employed the word 'holocaust' also when referring to cases of mass murder not perpetrated by the Third Reich."; 2717:, p. 4, "I will use the term 'Holocaust' to refer mainly to the Nazi attempt to murder the Jews of Europe; however, I will also use the more inclusive term 'Nazi genocidal project' to capture the larger murderous vision of which the Jews were such a large part. This includes Sinti/Roma (gypsies), the handicapped, political 'enemies,' Soviet prisoners of war, and—particularly in the East—entire ethnic groups such as the Slavs. One cannot understand the Holocaust in Eastern Europe without placing it in the context of this larger Nazi genocidal project that foresaw murder and demographic engineering on a colossal scale."; 2446: 2705:, pp. 199–200, "The Nazis killed some people almost exclusively due to their supposed genetic inferiority (the mentally and physically handicapped, Slavs, Roma); they killed others almost exclusively due to their perceived cultural decadence (communists, democrats, modernist authors and artists); but only the Jews were indicted on both grounds simultaneously and with equal vigor. ... This is not to say that Roma, communists, and others were not hated and murdered by the Nazis, but it is to note that the Jews were unique in being despised and assaulted in every dimension of their identity, corporeal and psychic."; 963: 1143: 815: 2757:'s terms, the Holocaust involved three separate "clusters of genocidal projects": euthanasia and "racial purification" directed against the disabled and Sinti and Roma (at the time referred to collectively as "Gypsies") within the Third Reich; the eradication of Slavic populations living in countries east of Germany; and the Final Solution proper—that is, the attempted mass murder of every Jew residing anywhere within Germany's sphere of influence (Browning 2010, 407). (The list of persecuted categories—people targeted by the Nazis in ways short of genocide—would of course be longer.)"; 948:", the murder of around 70,000 institutionalized Germans with mental or physical disabilities at specialized killing centers using poison gas. The victims included all 4,000 to 5,000 institutionalized Jews. Despite efforts to maintain secrecy, knowledge of the killings leaked out and Hitler ordered a halt to the centralized killing program in August 1941. Decentralized killings via denial of medical care, starvation, and poisoning caused an additional 120,000 deaths by the end of the war. Many of the same personnel and technologies were later used for the mass murder of Jews. 397: 2697:, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?, "This is why the focus here is on the Jews. Roma, the disabled, Soviet POWs, homosexuals and other groups were victims of the Nazis, and it is entirely legitimate to study their fate alongside one another. But using the term 'Holocaust' to encompass all of these groups with the aim of being inclusive and not prioritizing one group's suffering, actually does a disservice to groups other than Jews. For the Nazis persecuted these groups for different reasons, reasons we fail to appreciate if we collapse them all together."; 1124:, including more than 300,000 in Belarus. From 1942 onwards, the Germans and their allies targeted villages suspected of supporting the partisans, burning them and killing or expelling their inhabitants. During these operations, nearby small ghettos were liquidated and their inhabitants shot. By 1943, anti-partisan operations aimed for the depopulation of large areas of Belarus. Jews and those unfit for work were typically shot on the spot with others deported. Although most of those killed were not Jews, anti-partisan warfare often led to the deaths of Jews. 1031:, were established in existing residential neighborhoods and closed by fences or walls. In many smaller ghettos, Jews were forced into poor neighborhoods but with no fence. Forced labor programs provided subsistence to many ghetto inhabitants, and in some cases protected them from deportation. Workshops and factories were operated inside some ghettos, while in other cases Jews left the ghetto to work outside it. Because the ghettos were not segregated by sex some family life continued. A Jewish community leadership ( 2701:, pp. 3 ("This book is about an encounter between two sets of human beings: on one hand, the people who acted on behalf of the German state, its agencies, or its almost 66 million citizens between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945; on the other, the more than 9 million Jews ...") and 5 ("Those discoveries about the encounter between the Third Reich and the Jews made that encounter stand out in the minds of many from other instances of Nazi persecution and encouraged observers to assign it its own special name."); 26993: 2729:, p. 2, "Other groups—for example, Sinti and Roma, homosexuals, and Slavs—were swept up in the maelstrom of the Holocaust, but not for the same reasons as Jews and not with the same consequences ... In none of these cases, however, was the target group considered dangerous or coherent enough to warrant complete or immediate extirpation. This circumstance constitutes a significant difference from policies pursued toward the Jews, a difference that helps to clarify and define the Holocaust itself."; 525: 2765:, pp. 1–2, "For perhaps the first time, all major victim groups where the death tolls reached at least into the tens of thousands will be considered together: Jewish and non-Jewish ... it makes a great deal of sense to consider the different strands of Nazi mass killing together rather than in isolation from one another. This of course means going against the grain of most scholarship on the subject by examining the genocide of the European Jews alongside other Nazi mass-murder campaigns."; 594: 2293: 2270:

could not keep up were shot. The evacuations were ordered partly to retain the prisoners as forced labor and partly to avoid allowing any prisoners to fall into enemy hands. In October and November 1944, 90,000 Jews were deported from Budapest to the Austrian border. The transfer of prisoners from Auschwitz began in mid-1944, the gas chambers were shut down and destroyed after October, and in January most of the remaining 67,000 Auschwitz prisoners were sent on a death march westwards.

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deportation of Jews to their area by massacring local Jews in order to free up space in ghettos for the deportees. If the deported Jews did not die of harsh conditions, they were killed later in extermination camps. Jews deported to Auschwitz were initially entered into the camp; the practice of conducting selections and murdering many prisoners upon arrival began in July 1942. In May and June, German and Slovak Jews deported to Lublin began to be sent directly to extermination camps.

27167: 27150: 22719: 21932: 14378: 23720: 27048: 27116: 22739: 27133: 27099: 724:, with varying rights. The regime also sought to segregate Jews with a view to their ultimate disappearance from the country. Jewish students were gradually forced out of the school system. Some municipalities enacted restrictions governing where Jews were allowed to live or conduct business. In 1938 and 1939, Jews were barred from additional occupations, and their businesses were expropriated to force them out of the economy. 27082: 1963:

obtain better jobs vacated by murdered Jews. Businessmen benefitted from eliminating their Jewish competitors or taking over Jewish-owned businesses. Others took over housing and possessions that had belonged to Jews. Some Poles living near the extermination camps later dug up human remains in search of valuables. The property of deported Jews was also appropriated by Germany's allies and collaborating governments. Even

27065: 22729: 1237:. Typically, the pits would be guarded after the execution but sometimes a few victims managed to escape afterwards. Executions were public spectacles and the victims' property was looted both by the occupiers and local inhabitants. Around 200 ghettos were established in the occupied Soviet Union, with many existing only briefly before their inhabitants were executed. A few large ghettos such as Vilna, 2274:

escape forced labor. The death marches led to the breakdown of supplies for the camps that continued to exist, causing additional deaths. Although there was no systematic killing of Jews during the death marches, around 70,000 to 100,000 Jews died in the last months of the war. Many of the death march survivors ended up in other concentration camps that were liberated in 1945 during the

2431:. Although many survivors were in poor health, they attempted to organize self-government in these camps, including education and rehabilitation efforts. Due to the reluctance of other countries to allow their immigration, many survivors remained in Germany until the establishment of Israel in 1948. Others moved to the United States around 1950 due to loosened immigration restrictions. 2773:, p. 51, "The authors of this volume have adopted the third approach to a working definition: The Holocaust—that is, Nazi genocide—was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of entire groups determined by heredity. This applied to Jews, Gypsies, and the handicapped. This section also makes it clear that other definitions are defended by scholars who deserve a respectful hearing." 307:. Although many Jews tried to escape, surviving in hiding was difficult due to factors such as the lack of money to pay helpers and the risk of denunciation. The property, homes, and jobs belonging to murdered Jews were redistributed to the German occupiers and other non-Jews. Although the majority of Holocaust victims died in 1942, the killing continued at a lower rate until the 1692:. In March 1942, killings began in Belzec, targeting Jews from Lublin who were not capable of work. This action reportedly reduced the black market and was deemed a success to be replicated elsewhere. By mid-1942, Nazi leaders decided to allow only 300,000 Jews to survive in the General Governorate by the end of the year for forced labor; for the most part, only those working in 2484:, which the prosecution argued was the root of Nazi criminality; nevertheless, the systematic murder of Jews came to take center stage. This trial and others held by the Allies in occupied Germany—the United States Army alone charged 1,676 defendants in 462 war crimes trials—were widely perceived as an unjust form of political revenge by the German public. 2043:

hours, and abuse by employers. Hundreds of thousands died. Many others were forced to work for the occupiers without leaving their country of residence. Some of Germany's allies, including Slovakia and Hungary, agreed to deport Jews to protect non-Jews from German demands for forced labor. East European women were also kidnapped, via

2684:, pp. 18–19, "Much of this debate curiously boils down to a very specific historical question, namely, did the Nazis target the Jews for genocide in a manner that was essentially different from their treatment of any other group under their rule? There can be little doubt that the Jews played a singular role in the Nazi 2623:, the Holocaust was evoked widely and divergently, by Jews and non-Jews alike. Whether Holocaust memory actually promotes human rights is disputed. In Israel, the memory of the Holocaust has been used at times to justify the use of force and violation of international human rights norms, in particular as part of the 2611:

self-critical memory of the Holocaust developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and spread to some other western European countries. The national memories of the Holocaust were extended to the European Union as a whole, in which Holocaust memory has provided both shared history and an emotional rationale for committing to

1012:, but this proved impossible. The Nazis planned that harsh conditions in these areas would kill many Jews. In September 1939, around 7,000 Jews were killed, alongside thousands of Poles, however, they were not systematically targeted as they would be later, and open mass killings would subside until June of 1941. 1039:) exercised some authority and tried to sustain the Jewish community while following German demands. As a survival strategy, many tried to make the ghettos useful to the occupiers as a labor reserve. Jews in western Europe were not forced into ghettos but faced discriminatory laws and confiscation of property. 2368:, which was marked by the introduction of extermination camps. Roughly two million Jews were killed from March 1942 to November 1943. Around 1.47 million Jews were murdered in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942, a rate approximately 83% higher than the commonly suggested figure for the 2688:

and that German Jewish policies distinguished them within the Nazi universe of murder and fantasy; but other groups clearly have been similarly targeted in other genocides 'the extent of the 'final solution' was ... shaped by an antisemitism that was colored by a different element over and above the

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Historians estimate that property losses to Jews of Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, France, Poland, and Hungary amounted to around 10 billion in 1944 dollars, or $ 170 billion in 2023. This estimate does not include the value of labor extracted. Overall, the amount of Jewish property looted by the

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Around six million Jews were killed. Of the six million victims, most of those killed were from Eastern Europe, and with half from Poland alone. Around 1.3 million Jews who had once lived under Nazi rule or in one of Germany's allies survived the war. One-third of the Jewish population worldwide, and

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In January 1945, more than 700,000 people were imprisoned in the concentration camp system, of whom as many as a third died before the end of the war. At this time, most concentration camp prisoners were Soviet and Polish civilians, either arrested for real or supposed resistance or for attempting to

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In mid-1943, Himmler sought to bring surviving Jewish forced laborers under the control of the SS in the concentration camp system. Some of the forced-labor camps for Jews and some ghettos, such as Kovno, were designated concentration camps, while others were dissolved and surviving prisoners sent to

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Throughout the war, no detailed photo intelligence study was carried out on any of the major concentration or extermination camps. Appeals from Jewish representatives to the American and British governments to bomb rail lines leading to the camps or crematoriums was rejected, with little to no input

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At the same time as the mass killing of Jews in the General Governorate, Jews who were in ghettos to the west and east were targeted. Tens of thousands of Jews were deported from ghettos in the Warthegau and East Upper Silesia to Chełmno and Auschwitz. 300,000 Jews—largely skilled laborers—were shot

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between 22 July and 12 September. Of the original population of 350,000 Jews, 250,000 were killed at Treblinka, 11,000 were deported to labor camps, 10,000 were shot in the ghetto, 35,000 were allowed to remain in the ghetto after a final selection, and around 20,000 or 25,000 managed to hide in the

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on 20 January 1942. This high-level meeting was intended to coordinate anti-Jewish policy. The majority of Holocaust killings were carried out in 1942, with it being the peak of the genocide, as over 3 million Jews were murdered, with 20 or 25 percent of Holocaust victims dying before early 1942 and

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brigades, and local auxiliaries shot many Jews. By the end of 1941, more than 80 percent of the Jews in central Ukraine, eastern Belarus, Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been shot, but less than 25 percent of those living farther west where 900,000 remained alive. By the end of the war, around 1.5

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The occupiers relied on locals to identify Jews to be targeted. The first German mass killings targeted adult male Jews who had worked as civil servants or in jobs requiring education. Tens of thousands were shot by the end of July. The vast majority of civilian victims were Jews. In July and August

2725:, p. xiii, "This book also reflects another of its editor's convictions: the Holocaust was National Socialist Germany's assault on the Jews of Europe. Nazism attacked many groups, but none for the same reason that it attacked the Jews, none with the same urgency, and none to the same extent."; 1441:

The camps were located on rail lines to make it easier to transport Jews to their deaths, but in remote places to avoid notice. The stench caused by mass killing operations was noticeable to anyone nearby. Except in the deportations from western and central Europe, people were typically deported to

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The executions often took place a few kilometers from a town. Victims were rounded up and marched to the execution site, forced to undress, and shot into previously dug pits. The favored technique was a shot in the back of the neck with a single bullet. In the chaos, many victims were not killed by

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During the invasion, synagogues were burned and thousands of Jews fled or were expelled into the Soviet occupation zone. Various anti-Jewish regulations were soon issued. In October 1939, adult Jews in the General Governorate were required to perform forced labor. In November 1939 they were ordered

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points out how the Holocaust was unique in that it was "the industrial killing of millions of human beings in factories of death, ordered by a modern state, organized by a conscientious bureaucracy, and supported by a law-abiding, patriotic "civilized" society." Another debate concerns whether the

2241:, mostly to Auschwitz. The expropriation of Jewish property was useful to achieve Hungarian economic goals and sending the Jews as forced laborers avoided the need to send non-Jewish Hungarians. Those who survived the selection were forced to provide construction and manufacturing labor as part of 2042:

Including the Soviet prisoners of war, 13 million people were brought to Germany for forced labor. The largest nationalities were Soviet and Polish and they were the worst-treated groups except for Roma and Jews. Soviet and Polish forced laborers endured inadequate food and medical treatment, long

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were reorganized in preparation for mass killings and instructed to shoot Soviet officials and Jewish state and party employees. The shootings were justified on the basis of Jews' supposed central role in supporting the communist system, but it was not initially envisioned to kill all Soviet Jews.

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made up less than 1 percent of the country's population in 1933. They were wealthier on average than other Germans and largely assimilated, although a minority were recent immigrants from eastern Europe. Various German government agencies, Nazi Party organizations, and local authorities instituted

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convinced many survivors to leave eastern Europe. Antisemitism was reported to increase in several countries after the war, in part due to conflicts over property restitution. When the war ended, there were less than 28,000 German Jews and 60,000 non-German Jews in Germany. By 1947, the number of

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The support, or at least absence of active opposition, of the local population was essential but often lacking in Eastern Europe. Those in hiding depended on the assistance of non-Jews. Having money, social connections with non-Jews, a non-Jewish appearance, perfect command of the local language,

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declared that "the Holocaust, perhaps more than any other event in the past century, represents the pinnacle of evil". The Holocaust has been described as "perhaps the most savage and significant single crime in recorded history" and that of the most barbaric events in the twentieth century "the

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Following Allied advances, the SS deported concentration camp prisoners to camps in Germany and Austria, starting in mid-1944 from the Baltics. Weak and sick prisoners were often killed in the camp and others were forced to travel by rail or on foot, usually with no or inadequate food. Those who

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Although the Nazis sought to control every aspect of public and private life, Nazi repression was directed almost entirely against groups perceived as outside the national community. Most Germans had little to fear provided they did not oppose the new regime. The new regime built popular support

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to be drawn from the Holocaust, whether this is the case and what these lessons are is disputed. Communist states marginalized the topic of antisemitic persecution while eliding their nationals' collaboration with Nazism, a tendency that continued into the post-communist era. In West Germany, a

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In the decades after the war, Holocaust memory was largely confined to the survivors and their communities. The popularity of Holocaust memory peaked in the 1990s after the fall of Communism, and became central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil. Genocide

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Millions of Germans and others benefited from the genocide. Corruption was rampant in the SS despite the proceeds of the Holocaust being designated as state property. Different German state agencies vied to receive property stolen from Jews murdered at the death camps. Many workers were able to

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varied and has led to historiographical debate. Studies of the SS officials who organized the Holocaust have found that most had strong ideological commitment to Nazism. In addition to ideological factors, many perpetrators were motivated by the prospect of material gain and social advancement.

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were often ordered to assist with liquidation actions, although these Jews were in most cases murdered later. Chaotic, capriciously executed selections determined who would be loaded onto the trains. Many Jews were shot during the action, often leaving ghettos strewn with corpses. Jewish forced

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to the Soviet interior, including as many as 260,000 Jews who largely survived the war. Although most Jews were not communists, some accepted positions in the Soviet administration, contributing to a pre-existing perception among many non-Jews that Soviet rule was a Jewish conspiracy. In 1940,

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deliberately subjected workers to murderous conditions. Beginning in 1941 and increasingly as time went on, Jews capable of employment were separated from others—who were usually killed. They were typically employed in non-skilled jobs and could be replaced easily if non-Jewish workers were

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Unlike the killing areas in the east, the deportation from elsewhere in Europe was centrally organized from Berlin, although it depended on the outcome of negotiations with allied governments and popular responses to deportation. Beginning in late 1941, local administrators responded to the

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Anti-Jewish violence, largely locally organized by members of Nazi Party institutions, took primarily non-lethal forms from 1933 to 1939. Jewish stores, especially in rural areas, were often boycotted or vandalized. As a result of local and popular pressure, many small towns became entirely

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two-thirds of European Jews, had been wiped out. Death rates varied widely due to a variety of factors and approached 100 percent in some areas. Some reasons why survival chances varied was the availability of emigration and protection from Germany's allies—which saved around 600,000 Jews.

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An estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Germans were directly involved in killing Jews, and if one includes all those involved in the organization of extermination, the number rises to 500,000. Genocide required the active and tacit consent of millions of Germans and non-Germans. The motivation of

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partisans, and some civilians. Some were coerced into committing violence against Jews, but others killed for entertainment, material rewards, the possibility of better treatment from the occupiers, or ideological motivations such as nationalism and anti-communism. According to historian

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in Poland, and the beginning of the deportation of German Jews as indicative of the final decision having been made before December 1941. Others argue that these policies were initiatives by local leaders and that the final decision was made later. On 5 December 1941, the Soviet Union

782:. By the end of 1939, most Jews who could emigrate had already done so; those who remained behind were disproportionately elderly, poor, or female and could not obtain a visa. The plurality, around 110,000, left for the United States, while smaller numbers emigrated to South America, 797:

Besides Germany, a significant number of other European countries abandoned democracy for some kind of authoritarian or fascist rule. Many countries, including Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia, passed antisemitic legislation in the 1930s and 1940s. In October 1938,

2529:. Germany paid pensions and other reparations for harm done to some Holocaust survivors. Other countries have paid restitution for assets stolen from Jews from these countries. Most Western European countries restored some property to Jews after the war, while communist countries 2029:

and segregated work details. These camps were often of a temporary nature and typically overseen by civilian authorities. Initially, mortality did not increase dramatically. After mid-1941, conditions for Jewish forced laborers drastically worsened and death rates increased; even

2733:, pp. 1–2, "For the purpose of this book, the Holocaust is understood as the genocide of the Jews ... 'Holocaust', then, refers to the genocide of the Jews, which by no means excludes an understanding that other groups—notably Romanies and Slavs—were victims of genocide."; 2689:

racism and ethno-nationalism that explains the murder of other groups by Nazi Germany—that element being the view of 'the Jews' as an implacable, collective world enemy.' To be sure, this makes the Holocaust unique only within the context of the Nazi empire ...";

2403:. In some countries, such as Hungary, Jews were a majority of civilian deaths; in Poland, they were either a majority or about half. In other countries such as the Soviet Union, France, Greece, and Yugoslavia, non-Jewish civilian losses outnumbered Jewish deaths. 1082:. To increase the speed of conquest the Germans planned to feed their army by looting, exporting additional food to Germany, and to terrorize the local inhabitants with preventative killings. The Germans foresaw that the invasion would cause a food shortfall and 1696:

were spared. The majority of ghettos were liquidated in mass executions nearby, especially if they were not near a train station. Larger ghettos were more commonly liquidated during multiple deportations to extermination camps. During this campaign, 1.5 million

2741:, pp. 45 ("The Holocaust is commonly defined as the mass murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans during World War II. Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition.") and 51 ("the traditional view that it was the genocide of the Jews alone") 2039:

a concentration camp. Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the concentration camps. Although most Holocaust victims were never imprisoned in a concentration camp, the image of these camps is a popular symbol of the Holocaust.

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in most European countries, and often were overrepresented. Jews were not always welcome, particularly in nationalist resistance groups—some of which killed Jews. Particularly in Belarus, with its favorable geography of dense forests, many Jews joined the

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Plans to kill most of the Jews in the General Governorate were affected by various goals of the SS, military, and civil administration to reduce the amount of food consumed by Jews, enable a slight increase in rations to non-Jewish Poles, and combat the

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Nazis was about 10 percent of the total stolen from occupied countries. Efforts by survivors to receive reparations for their losses began immediately after World War II. There was an additional wave of restitution efforts in the 1990s connected to the

2160:(JDC) raised $ 70 million and in the years after the war it raised $ 300 million. This money was spent aiding emigrants and providing direct relief in the form of parcels and other assistance to Jews living under German occupation, and after the war to 620:

in January 1933 in a backroom deal supported by right-wing politicians. Within months, all other political parties were banned, the regime seized control of the media, tens of thousands of political opponents—especially communists—were arrested, and

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condemning the systematic murder of Jews. Most neutral countries in Europe maintained a pro-German foreign policy during the war. Nevertheless, some Jews were able to escape to neutral countries, whose policies ranged from rescue to non-action.

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states that over two million Jews were murdered from late July to mid-November, stating that "these three-and-a-half months were the most intense, the deadliest of the entire Holocaust". It was the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history.

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available, but those in skilled positions had a higher chance of survival. Although conditions varied widely between camps, Jewish forced laborers were typically treated worse than non-Jewish prisoners and suffered much higher mortality rates.

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in the face of a half-hearted German deportation effort in late 1943. Additional killings in 1943 and 1944 eliminated all remaining ghettos and most surviving Jews in Eastern Europe. Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka were shut down and

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was essential to take action, but many struggled to believe the news. Many attempted to jump from trains or flee ghettos and camps, but successfully escaping and living in hiding was extremely difficult and often unsuccessful.

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and Galicia killed many Jews. Although there was practically no resistance in the General Governorate in 1942, some Soviet Jews improvised weapons, attacked those attempting to liquidate the ghetto, and set it on fire. These

1469:(largely Ukrainian auxiliaries), and very few German guards. About half of the Jews killed in the Holocaust died by poison gas. Thousands of Romani people were also murdered in the extermination camps. Prisoner uprisings at 1115:

were intended to die in large numbers. Sixty percent—3.3 million people—died, primarily of starvation, making them the second largest group of victims of Nazi mass killing after European Jews. Jewish prisoners of war and

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that never passed any restitution legislation. Many restitution programs fell short of restoration of prewar assets, and in particular, large amounts of immovable property was never returned to survivors or their heirs.

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and other resistance efforts in France. The death rate in the Netherlands was higher than neighboring countries, which scholars have attributed to difficulty in hiding or increased collaboration of the Dutch police.

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In Western Europe, almost all Jewish deaths occurred after deportation. The occupiers often relied on local policemen to arrest Jews, limiting the number who were deported. In 1942, nearly 100,000 Jews were deported

2737:, p. 1, "Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000 Jews were murdered during the Second World War, an episode the Nazis called the 'final solution of the Jewish question'. The world today knows it as the Holocaust."; 1782:

necessitated the use of heavy weapons. The uprising in Warsaw prompted the Nazi leadership to liquidate additional ghettos and labor camps in German-occupied Poland with their inhabitants massacred, such as the

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in 1961. Instead of convicting Eichmann on the basis of documentary evidence, Israeli prosecutors asked many Holocaust survivors to testify, a strategy that increased publicity but has proven controversial.

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to 2 million Jews were shot and as many as 225,000 Roma. The murderers found the executions distressing and logistically inconvenient, which influenced the decision to switch to other methods of killing.

2164:. The United States banned sending relief into German-occupied Europe after entering the war, but the JDC continued to do so. From 1939 to 1944, 81,000 European Jews emigrated with the JDC's assistance. 438:. By the early twentieth century, most Jews in central and western Europe were well integrated into society, while in eastern Europe, where emancipation had arrived later, many Jews continued to live in 21790: 1296:

near Riga, but Himmler ordered an end to such massacres and some in the senior Nazi leadership voiced doubts about killing German Jews. Executions of German Jews in the Baltics resumed in early 1942.

1787:, or deported to extermination camps for fear of additional Jewish resistance developing. Nevertheless, in early 1944, more than 70,000 Jews were performing forced labor in the General Governorate. 885: 2518: 2461:

that affected possibly as much as 2–3 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. Nazi atrocities led to the United Nations'

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reported a combined revenue of RM 178.7 million from belongings stolen from their victims, far exceeding costs. Combined, the camps required the labor of less than 3,000 Jewish prisoners, 1,000

17287: 2249:. Although the Nazis' goal of eliminating any Jewish population from Germany had largely been achieved in 1943, it was reversed in 1944 as a result of the importation of these Jews for labor. 1016:

to wear white armbands. Laws decreed the seizure of most Jewish property and the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses. When Jews were forced into ghettos, they lost their homes and belongings.

2278:. The liberators found piles of corpses that they had to bulldoze into mass graves. Some survivors were freed there and others had been liberated by the Red Army during its march westwards. 11209: 2217:, with limited success. Attempts to continue deportations in Western Europe after 1942 often failed because of Jews going into hiding and the increasing recalcitrance of local authorities. 2083: 7601: 17496: 2372:. Between July to October 1942, two million Jews were murdered, including Operation Reinhard and other killings, with over three million Jews killed in 1942 alone, as stated by historian 16724: 12477: 18580: 23179: 1000:

of the General Governorate. 45,000 Jews were deported by November and left to fend for themselves, causing many deaths. Deportations stopped in early 1940 due to the opposition of

7066: 2665:, the world Jewish population reached 15.2 million by the end of 2020 – approximately 1.4 million less than on the eve of the Holocaust in 1939, when the number was 16.6 million. 12504: 1704:

In order to reduce resistance, the ghetto would be raided without warning, usually in the early morning, and the extent of the operation would be concealed as long as possible.

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ghetto. Misdirection efforts convinced many Jews that they could avoid deportation until it was too late. During a six-week period beginning in August, 300,000 Jews from the

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After liberation, many Jews attempted to return home. Limited success in finding relatives, the refusal of many non-Jews to return property, and violent attacks such as the

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Jews in Germany had increased to 250,000 owing to emigration from eastern Europe allowed by the communist authorities; Jews made up around 25 percent of the population of

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of Soviet cities and some rural areas. Although the starvation policy was less successful than planners hoped, the residents of some cities, particularly in Ukraine, and

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to kill all Jews across Europe, but there is disagreement when. Some historians cite inflammatory statements by Hitler and other Nazi leaders as well as the concurrent

24917: 15511: 1004:, the leader of the General Governorate, who did not want his fiefdom to become a dumping ground for unwanted Jews. After the conquest of France, the Nazis considered 19431: 1201:' zones of operation, relaying orders to kill more Jews. At this time, the killers began to murder Jewish women and children too. Executions peaked at 40,000 a month 26915: 24933: 23239: 17152: 2477: 299:. Victims were deported by rail to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were killed with poison gas. Other Jews continued to be employed in 1268:

from 1941 to 1943. Jews from Transnistria were also imprisoned in these ghettos, where the total death toll may have reached 160,000. Hungary expelled thousands of

1939:

German SS, police, and regular army units rarely had trouble finding enough men to shoot Jewish civilians, even though punishment for refusal was absent or light.

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Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; estimated by Gerlach at 6 to 8 million, at more than 10 million by

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in 1935. The laws reserved full citizenship rights for those of "German or related blood", restricted Jews' economic activity, and criminalized new marriages and

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from the War Departments of the United States or United Kingdom. However, debate exists on whether a military response would have impacted on the Holocaust.

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despite the prohibition of relationships, including fraternization, between German and foreign workers, which imposed the penalty of imprisonment and death.

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on 22 June 1941. Although the war was launched more for strategic than ideological reasons, what Hitler saw as an apocalyptic battle against the forces of

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were established in the Wartheland and General Governorate in 1939 and 1940 on the initiative of local German administrators. The largest ghettos, such as

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is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of other groups that the Nazis targeted, especially those targeted on a biological basis, in particular the

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united Germans across the political spectrum. The military promoted the untrue but compelling idea that, rather than being defeated on the battlefield,

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for harboring gold deposited by Nazis who had stolen it during the Holocaust, as well as profiting from unclaimed deposits made by Holocaust victims.

573:(living space) in Eastern Europe for colonization. These ideas appealed to many Germans. The Nazis promised to protect European civilization from the 25232: 24679: 24555: 23251: 22662: 13879: 12305: 11181: 10499: 1976: 202: 170: 9318:

How Do We Remember the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust? A Global View of an Integrated Memory of Perpetrators, Victims and Third-party Countries

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many formerly Jewish assets, meaning that the overall amount restored to Jews has been lower in those countries. Poland is the only member of the

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Shooting from behind became popular because killers did not have to look at their victims' faces and the dead were likely to fall into the grave.

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in May or June 1944. Men are lined up to the right, women and children to the left. About 25 percent were selected for work and the rest gassed.

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programme—amid increasing talk among German administrators in Poland of large-scale murder of Jews in the General Governorate. In late 1941 in

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is often cited as the main factor explaining the Holocaust. From the beginning, the Nazis—not unlike other nation-states in Europe—dreamed of

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as well. It is the single most documented and studied genocide in history. It is also seen as the archetype of genocide and the benchmark in

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in late 1943, Germany deported several thousand Jews from Italy and the former Italian occupation zones of France, Yugoslavia, Albania, and

25673: 25529: 25513: 25485: 24733: 23940: 23386: 23333: 23328: 23323: 22462: 20777: 20668: 13663: 12804: 12799: 12791: 11292: 11204: 6265: 2157: 609: 501:(1914–1918) intensified nationalist and racist sentiments in Germany and other European countries. Jews in eastern Europe were targeted by 7138: 3721: 1663: 1170:, Ukraine, and the Romanian borderlands. Although German forces tried to incite pogroms, their role in causing violence is controversial. 26430: 25497: 25409: 25353: 25316: 24598: 23640: 23155: 22445: 21710: 18319: 18226: 18060: 17561: 12208: 12032: 8974: 2094: 2031: 1947: 1733: 1438:

became the preferred killing method in extermination camps after gassing experiments were conducted on Russian POWs in late August 1941.

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was established to hold those members of the Polish intelligentsia not killed in the purges. Around 400,000 Poles were expelled from the

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This article is about the state-sponsored genocide of European Jews during World War II. For all peoples persecuted during this era, see

8113:(2024). "The Long Term and the Short Term: Antisemitism and the Holocaust". In Weitzman, Mark; Williams, Robert J.; Wald, James (eds.). 1918: 27202: 25402: 24134: 23452: 22829: 19846: 18646: 18370: 17541: 17364: 17334: 17239: 17186: 16155: 13306: 12948: 12169: 11096: 2799: 1877: 1857: 1094: 634: 380:

was dropped as redundant and Holocaust, now capitalized, became the default term for the destruction of European Jews. The Hebrew word

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Most Holocaust perpetrators were never put on trial for their crimes. During and after World War II, many European countries launched

1959:, non-Germans "not under German command" caused 5 to 6 percent of the Jewish deaths, and their involvement was crucial in other ways. 26908: 25536: 23926: 23884: 23458: 23275: 22632: 21688: 18248: 16433: 15809: 15598: 15336: 13609: 1901: 272:

regardless of means to attempt to emigrate, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged harassment, and orchestrated a nationwide

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in September 1943, there were no serious attempt to deport Italian Jews, and Italy refused to allow the deportation of Jews in many

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Burzlaff, Jan (2020). "Confronting the Communal Grave: a Reassessment of Social Relations During the Holocaust in Eastern Europe".

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and first used in November 1941; victims were forced into the van and killed with engine exhaust. The first extermination camp was

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and the elderly faced even lower survival rates than adults. It is considered to be the single largest genocide in human history.

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After German military defeats in 1943, it became increasingly evident that Germany would lose the war. In early 1943, 45,000 Jews

718:. Jews were defined as those with three or four Jewish grandparents; many of those with partial Jewish descent were classified as 25652: 25449: 24486: 23986: 23898: 23834: 22368: 21966: 18309: 18299: 18055: 15583: 13813: 13427: 12919: 12591: 12112: 11840: 11235: 11186: 11004: 8514: 8451: 8306: 8196: 7606: 2576: 2550: 2400: 2123: 1693: 1325: 897: 356:", has become the most common word used to describe the Nazi extermination of Jews in English and many other languages. The term 327: 222: 206: 73: 16496: 15383: 8456: 2488:

later investigated 100,000 people and tried more than 6,000 defendants, mainly low-level perpetrators. The high-level organizer

1993: 27217: 25855: 25367: 24217: 23755: 23185: 22704: 21795: 19839: 19717: 18550: 16108: 14951: 14168: 13818: 13777: 13721: 11416: 2630:

The Holocaust is the most well-known genocide in history, and is considered to be the single most infamous case of genocide in

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in some countries; while denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern governments, figures and media.

2214: 938: 23233: 2619:. In contrast to Europe, in the United States the memory of the Holocaust tends to be more abstract and universalized. During 2198: 977: 26451: 26356: 25883: 25629: 25504: 24590: 24564: 24421: 24127: 24044: 23434: 22834: 20905: 20335: 18214: 18209: 17526: 16842: 16036: 15898: 15122: 14903: 14173: 10818: 10792: 10770: 10724: 10697: 10663: 10628: 10606: 10587: 10568: 10542: 10519: 10489: 10470: 10447: 10421: 10394: 10368: 10346: 10324: 10298: 10276: 10241: 10215: 10192: 10166: 10130: 10101: 10075: 10046: 9994: 9968: 9940: 9915: 9871: 9845: 9798: 9770: 9742: 9710: 9685: 9659: 9633: 9607: 9581: 9553: 9396: 9368: 9329: 9273: 9011: 8984: 8954: 8490: 8136: 8094: 8060: 5658: 2392:, the murder of some 43,000 Jews, the single largest massacre of Jews by German forces, occurring from 3 to 4 November 1943. 1289: 369: 245:. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term 23482: 2575:, in which its advocates argue promotes citizenship while reducing prejudice generally, became widespread at the same time. 2257: 2181: 1280:

and ban emigration. Between mid-October and the end of 1941, 42,000 Jews from Germany and its annexed territories and 5,000

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over the course of nine hours, in what was the largest number ever killed in a death camp on a single day. It was part of

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The systematic murder of Jews began in the Soviet Union in 1941. During the invasion, many Jews were conscripted into the

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followed the army to eliminate any possible resistance. Around 50,000 Polish and Polish Jewish leaders and intellectuals

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Spoerer, Mark (2020). "The Nazi War Economy, the Forced Labor System, and the Murder of Jewish and Non-Jewish Workers".

1276:. At the beginning of September, all German Jews were required to wear a yellow star, and in October, Hitler decided to 1216:

Original Nazi propaganda caption: "Too bad even for a bullet... The Jews shown here were shot at once." 28 June 1941 in

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As well as the six million Jews who were murdered, more than ten million other non-combatants were killed by the Nazis.

7265: 2753:, pp. 26–27, "Rather than one big thing, the Holocaust might now be described as an array of event categories. In 2562:

asserted that "the Holocaust has gradually supplanted genocide as modernity's icon of evil", while political scientist

2275: 1212: 902: 19445: 2106:—an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 across the Soviet Union. An additional 10,000 to 13,000 Jewish non-combatants lived in 1770:

were only undertaken when the inhabitants began to believe that their death was certain. In 1943, larger uprisings in

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and as many as a third of Jewish businesses may have been forced to close. Anti-Jewish violence was even worse in

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Messenger, David A. (2020). "The Geopolitics of Neutrality: Diplomacy, Refuge, and Rescue during the Holocaust".

9818: 2473: 2450: 1836:. Only 25 percent of the Jews in France were killed; most of them were either non-citizens or recent immigrants. 459: 265: 24874: 24442: 19239: 17566: 10408:(2007). "Introduction: A History Without Boundaries: the Robbery and Restitution of Jewish Property in Europe". 9596:

Searching for Justice After the Holocaust: Fulfilling the Terezin Declaration and Immovable Property Restitution

2026: 1090:, as well as the Jewish ghettos, endured human-made famine, during which millions of people died of starvation. 26871: 26843: 26721: 26514: 25751: 25202: 25128: 24924: 24295: 24014: 23919: 23804: 23682: 23380: 22761: 22622: 22479: 20797: 20264: 20093: 20061: 19889: 19803: 17327: 17168: 16798: 16556: 15972: 15762: 15472: 15064: 14129: 14079: 13473: 13061: 12092: 11905: 11367: 10956: 1334: 1167: 1159: 22809: 19536: 17075: 12067: 26931: 26864: 26815: 26746: 26571: 26077: 26028: 25792: 25785: 25388: 25149: 24940: 23993: 23700: 23676: 23464: 23263: 21280: 21250: 21238: 20511: 20503: 20416: 18930: 18065: 16828: 15932: 15527: 15329: 13170: 13118: 12996: 12859: 12564: 12404: 11567: 11421: 11402: 11382: 11352: 11245: 10480:

Kansteiner, Wulf (2017). "Transnational Holocaust Memory, Digital Culture and the End of Reception Studies".

930: 922: 910: 750: 597: 463: 415: 308: 190: 20006: 17551: 17128: 16995: 11474: 2005: 1506: 1399: 238: 27242: 27237: 27232: 27227: 27222: 27212: 27005: 26901: 26276: 26237: 25156: 24991: 24976: 24903: 24882: 24700: 24378: 24164: 24157: 24141: 23852: 23811: 23783: 23590: 23488: 23312: 22692: 22554: 22544: 22537: 22341: 21770: 21053: 20370: 20148: 20069: 20045: 19515: 18618: 18236: 18075: 17821: 17791: 17394: 16849: 16821: 16012: 15908: 15233: 14749: 14409: 13921: 13765: 13648: 13478: 13395: 13128: 12822: 12655: 12429: 11992: 11620: 11489: 11464: 11342: 10961: 10932: 9907: 9730: 7148: 2709:, p. 291, "the established understanding of the Holocaust today as the genocide of six million Jews"; 2600: 2458: 1988: 1865: 1588: 1462: 1273: 862: 662: 582: 563:

and sought to purge it of racially foreign and socially deficient elements. The Nazi Party and its leader,

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may have been shot by the German invaders; there was also a great deal of looting. Special units known as

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deemed "unfit for work" began to be sent in groups to Auschwitz where they were murdered. In early 1942,

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have been paid, although falling short of the Jews' losses. The Holocaust has also been commemorated in

27257: 26766: 26262: 26181: 26126: 26014: 25970: 25620: 25246: 25170: 25072: 24949: 24821: 24814: 24774: 24747: 24479: 24412: 24007: 23818: 23748: 22326: 21724: 21649: 21270: 21017: 20862: 20342: 20292: 20101: 19919: 19853: 19630: 19310: 18886: 18450: 17866: 17861: 17681: 17051: 16256: 15157: 15099: 14969: 14955: 14872: 14243: 13714: 13510: 13187: 13133: 12954: 12742: 12469: 12348: 12318: 12237: 12154: 11987: 11625: 11523: 11484: 11441: 11377: 11250: 11126: 10783:(2020). "Old Nazis, Ordinary Men, and New Killers: Synthetic and Divergent Histories of Perpetrators". 10093: 10013: 9863: 2412: 2389: 2141: 2098: 1560: 1458: 1361: 1202: 304: 234: 38: 23494: 21068: 9316: 27173: 26668: 26585: 26370: 26230: 26202: 26035: 25940: 25730: 25163: 24237: 23891: 23622: 23598: 23566: 23410: 23215: 23197: 23191: 23149: 22851: 22819: 22642: 22486: 20527: 20400: 20363: 20285: 19966: 18814: 18423: 18008: 17591: 17320: 17019: 16987: 16869: 16752: 15192: 14982: 14943: 14629: 14609: 14203: 14119: 14074: 13675: 13490: 13485: 13321: 12702: 12107: 11922: 11469: 11446: 11357: 11219: 11071: 11059: 11046: 10233: 9889: 8783: 2649:

continues to be popular among the broader public after being largely rejected by historians. Scholar

2440: 2358: 2218: 1885: 1853: 1616: 1532: 1415: 1163: 926: 889: 506: 384:("catastrophic destruction") exclusively refers to Jewish victims. The perpetrators used the phrase " 230: 24435: 10746: 1299:

After the expansion of killings to target the entire Soviet Jewish population, the 3,000 men of the

334:. It has become central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil. 27247: 27197: 27088: 26407: 26384: 25636: 25437: 25430: 25094: 24754: 24726: 24719: 24106: 23428: 23012: 22987: 22929: 22814: 22788: 22259: 21874: 21818: 21634: 21620: 21150: 21063: 20987: 20915: 20891: 20857: 20535: 20519: 20250: 20172: 20156: 19623: 19289: 18723: 16717: 16708: 16409: 15786: 15322: 15210: 15038: 15010: 14947: 14479: 14229: 13643: 13432: 13326: 12786: 12754: 12586: 12541: 12087: 11867: 11406: 11387: 11334: 11318: 11265: 11260: 11171: 11161: 11151: 11103: 11086: 11076: 11041: 11036: 11031: 10560: 10511: 10207: 10067: 2607: 2517:

in restitution and compensation to Holocaust survivors and heirs. In 1952, West Germany negotiated

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The Nazi leaders knew that their actions would bring international condemnation. On 26 June 1942,

1975:

were able to successfully lay claim to Jewish property. In the decades after the war, Swiss banks

213:, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out primarily through 26829: 26773: 26643: 26503: 26188: 25841: 25737: 25643: 25211: 25079: 25049: 25013: 24998: 24870: 24762: 24740: 24686: 24672: 24654: 24318: 24099: 23827: 23776: 23705: 23209: 23131: 22732: 22652: 22457: 22397: 22375: 22102: 21869: 21828: 21775: 21609: 20447: 19508: 18176: 17841: 17836: 17784: 16738: 16731: 15722: 15169: 15137: 15056: 14544: 14402: 13599: 13567: 13442: 12707: 12579: 12569: 12295: 11849: 11577: 11255: 11240: 11166: 11146: 11141: 11121: 11091: 11081: 10810: 10762: 10534: 10462: 10439: 10431: 10356: 10184: 9986: 9932: 9897: 9881: 9780: 9726:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942

9677: 9651: 9599: 7220: 2795: 2580: 2065: 1889: 1876:), and later deported several thousand Jews in 1942 and 1943. Bulgaria deported 11,000 Jews from 1829: 1075: 1071: 957: 654: 529: 376:. All of these groups, however, were targeted for different reasons. By the 1970s, the adjective 19373: 18954: 14826: 14699: 11646: 10555:(2023). "A Common History of Violence?: The Pogroms of Summer 1941 in Comparative Perspective". 2025:

Beginning in 1938—especially in Germany and its annexed territories—many Jews were drafted into

918: 768: 27192: 26521: 26414: 26216: 26167: 26070: 25963: 25933: 25716: 25604: 25330: 25121: 24712: 24693: 24663: 24210: 24180: 23658: 23634: 23350: 22934: 22907: 22883: 22878: 22617: 22520: 22440: 22269: 22210: 22112: 22009: 21952: 21494: 21355: 21183: 21032: 20772: 20625: 20590: 20392: 20328: 19998: 19616: 19344: 19273: 19103: 19047: 18787: 18656: 18458: 18202: 18003: 17707: 17671: 17625: 17247: 16835: 16784: 16674: 16417: 15956: 15842: 15303: 15268: 14689: 14614: 14323: 14114: 14052: 13653: 13628: 13594: 13572: 13547: 13530: 13515: 13495: 13452: 13422: 13275: 13039: 13016: 12890: 12776: 12737: 12712: 12290: 12057: 11536: 11114: 11108: 10990: 7188: 7079: 2546: 2210: 2145: 2070: 1935: 1771: 1729: 1716:

carried out the action. In addition to local non-Jewish collaborators, the Jewish councils and

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with Himmler's approval; it began operations in December 1941 using gas vans. In October 1941,

1342: 1162:, 1.6 million were Jews. Local inhabitants killed as many as 50,000 Jews in pogroms in Latvia, 893: 794:

of nearly 1 billion RM, mostly from Jews. The policy of forced emigration continued into 1940.

486: 451: 423: 343: 319: 210: 98: 42: 20349: 17083: 13900: 11801: 10061: 710:. After hounding the German Jews out of public life by the end of 1934, the regime passed the 27252: 27012: 26735: 26578: 26474: 26444: 26400: 26140: 26105: 26098: 26021: 25919: 25360: 25337: 25184: 24795: 24332: 24072: 24058: 23741: 23628: 23287: 23072: 23037: 23007: 22861: 22784: 22672: 22564: 22559: 22474: 22435: 22242: 22237: 21917: 21750: 21345: 21295: 21290: 20676: 20562: 20124: 20014: 19703: 19666: 19580: 18870: 18715: 18634: 18588: 18543: 18521: 18274: 18253: 18192: 18187: 18013: 17947: 17631: 17144: 16899: 16179: 15857: 15608: 15551: 15432: 15273: 15069: 14382: 14311: 14210: 13874: 13799: 13707: 13623: 13589: 13505: 13500: 13385: 13148: 12941: 12901: 12839: 12834: 12771: 12697: 12524: 12149: 12102: 11766: 11517: 10616: 10268: 10176: 9960: 9954: 9835: 9762: 9573: 8521: 2445: 1845: 1837: 1171: 1121: 533: 518: 353: 323: 303:

where many died from starvation, abuse, exhaustion, or being used as test subjects in deadly

81: 24630: 19119: 19087: 10957:"Gender and Selection During the Holocaust: Transports of Western European Jews to the East" 10263:(2010). "The Holocaust – a Global Memory? Extensions and Limits of a New Memory Community". 9696: 2525:

3 billion (around $ 714 million) to Israel and DM 450 million (around $ 107 million) to the

26836: 26691: 26342: 26299: 26269: 26195: 26005: 25984: 24910: 24387: 24065: 23610: 23546: 23356: 23167: 23052: 22957: 22893: 22856: 22753: 22627: 22493: 22137: 22074: 22044: 22029: 22014: 21907: 21800: 21683: 21504: 20910: 20708: 20022: 19982: 19867: 19529: 19257: 19249: 19134: 19111: 19039: 18947: 18918: 18910: 18862: 18806: 18431: 17934: 17919: 17712: 17295: 17194: 16777: 16570: 16549: 15916: 15770: 15616: 15575: 15353: 15283: 15248: 15145: 14287: 14236: 14189: 13807: 13794: 13782: 13360: 13311: 13283: 13006: 12936: 12722: 12487: 12424: 12007: 11791: 11682: 11660: 11555: 11550: 11531: 10780: 10112: 10085: 9720: 8346: 2754: 2655: 2571:

described it as the "singularly most monstrous crime committed in the history of mankind".

2481: 2202: 1717: 1431: 1353:, "The world war is here; the annihilation of the Jews must be the necessary consequence." 1350: 1174: 1063: 1055: 548: 510: 21338: 21333: 19380: 15089: 14988: 12353: 5676:"The victims of unethical human experiments and coerced research under National Socialism" 1256:

Victims of mass shootings included Jews deported from elsewhere. Besides Germany, Romania

637:, and those perceived as workshy—through a variety of measures, including imprisonment in 567:, were also obsessed with reversing Germany's territorial losses and acquiring additional 8: 26954: 26728: 26606: 26562: 26084: 25218: 24984: 24511: 24341: 24325: 24274: 23522: 23502: 23257: 23143: 23087: 23057: 23022: 22912: 22647: 22402: 22281: 22034: 21847: 21673: 21124: 21093: 20930: 20053: 19990: 19935: 19860: 19473: 19281: 19211: 18977: 18771: 18747: 18677: 18533: 18279: 18119: 17952: 17697: 17571: 17453: 17411: 17112: 16814: 16681: 16630: 16336: 16232: 16203: 16163: 16147: 15794: 15746: 15712: 15704: 15673: 15448: 15177: 14974: 14831: 14694: 14529: 14459: 14293: 14196: 14183: 13911: 13686: 13390: 13301: 13293: 13056: 13049: 12781: 12766: 12717: 12574: 12482: 12328: 11915: 10359:(2020). "A Sustained Civilian Struggle: Rethinking Jewish Responses to the Nazi Regime". 10158: 9625: 9223:"Jews and the Racial State: Legacies of the Holocaust in Apartheid South Africa, 1945–60" 7162: 2803: 2584: 2572: 2462: 2186: 2161: 1972: 1852:

The German government sought the deportation of Jews from allied countries. The first to

1812: 1668: 1329: 1147: 1093:

By mid-June 1941, about 30,000 Jews had died, 20,000 of whom had starved to death in the

986: 870: 819: 787: 479: 435: 431: 315: 21105: 19055: 15948: 11710: 11700: 10893:

Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire. Revue pluridisciplinaire de la Fondation Auschwitz

10858: 9928:

Mordecai Would Not Bow Down: Anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and Christian Supersessionism

8350: 1246: 1120:

were systematically executed. About a million civilians were killed by the Nazis during

1028: 26947: 26780: 26705: 26659: 26629: 26537: 26377: 26042: 25926: 25820: 25771: 25709: 25465: 25416: 25225: 24849: 24504: 24302: 23616: 23540: 23534: 23092: 23062: 23047: 22924: 22677: 22657: 22316: 22247: 22215: 22182: 22172: 22054: 21897: 21639: 21574: 21370: 21255: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21178: 21002: 20760: 20583: 20439: 20306: 20257: 20132: 20085: 19652: 19587: 19071: 19031: 18940: 18779: 18294: 17909: 17889: 17676: 17576: 17459: 17384: 16637: 16623: 16384: 16240: 16092: 15778: 15665: 15655: 15407: 14880: 14836: 14634: 14549: 14250: 14222: 13370: 13197: 12880: 11954: 11949: 11456: 10914: 10884: 10734: 10669: 10308: 10225: 10136: 10032: 9617: 9339: 9031: 8375: 8332: 8287: 5708: 5675: 5647: 2875: 2873: 2365: 1762: 1741: 1658: 1470: 1378: 1365: 1087: 962: 934: 836: 617: 277: 218: 21044: 17375: 17355: 14714: 14674: 14394: 13977: 8815: 470:

that increased economic conflicts between Jews and non-Jews. Some scientists began to

26938: 26822: 26712: 26652: 26613: 26546: 26528: 26494: 26437: 26391: 26335: 26160: 25898: 25890: 25827: 25680: 25274: 24806: 24267: 24246: 23956: 23670: 23398: 23300: 23173: 23017: 22967: 22962: 22336: 22301: 22291: 22252: 22192: 22142: 22064: 22049: 22019: 21857: 21852: 21823: 21678: 21464: 21393: 21218: 21098: 20997: 20920: 20881: 20618: 20611: 20604: 20271: 19789: 19760: 18699: 18645: 18513: 18482: 18326: 18197: 18112: 18035: 17998: 17962: 17666: 17607: 17581: 17405: 16939: 16602: 16528: 16449: 16044: 15924: 15882: 15754: 15738: 15543: 15416: 15358: 15151: 15079: 15074: 14888: 14709: 14679: 14664: 14454: 13239: 13044: 12907: 12692: 12559: 12419: 12250: 12164: 12131: 12045: 11862: 11828: 10918: 10906: 10814: 10788: 10766: 10720: 10693: 10673: 10659: 10624: 10602: 10583: 10564: 10538: 10515: 10485: 10466: 10443: 10417: 10390: 10364: 10342: 10320: 10316: 10294: 10272: 10237: 10211: 10188: 10162: 10140: 10126: 10097: 10071: 10057: 10042: 10017: 10005: 9990: 9964: 9936: 9911: 9867: 9855: 9841: 9822: 9794: 9766: 9738: 9706: 9681: 9655: 9629: 9603: 9577: 9569:

Genocide, the Holocaust and Israel-Palestine: First-Person History in Times of Crisis

9549: 9468: 9392: 9364: 9325: 9269: 9037: 9007: 8980: 8950: 8486: 8380: 8362: 8279: 8132: 8090: 8056: 7261: 7232: 7192: 7116: 7083: 5713: 5695: 5654: 5452: 2642: 2631: 2588: 2526: 2507: 2466: 2373: 2287: 2227: 2222: 2129: 2111: 1956: 1724: 1713: 1357: 1067: 1059: 1009: 858: 814: 658: 578: 556: 471: 467: 250: 156: 85: 31: 21484: 19659: 18362: 16915: 15940: 15503: 10928:"Whose Feelings Matter? Holocaust Memory, Empathy, and Redemptive Anti-Antisemitism" 9814:

Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations

9391:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19, 34, 204, 396, 452, 480. 5691: 2885: 2870: 2233:

The largest murder action after 1942 was that against the Hungarian Jews. After the

295:

Later in 1941 or early 1942, the highest levels of the German government decided to

26857: 26850: 26794: 26458: 26223: 26209: 26112: 26049: 26000: 25813: 25666: 25613: 25423: 25374: 25288: 24518: 24495: 24028: 23688: 23604: 23584: 23404: 23067: 22992: 22824: 22430: 22407: 22390: 22380: 22358: 22321: 22311: 22296: 22286: 22205: 22200: 22177: 22167: 21881: 21693: 21599: 21524: 21469: 21365: 21243: 21078: 20971: 20848: 20653: 19550: 19459: 19204: 18878: 18830: 18707: 18107: 17993: 17988: 17967: 17899: 17846: 17441: 17343: 17059: 16947: 16745: 16701: 16616: 16345: 16328: 16028: 16020: 16004: 15730: 15632: 15624: 15228: 15182: 15084: 14934: 14654: 14594: 14589: 14539: 14484: 14335: 14104: 13972: 13207: 13202: 13076: 12749: 12536: 12514: 12333: 12323: 12052: 12040: 12022: 11959: 10970: 10941: 10896: 10876: 10872: 10861:(2012). "Governments-in-exile and the Jews during and after the Second World War". 10846: 10802: 10712: 10651: 10552: 10503: 10378: 10148: 10118: 10063:

The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined

9293: 9234: 8370: 8354: 8337: 8124: 7224: 7212: 5703: 5687: 5667: 3699: 2635: 2596: 2514: 2369: 2246: 2103: 1841: 1767: 1474: 1443: 1356:

It took the Nazis several months after this to organize a continent-wide genocide.

1293: 1186: 803: 791: 666: 605: 475: 447: 409: 361: 126: 27139: 27105: 24037: 21594: 21136: 19710: 19480: 15018: 14816: 13752: 11705: 11667: 10974: 10946: 10927: 10888: 10154:

The Trajectory of Holocaust Memory: The Crisis of Testimony in Theory and Practice

8859: 8843: 5674:

Weindling, Paul; von Villiez, Anna; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Farron, Nichola (2016).

1402:

in the Wartheland, established on the initiative of the local civil administrator

1394:

developed from those used to kill mental patients since 1939 were assigned to the

396: 26880: 26592: 26507: 26465: 26363: 26306: 26174: 25956: 25947: 25476: 25058: 25034: 24288: 23724: 23646: 23552: 23476: 23470: 23203: 23137: 23002: 22997: 22888: 22722: 22687: 22579: 22412: 22331: 22306: 22274: 22264: 22232: 22227: 22122: 22079: 22069: 22059: 22024: 22004: 21989: 21935: 21890: 21654: 21569: 21564: 21544: 21514: 21479: 21382: 21375: 21260: 20961: 20701: 20632: 19974: 19501: 19487: 19387: 19265: 19197: 19015: 18902: 18763: 18684: 18269: 18099: 18047: 18023: 18018: 17649: 17619: 17536: 17521: 17423: 17255: 16971: 16907: 16883: 16692: 16425: 16392: 16312: 15996: 15964: 15391: 15278: 15127: 14896: 14821: 14754: 14719: 14599: 14494: 14432: 13967: 13233: 12986: 12606: 12446: 12439: 12256: 12159: 12017: 11997: 11910: 11746: 10709:

Ideologies of Race: The Construction and Suppression of Otherness in Nazi Germany

10655: 10152: 10036: 9978: 9926: 9901: 9812: 9784: 9724: 9591: 9567: 9539: 9535: 9238: 7064: 5433: 2661:

The Jewish population still remains below pre-Holocaust levels. According to the

2107: 1808: 1593: 1565: 1537: 1411: 1142: 1117: 1079: 1005: 997: 971: 967: 783: 715: 674: 646: 514: 455: 401: 26992: 15288: 14509: 13925: 9500: 847:. During the five weeks of fighting, as many as 16,000 civilians, hostages, and 26887: 26423: 26349: 24401: 24260: 23392: 23281: 23269: 23082: 22866: 22839: 22699: 22353: 22222: 21864: 21729: 21644: 21589: 21579: 21535: 21444: 21424: 21213: 21190: 21083: 20981: 20966: 20925: 20823: 20639: 20597: 20299: 19767: 19594: 19438: 19409: 19297: 19190: 19079: 19063: 18663: 18289: 17957: 17856: 17807: 17637: 17613: 17586: 17035: 16644: 16609: 16296: 16288: 16264: 15849: 15696: 15688: 15293: 14961: 14800: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14744: 14644: 14619: 14524: 14426: 14216: 14094: 13997: 13962: 13849: 13365: 13175: 13143: 13108: 13029: 12519: 12414: 12313: 12284: 11976: 11940: 11895: 11605: 11512: 10639: 10502:(2023). "Can – or Should – There Be a Political Science of the Holocaust?". In 10482:

The Twentieth Century in European Memory: Transcultural Mediation and Reception

10413: 10334: 10260: 9752: 9669: 8478: 2579:

is commemorated each year on 27 January, while some other countries have set a

2534: 2493: 2489: 2396: 1746: 1403: 1105: 874: 853: 711: 629:

was set up. The Nazi regime cracked down on crime and social outsiders—such as

616:, by campaigning on issues such as anticommunism and economic recovery. Hitler 427: 385: 296: 27054: 21434: 21402: 19466: 11900: 11720: 10850: 10716: 10122: 9826: 9389:

The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression

8947:

The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression

2806:

from other forced-labor camps and from the single-purpose extermination camps.

2296:

Holocaust deaths as an approximate percentage of the 1939 Jewish population:

1250: 1042:

Rape and sexual exploitation of Jewish and non-Jewish women in eastern Europe

673:(1939) also increased the Nazis' popular support. Germans were inundated with 612:, the Nazi Party rapidly increased its support, reaching a high of 37 percent 27186: 26698: 24623: 24311: 23572: 23558: 23097: 23077: 22972: 22515: 22162: 22127: 22039: 21999: 21785: 21519: 21454: 21439: 21326: 21317: 21206: 21155: 21145: 21073: 20937: 20833: 19753: 19452: 19351: 19226: 19162: 19023: 18854: 17764: 17758: 17752: 17746: 17740: 17728: 17476: 17435: 17429: 17067: 16931: 16923: 16891: 16457: 15243: 15223: 15112: 15028: 14864: 14770: 14739: 14624: 14514: 14499: 14299: 14261: 13915: 13113: 12960: 12409: 12338: 12229: 12097: 11927: 11884: 11730: 11715: 10910: 10889:"Aktion Reinhardt – Sources, Research and Commemoration in the last 30 years" 10754: 10597:

Miron, Guy (2020). "Ghettos and Ghettoization – History and Historiography".

9384: 9027: 8942: 8366: 8333:"Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide" 8283: 8076: 7113:

Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence

5699: 2568: 2559: 2522: 2423: 2262: 1923: 1784: 1190: 1024: 982: 878: 823: 755: 737: 707: 138: 134: 21499: 19155: 14659: 14031: 13942: 12912: 10117:. Vol. 2: Milgram's Obedience Experiments and the Holocaust. Springer. 8080: 551:, whom they identified as "the embodiment of everything that was wrong with 524: 26997: 26801: 25101: 25006: 24637: 24000: 23764: 22898: 22873: 22682: 22527: 21739: 21604: 21559: 21509: 21489: 21474: 21429: 21360: 21285: 21129: 21012: 20953: 20898: 20886: 20767: 20140: 18351: 17972: 17702: 17643: 17447: 17400: 17043: 16577: 16487: 15238: 15046: 15023: 14916: 14790: 14729: 14704: 14684: 14639: 14579: 14329: 14305: 14281: 14275: 14027: 13859: 13854: 13730: 13402: 13348: 13212: 13024: 12924: 12875: 12732: 12678: 12621: 11771: 11756: 11751: 11725: 11678: 11610: 11572: 11322: 10901: 10619:(2020). "War Crimes Trials, the Holocaust, and Historiography, 1943–2011". 10405: 9643: 9289: 8970: 8384: 8358: 8110: 7073: 5717: 2612: 2563: 2530: 2485: 2190: 1968: 1964: 1897: 1804: 1709: 1705: 1689: 1466: 1321: 1304: 1285: 1238: 1234: 1198: 1074:. A quick victory was expected and was planned to be followed by a massive 1020: 706:. In 1933, Jews were banned or restricted from several professions and the 593: 574: 564: 281: 198: 194: 166: 102: 59: 15590: 8128: 2242: 1927: 763:

were damaged or destroyed, at least 90 Jews were murdered, and as many as

26636: 26622: 26284: 24960: 24781: 24766: 24120: 23161: 22977: 22607: 22574: 22152: 22132: 21912: 21459: 21305: 21275: 21119: 20992: 19183: 18822: 16955: 16667: 16660: 16272: 15399: 14649: 14604: 14584: 14519: 14317: 13265: 13071: 13066: 13034: 12627: 12144: 11761: 11615: 10286: 9950: 9563: 9460: 7185:

The War That Hitler Won: The Most Infamous Propaganda Campaign in History

6270: 2650: 2377: 2012: 1943: 1698: 1630: 1602: 1574: 1546: 1419: 1242: 1205:

in August and September and in October and November reached their height

1083: 799: 772: 698: 622: 498: 419: 174: 130: 10337:(2020). "Survivors of the Holocaust within the Nazi Universe of Camps". 10311:(2020). "All the Other Neighbors: Communal Genocide in Eastern Europe". 10090:

Hi Hitler! How the Nazi Past is Being Normalized in Contemporary Culture

8291: 8267: 7147:(in Polish). Vol. 22, no. 2707. pp. 70–72. Archived from 1800: 1721:

laborers had to clean it up and collect any valuables from the victims.

25991: 25744: 25723: 24616: 23949: 23877: 23032: 23027: 22503: 22157: 22147: 22084: 21449: 21199: 21162: 21088: 20976: 20816: 19176: 19169: 19095: 18739: 18331: 17884: 17734: 17491: 17417: 16963: 16542: 16503: 16084: 15980: 15559: 15107: 14534: 14504: 13947: 13937: 13788: 13457: 13343: 13260: 12991: 12930: 12616: 12451: 12224: 12002: 10644:

Early Holocaust Memory in Sweden: Archives, Testimonies and Reflections

10383:

The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public: The Legacies of David Cesarani

9734: 9622:

The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution

8086: 5461: 2567:

Holocaust probably ranks as the very worst". Renowned German historian

2292: 2144:, documenting the killing of 700,000 Jews in Poland. In December 1942, 1926:

guards and female staff auxiliaries enjoying themselves on vacation in

1511: 1001: 993: 866: 720: 569: 540: 261: 146: 142: 16280: 9363:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 7–10. 9222: 8510:"Documenting numbers of victims of the Holocaust and Nazi persecution" 6266:"Mohamed Mesli : « Mon père, l'imam sauveur de juifs »" 2082:

Gerlach estimates that 200,000 Jews survived in hiding across Europe.

2045: 1942:

Non-German perpetrators and collaborators included Dutch, French, and

26254: 25659: 25456: 25267: 25065: 25020: 23508: 23221: 22667: 22602: 22107: 21629: 21310: 20946: 20742: 18124: 18028: 17486: 16521: 16510: 15988: 15647: 14734: 14269: 13931: 13380: 13255: 13250: 13138: 12456: 12262: 9790: 9545: 9501:"World Jewish population nears pre-Holocaust numbers at 15.2 million" 8268:"The Genocidal Universe: A Framework for Understanding the Holocaust" 8120: 2645:

is massive, encompassing thousands of books. The tendency to see the

2620: 2018: 1779: 1680: 1423: 1308: 945: 831: 760: 746: 552: 24541: 17497:

Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion

13745: 12117: 10410:

Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe

9807: 6406: 3705: 1761:, and southwestern Belarus. Deportations and mass executions in the 485:

The turn of the twentieth century saw a major effort to establish a

24525: 24253: 23719: 23245: 22982: 22637: 21300: 21265: 21007: 19522: 18894: 18393: 18284: 18144: 17312: 17288:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

16584: 16563: 16535: 16480: 15345: 15218: 13354: 13270: 13123: 13082: 11982: 11782: 10557:

Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust

10508:

Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust

7143: 6268:[Mohamed Mesli: "My father, the imam who saved the Jews"]. 5456:

The Origins of Nazi Genocide, From Euthanasia to the Final Solution

3720: 1886:

declined to allow the deportation of Jews from its prewar territory

1754: 1634: 1519: 1435: 1391: 1155: 1034: 186: 122: 9268:(1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 9, 138, 161, 230. 6680: 6168: 6108: 6096: 5673: 5473: 2110:

in Eastern European forests, of which the most well known was the

1418:—the first purpose-built extermination camp to feature stationary 22597: 20751: 18139: 18134: 17776: 17481: 6370: 5894: 5892: 4787: 4747: 1998: 1758: 1701:

were murdered in the largest killing operation of the Holocaust.

1676: 443: 439: 10982: 9190: 9036:(1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 2. 8524:

give a total of 17 million (including more than 5 million Jews).

8235: 6454: 5502: 5500: 2785:

Equivalent to $ 400 million at the time, or $ 7 billion in 2023.

992:

Germany gained control of 1.7 million Jews in Poland. The Nazis

25135: 23733: 23042: 21975: 21171: 21027: 20724: 19494: 18397: 18241: 18149: 18129: 16651: 14341: 14017: 14007: 13823: 13699: 13375: 13331: 13153: 13088: 12727: 12647: 12492: 9481: 7638: 7626: 7462: 6620: 4229: 1672: 1477:

meant that these camps were shut down earlier than envisioned.

1447: 732: 544: 273: 257: 20573: 10265:

Memory in a Global Age: Discourses, Practices and Trajectories

10010:

The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies have attempted it?

9163: 8949:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 481–482. 8764: 7650: 7602:"American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Refugee Aid" 7522: 7065:

Nanda Herbermann; Hester Baer; Elizabeth Roberts Baer (2000).

6878: 6521: 6382: 6310: 6286: 5889: 5862: 5860: 5858: 4674: 4672: 4354: 1844:

saved hundreds of Jews by hiding them in the basements of the

1080:

remove 31 million people and replace them with German settlers

27030: 25323: 23294: 22612: 21734: 16216: 15874: 11857: 9180: 9178: 8911: 7926: 7857: 7761: 7713: 7570: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6346: 6144: 6024: 5497: 5400: 5127: 5091: 4498: 3687: 3285: 3283: 3244: 2846: 1054:

Germany and its allies Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Italy

767:, although many were released within weeks. German Jews were 280:

in September 1939, occupation authorities began to establish

22783: 19144: 8701: 8055:(3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. pp. 3, 124, 126, 265–266. 7904: 7902: 7874: 7872: 7797: 7667: 7665: 6334: 5987: 5985: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5512: 5448: 5446: 4723: 4330: 4156: 4154: 3820: 3639: 2465:

in 1948, but it was not used in Holocaust trials due to the

2237:

in 1944, the Hungarian government cooperated closely in the

1253:

lasted into 1943 because they became centers of production.

462:

emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth century due to the

18401: 15314: 14002: 9127: 8899: 8725: 8713: 8593: 8566: 8247: 8223: 7291: 7046: 7022: 6815: 6803: 6791: 6755: 6221: 6072: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5536: 5524: 5485: 5163: 4939: 4775: 4669: 4657: 4606: 4522: 4510: 4414: 4178: 3627: 3528: 2858: 1303:

proved insufficient and Himmler mobilized 21 battalions of

37:"Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. For other uses, see 13691: 10381:(2019). "The Decision to Exterminate the Jews of Europe". 9245: 9175: 8737: 8583: 8581: 8032: 8030: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7428: 7426: 7281: 7279: 7277: 6832: 6830: 6733: 6731: 6644: 6545: 6478: 6014: 6012: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5616: 5614: 4689: 4687: 4166: 4141: 4139: 4137: 3796: 3518: 3516: 3399: 3348: 3280: 3217: 2836: 2834: 677:

both against Jews and other groups targeted by the Nazis.

21944: 20693: 18929: 17153:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

9429: 9417: 9294:"The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective" 8803: 8554: 8542: 8162: 8160: 7974: 7899: 7869: 7833: 7701: 7662: 7582: 7546: 7450: 7399: 7387: 7339: 7315: 6950: 6938: 6914: 6902: 6779: 6767: 6692: 6656: 6497: 6418: 6394: 6233: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6180: 6120: 6084: 6060: 6048: 5997: 5982: 5970: 5946: 5909: 5907: 5872: 5599: 5587: 5443: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5322: 5310: 5279: 5267: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5214: 5139: 5115: 5079: 5067: 4997: 4995: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4927: 4915: 4886: 4862: 4828: 4826: 4763: 4735: 4474: 4462: 4426: 4402: 4342: 4318: 4277: 4190: 4151: 4122: 4098: 4040: 4038: 3748: 3501: 3082: 3080: 1113:

Soviet prisoners of war in the custody of the German Army

9139: 9115: 9091: 9057: 9055: 9053: 8754: 8752: 8677: 8665: 8629: 8532: 8530: 8307:"The Origins of International Holocaust Remembrance Day" 7498: 6974: 6890: 6610: 6608: 5417: 5415: 5192: 5190: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4799: 4534: 4378: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4207: 4205: 3929: 3927: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3854: 3852: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3663: 3591: 3579: 3545: 3543: 3452: 3450: 3389: 3387: 3338: 3336: 3334: 2981: 2969: 2615:. Participation in this memory is required of countries 2593:

works of culture such as novels, poems, films, and plays

2384:

On 3 November 1943, around 18,400 Jews were murdered at

1315: 716:

sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jewish Germans

14424: 9441: 9202: 9151: 9103: 9079: 9067: 9033:

The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide

8923: 8689: 8653: 8641: 8617: 8605: 8578: 8391: 8211: 8172: 8027: 8010: 7998: 7914: 7845: 7821: 7785: 7749: 7737: 7725: 7689: 7486: 7474: 7423: 7411: 7375: 7363: 7351: 7327: 7274: 7034: 7010: 6998: 6986: 6854: 6842: 6827: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6632: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6533: 6509: 6442: 6430: 6322: 6298: 6245: 6156: 6132: 6009: 5919: 5808: 5784: 5760: 5748: 5724: 5626: 5611: 5575: 5563: 5255: 5055: 5043: 5019: 5007: 4980: 4968: 4811: 4699: 4684: 4630: 4438: 4390: 4134: 4023: 3963: 3939: 3675: 3555: 3513: 3474: 3205: 3181: 2945: 2831: 2189:, annexed by Hungary in 1938, on the selection ramp at 1652: 653:

through economic growth, which partly occurred through

249:

is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these

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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

23447:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

12375: 10529:

Kochavi, Arieh J. (2010). "Liberation and Dispersal".

9983:

Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

9648:

War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust

8887: 8157: 7889: 7887: 7677: 6668: 6192: 5936: 5934: 5904: 5553: 5551: 5438:

Holocaust, the Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

5373: 5346: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5238: 5202: 5175: 5103: 4992: 4951: 4874: 4823: 4647: 4645: 4570: 4546: 4450: 4366: 4035: 3975: 3491: 3489: 3423: 3319: 3307: 3234: 3232: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3077: 3041: 3029: 3005: 2993: 1902:

North African Jews living under French or Italian rule

1896:. Nazi Germany did not attempt the destruction of the 1272:

and foreign Jews in 1941, who were shortly thereafter

23375:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

23228:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

18392: 17264:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

15803:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

9956:

Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing

9050: 8875: 8831: 8749: 8527: 8427: 8415: 7809: 7773: 7558: 7534: 7510: 7438: 7303: 6743: 6605: 6209: 5958: 5412: 5388: 5334: 5226: 5187: 5151: 4898: 4850: 4838: 4582: 4558: 4306: 4289: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4217: 4202: 4110: 4074: 4050: 3999: 3924: 3849: 3832: 3808: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3736: 3651: 3615: 3603: 3567: 3540: 3462: 3447: 3384: 3331: 3065: 2933: 2921: 2897: 2459:

widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators

1108:, a Belarusian Jew who helped Soviet prisoners escape 17232:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

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The Names of Extermination: Definitions of a Tragedy

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Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany

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there are lessons or some kind of redemptive meaning

2209:, to Auschwitz, where nearly all were killed. After 1872:

the majority of its Jewish population (along with a

873:

occupation zone from 1939 to 1941, and the area was

839:

on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war

430:. In the nineteenth century many European countries 9698:

I Nomi dello sterminio: Definizioni di una tragedia

9405: 8447:"Aktion "Erntefest" (Operation "Harvest Festival")" 8403: 8145: 7962: 7950: 7884: 6036: 5931: 5796: 5772: 5736: 5548: 5291: 4711: 4642: 4618: 4594: 4062: 3951: 3864: 3486: 3435: 3411: 3372: 3360: 3295: 3268: 3256: 3229: 3193: 3169: 3104: 3092: 3053: 3017: 2957: 2140:and other resistance groups and transmitted by the 1260:. Romania deported about 154,000–170,000 Jews from 19128:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920) 9361:The Holocaust and Other Genocides: An Introduction 9359:Boender, Barbara; ten Have, Wichert, eds. (2012). 8973:(2022). Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E. (eds.). 7137:Ostrowska, Joanna; Zaremba, Marcin (30 May 2009). 5646: 4086: 2909: 1446:. As many as 150 people were forced into a single 1369:the same number surviving by the end of the year. 22663:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 6466: 4011: 3987: 2541: 2069:A bunker where Jews attempted to hide during the 1907: 1527:8 December 1941 – April 1943 and April–July 1944 1307:to assist them. In addition, Wehrmacht soldiers, 951: 901:Germany invaded much of western Europe including 898:deported hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens 818:Danzigers rallying for Hitler, shortly after the 480:Jews were a separate racial group alien to Europe 418:for more than two thousand years. Throughout the 318:emigrated outside of Europe after the war. A few 27184: 17121:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 16867: 13428:Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP) 10457:Hayes, Peter (2010). "Plunder and Restitution". 10003: 9594:; Boyd, Kathryn Lee; Nelson, Kristen L. (2019). 8979:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 240. 7656: 7644: 7632: 7136: 1146:At least 3,000 Jews were killed during the 1941 16061:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 12981:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 12150:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 10642:. In Heuman, Johannes; Rudberg, Pontus (eds.). 9358: 7178: 7176: 2647:Holocaust as a unique or incomprehensible event 2252: 2049:, to serve as sex slaves of German soldiers in 1158:. Out of 10 or 15 million Soviet civilians who 1049: 693:Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany 23126:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 23120:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 21700:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 20472:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 9758:Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–1949 9590: 9006:(3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. pp. 3, 287. 8865: 8849: 8821: 8481:(2014). "Epilogue - "I will tell the world"". 8477: 8272:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 8085:(in German) (10th ed.). Munich, Germany: 7165:[Special treatment is done by train]. 2148:, then known as the United Nations, adopted a 2001:, Belarus, forced to clean a street, July 1941 1790: 534:Jew stabbing a German Army soldier in the back 322:faced criminal trials. Billions of dollars in 23749: 23307:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 23114:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 22769: 21960: 20709: 18442: 18378: 17792: 17328: 16354:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 15330: 14410: 13715: 12663: 12510:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 10998: 10293:. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–216. 10230:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps 10055: 10030: 8976:Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept 2894:, pp. 70–100, 78–79, 86–87, 94–95, xxix. 2864: 2852: 2770: 2738: 2417: 1430:, Jews in forced-labor camps operated by the 802:in response to a Polish law that enabled the 753:. On 9–10 November 1938, the Nazis organized 388:" as a euphemism for their genocide of Jews. 23429:Violence against Hindus in independent India 21888: 21879: 21719:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark 21400: 21391: 21380: 21324: 21315: 21197: 21188: 21169: 21160: 21134: 21103: 20944: 20935: 20896: 20872: 20831: 20821: 20807: 20758: 20749: 20740: 17397:("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS") 13438:Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) 10403: 8770: 8743: 7173: 3716: 3714: 2158:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 2010: 1854:hand over its Jewish population was Slovakia 1422:using carbon monoxide based on the previous 1320:Most historians agree that Hitler issued an 1175:killed tens of thousands of Jews from Odessa 1032: 555:". The Nazis defined the German nation as a 23641:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 23156:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 17240:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh 16980:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials 12209:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 10341:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 263–277. 9786:The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews 9003:The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning 8052:The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning 7058: 2781: 2779: 649:for real or supposed hereditary illnesses. 289: 284:to segregate Jews. Following the June 1941 23756: 23742: 22776: 22762: 21967: 21953: 20716: 20702: 18647:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 18385: 18371: 17799: 17785: 17335: 17321: 17187:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 15337: 15323: 14417: 14403: 13722: 13708: 12949:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 12670: 12656: 11005: 10991: 10883: 10779: 10479: 9344:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9251: 9184: 9169: 7182: 6551: 6527: 6491: 5883: 4360: 2800:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 2239:deportation of 437,000 Jews in eight weeks 2117: 493:and subsequent racial apartheid regime in 292:by German forces and local collaborators. 66: 23276:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 22633:Interminority racism in the United States 21689:German National Movement in Liechtenstein 17432:(Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS) 15810:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 10945: 10925: 10900: 10707:Stone, Dan (2020). "Ideologies of Race". 10637: 10577: 10430: 10224: 10084: 9977: 9467:. Cornell University Press. p. 135. 9447: 9435: 9263: 9145: 9121: 9097: 9073: 8917: 8374: 8265: 7980: 7932: 7908: 7878: 7863: 7839: 7767: 7719: 7707: 7671: 7588: 7393: 7229:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205609.001.0001 7211: 7163:"'Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang'" 7130: 6944: 6920: 6908: 6884: 6773: 6698: 6686: 6424: 6400: 6388: 6352: 6316: 6186: 6174: 6150: 6114: 6102: 6090: 6066: 6054: 6030: 6003: 5991: 5976: 5952: 5707: 5593: 5506: 5479: 5467: 5406: 5367: 5316: 5273: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5097: 5073: 4921: 4868: 4504: 4468: 4432: 4324: 4160: 4104: 3826: 3711: 3706:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968 3693: 3669: 3534: 3522: 3480: 3405: 3354: 2903: 2726: 2706: 2364:The deadliest phase of the Holocaust was 2171: 1335:launched its first major counteroffensive 1127: 27:Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany 20384: 18467:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 10836: 10807:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10801: 10759:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10551: 10531:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10459:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10436:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10434:; Roth, John K. (2010). "Introduction". 9903:How Was It Possible?: A Holocaust Reader 9751: 9719: 9694: 8707: 8683: 8671: 8635: 7552: 7504: 7468: 7405: 7321: 6662: 6626: 6503: 6263: 5518: 4805: 4793: 4384: 4336: 4029: 3969: 3681: 3645: 3633: 3561: 3468: 2891: 2840: 2776: 2718: 2545: 2444: 2291: 2256: 2180: 2064: 2004: 1992: 1917: 1794: 1723: 1662: 1382: 1339:Hitler declared war on the United States 1284:were deported to Łódź, Kovno, Riga, and 1223: 1211: 1141: 1099: 976: 961: 813: 809: 726: 592: 543:was founded in the wake of the war, and 523: 424:antisemitism based on Christian theology 395: 337: 23240:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 20669:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 15682:Indigenous peoples in the United States 10857: 10687: 10615: 10528: 10285: 10259: 10110: 9924: 9854: 9837:Never Again: A History of the Holocaust 9833: 9668: 9562: 9534: 9220: 9208: 9196: 9157: 9133: 9109: 9085: 8929: 8905: 8893: 8731: 8719: 8695: 8659: 8647: 8623: 8611: 8599: 8587: 8572: 8536: 8515:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8452:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8397: 8253: 8241: 8229: 8217: 8197:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8178: 8119:(1st ed.). Abingdon and New York: 8036: 8021: 8004: 7920: 7851: 7827: 7803: 7791: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7695: 7607:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7576: 7492: 7480: 7432: 7417: 7381: 7369: 7357: 7333: 7297: 7285: 7245: 7104: 7052: 7040: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6821: 6809: 6797: 6761: 6737: 6722: 6710: 6674: 6638: 6599: 6587: 6575: 6563: 6539: 6515: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6412: 6376: 6340: 6304: 6292: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6203: 6162: 6138: 6078: 6018: 5925: 5913: 5898: 5866: 5849: 5790: 5766: 5754: 5730: 5632: 5620: 5569: 5542: 5491: 5382: 5355: 5328: 5285: 5261: 5249: 5181: 5169: 5109: 5085: 5061: 5049: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4945: 4933: 4880: 4832: 4817: 4781: 4769: 4729: 4693: 4678: 4663: 4636: 4612: 4588: 4576: 4552: 4528: 4516: 4480: 4456: 4420: 4396: 4372: 4184: 4145: 4044: 3933: 3894: 3858: 3843: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3657: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3549: 3507: 3456: 3429: 3393: 3342: 3313: 3289: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3071: 3047: 3035: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2939: 2927: 2882:, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?. 2825: 2766: 2734: 2710: 2702: 2681: 2577:International Holocaust Remembrance Day 2551:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 2406: 2401:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2265:after the camp's liberation, April 1945 2124:International response to the Holocaust 1858:arrested and deported about 58,000 Jews 931:fully or partially annexed into Germany 645:400,000 people and subjected others to 588: 432:granted full citizenship rights to Jews 14: 27185: 25603: 25581:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 23186:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 22705:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 17537:Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe 13692:More articles related to the Holocaust 9860:The Extermination of the European Jews 9642: 9459: 9314: 9288: 8999: 8969: 8311:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 8304: 8166: 8048: 7683: 7110: 6264:De Bengy, Raphael (18 February 2015). 5644: 5530: 5208: 4005: 3211: 2951: 2663:Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel 2176: 1884:, who were murdered at Treblinka, but 1708:would cordon off the ghetto while the 1372: 790:, and South Africa. Germany collected 680: 472:categorize humans into different races 26452:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 25884:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 25530:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 25486:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 24591:Rape during the occupation of Germany 23737: 23435:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 22757: 21948: 20697: 20336:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 18366: 17780: 17316: 17217: 17098: 16866: 16843:Mass killings under communist regimes 16368: 16131: 15826: 15487: 15367: 15318: 14904:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer 14398: 13703: 13690: 12651: 12374: 12195: 11826: 11317: 11316: 10986: 10954: 10753: 10706: 10596: 10456: 10377: 10355: 10307: 10291:The Oxford History of the Third Reich 10201: 10175: 10147: 9896: 9880: 9779: 9616: 9487: 9423: 9411: 9383: 9266:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe 9061: 8941: 8881: 8837: 8809: 8758: 8560: 8548: 8433: 8421: 8330: 8305:Richie, Alexandra (27 January 2024). 8192:"Jewish Population of Europe in 1945" 8151: 8116:The Routledge History of Antisemitism 7992: 7815: 7779: 7564: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7456: 7444: 7345: 7309: 7251: 6749: 6650: 6614: 6364: 6328: 6257: 6215: 6126: 5964: 5649:The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben 5605: 5421: 5394: 5340: 5232: 5220: 5196: 5157: 5037: 4909: 4892: 4856: 4844: 4757: 4741: 4564: 4492: 4444: 4408: 4348: 4312: 4300: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4196: 4172: 4128: 4116: 4080: 3981: 3957: 3945: 3918: 3906: 3882: 3870: 3724:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 3495: 3441: 3417: 3378: 3366: 3325: 3301: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3223: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3115: 3098: 3086: 3059: 3023: 3011: 2963: 2915: 2879: 2758: 2730: 2722: 2714: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2643:scholarly literature on the Holocaust 1870:shot or killed in concentration camps 1316:Systematic deportations across Europe 1160:fled eastwards to the Soviet interior 581:, as well as the Western powers, and 352:, derived from a Greek word meaning " 27037: 25574:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 24606:Rape during the liberation of France 22728: 21706:National Socialist Movement of Chile 20488:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 20078:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 17943:Timeline of the Second Temple period 17342: 16792:Terminology of the Armenian genocide 11797:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 10498: 10333: 10204:The Holocaust: An Unfinished History 9809:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 9026: 8109: 8075: 7944: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6932: 6896: 6872: 6785: 2750: 2060: 1667:Cumulative murders of Jews from the 1653:Liquidation of the ghettos in Poland 519:Germany had been stabbed in the back 23579:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 23529:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 23441:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 23234:Christianization of the Sámi people 22118:Discrimination based on nationality 20213: 19745: 19336: 17028:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia 12967:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 12602:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 10829: 10038:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 9949: 9705:] (in Italian). Marietti 1820. 9695:Calimani, Anna Vera Sullam (2018). 8409: 7968: 7956: 7893: 7254:"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich 6472: 6042: 5940: 5802: 5778: 5742: 5581: 5557: 5304: 4753: 4717: 4705: 4651: 4624: 4600: 4540: 4092: 4068: 4056: 4017: 3993: 2762: 2078:Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust 1734:Jewish resistance against the Nazis 476:life or death struggle between them 214: 24: 25800:German invasion of the Netherlands 24080:Weather events during World War II 21745:World Union of National Socialists 20906:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality 20810:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte 17827:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 17806: 17557:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 13448:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) 12196: 10646:. The Holocaust and its Contexts. 10114:Understanding Willing Participants 7141:[To the brothel, march!]. 7115:. Berghahn Books. pp. 33–34. 2434: 2276:Western Allied invasion of Germany 2219:Most Danish Jews escaped to Sweden 1732:became significant as a symbol of 1683:from January 1942 to February 1943 981:A body lying in the street of the 929:. Some of these new holdings were 879:ethnic Germans from eastern Europe 577:threat. Hitler believed that Jews 422:in Europe, Jews were subjected to 25: 27269: 27203:Antisemitic attacks and incidents 26431:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 23423:Violence against Muslims in India 23417:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 23363:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 21791:Last surviving war crime suspects 20480:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 20229:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 20222:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 11012: 10648:Springer International Publishing 10387:Springer International Publishing 8789:United States Department of State 7183:Hertzstein, Robert Edwin (1978). 2606:Although many are convinced that 1948:foreign SS and police auxiliaries 1347:told leading Nazi party officials 1258:killed the largest number of Jews 1134:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 800:Germany deported many Polish Jews 27165: 27148: 27131: 27114: 27097: 27080: 27063: 27046: 26991: 23763: 23718: 22737: 22727: 22718: 22717: 21931: 21930: 21781:Nazi Party leaders and officials 20456:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 20357:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 20279:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 17731:(predecessor as Reichsführer-SS) 17414:(successor as Chief of the RSHA) 17218: 17099: 16369: 16132: 15827: 15488: 14377: 14376: 13729: 13002:White genocide conspiracy theory 12677: 12165:Polish leaders and intellectuals 11655:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 10252: 9493: 9453: 9377: 9352: 9324:. Frankfurt am Main. p. 3. 9308: 9282: 9257: 9214: 9020: 8993: 8963: 8935: 8776: 8502: 8483:The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy 8471: 8439: 8324: 8298: 8259: 8184: 8103: 8069: 8042: 7594: 7205: 7155: 5638: 5427: 2788: 1914:Responsibility for the Holocaust 892:on 17 September pursuant to the 771:that raised more than 1 billion 598:Territorial expansion of Germany 583:were plotting to destroy Germany 276:in November 1938. After Germany 23695:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 23665:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 22738: 21903:Political views of Adolf Hitler 20575:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 19674:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 18475:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 18157:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 17915:Judah's revolts against Babylon 15641:Indigenous peoples in Australia 15368: 15299:Special Prosecution Book-Poland 13246:Institute for Historical Review 13166:General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) 12896:International Jewish conspiracy 12793: 9819:U.S. Government Printing Office 9465:Germany's War and the Holocaust 5692:10.1016/j.endeavour.2015.10.005 2474:International Military Tribunal 2451:International Military Tribunal 2376:. On the other hand, historian 2203:German-occupied northern Greece 1982: 933:while others were placed under 806:for Polish Jews living abroad. 780:force all Jews to leave Germany 765:30,000 Jewish men were arrested 460:international Jewish conspiracy 408:, destroyed in 1938 during the 26678:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 24388:Territorial changes of Germany 24296:Indonesian National Revolution 23683:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 23653:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 23387:Communist Romanian persecution 22623:Go back to where you came from 21796:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler 20265:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 20094:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 19104:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 17737:(successor as Reichsführer-SS) 17390:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS 16557:Genocide of indigenous peoples 16156:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 15457:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate 15065:Burning of the Riga synagogues 12093:Attack on the twentieth convoy 11906:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 10877:10.1080/17504902.2012.11087307 9674:The Final Solution: A Genocide 9522: 9505:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 8784:"The JUST Act Report: Germany" 2744: 2675: 2583:. It has been commemorated in 2542:Remembrance and historiography 2500: 2449:Defendants in the dock at the 2399:and at over 11 million by the 2245:to increase the production of 2084:Knowledge of German intentions 1908:Perpetrators and beneficiaries 1555:17 March 1942 – December 1942 1326:mass shootings of Serbian Jews 1197:), made several visits to the 952:Ghettoization and resettlement 778:The Nazi government wanted to 13: 1: 27218:History of the Jews in Europe 26078:Japanese invasion of Thailand 26029:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 25793:German invasion of Luxembourg 24174:Mediterranean and Middle East 23701:2024 Istanbul church shooting 23677:Christchurch mosque shootings 23465:Religious violence in Nigeria 23459:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 21730:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa) 20512:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 20181:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 17395:Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS 17272:Ukraine v. Russian Federation 15576:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate 13443:Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) 13171:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 13149:Beilis trial (Russian Empire) 13119:Pogroms in the Russian Empire 10975:10.1080/14623528.2020.1764743 10947:10.1080/14623528.2022.2160533 10041:. Columbia University Press. 9886:Why? Explaining the Holocaust 5653:. New York City: Free Press. 5470:, pp. 280, 293–294, 302. 3722:"Consumer Price Index, 1800–" 2813: 2281: 2138:Jewish Social-Democratic Bund 1646:February 1942 – October 1944 1150:, mainly by local Ukrainians. 751:areas annexed by Nazi Germany 735:after its destruction during 731:View of the old synagogue in 606:worldwide economic depression 464:rise of nationalism in Europe 428:blamed them for killing Jesus 391: 288:, 1.5 to 2 million Jews 205:systematically murdered some 25985:Invasion of the Soviet Union 25674:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 24992:Independent State of Croatia 23591:War crimes in the Kosovo War 23381:Communist Polish persecution 23252:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 23180:Crusades against schismatics 21771:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler 21054:Aestheticization of politics 20464:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 20371:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 20149:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 18581:Massacres at London and York 18237:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 17567:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS 17203:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 17004:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 16850:Anti-communist mass killings 15584:Indigenous peoples in Canada 15520:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 15344: 13423:Anti-Defamation League (ADL) 13129:1968 Polish political crisis 12430:Jewish war conspiracy theory 11621:Extermination through labour 10962:Journal of Genocide Research 10933:Journal of Genocide Research 10785:A Companion to the Holocaust 10690:A Companion to the Holocaust 10656:10.1007/978-3-030-55532-0_11 10621:A Companion to the Holocaust 10599:A Companion to the Holocaust 10580:A Companion to the Holocaust 10361:A Companion to the Holocaust 10339:A Companion to the Holocaust 10313:A Companion to the Holocaust 9925:Jackson, Timothy P. (2021). 9908:University of Nebraska Press 9731:University of Nebraska Press 9298:The Journal of Social Issues 9264:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). 9239:10.2979/jewisocistud.16.3.32 7657:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 7645:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 7633:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 6415:, pp. 97, 102, 371–372. 2658:or was an aberration of it. 2625:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2253:Death marches and liberation 2132:in all languages publicized 1989:Forced labor in Nazi Germany 1866:Independent State of Croatia 1611:23 July 1942 – October 1943 1050:Invasion of the Soviet Union 944:The war provided cover for " 890:invaded Poland from the east 886:occupied by the Soviet Union 863:Auschwitz concentration camp 704:about 1,500 anti-Jewish laws 474:and argued that there was a 454:positing the existence of a 406:Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg 286:invasion of the Soviet Union 7: 26969:End of World War II in Asia 26809:Western invasion of Germany 26316:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 26293:Second Battle of El Alamein 25863:Hundred Regiments Offensive 25835:Battle of the Mediterranean 25688:Italian invasion of Albania 23862:Air warfare of World War II 21711:National Socialist Movement 21679:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary) 19912:Night of the Murdered Poets 17562:Persecution of black people 17450:(second personal assistant) 17137:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 16305:National Population Program 14910:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 14575:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 14338:(possible illegitimate son) 13193:Night of the Murdered Poets 12612:Righteous Among the Nations 11827: 11298:Righteous Among the Nations 10787:. Wiley. pp. 117–133. 10692:. Wiley. pp. 135–151. 10623:. Wiley. pp. 173–189. 10601:. Wiley. pp. 247–261. 10582:. Wiley. pp. 381–396. 10484:. Brill. pp. 305–343. 10363:. Wiley. pp. 233–245. 7258:Texas Tech University Press 2798:system administered by the 2591:, and speeches, as well as 2515:Germany paid $ 86.8 billion 1791:Deportations from elsewhere 1408:Higher SS and Police Leader 1290:5,000 German Jews were shot 1180:Prior to the invasion, the 1084:planned the mass starvation 1062:was to be carried out as a 579:controlled the Soviet Union 478:. Many racists argued that 10: 27274: 27208:Ethnic cleansing in Europe 26895:Naval bombardment of Japan 26263:First Battle of El Alamein 26182:Battle of Christmas Island 26127:Japanese invasion of Burma 25891:Italian invasion of Greece 25807:German invasion of Belgium 25779:German invasion of Denmark 25752:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 25621:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 23885:Comparative military ranks 21974: 21725:Nordic Resistance Movement 20863:National Socialist Program 20723: 20343:Davidka Square bus bombing 20054:Antwerp summer camp attack 19928:Shafrir synagogue shooting 19631:Operation Harvest Festival 18740:Massacre of the Assumption 17767:(man who arrested Himmler) 17552:Suppression of Freemasonry 17542:Persecution of homosexuals 17532:Crimes against Soviet POWs 17052:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 16996:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 16822:Effects on young survivors 16257:Sabra and Shatila massacre 14970:Lithuanian Security Police 14359:Streets named after Hitler 13188:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 13159:Anti-Zionist League (Iraq) 13134:Jewish Anti-Zionist League 13099:Antisemitic laws, policies 12955:On the Jews and Their Lies 12349:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 12319:Lithuanian Security Police 12238:Reich Security Main Office 11205:Evidence and documentation 10289:(2023b). "The Holocaust". 10181:Histories of the Holocaust 10094:Cambridge University Press 10014:University Press of Kansas 9890:W. W. Norton & Company 9864:Cambridge University Press 9315:Aharon, Eldad Ben (2020). 9000:Landau, Ronnie S. (2016). 8049:Landau, Ronnie S. (2016). 2438: 2418:Return home and emigration 2413:Aftermath of the Holocaust 2410: 2390:Operation Harvest Festival 2285: 2235:German invasion of Hungary 2142:Polish government-in-exile 2121: 2075: 1986: 1911: 1890:German occupation of Italy 1656: 1481:Major extermination camps 1376: 1362:Reich Main Security Office 1282:Romani people from Austria 1131: 955: 690: 684: 627:extrajudicial imprisonment 561:Germany's physical borders 341: 39:Holocaust (disambiguation) 36: 29: 26984: 26816:Bratislava–Brno offensive 26756: 26747:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 26484: 26371:Allied invasion of Sicily 26325: 26231:Aleutian Islands campaign 26203:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 26150: 26141:Greek famine of 1941–1944 26036:Second Battle of Changsha 25941:German invasion of Greece 25909: 25786:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 25761: 25699: 25594: 25475: 25201: 25111: 24959: 24662: 24653: 24411: 24236: 24128:North and Central Pacific 24089: 23851: 23844: 23771: 23715: 23623:South Thailand insurgency 23599:Walisongo school massacre 23567:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 23216:Expulsion of the Moriscos 23192:European wars of religion 23106: 22950: 22795: 22713: 22590: 22423: 22191: 22093: 21982: 21928: 21836: 21810: 21762: 21694:Nasjonal Samling (Norway) 21662: 21619: 21534: 21414: 21043: 20847: 20731: 20546: 20431: 20409:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 20364:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 20320: 20286:Hebrew University bombing 20242: 20206: 20199: 20116: 20037: 20007:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 19967:Avivim school bus bombing 19958: 19903: 19890:Menarsha synagogue attack 19881: 19854:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 19831: 19781: 19738: 19688: 19644: 19608: 19572: 19423: 19401: 19365: 19327: 18999: 18992: 18798: 18610: 18603: 18532: 18497: 18415: 18408: 18342: 18262: 18175: 18098: 18046: 17981: 17933: 17875: 17814: 17721: 17690: 17659: 17600: 17592:Himmler-Kersten Agreement 17505: 17469: 17420:(Chief of Personal Staff) 17373: 17350: 17226: 17107: 17020:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 16988:Supreme National Tribunal 16878: 16859: 16769: 16691: 16594: 16472: 16379: 16142: 15837: 15599:Residential school system 15498: 15378: 15352: 15261: 15209: 15191: 15168: 15136: 15098: 15055: 15037: 15009: 15002: 14926: 14873:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 14856: 14849: 14809: 14763: 14558: 14468: 14447: 14440: 14372: 14351: 14260: 14204:Hitler: The Last Ten Days 14161: 14138: 14045: 14012:Meldemannstraße dormitory 13990: 13899: 13890: 13832: 13737: 13697: 13466: 13411: 13292: 13226: 13097: 13015: 12868: 12815: 12685: 12565:Books and other resources 12552: 12468: 12397: 12393: 12370: 12304: 12276: 12217: 12204: 12191: 12130: 12078: 12031: 11968: 11938: 11876: 11848: 11839: 11835: 11822: 11780: 11739: 11691: 11677: 11639: 11598: 11498: 11455: 11333: 11329: 11312: 11228: 11197: 11097:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 11024: 11020: 10851:10.1017/S0018246X19000566 10717:10.1002/9781118970492.ch3 10711:. Wiley. pp. 59–74. 10638:Sahlstrom, Julia (2021). 10234:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 10123:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1 9834:Gilbert, Martin (2015) . 9541:The Holocaust: The Basics 9490:, pp. 163, 219, 239. 8522:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 6379:, pp. 306, 368, 372. 4238:, pp. 247, 251, 254. 2865:Peck & Berenbaum 2002 2853:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2804:administratively separate 2771:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2739:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2482:waging wars of aggression 2441:Category:Holocaust trials 1878:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 1615: 1587: 1559: 1531: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 994:tried to concentrate Jews 869:in western Poland to the 859:were arrested or executed 804:revocation of citizenship 489:overseas, leading to the 434:in hopes that they would 416:Jews have lived in Europe 404:River (c. 1900) with the 297:murder all Jews in Europe 262:pursuit of "living space" 197:. Between 1941 and 1945, 162: 152: 116: 108: 93: 65: 57: 52: 26408:Allied invasion of Italy 26385:Solomon Islands campaign 26134:Third Battle of Changsha 25731:First Battle of Changsha 25637:Second Sino-Japanese War 24577:German military brothels 24443:United States war crimes 23013:Extrajudicial punishment 21635:Nazi concentration camps 21151:Economic interventionism 21113:Jewish conspiracy theory 20916:Night of the Long Knives 20892:Religion in Nazi Germany 20536:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 20520:Poway synagogue shooting 20417:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 20251:Ghriba synagogue bombing 20173:Island of Peace massacre 19624:Kielce cemetery massacre 18167:Revolt against Heraclius 17895:Ancient Israel and Judah 17877:Ancient Israel and Judah 17365:Minister of the Interior 15891:Christians in Diyarbekir 15123:Ninth Fort November 1941 14725:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 14480:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader 14230:Hitler: The Rise of Evil 13433:Community Security Trust 13307:Black Death persecutions 12155:People with disabilities 12088:Aid and Rescue Committee 10926:Sutcliffe, Adam (2022). 10561:Cornell University Press 10512:Cornell University Press 10208:Penguin Publishing Group 10111:Russell, Nestar (2018). 10068:Indiana University Press 9721:Browning, Christopher R. 9652:Rowman & Littlefield 9527: 9221:Gilbert, Shirli (2010). 9199:, pp. 100, 102–103. 8771:Goschler & Ther 2007 8744:Goschler & Ther 2007 8266:Rosenberg, Alan (1979). 8244:, pp. 118, 409–410. 8089:. pp. 14, 111–112. 7531:, pp. 237, 242–243. 6689:, pp. 340, 376–377. 6463:, pp. 115–116, 382. 6177:, pp. 299–300, 331. 6117:, pp. 341, 353–354. 6105:, pp. 338, 352–353. 5482:, pp. 280–281, 292. 4796:, pp. 105, 107–108. 3253:, pp. 120–121, 123. 2668: 1952:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1749:were sent to Treblinka. 1583:May 1942 – October 1942 1233:the gunfire but instead 1138:The Holocaust in Romania 1056:invaded the Soviet Union 687:The Holocaust in Germany 618:was appointed chancellor 521:by socialists and Jews. 491:Herero and Nama genocide 268:in early 1933. Meant to 26830:Second Guangxi campaign 26685:Philippines (1944–1945) 26189:Battle of the Coral Sea 26092:Fall of the Philippines 25738:Battle of South Guangxi 25644:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 25050:Italian Social Republic 23706:Crocus City Hall attack 23453:Persecution of Tibetans 23210:French Wars of Religion 23132:Yellow Turban Rebellion 22653:Psychometrics of racism 22103:Anti-miscegenation laws 21740:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia) 20070:Vienna synagogue attack 20046:Paris synagogue bombing 19290:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 17852:Expulsions and exoduses 16829:Politics of recognition 15384:Destruction of Carthage 14545:Franz Walter Stahlecker 14244:Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler 13814:Last will and testament 13639:Palestinian Territories 13144:Dreyfus Affair (France) 12296:Order Police battalions 10811:Oxford University Press 10763:Oxford University Press 10757:(2010). "Nationalism". 10535:Oxford University Press 10463:Oxford University Press 10440:Oxford University Press 10185:Oxford University Press 9987:Oxford University Press 9933:Oxford University Press 9678:Oxford University Press 9600:Oxford University Press 7221:Oxford University Press 7082:Press. pp. 33–34. 5686:(1). Elsevier BV: 1–6. 5645:Borkin, Joseph (1978). 2796:Nazi concentration camp 2654:Holocaust emerged from 2597:Denial of the Holocaust 2513:Between 1945 and 2018, 2429:displaced persons camps 2118:International reactions 1799:Jews are deported from 1580:Late 1941 or March 1942 1444:overcrowded cattle cars 1278:deport them to the east 1262:Bessarabia and Bukovina 1076:demographic engineering 1072:laws and customs of war 958:The Holocaust in Poland 884:The rest of Poland was 841:from the United Kingdom 824:annexation into Germany 610:political fragmentation 366:Soviet prisoners of war 26415:Armistice of Cassibile 26217:Battle of Dutch Harbor 26168:Battle of the Java Sea 26071:Attack on Pearl Harbor 25971:Syria–Lebanon campaign 25964:Battle of South Shanxi 25934:Invasion of Yugoslavia 25717:Battle of the Atlantic 25331:Korean Liberation Army 25044:(until September 1943) 25001:(until September 1944) 24979:(until September 1944) 23659:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 23635:Maspero demonstrations 23483:Huế Phật Đản shootings 22618:Ethnic plastic surgery 22113:Biological determinism 21889: 21880: 21401: 21392: 21381: 21356:Social interventionism 21325: 21316: 21198: 21189: 21184:Greater Germanic Reich 21170: 21161: 21135: 21104: 20945: 20936: 20897: 20873: 20868:Hitler's rise to power 20832: 20822: 20808: 20773:League of German Girls 20759: 20750: 20741: 20393:Beersheba bus bombings 19999:Kiryat Shmona massacre 19920:Scorpion Pass massacre 19617:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19048:Second Kishinev pogrom 18788:Portuguese Inquisition 18432:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 18203:Invasion of Banu Nadir 18004:First Jewish-Roman War 17708:Claus von Stauffenberg 17672:Army Group Upper Rhine 17361:Chief of German Police 17280:South Africa v. Israel 17248:Rohingya genocide case 16785:Names of the Holocaust 16249:Chittagong Hill Tracts 15957:Kinder der Landstrasse 15843:Late Ottoman genocides 15304:Einsatzgruppen reports 15269:List of Einsatzgruppen 15118:Kaunas 29 October 1941 14615:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock 14324:William Stuart-Houston 13870:Assassination attempts 13453:Stephen Roth Institute 13101:and government actions 13040:Portuguese Inquisition 13017:Religious antisemitism 12891:Double genocide theory 12777:Secondary antisemitism 12713:Religious antisemitism 12145:Soviet urban residents 11236:International response 11210:Contemporary knowledge 10902:10.4000/temoigner.9886 10839:The Historical Journal 10805:(2010). "Punishment". 10617:Priemel, Kim Christian 10404:Goschler, Constantin; 8359:10.1126/sciadv.aau7292 7471:, pp. 1065, 1075. 7252:Majer, Diemut (2014). 7111:Lenten, Ronit (2000). 7080:Wayne State University 6629:, pp. 1064, 1066. 6295:, pp. 95–96, 387. 5901:, pp. 93–94, 120. 2581:different memorial day 2554: 2472:In 1945 and 1946, the 2454: 2353: 2266: 2194: 2172:Second half of the war 2073: 2071:Warsaw Ghetto uprising 2022: 2011: 2002: 1936:Holocaust perpetrators 1930: 1894:Italian-occupied areas 1874:larger number of Serbs 1816: 1737: 1730:Warsaw Ghetto uprising 1684: 1501:Mass gassing duration 1492:Number of Jews killed 1388: 1387:Deportation to Chełmno 1229: 1221: 1151: 1128:Mass shootings of Jews 1109: 1033: 989: 974: 966:Unpaved street in the 826: 741: 601: 536: 487:German colonial empire 452:Political antisemitism 412: 344:Names of the Holocaust 320:Holocaust perpetrators 211:German-occupied Europe 99:German-occupied Poland 80:, May 1944. Most were 78:German-occupied Poland 43:Shoah (disambiguation) 26579:Second Battle of Guam 26475:Bengal famine of 1943 26445:Second Battle of Kiev 26401:Battle of the Dnieper 26106:Battle of Wake Island 25978:East African campaign 25920:Battle of South Henan 25565:atrocities by Germans 25338:Korean Volunteer Army 24319:Occupation of Germany 24073:Music in World War II 23629:Boko Haram insurgency 23288:Pontic Greek genocide 23198:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 23008:Extrajudicial killing 22785:Religious persecution 22538:In Jewish communities 22516:Hispanic & Latino 21650:Human experimentation 21346:Reactionary modernism 21291:Anti-Slavic sentiment 21018:Human experimentation 20752:Geheime Staatspolizei 20293:Rishon LeZion bombing 20015:Coastal Road massacre 19016:First Kishinev pogrom 18807:Chmielnicki massacres 18716:Schaffhausen Massacre 18635:Armleder persecutions 18589:Rintfleisch massacres 18254:Medieval antisemitism 18193:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 18188:Siege of Banu Qurayza 18162:Revolt against Gallus 17948:Second Temple Judaism 17145:Bosnian genocide case 16799:Holocaust terminology 16442:Christians under ISIS 16180:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 15609:1740 Batavia massacre 15433:Harrying of the North 15201:Kremnička and Nemecká 14670:Waldemar Klingelhöfer 14312:Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. 14211:The Meaning of Hitler 14130:German naturalization 14022:16 Prinzregentenplatz 13413:Organizations working 12973:Contemporary imprints 12902:The International Jew 12772:Rootless cosmopolitan 12592:Memorials and museums 12530:Reparations Agreement 12525:Holocaust restitution 12103:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 11626:Human experimentation 11465:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 10955:Welch, Susan (2020). 10781:Westermann, Edward B. 10269:Palgrave Macmillan UK 10086:Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. 9961:Yale University Press 9574:Bloomsbury Publishing 9227:Jewish Social Studies 8129:10.4324/9780429428616 7579:, pp. 74–75, 81. 3226:, pp. 62–63, 65. 2904:Hayes & Roth 2010 2727:Hayes & Roth 2010 2549: 2448: 2439:Further information: 2295: 2260: 2221:with the help of the 2184: 2076:Further information: 2068: 2008: 1996: 1987:Further information: 1946:, Romanian soldiers, 1921: 1912:Further information: 1864:to October 1942. The 1846:Grand Mosque of Paris 1838:Si Kaddour Benghabrit 1798: 1727: 1666: 1657:Further information: 1617:Auschwitz II–Birkenau 1386: 1364:(RSHA), convened the 1343:attacked Pearl Harbor 1292:outside of Kovno and 1227: 1215: 1145: 1132:Further information: 1122:anti-partisan warfare 1103: 980: 965: 956:Further information: 817: 810:Start of World War II 730: 691:Further information: 661:. The annexations of 614:in mid-1932 elections 596: 527: 511:substantial territory 399: 338:Terminology and scope 270:force all German Jews 157:Around 6 million Jews 26865:Surrender of Germany 26343:Battle of West Hubei 26300:Guadalcanal campaign 26270:Battle of Stalingrad 26196:Battle of Madagascar 24970:Albania protectorate 24757:(formerly Swaziland) 24466:Wehrmacht war crimes 24282:Expulsion of Germans 24066:Art and World War II 23964:British contribution 23913:Governments in exile 23611:September 11 attacks 23547:1984 anti-Sikh riots 23411:Rawalpindi massacres 23357:White Terror (Spain) 23168:Massacre at Ayyadieh 23053:Population cleansing 22628:Herrenvolk democracy 21684:German American Bund 21064:Anti-intellectualism 20911:Enabling Act of 1933 20528:Jersey City shooting 20401:Ashdod Port bombings 19983:Lod Airport massacre 19944:Purge of Polish Jews 19868:Kfar Etzion massacre 19374:Częstochowa massacre 19135:1920 Nebi Musa riots 18955:Fourth Odessa pogrom 18911:Second Odessa pogrom 18215:Sephardic Golden Age 18009:Battle of Beth Horon 17935:Second Temple period 17920:Babylonian captivity 17749:(personal physician) 17713:Henning von Tresckow 17547:Persecution of Serbs 17527:Crimes against Poles 17296:Nicaragua v. Germany 17195:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 16571:Utilitarian genocide 16550:Transgender genocide 15917:Osage Indian murders 15617:Great Gypsy Round-up 15284:Einsatzgruppen trial 15146:Operation Tannenberg 14827:Antanas Impulevičius 14700:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 14364:Mannerheim recording 14288:Johann Georg Hiedler 14190:The Victory of Faith 13766:Political directives 13415:against antisemitism 13361:Martyrdom in Judaism 13227:Antisemitic websites 13139:Leo Frank trial (US) 13035:Catholic Inquisition 13007:Zionist antisemitism 12723:Antisemitism studies 11792:Jewish Ghetto Police 11661:Politische Abteilung 11556:Risiera di San Sabba 11417:Natzweiler-Struthof 10813:. pp. 524–539. 10650:. pp. 287–313. 10563:. pp. 104–123. 10553:Kopstein, Jeffrey S. 10537:. pp. 509–523. 10504:Kopstein, Jeffrey S. 10465:. pp. 540–559. 10389:. pp. 117–143. 10319:. pp. 153–172. 10159:Taylor & Francis 9817:. Washington, D.C.: 8331:Stone, Lewi (2019). 7806:, pp. 114, 368. 7614:on 29 September 2023 7139:"Do burdelu, marsz!" 6959:, pp. 265, 272. 6887:, pp. 379, 383. 6788:, pp. 265, 267. 6653:, pp. 259, 264. 6391:, pp. 366, 389. 6343:, pp. 373, 379. 6319:, pp. 324, 360. 5533:, pp. 247, 251. 4732:, pp. 300, 310. 4543:, pp. 142, 294. 4175:, pp. 109, 117. 3696:, pp. 117, 119. 3648:, pp. 184, 187. 2755:Christopher Browning 2656:Western civilization 2407:Aftermath and legacy 2211:Italy switched sides 2099:resistance movements 1718:Jewish ghetto police 1694:armaments production 1432:Schmelt Organization 1414:began work planning 1288:. In late November, 1270:Carpathian Ruthenian 1189:, the leader of the 1104:Public execution of 1064:war of extermination 769:levied a special tax 697:The roughly 500,000 589:Rise of Nazi Germany 549:a world without Jews 513:; opposition to the 507:two million war dead 260:based on racism and 256:The Nazis developed 27243:Mass murder in 1945 27238:Mass murder in 1944 27233:Mass murder in 1943 27228:Mass murder in 1942 27223:Mass murder in 1941 27213:Genocides in Europe 26955:Potsdam Declaration 26844:Italy (Spring 1945) 26607:Liberation of Paris 26064:Siege of Sevastopol 25082:(until August 1944) 24985:Wang Jingwei regime 24807:from September 1943 24767:from September 1944 24705:from September 1944 24565:Romanian war crimes 24556:Persecution of Jews 24542:Croatian war crimes 24512:Japanese war crimes 24326:Occupation of Japan 24275:First Indochina War 23987:Military production 23899:Declarations of war 23523:Bangladesh genocide 23503:Cultural Revolution 23495:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 23258:Circassian genocide 23144:Rhineland massacres 23058:Population transfer 23023:Forced displacement 22835:Jehovah's Witnesses 22648:Perpetual foreigner 21811:Role and impact in 21674:American Nazi Party 21125:Cult of personality 21094:Class collaboration 21003:Extermination camps 20988:Concentration camps 20931:Anti-Comintern Pact 20350:Café Hillel bombing 19718:Tripolitania pogrom 19516:Kamianets-Podilskyi 19040:Fifth Odessa pogrom 18978:1898 Algerian riots 18919:Third Odessa pogrom 18863:First Odessa pogrom 18748:Spanish Inquisition 18724:Moroccan revolution 18604:14th – 19th century 18534:Rhineland massacres 17953:Hellenistic Judaism 17862:Political movements 17572:Deutsche Volksliste 17454:Walter Schellenberg 17412:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 17408:(Chief of the RSHA) 16682:Settler colonialism 16631:Forced assimilation 16337:Srebrenica massacre 16109:Chechens and Ingush 15867:Thracian Bulgarians 15713:Sand Creek massacre 15674:Siege of Tripolitsa 15425:Ancestral Puebloans 15234:Kamianets-Podilskyi 15178:Gully of Petrushino 14695:Gustav Adolf Nosske 14530:Friedrich Panzinger 14460:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 14294:Maria Schicklgruber 14197:Triumph of the Will 14184:Killing baby Hitler 14174:Cult of personality 14115:Hitler's Table Talk 14058:possible monorchism 13991:Civilian residences 13880:conspiracy theories 13391:Spanish Inquisition 13302:Rhineland massacres 13057:Rhineland massacres 13050:Spanish Inquisition 12782:Stereotypes of Jews 12767:Racial antisemitism 12718:Persecution of Jews 12570:Days of remembrance 12483:Holocaust survivors 12478:Depopulated shtetls 12329:Rollkommando Hamann 12175:Jehovah's Witnesses 11993:Kamianets-Podilskyi 11055:Bohemia and Moravia 10885:Lehnstaedt, Stephan 10309:Beorn, Waitman Wade 10271:. pp. 97–117. 10226:Wachsmann, Nikolaus 10202:Stone, Dan (2023). 10033:Nicosia, Francis R. 10031:Niewyk, Donald L.; 9626:Bloomsbury Academic 9618:Beorn, Waitman Wade 9592:Bazyler, Michael J. 9426:, pp. 206–207. 9172:, pp. 306–307. 9136:, pp. 190–191. 8920:, pp. 15, 346. 8908:, pp. 98, 107. 8828:, pp. 482–483. 8812:, pp. 549–550. 8734:, pp. 215–216. 8722:, pp. 182–183. 8710:, pp. 534–535. 8602:, pp. 512–513. 8575:, pp. 353–355. 8563:, pp. 275–276. 8551:, pp. 273–274. 8351:2019SciA....5.7292S 8256:, pp. 428–429. 8232:, pp. 407–408. 7935:, pp. 409–410. 7866:, pp. 414–418. 7770:, pp. 410–412. 7722:, pp. 402–403. 7459:, pp. 269–270. 7348:, pp. 236–237. 7300:, pp. 424–425. 7151:on 5 December 2010. 7055:, pp. 392–393. 7031:, pp. 189–190. 6983:, pp. 264–265. 6899:, pp. 271–272. 6824:, pp. 196–197. 6812:, pp. 142–143. 6800:, pp. 141–143. 6764:, pp. 334–335. 6530:, pp. 124–125. 6355:, pp. 325–326. 6230:, pp. 375–376. 6153:, pp. 378–380. 6129:, pp. 241–242. 6081:, pp. 93, 249. 6033:, pp. 335–336. 5869:, pp. 74, 120. 5608:, pp. 153–154. 5584:, pp. 204–205. 5545:, pp. 286–287. 5521:, pp. 526–527. 5509:, pp. 281–282. 5494:, pp. 208–209. 5409:, pp. 290–291. 5223:, pp. 146–147. 5172:, pp. 205–206. 5136:, pp. 298–299. 5100:, pp. 284–285. 4948:, pp. 135–136. 4895:, pp. 259–260. 4784:, pp. 69, 440. 4744:, pp. 162–163. 4708:, pp. 182–183. 4681:, pp. 298–299. 4666:, pp. 297–298. 4615:, pp. 231–232. 4531:, pp. 182–183. 4519:, pp. 221–222. 4507:, pp. 181–182. 4423:, pp. 201–202. 4411:, pp. 121–122. 4363:, pp. 127–128. 4351:, pp. 247–248. 4339:, pp. 314–315. 4286:, pp. 253–254. 4199:, pp. 87, 103. 4131:, pp. 107–109. 3909:, pp. 102–103. 3885:, pp. 99, 101. 3829:, pp. 109–110. 3805:, pp. 332–334. 3636:, pp. 184–185. 3292:, pp. 138–139. 2573:Holocaust education 2510:in eastern Europe. 2463:Genocide Convention 2243:a last-ditch effort 2187:Carpathian Ruthenia 2177:Continuing killings 2162:Holocaust survivors 2156:During the war the 1813:General Governorate 1669:General Governorate 1642:(built as POW camp) 1495:Killing technology 1482: 1373:Extermination camps 1349:, referring to his 1345:. The next day, he 1330:extermination camps 987:General Governorate 921:. In 1941, Germany 896:. The Soviet Union 871:General Governorate 788:Mandatory Palestine 681:Persecution of Jews 671:Bohemia and Moravia 643:forcibly sterilized 639:concentration camps 532:postcard showing a 305:medical experiments 219:extermination camps 26948:Surrender of Japan 26781:Battle of Iwo Jima 26630:Belgrade offensive 26043:Siege of Leningrad 25927:Battle of Shanggao 25856:British Somaliland 25821:Dunkirk evacuation 25772:Norwegian campaign 25710:Invasion of Poland 25537:Japanese prisoners 24505:Italian war crimes 24436:British war crimes 24351:Soviet occupations 24135:South-West Pacific 24022:Allied cooperation 23980:Military equipment 23617:2002 Gujarat riots 23541:Cambodian genocide 23535:Lebanese Civil War 23313:Soviet persecution 23150:Jerusalem massacre 23063:Sectarian violence 23048:Political violence 22678:Racial integration 22658:Race and sexuality 22463:Japanese Americans 22183:Racial segregation 22173:Racial nationalism 21898:German Romanticism 21786:Nazi Party members 21640:Extermination camp 21033:Racial segregation 20761:Deutsches Jungvolk 20448:Burgas bus bombing 20133:Crown Heights riot 20086:Ras Burqa massacre 19797:Haifa Oil Refinery 19653:Ardeatine massacre 19588:Dzyatlava massacre 19008:Częstochowa pogrom 18619:Shepherds' Crusade 18424:Alexandrian pogrom 18409:1st – 13th century 17910:Assyrian Captivity 17890:Origins of Judaism 17832:Population history 17755:(personal masseur) 17682:Operation Nordwind 17677:Army Group Vistula 17577:Operation Reinhard 17506:Responsibility for 17460:Karl Maria Wiligut 17385:Ideology of the SS 17161:Slobodan Milošević 17012:Erich von Manstein 16624:Extermination camp 16385:Effacer le tableau 16148:Hyderabadi Muslims 16093:Nanshitou Massacre 16077:Muslims and Croats 15779:Hamidian massacres 15666:Al-Jawazi massacre 15656:Stolen Generations 15359:list by death toll 14881:Sicherheitspolizei 14837:Algirdas Klimaitis 14635:Friedrich Buchardt 14550:Bruno Streckenbach 14251:Apocalypse: Hitler 14179:In popular culture 13610:Conservative Party 13371:Pale of Settlement 12881:Christian Identity 12855:Soviet mathematics 12760:Working definition 12553:History and memory 12457:Forced euthanasia 12405:Nazi racial policy 12108:Danish underground 11955:Operation Reinhard 11950:Wannsee Conference 10765:. pp. 54–67. 10058:Berenbaum, Michael 10056:Peck, Abraham J.; 10006:Berenbaum, Michael 10004:Neufeld, Michael; 9856:Gerlach, Christian 9763:St. Martin's Press 4756:, pp. 13–14; 4187:, p. 63, 437. 3948:, pp. 46, 73. 3757:, pp. 49, 53. 3537:, pp. 52, 60. 3510:, pp. 39, 41. 3190:, pp. 61, 65. 2555: 2492:was kidnapped and 2469:of criminal laws. 2455: 2366:Operation Reinhard 2354: 2267: 2195: 2074: 2027:forced-labor camps 2023: 2003: 1931: 1817: 1763:Bialystok District 1740:The Warsaw Ghetto 1738: 1685: 1659:Operation Reinhard 1622:East Upper Silesia 1480: 1428:East Upper Silesia 1389: 1379:Extermination camp 1366:Wannsee Conference 1337:. On 11 December, 1230: 1222: 1152: 1110: 1088:besieged Leningrad 1068:complete disregard 990: 975: 923:invaded Yugoslavia 919:Denmark and Norway 894:German–Soviet pact 827: 742: 655:state-led measures 602: 537: 515:postwar settlement 503:widespread pogroms 413: 328:museums, memorials 301:forced labor camps 223:Auschwitz-Birkenau 217:and poison gas in 97:Europe, primarily 27258:Massacres of Jews 27028: 27027: 27022: 27021: 26980: 26979: 26823:Battle of Okinawa 26722:Burma (1944–1945) 26556:Mariana and Palau 26336:Tunisian campaign 26161:Fall of Singapore 26085:Fall of Hong Kong 25828:Battle of Britain 25681:Operation Himmler 25590: 25589: 25254:Dutch East Indies 24897:Southern Rhodesia 24649: 24648: 24549:Genocide of Serbs 24452:German war crimes 24429:Soviet war crimes 24422:Allied war crimes 24268:Division of Korea 24247:Chinese Civil War 24045:Strategic bombing 23957:Manhattan Project 23731: 23730: 23671:Rohingya genocide 23399:Direct Action Day 23351:Šahovići massacre 23301:Armenian genocide 23295:Assyrian genocide 23182:(13th–15th cent.) 23176:(12th–16th cent.) 23174:Northern Crusades 23018:Forced conversion 22968:Cultural genocide 22963:Communal violence 22845:post–Cold War era 22830:Eastern Orthodoxy 22751: 22750: 22499:African Americans 22446:Chinese Americans 22143:Ethnic stereotype 21942: 21941: 21515:Strasser (Gregor) 21394:Volksgemeinschaft 21339:Völkisch movement 21334:Völkisch equality 20921:Nuremberg rallies 20882:German rearmament 20691: 20690: 20687: 20686: 20663: 20662: 20504:Halamish stabbing 20496:Tel Aviv shooting 20427: 20426: 20380: 20379: 20316: 20315: 20272:Passover massacre 20238: 20237: 20195: 20194: 20191: 20190: 20157:Beit Lid massacre 20112: 20111: 20033: 20032: 20023:Nahariya massacre 19954: 19953: 19899: 19898: 19877: 19876: 19827: 19826: 19790:Fajja bus attacks 19777: 19776: 19734: 19733: 19684: 19683: 19640: 19639: 19604: 19603: 19568: 19567: 19419: 19418: 19397: 19396: 19361: 19360: 19345:Tiberias massacre 19274:Constantine riots 19221: 19220: 19146:Russian Civil War 18988: 18987: 18964: 18963: 18700:Brussels massacre 18694: 18693: 18599: 18598: 18567: 18566: 18493: 18492: 18483:Battle of Khaybar 18459:Bar Kokhba revolt 18360: 18359: 18352:WP:Jewish history 18210:Under Muslim rule 18198:Battle of Khaybar 18113:Synagogal Judaism 18094: 18093: 18036:Bar Kokhba revolt 17999:Jewish-Roman Wars 17963:Hasmonean kingdom 17905:Kingdom of Israel 17774: 17773: 17667:Operation Himmler 17634:(younger brother) 17608:Margarete Himmler 17406:Reinhard Heydrich 17310: 17309: 17306: 17305: 17213: 17212: 17094: 17093: 16940:Euthanasia trials 16860:Legal proceedings 16603:Cultural genocide 16529:Cultural genocide 16468: 16467: 16401:Masalit massacres 16364: 16363: 16265:Sri Lankan Tamils 16172:Arabs in Zanzibar 16127: 16126: 16045:Three Alls policy 15822: 15821: 15755:Putumayo genocide 15483: 15482: 15312: 15311: 15257: 15256: 15152:Intelligenzaktion 14998: 14997: 14989:Ypatingasis būrys 14889:Sicherheitsdienst 14845: 14844: 14710:Martin Sandberger 14680:Walter Kutschmann 14665:Friedrich Jeckeln 14455:Reinhard Heydrich 14392: 14391: 14110:Psychopathography 14100:Stefanie Rabatsch 14065:Wealth and income 14041: 14040: 13922:Reich Chancellery 13684: 13683: 13327:Ghettos in Europe 13240:The Daily Stormer 13045:Roman Inquisition 12908:Jewish Bolshevism 12645: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12637: 12636: 12488:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 12435:Jewish emigration 12425:Hitler's prophecy 12420:Haavara Agreement 12366: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12354:Ypatingasis būrys 12251:Sicherheitsdienst 12187: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12126: 12125: 12046:Bielski partisans 11818: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11649:Totenkopfverbände 11308: 11307: 10864:Holocaust Studies 10820:978-0-19-921186-9 10803:Wittmann, Rebecca 10794:978-1-118-97052-2 10772:978-0-19-921186-9 10726:978-1-118-97052-2 10699:978-1-118-97052-2 10665:978-3-030-55532-0 10630:978-1-118-97052-2 10608:978-1-118-97052-2 10589:978-1-118-97052-2 10570:978-1-5017-6676-3 10544:978-0-19-921186-9 10521:978-1-5017-6676-3 10491:978-90-04-35235-3 10472:978-0-19-921186-9 10449:978-0-19-921186-9 10442:. pp. 1–20. 10423:978-0-85745-564-2 10416:. pp. 1–18. 10396:978-3-030-28675-0 10379:Evans, Richard J. 10370:978-1-118-97052-2 10348:978-1-118-97049-2 10326:978-1-118-97052-2 10300:978-0-19-288683-5 10278:978-0-230-28336-7 10243:978-0-374-11825-9 10217:978-0-241-38870-9 10194:978-0-19-956679-2 10168:978-1-000-83062-0 10149:Smith, Stephen D. 10132:978-3-319-97999-1 10103:978-1-107-07399-9 10077:978-0-253-21529-1 10048:978-0-231-52878-8 9996:978-0-19-280436-5 9970:978-0-300-26253-7 9942:978-0-19-753807-4 9917:978-0-8032-7491-4 9873:978-0-521-70689-6 9847:978-0-7953-4674-3 9800:978-0-429-77837-7 9772:978-0-230-76891-8 9744:978-0-8032-0392-1 9712:978-8-821-19615-7 9687:978-0-19-955034-0 9661:978-1-4422-4228-9 9635:978-1-4742-3219-7 9609:978-0-19-092306-8 9583:978-1-350-33234-8 9555:978-1-351-32989-7 9398:978-1-107-10358-0 9370:978-90-8964-381-0 9331:978-3-946459-59-0 9275:978-1-4411-4655-7 9013:978-0-85772-843-2 8986:978-0-2280-0951-1 8956:978-1-107-10358-0 8773:, pp. 13–14. 8492:978-0-7953-3719-2 8485:. Rosetta Books. 8138:978-1-138-36944-3 8096:978-3-406-80881-4 8062:978-0-85772-843-2 7213:Gellately, Robert 7068:The Blessed Abyss 6331:, pp. 33–34. 6242:, pp. 96–97. 5660:978-0-02-904630-2 5453:Henry Friedlander 5331:, pp. 84–85. 5288:, pp. 79–80. 5088:, pp. 75–77. 4936:, pp. 69–70. 4772:, pp. 72–73. 4483:, pp. 67–68. 4447:, pp. 63–64. 4059:, pp. 37–38. 3984:, pp. 89–90. 3897:, pp. 57–58. 3600:, pp. 44–45. 3588:, pp. 43–44. 3408:, pp. 47–48. 3357:, pp. 32–38. 3328:, pp. 33–34. 3214:, pp. 52–54. 3089:, pp. 64–65. 3014:, pp. 21–23. 2990:, pp. 21–22. 2978:, pp. 20–21. 2954:, pp. 14–17. 2855:, pp. 45–52. 2527:Claims Conference 2508:fall of Communism 2467:non-retroactivity 2374:Christian Gerlach 2288:Holocaust victims 2223:Danish resistance 2150:joint declaration 2112:Bielski partisans 2095:Jews participated 2061:Escape and hiding 2032:private companies 2017:badge at work at 1957:Christian Gerlach 1650: 1649: 1643: 1626:900,000–1,000,000 1358:Reinhard Heydrich 1172:Romanian soldiers 1060:Jewish Bolshevism 1010:French Madagascar 623:a system of camps 600:from 1933 to 1941 495:South West Africa 468:industrialization 203:its collaborators 195:World War II 180: 179: 171:its collaborators 72:Jews arriving at 32:Holocaust victims 16:(Redirected from 27265: 27178: 27170: 27169: 27168: 27161: 27160:from Wikiversity 27153: 27152: 27151: 27144: 27136: 27135: 27134: 27127: 27119: 27118: 27117: 27110: 27102: 27101: 27100: 27093: 27085: 27084: 27083: 27076: 27068: 27067: 27066: 27059: 27051: 27050: 27049: 27039: 27015: 27008: 27001: 26998:World portal 26996: 26995: 26971: 26964: 26957: 26950: 26941: 26934: 26927: 26918: 26911: 26904: 26897: 26890: 26883: 26874: 26867: 26860: 26858:Prague offensive 26853: 26851:Battle of Berlin 26846: 26839: 26832: 26825: 26818: 26811: 26804: 26797: 26795:Vienna offensive 26790: 26783: 26776: 26774:Battle of Manila 26769: 26749: 26740: 26731: 26724: 26715: 26708: 26701: 26694: 26687: 26680: 26673: 26664: 26655: 26648: 26639: 26632: 26625: 26618: 26609: 26602: 26595: 26588: 26581: 26574: 26567: 26558: 26551: 26542: 26533: 26524: 26517: 26515:Korsun–Cherkassy 26510: 26499: 26477: 26468: 26461: 26454: 26447: 26440: 26433: 26426: 26417: 26410: 26403: 26396: 26387: 26380: 26373: 26366: 26359: 26357:Bombing of Gorky 26352: 26345: 26338: 26318: 26311: 26302: 26295: 26288: 26279: 26272: 26265: 26258: 26247: 26240: 26233: 26226: 26224:Battle of Midway 26219: 26212: 26210:Battle of Gazala 26205: 26198: 26191: 26184: 26177: 26170: 26163: 26143: 26136: 26129: 26122: 26120:Battle of Borneo 26115: 26113:Malayan campaign 26108: 26101: 26094: 26087: 26080: 26073: 26066: 26059: 26057:Bombing of Gorky 26052: 26050:Battle of Moscow 26045: 26038: 26031: 26024: 26017: 26010: 25994: 25987: 25980: 25973: 25966: 25959: 25950: 25943: 25936: 25929: 25922: 25902: 25893: 25886: 25879: 25872: 25865: 25858: 25851: 25844: 25837: 25830: 25823: 25816: 25814:Battle of France 25809: 25802: 25795: 25788: 25781: 25774: 25754: 25747: 25740: 25733: 25726: 25719: 25712: 25690: 25683: 25676: 25669: 25667:Munich Agreement 25662: 25655: 25646: 25639: 25632: 25623: 25616: 25601: 25600: 25583: 25576: 25567: 25560: 25553: 25552:Soviet prisoners 25546: 25539: 25532: 25523: 25516: 25507: 25500: 25493: 25492:German prisoners 25488: 25468: 25459: 25452: 25445: 25440: 25433: 25426: 25419: 25412: 25405: 25398: 25391: 25384: 25377: 25370: 25363: 25356: 25349: 25340: 25333: 25326: 25319: 25312: 25305: 25298: 25291: 25284: 25277: 25270: 25263: 25256: 25249: 25242: 25235: 25228: 25221: 25214: 25194: 25187: 25180: 25173: 25166: 25159: 25152: 25145: 25138: 25131: 25124: 25104: 25097: 25090: 25083: 25075: 25068: 25061: 25052: 25045: 25037: 25030: 25028:French Indochina 25023: 25016: 25009: 25002: 24994: 24987: 24980: 24972: 24952: 24943: 24936: 24927: 24920: 24913: 24906: 24899: 24892: 24885: 24878: 24875:from August 1944 24866: 24859: 24852: 24845: 24838: 24831: 24824: 24817: 24810: 24798: 24791: 24784: 24777: 24770: 24758: 24750: 24743: 24736: 24729: 24722: 24715: 24708: 24696: 24689: 24682: 24675: 24660: 24659: 24640: 24633: 24626: 24619: 24612: 24601: 24586: 24579: 24572: 24567: 24558: 24551: 24544: 24535: 24528: 24521: 24519:Nanjing Massacre 24514: 24507: 24498: 24496:Nuremberg trials 24489: 24482: 24475: 24468: 24461: 24454: 24445: 24438: 24431: 24424: 24404: 24397: 24390: 24381: 24374: 24367: 24360: 24353: 24346: 24337: 24328: 24321: 24314: 24307: 24298: 24291: 24284: 24277: 24270: 24263: 24256: 24249: 24229: 24220: 24213: 24206: 24197: 24190: 24183: 24176: 24167: 24160: 24153: 24144: 24137: 24130: 24123: 24116: 24109: 24102: 24100:Asia and Pacific 24082: 24075: 24068: 24061: 24054: 24047: 24040: 24031: 24029:Mulberry harbour 24024: 24017: 24010: 24003: 23996: 23989: 23982: 23975: 23966: 23959: 23952: 23943: 23936: 23929: 23922: 23915: 23908: 23901: 23894: 23887: 23880: 23871: 23864: 23849: 23848: 23837: 23830: 23821: 23814: 23807: 23800: 23793: 23786: 23779: 23758: 23751: 23744: 23735: 23734: 23723: 23722: 23689:2020 Delhi riots 23605:Kosheh massacres 23585:Bosnian genocide 23405:1946 Bihar riots 23068:Social cleansing 22993:Ethnic cleansing 22778: 22771: 22764: 22755: 22754: 22741: 22740: 22731: 22730: 22721: 22720: 22575:Racial supremacy 22533:Jewish Americans 22511:Native Americans 22480:Zainichi Koreans 22468:Japanese Koreans 22451:Zainichi Chinese 22424:Racism by target 22201:Global apartheid 22193:Racism by region 22178:Racial profiling 22168:Racial hierarchy 21969: 21962: 21955: 21946: 21945: 21934: 21933: 21894: 21885: 21882:Drang nach Osten 21720: 21701: 21610:von Sebottendorf 21406: 21397: 21386: 21366:State capitalism 21351:Social Darwinism 21330: 21321: 21203: 21194: 21175: 21166: 21140: 21109: 21106:Dolchstoßlegende 21079:Authoritarianism 20972:Nuremberg trials 20950: 20941: 20902: 20878: 20837: 20827: 20813: 20764: 20755: 20746: 20718: 20711: 20704: 20695: 20694: 20680: 20677:Dagestan attacks 20672: 20656: 20649: 20642: 20635: 20628: 20621: 20614: 20607: 20600: 20593: 20586: 20571: 20570: 20566: 20563:Beersheba attack 20558: 20539: 20531: 20523: 20515: 20507: 20499: 20491: 20483: 20475: 20467: 20459: 20451: 20443: 20420: 20412: 20404: 20396: 20382: 20381: 20373: 20366: 20359: 20352: 20345: 20338: 20331: 20318: 20317: 20309: 20302: 20295: 20288: 20281: 20274: 20267: 20260: 20253: 20240: 20239: 20231: 20224: 20211: 20210: 20204: 20203: 20184: 20176: 20168: 20160: 20152: 20144: 20136: 20128: 20125:Cairo bus attack 20114: 20113: 20105: 20097: 20089: 20081: 20073: 20065: 20057: 20049: 20035: 20034: 20026: 20018: 20010: 20002: 19994: 19991:Ma'alot massacre 19986: 19978: 19970: 19956: 19955: 19947: 19939: 19931: 19923: 19915: 19901: 19900: 19892: 19879: 19878: 19870: 19863: 19856: 19849: 19842: 19829: 19828: 19820: 19813: 19806: 19799: 19792: 19779: 19778: 19770: 19763: 19756: 19743: 19742: 19727: 19720: 19713: 19706: 19704:Topoľčany pogrom 19699: 19697:Deutsch Schützen 19686: 19685: 19677: 19669: 19667:Sărmașu massacre 19662: 19655: 19642: 19641: 19633: 19626: 19619: 19606: 19605: 19597: 19590: 19583: 19581:Dünamünde Action 19570: 19569: 19561: 19553: 19546: 19544:Kaunas (October) 19539: 19532: 19525: 19518: 19511: 19504: 19497: 19490: 19483: 19476: 19469: 19462: 19455: 19448: 19441: 19434: 19421: 19420: 19412: 19399: 19398: 19390: 19383: 19376: 19363: 19362: 19354: 19347: 19334: 19333: 19320: 19318: 19301: 19293: 19285: 19277: 19269: 19261: 19253: 19245: 19243: 19230: 19227:Zavirtcha pogrom 19214: 19207: 19200: 19193: 19186: 19179: 19172: 19165: 19158: 19142: 19141: 19137: 19130: 19123: 19115: 19107: 19099: 19091: 19083: 19075: 19067: 19059: 19056:Białystok pogrom 19051: 19043: 19035: 19027: 19019: 19011: 18997: 18996: 18981: 18973: 18957: 18950: 18943: 18927: 18926: 18922: 18914: 18906: 18898: 18890: 18882: 18874: 18866: 18858: 18850: 18847:Algiers massacre 18842: 18834: 18831:Massacre of Uman 18826: 18818: 18810: 18791: 18783: 18775: 18767: 18759: 18751: 18743: 18735: 18727: 18719: 18711: 18703: 18687: 18680: 18673: 18666: 18659: 18643: 18642: 18638: 18630: 18622: 18608: 18607: 18592: 18584: 18576: 18560: 18553: 18546: 18530: 18529: 18525: 18522:Granada massacre 18517: 18509: 18506:Córdoba massacre 18486: 18478: 18470: 18462: 18454: 18451:The Great Revolt 18440: 18439: 18435: 18427: 18413: 18412: 18387: 18380: 18373: 18364: 18363: 18348: 18184:Mohammedan Wars 18108:Rabbinic Judaism 18061:Byzantine Empire 18014:Galilee campaign 17994:Judean Civil War 17989:Maccabean Revolt 17982:Wars and revolts 17979: 17978: 17968:Herodian kingdom 17925:Babylonian Yehud 17900:Kingdom of Judah 17837:Military history 17801: 17794: 17787: 17778: 17777: 17743:(closest friend) 17691:Failed assassins 17652:(brother-in-law) 17646:(brother-in-law) 17442:Werner Grothmann 17344:Heinrich Himmler 17337: 17330: 17323: 17314: 17313: 17299: 17291: 17283: 17275: 17267: 17259: 17251: 17243: 17235: 17221: 17215: 17214: 17206: 17198: 17190: 17180: 17172: 17169:Radovan Karadžić 17164: 17156: 17148: 17140: 17132: 17129:Belgrade Process 17124: 17116: 17102: 17096: 17095: 17087: 17079: 17071: 17063: 17060:Treblinka trials 17055: 17047: 17039: 17031: 17023: 17015: 17007: 16999: 16991: 16983: 16975: 16967: 16959: 16951: 16943: 16935: 16927: 16919: 16911: 16903: 16900:Épuration légale 16895: 16887: 16873: 16870:Holocaust trials 16864: 16863: 16852: 16845: 16838: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16810: 16801: 16794: 16787: 16780: 16762: 16755: 16748: 16741: 16734: 16727: 16720: 16711: 16704: 16684: 16677: 16670: 16663: 16654: 16647: 16640: 16633: 16626: 16619: 16617:Ethnic cleansing 16612: 16605: 16587: 16580: 16573: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16545: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16513: 16506: 16499: 16490: 16483: 16461: 16453: 16445: 16437: 16434:Shias under ISIS 16429: 16421: 16413: 16403: 16396: 16388: 16374: 16366: 16365: 16357: 16349: 16339: 16332: 16324: 16316: 16308: 16300: 16292: 16284: 16276: 16268: 16260: 16252: 16244: 16236: 16226: 16219: 16212: 16207: 16199: 16191: 16183: 16175: 16167: 16159: 16151: 16137: 16129: 16128: 16120: 16112: 16104: 16096: 16088: 16080: 16072: 16069:Serbs in Croatia 16064: 16056: 16048: 16040: 16032: 16029:Nanjing Massacre 16024: 16021:Parsley massacre 16016: 16013:Polish Operation 16008: 16005:Romani Holocaust 16000: 15992: 15984: 15976: 15968: 15960: 15952: 15949:Napalpí massacre 15944: 15936: 15928: 15920: 15912: 15902: 15894: 15886: 15878: 15870: 15860: 15853: 15845: 15832: 15824: 15823: 15813: 15805: 15798: 15790: 15782: 15774: 15766: 15758: 15750: 15742: 15734: 15726: 15716: 15708: 15700: 15692: 15684: 15677: 15669: 15659: 15651: 15643: 15636: 15628: 15620: 15612: 15602: 15594: 15586: 15579: 15571: 15563: 15555: 15547: 15539: 15531: 15523: 15515: 15507: 15493: 15485: 15484: 15476: 15468: 15460: 15452: 15444: 15441:Mongol conquests 15436: 15428: 15420: 15410: 15403: 15395: 15387: 15373: 15365: 15364: 15339: 15332: 15325: 15316: 15315: 15183:Zmievskaya Balka 15113:Kaunas June 1941 15070:Dünamünde Action 15007: 15006: 14935:Schutzmannschaft 14854: 14853: 14655:Erich Isselhorst 14595:Wolfgang Birkner 14590:Ernst Biberstein 14562:Einsatzkommandos 14540:Heinrich Seetzen 14485:Walther Bierkamp 14445: 14444: 14433:Einsatzkommandos 14419: 14412: 14405: 14396: 14395: 14380: 14379: 14336:Jean-Marie Loret 14105:Reinhold Hanisch 13973:Wolfsschlucht II 13897: 13896: 13724: 13717: 13710: 13701: 13700: 13688: 13687: 13208:Holocaust denial 13077:Host desecration 12886:Cultural Marxism 12816:Antisemitism and 12795: 12750:New antisemitism 12672: 12665: 12658: 12649: 12648: 12537:Holocaust denial 12515:Nuremberg trials 12505:Postwar violence 12460: 12395: 12394: 12372: 12371: 12334:Special Brigades 12324:Nederlandsche SS 12291:Police Regiments 12215: 12214: 12193: 12192: 12053:Ghetto uprisings 12041:Jewish partisans 11988:Harvest Festival 11960:Holocaust trains 11846: 11845: 11837: 11836: 11824: 11823: 11689: 11688: 11585: 11563: 11545: 11526: 11508: 11331: 11330: 11314: 11313: 11022: 11021: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10951: 10949: 10922: 10904: 10880: 10854: 10845:(4): 1054–1077. 10830:Journal articles 10824: 10798: 10776: 10750: 10744: 10740: 10738: 10730: 10703: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10634: 10612: 10593: 10574: 10548: 10525: 10495: 10476: 10453: 10427: 10400: 10374: 10352: 10330: 10304: 10282: 10247: 10221: 10198: 10172: 10144: 10107: 10081: 10052: 10027: 10000: 9979:Longerich, Peter 9974: 9946: 9921: 9893: 9877: 9851: 9840:. RosettaBooks. 9830: 9804: 9776: 9748: 9716: 9691: 9665: 9639: 9613: 9587: 9559: 9536:Bartrop, Paul R. 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9343: 9335: 9323: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9048: 9047: 9024: 9018: 9017: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8863: 8857: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8829: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8525: 8519: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8455:. Archived from 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8378: 8338:Science Advances 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8111:Herf, Jeffrey C. 8107: 8101: 8100: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8025: 8019: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7897: 7891: 7882: 7876: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7610:. 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792:emigration taxes 647:forced abortions 557:racial community 448:Orthodox Judaism 446:, and practiced 410:November pogroms 374:Soviet civilians 316:Jewish survivors 207:six million Jews 127:ethnic cleansing 70: 50: 49: 21: 18:Jewish Holocaust 27273: 27272: 27268: 27267: 27266: 27264: 27263: 27262: 27248:Nazi war crimes 27198:1940s in Europe 27183: 27182: 27181: 27177:from Wikivoyage 27171: 27166: 27164: 27154: 27149: 27147: 27137: 27132: 27130: 27126:from Wikisource 27120: 27115: 27113: 27103: 27098: 27096: 27086: 27081: 27079: 27069: 27064: 27062: 27058:from Wiktionary 27052: 27047: 27045: 27042: 27038:sister projects 27035:at Knowledge's 27029: 27024: 27023: 27018: 27011: 27004: 26990: 26988: 26976: 26967: 26960: 26953: 26946: 26937: 26930: 26923: 26914: 26909:Atomic bombings 26907: 26900: 26893: 26886: 26879: 26870: 26863: 26856: 26849: 26842: 26835: 26828: 26821: 26814: 26807: 26800: 26793: 26786: 26779: 26772: 26765: 26752: 26745: 26734: 26727: 26720: 26711: 26704: 26697: 26690: 26683: 26676: 26667: 26658: 26651: 26642: 26635: 26628: 26621: 26612: 26605: 26600:Eastern Romania 26598: 26593:Warsaw Uprising 26591: 26586:Tannenberg Line 26584: 26577: 26572:Western Ukraine 26570: 26561: 26554: 26545: 26536: 26527: 26520: 26513: 26502: 26493: 26480: 26473: 26464: 26457: 26450: 26443: 26436: 26429: 26422: 26413: 26406: 26399: 26390: 26383: 26376: 26369: 26364:Battle of Kursk 26362: 26355: 26348: 26341: 26334: 26321: 26314: 26305: 26298: 26291: 26282: 26275: 26268: 26261: 26252: 26243: 26236: 26229: 26222: 26215: 26208: 26201: 26194: 26187: 26180: 26175:St Nazaire Raid 26173: 26166: 26159: 26146: 26139: 26132: 26125: 26118: 26111: 26104: 26097: 26090: 26083: 26076: 26069: 26062: 26055: 26048: 26041: 26034: 26027: 26020: 26013: 25999: 25990: 25983: 25976: 25969: 25962: 25957:Anglo-Iraqi War 25955: 25948:Battle of Crete 25946: 25939: 25932: 25925: 25918: 25905: 25896: 25889: 25882: 25877:Eastern Romania 25875: 25868: 25861: 25854: 25847: 25840: 25833: 25826: 25819: 25812: 25805: 25798: 25791: 25784: 25777: 25770: 25757: 25750: 25743: 25736: 25729: 25722: 25715: 25708: 25695: 25686: 25679: 25672: 25665: 25658: 25651: 25642: 25635: 25628: 25619: 25612: 25586: 25579: 25572: 25563: 25556: 25551: 25542: 25535: 25528: 25519: 25512: 25503: 25496: 25491: 25484: 25471: 25464: 25455: 25448: 25443: 25438:Western Ukraine 25436: 25429: 25422: 25415: 25408: 25401: 25394: 25387: 25382:Northeast China 25380: 25373: 25366: 25359: 25352: 25345: 25336: 25329: 25322: 25315: 25308: 25301: 25294: 25287: 25280: 25273: 25266: 25259: 25252: 25245: 25238: 25231: 25224: 25217: 25210: 25197: 25190: 25183: 25176: 25169: 25162: 25155: 25148: 25141: 25134: 25127: 25120: 25107: 25100: 25093: 25088:Slovak Republic 25086: 25078: 25071: 25064: 25059:Empire of Japan 25057: 25048: 25040: 25033: 25026: 25019: 25012: 25005: 24997: 24990: 24983: 24975: 24968: 24955: 24948: 24939: 24932: 24923: 24916: 24909: 24902: 24895: 24888: 24881: 24869: 24862: 24855: 24848: 24841: 24834: 24827: 24820: 24813: 24801: 24794: 24787: 24780: 24773: 24761: 24753: 24746: 24739: 24732: 24725: 24718: 24711: 24699: 24692: 24685: 24678: 24671: 24645: 24636: 24629: 24622: 24615: 24604: 24589: 24582: 24575: 24571:Sexual violence 24570: 24563: 24554: 24547: 24540: 24531: 24524: 24517: 24510: 24503: 24494: 24485: 24478: 24471: 24464: 24457: 24450: 24441: 24434: 24427: 24420: 24407: 24400: 24393: 24386: 24377: 24370: 24363: 24356: 24349: 24340: 24331: 24324: 24317: 24310: 24301: 24294: 24289:Greek Civil War 24287: 24280: 24273: 24266: 24259: 24252: 24245: 24232: 24225: 24216: 24209: 24202: 24193: 24186: 24179: 24172: 24163: 24156: 24149: 24140: 24133: 24126: 24119: 24114:South-East Asia 24112: 24105: 24098: 24085: 24078: 24071: 24064: 24057: 24050: 24043: 24036: 24027: 24020: 24013: 24006: 23999: 23992: 23985: 23978: 23973:Military awards 23971: 23962: 23955: 23948: 23939: 23932: 23925: 23918: 23911: 23904: 23897: 23890: 23883: 23876: 23867: 23860: 23840: 23833: 23826: 23817: 23810: 23803: 23798: 23789: 23782: 23775: 23767: 23762: 23732: 23727: 23717: 23711: 23647:Yazidi genocide 23553:Revival Process 23489:Thích Quảng Đức 23477:Buddhist crisis 23471:Istanbul pogrom 23339:1970–1987 23334:1958–1964 23329:1928–1941 23324:1921–1928 23319:1917–1921 23204:Goa Inquisition 23138:Battle of Tours 23128:(c.550–c. 1200) 23122:(c. 324–c. 491) 23102: 23003:Ethnic violence 22998:Ethnic conflict 22946: 22945: 22944: 22791: 22782: 22752: 22747: 22709: 22688:Racism in sport 22586: 22580:White supremacy 22419: 22187: 22123:Ethnic conflict 22095: 22089: 21983:Types of racism 21978: 21973: 21943: 21938: 21924: 21923: 21922: 21908:Racial theories 21891:Generalplan Ost 21838: 21832: 21812: 21806: 21805: 21804: 21776:Nazi ideologues 21758: 21757: 21756: 21718: 21713:(United States) 21712: 21699: 21664: 21658: 21655:Romani genocide 21622: 21615: 21614: 21613: 21530: 21529: 21528: 21520:Strasser (Otto) 21410: 21409: 21408: 21383:Gleichschaltung 21376:Totalitarianism 21261:One-party state 21069:Anti-liberalism 21039: 21038: 21037: 20962:Tripartite Pact 20875:Machtergreifung 20843: 20842: 20841: 20727: 20722: 20692: 20683: 20675: 20667: 20659: 20652: 20645: 20638: 20631: 20624: 20617: 20610: 20603: 20596: 20589: 20582: 20569: 20561: 20553: 20542: 20534: 20526: 20518: 20510: 20502: 20494: 20486: 20478: 20470: 20462: 20454: 20446: 20438: 20423: 20415: 20407: 20399: 20391: 20376: 20369: 20362: 20355: 20348: 20341: 20334: 20327: 20312: 20305: 20298: 20291: 20284: 20277: 20270: 20263: 20256: 20249: 20234: 20227: 20220: 20187: 20179: 20171: 20163: 20155: 20147: 20139: 20131: 20123: 20108: 20100: 20092: 20084: 20076: 20068: 20062:Antwerp bombing 20060: 20052: 20044: 20029: 20021: 20013: 20005: 19997: 19989: 19981: 19975:Munich massacre 19973: 19965: 19950: 19942: 19934: 19926: 19918: 19910: 19895: 19888: 19873: 19866: 19859: 19852: 19845: 19838: 19823: 19816: 19809: 19802: 19795: 19788: 19773: 19766: 19759: 19752: 19730: 19723: 19716: 19709: 19702: 19695: 19680: 19672: 19665: 19658: 19651: 19636: 19629: 19622: 19615: 19600: 19593: 19586: 19579: 19564: 19556: 19549: 19542: 19535: 19528: 19521: 19514: 19507: 19500: 19493: 19486: 19479: 19472: 19465: 19458: 19451: 19444: 19437: 19430: 19415: 19408: 19393: 19386: 19379: 19372: 19357: 19350: 19343: 19323: 19308: 19304: 19296: 19288: 19280: 19272: 19266:Campbell pogrom 19264: 19258:Hebron massacre 19256: 19248: 19237: 19233: 19225: 19217: 19210: 19203: 19196: 19189: 19182: 19175: 19168: 19161: 19154: 19140: 19133: 19126: 19118: 19110: 19102: 19094: 19086: 19078: 19070: 19062: 19054: 19046: 19038: 19030: 19024:Zablotov pogrom 19022: 19014: 19006: 18984: 18976: 18968: 18960: 18953: 18946: 18939: 18925: 18917: 18909: 18903:Damascus affair 18901: 18893: 18885: 18877: 18869: 18861: 18853: 18845: 18837: 18829: 18821: 18813: 18805: 18794: 18786: 18778: 18770: 18764:Lisbon massacre 18762: 18754: 18746: 18738: 18730: 18722: 18714: 18706: 18698: 18690: 18683: 18676: 18669: 18662: 18655: 18641: 18633: 18625: 18617: 18595: 18587: 18579: 18571: 18563: 18556: 18549: 18542: 18528: 18520: 18512: 18504: 18489: 18481: 18473: 18465: 18457: 18449: 18438: 18430: 18422: 18404: 18391: 18361: 18356: 18346: 18338: 18327:Israeli history 18270:Jewish question 18258: 18171: 18100:Rabbinic period 18090: 18042: 18024:Diaspora revolt 18019:Siege of Masada 17977: 17929: 17871: 17842:Genetic history 17810: 17805: 17775: 17770: 17717: 17686: 17655: 17650:Richard Wendler 17628:(older brother) 17620:Hedwig Potthast 17596: 17522:Romani genocide 17507: 17501: 17465: 17456:(personal aide) 17424:Hedwig Potthast 17376:Reichsführer-SS 17369: 17356:Reichsführer-SS 17346: 17341: 17311: 17302: 17294: 17286: 17278: 17270: 17262: 17256:Uyghur Tribunal 17254: 17246: 17238: 17230: 17222: 17219: 17209: 17201: 17193: 17185: 17175: 17167: 17159: 17151: 17143: 17135: 17127: 17119: 17111: 17103: 17100: 17090: 17082: 17076:Fedorenko trial 17074: 17066: 17058: 17050: 17042: 17034: 17026: 17018: 17010: 17002: 16994: 16986: 16978: 16972:Stutthof trials 16970: 16962: 16954: 16948:Nuremberg trial 16946: 16938: 16930: 16922: 16914: 16908:Majdanek trials 16906: 16898: 16890: 16884:Krasnodar trial 16882: 16874: 16868: 16855: 16848: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16820: 16813: 16806: 16797: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16765: 16758: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16730: 16723: 16716: 16707: 16700: 16687: 16680: 16673: 16666: 16659: 16650: 16643: 16636: 16629: 16622: 16615: 16608: 16601: 16590: 16583: 16576: 16569: 16562: 16555: 16548: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16509: 16502: 16495: 16486: 16479: 16464: 16456: 16448: 16440: 16432: 16424: 16416: 16410:Southern Kaduna 16408: 16399: 16391: 16383: 16375: 16370: 16360: 16352: 16344: 16335: 16327: 16319: 16311: 16303: 16295: 16287: 16279: 16271: 16263: 16255: 16247: 16239: 16231: 16222: 16215: 16210: 16202: 16194: 16186: 16178: 16170: 16162: 16154: 16146: 16138: 16133: 16123: 16115: 16107: 16099: 16091: 16083: 16075: 16067: 16059: 16051: 16043: 16035: 16027: 16019: 16011: 16003: 15997:Simele massacre 15995: 15987: 15979: 15971: 15963: 15955: 15947: 15939: 15931: 15923: 15915: 15907: 15897: 15889: 15881: 15873: 15865: 15856: 15848: 15841: 15833: 15828: 15818: 15808: 15801: 15793: 15787:Herero and Nama 15785: 15777: 15769: 15761: 15753: 15745: 15737: 15729: 15721: 15711: 15703: 15695: 15687: 15680: 15672: 15664: 15654: 15646: 15639: 15631: 15623: 15615: 15607: 15597: 15589: 15582: 15574: 15566: 15558: 15550: 15542: 15534: 15526: 15518: 15510: 15502: 15494: 15489: 15479: 15471: 15463: 15455: 15447: 15439: 15431: 15423: 15415: 15406: 15398: 15392:Asiatic Vespers 15390: 15382: 15374: 15369: 15356: 15348: 15343: 15313: 15308: 15279:Commissar Order 15253: 15205: 15187: 15164: 15132: 15094: 15090:Liepāja (Šķēde) 15051: 15033: 14994: 14922: 14897:Ordnungspolizei 14841: 14822:Herberts Cukurs 14805: 14759: 14755:Udo von Woyrsch 14720:Hermann Schaper 14715:Emanuel Schäfer 14690:Josef Meisinger 14675:Wolfgang Kügler 14600:Helmut Bischoff 14567:Sonderkommandos 14565: 14560: 14554: 14495:Erich Ehrlinger 14470: 14464: 14436: 14423: 14393: 14388: 14368: 14347: 14256: 14157: 14153:Private library 14140: 14134: 14070:Religious views 14037: 13986: 13980:Führersonderzug 13978:Special train ( 13968:Wolfsschlucht I 13892: 13886: 13840:Military career 13828: 13761:Political views 13733: 13728: 13693: 13685: 13680: 13462: 13416: 13414: 13407: 13288: 13277:The Right Stuff 13234:Bible Believers 13222: 13102: 13100: 13093: 13011: 12987:Self-hating Jew 12864: 12845:Nation of Islam 12811: 12681: 12676: 12646: 12633: 12548: 12464: 12458: 12447:Madagascar Plan 12440:Kindertransport 12389: 12388: 12358: 12300: 12272: 12257:Ordnungspolizei 12213: 12200: 12179: 12122: 12074: 12027: 11998:Maly Trostenets 11969:Mass executions 11964: 11934: 11872: 11831: 11806: 11776: 11735: 11673: 11635: 11594: 11583: 11561: 11543: 11524: 11506: 11494: 11451: 11325: 11304: 11224: 11215:Hidden children 11193: 11051:Czechoslovakia 11016: 11011: 10981: 10832: 10827: 10821: 10795: 10773: 10742: 10741: 10732: 10731: 10727: 10700: 10678: 10676: 10666: 10631: 10609: 10590: 10571: 10545: 10522: 10492: 10473: 10450: 10424: 10397: 10371: 10349: 10335:Dean, Martin C. 10327: 10301: 10279: 10261:Assmann, Aleida 10255: 10250: 10244: 10218: 10195: 10169: 10133: 10104: 10078: 10060:, eds. (2002). 10049: 10024: 9997: 9971: 9943: 9918: 9874: 9848: 9801: 9773: 9753:Cesarani, David 9745: 9713: 9688: 9670:Bloxham, Donald 9662: 9636: 9610: 9584: 9556: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9510: 9508: 9507:. 25 April 2022 9499: 9498: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9475: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9434: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9410: 9406: 9399: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9357: 9353: 9337: 9336: 9332: 9321: 9313: 9309: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9262: 9258: 9252:Kansteiner 2017 9250: 9246: 9219: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9185:Kansteiner 2017 9183: 9176: 9170:Kansteiner 2017 9168: 9164: 9156: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9120: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9060: 9051: 9044: 9025: 9021: 9014: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8968: 8964: 8957: 8940: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8916: 8912: 8904: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8864: 8860: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8820: 8816: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8646: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8610: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8586: 8579: 8571: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8535: 8528: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8493: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8345:(1): eaau7292. 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8303: 8299: 8264: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8139: 8123:. p. 278. 8108: 8104: 8097: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8028: 8020: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7907: 7900: 7892: 7885: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7790: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7555:, p. 1074. 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7408:, p. 1066. 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7324:, p. 1064. 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7275: 7268: 7260:. p. 369. 7250: 7246: 7239: 7223:. p. 155. 7210: 7206: 7199: 7181: 7174: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7109: 7105: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7003: 6999: 6991: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6665:, p. 1067. 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6552:Westermann 2020 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6528:Westermann 2020 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6506:, p. 1055. 6502: 6498: 6492:Westermann 2020 6490: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6010: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5890: 5884:Lehnstaedt 2021 5882: 5873: 5865: 5856: 5848: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5451: 5444: 5434:Peter Longerich 5432: 5428: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4361:Westermann 2020 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2843:, p. xxix. 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2749: 2745: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2553:in Berlin, 2016 2544: 2503: 2494:tried in Israel 2478:23 Nazi leaders 2453:, November 1945 2443: 2437: 2435:Criminal trials 2420: 2415: 2409: 2359:Jewish children 2352: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2290: 2284: 2255: 2179: 2174: 2126: 2120: 2080: 2063: 1991: 1985: 1916: 1910: 1834:the Netherlands 1809:Lublin District 1793: 1714:Security Police 1661: 1655: 1640: 1598:780,863–951,800 1594:Warsaw District 1570:170,618–238,900 1566:Lublin District 1542:440,823–596,200 1538:Lublin District 1498:Planning began 1412:Odilo Globocnik 1381: 1375: 1318: 1274:shot in Ukraine 1177:by April 1942. 1140: 1130: 1052: 998:Lublin District 972:Krakow District 968:Frysztak Ghetto 960: 954: 903:the Netherlands 835:(armed forces) 812: 695: 689: 683: 591: 458:and usually an 456:Jewish question 394: 346: 340: 243:occupied Poland 119: 89: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 27271: 27261: 27260: 27255: 27250: 27245: 27240: 27235: 27230: 27225: 27220: 27215: 27210: 27205: 27200: 27195: 27180: 27179: 27162: 27145: 27143:from Wikibooks 27128: 27111: 27109:from Wikiquote 27094: 27077: 27060: 27031: 27026: 27025: 27020: 27019: 27017: 27016: 27009: 27002: 26985: 26982: 26981: 26978: 26977: 26975: 26974: 26973: 26972: 26965: 26958: 26944: 26943: 26942: 26928: 26925:South Sakhalin 26921: 26920: 26919: 26905: 26898: 26891: 26884: 26877: 26876: 26875: 26861: 26854: 26847: 26840: 26833: 26826: 26819: 26812: 26805: 26798: 26791: 26784: 26777: 26770: 26762: 26760: 26754: 26753: 26751: 26750: 26743: 26742: 26741: 26725: 26718: 26717: 26716: 26702: 26695: 26688: 26681: 26674: 26665: 26656: 26649: 26640: 26633: 26626: 26619: 26610: 26603: 26596: 26589: 26582: 26575: 26568: 26559: 26552: 26543: 26534: 26525: 26518: 26511: 26500: 26490: 26488: 26482: 26481: 26479: 26478: 26471: 26470: 26469: 26462: 26448: 26441: 26434: 26427: 26420: 26419: 26418: 26404: 26397: 26388: 26381: 26374: 26367: 26360: 26353: 26350:Battle of Attu 26346: 26339: 26331: 26329: 26323: 26322: 26320: 26319: 26312: 26303: 26296: 26289: 26280: 26273: 26266: 26259: 26250: 26249: 26248: 26241: 26227: 26220: 26213: 26206: 26199: 26192: 26185: 26178: 26171: 26164: 26156: 26154: 26148: 26147: 26145: 26144: 26137: 26130: 26123: 26116: 26109: 26102: 26099:Battle of Guam 26095: 26088: 26081: 26074: 26067: 26060: 26053: 26046: 26039: 26032: 26025: 26022:Battle of Kiev 26018: 26011: 25997: 25996: 25995: 25981: 25974: 25967: 25960: 25953: 25952: 25951: 25937: 25930: 25923: 25915: 25913: 25907: 25906: 25904: 25903: 25894: 25887: 25880: 25873: 25866: 25859: 25852: 25845: 25838: 25831: 25824: 25817: 25810: 25803: 25796: 25789: 25782: 25775: 25767: 25765: 25759: 25758: 25756: 25755: 25748: 25741: 25734: 25727: 25720: 25713: 25705: 25703: 25697: 25696: 25694: 25693: 25692: 25691: 25684: 25677: 25670: 25663: 25649: 25648: 25647: 25640: 25626: 25625: 25624: 25609: 25607: 25598: 25592: 25591: 25588: 25587: 25585: 25584: 25577: 25570: 25569: 25568: 25561: 25549: 25548: 25547: 25533: 25526: 25525: 25524: 25521:United Kingdom 25517: 25510: 25509: 25508: 25489: 25481: 25479: 25473: 25472: 25470: 25469: 25462: 25461: 25460: 25453: 25441: 25434: 25427: 25420: 25413: 25406: 25399: 25392: 25385: 25378: 25371: 25364: 25357: 25350: 25343: 25342: 25341: 25334: 25320: 25313: 25306: 25299: 25292: 25285: 25278: 25271: 25264: 25257: 25250: 25243: 25236: 25229: 25222: 25215: 25207: 25205: 25199: 25198: 25196: 25195: 25188: 25181: 25174: 25167: 25160: 25153: 25146: 25139: 25132: 25125: 25117: 25115: 25109: 25108: 25106: 25105: 25098: 25091: 25084: 25076: 25069: 25062: 25055: 25054: 25053: 25038: 25031: 25024: 25017: 25010: 25003: 24995: 24988: 24981: 24973: 24965: 24963: 24957: 24956: 24954: 24953: 24946: 24945: 24944: 24930: 24929: 24928: 24925:British Empire 24918:United Kingdom 24914: 24907: 24900: 24893: 24886: 24879: 24867: 24860: 24853: 24846: 24839: 24832: 24825: 24818: 24811: 24799: 24792: 24785: 24778: 24771: 24759: 24751: 24744: 24737: 24734:Czechoslovakia 24730: 24723: 24716: 24709: 24697: 24690: 24683: 24676: 24668: 24666: 24657: 24651: 24650: 24647: 24646: 24644: 24643: 24642: 24641: 24634: 24631:Rape of Manila 24627: 24620: 24613: 24602: 24587: 24580: 24568: 24561: 24560: 24559: 24552: 24538: 24537: 24536: 24529: 24522: 24508: 24501: 24500: 24499: 24492: 24491: 24490: 24483: 24469: 24462: 24448: 24447: 24446: 24439: 24432: 24417: 24415: 24409: 24408: 24406: 24405: 24402:United Nations 24398: 24391: 24384: 24383: 24382: 24375: 24368: 24361: 24347: 24338: 24329: 24322: 24315: 24308: 24299: 24292: 24285: 24278: 24271: 24264: 24261:Decolonization 24257: 24250: 24242: 24240: 24234: 24233: 24231: 24230: 24223: 24222: 24221: 24207: 24200: 24199: 24198: 24191: 24184: 24170: 24169: 24168: 24161: 24147: 24146: 24145: 24138: 24131: 24124: 24117: 24110: 24095: 24093: 24087: 24086: 24084: 24083: 24076: 24069: 24062: 24055: 24048: 24041: 24034: 24033: 24032: 24025: 24011: 24004: 23997: 23990: 23983: 23976: 23969: 23968: 23967: 23953: 23946: 23945: 23944: 23937: 23934:United Kingdom 23930: 23916: 23909: 23902: 23895: 23888: 23881: 23874: 23873: 23872: 23857: 23855: 23846: 23842: 23841: 23839: 23838: 23831: 23824: 23823: 23822: 23815: 23808: 23796: 23795: 23794: 23780: 23772: 23769: 23768: 23761: 23760: 23753: 23746: 23738: 23729: 23728: 23716: 23713: 23712: 23710: 23709: 23703: 23698: 23692: 23686: 23680: 23674: 23673:(2016–ongoing) 23668: 23667:(2014–ongoing) 23662: 23656: 23655:(2014–ongoing) 23650: 23644: 23638: 23632: 23631:(2009–ongoing) 23626: 23625:(2004–ongoing) 23620: 23614: 23608: 23602: 23596: 23595: 23594: 23588: 23582: 23570: 23564: 23563: 23562: 23550: 23544: 23538: 23532: 23531:(1971–ongoing) 23526: 23520: 23519: 23518: 23512: 23500: 23499: 23498: 23492: 23486: 23474: 23468: 23467:(1953–ongoing) 23462: 23456: 23455:(1950–ongoing) 23450: 23449:(1949–ongoing) 23444: 23438: 23432: 23431:(1947–ongoing) 23426: 23425:(1947–ongoing) 23420: 23419:(1947–ongoing) 23414: 23408: 23402: 23396: 23393:Noakhali riots 23390: 23384: 23378: 23372: 23366: 23360: 23354: 23348: 23347: 23346: 23341: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23310: 23304: 23298: 23292: 23291: 23290: 23282:Greek genocide 23279: 23273: 23270:Adana massacre 23267: 23261: 23255: 23249: 23243: 23237: 23231: 23225: 23219: 23213: 23207: 23201: 23195: 23189: 23183: 23177: 23171: 23165: 23159: 23153: 23147: 23141: 23135: 23134:(c.184–c. 205) 23129: 23123: 23117: 23110: 23108: 23104: 23103: 23101: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23083:State religion 23080: 23075: 23070: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23050: 23045: 23040: 23035: 23030: 23025: 23020: 23015: 23010: 23005: 23000: 22995: 22990: 22988:Discrimination 22985: 22980: 22975: 22970: 22965: 22960: 22954: 22952: 22948: 22947: 22943: 22942: 22940:Zoroastrianism 22937: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22916: 22915: 22905: 22904: 22903: 22902: 22901: 22896: 22891: 22886: 22871: 22870: 22869: 22867:Untouchability 22864: 22854: 22849: 22848: 22847: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22801: 22800: 22799: 22797: 22793: 22792: 22789:discrimination 22781: 22780: 22773: 22766: 22758: 22749: 22748: 22746: 22745: 22735: 22725: 22714: 22711: 22710: 22708: 22707: 22702: 22700:Reverse racism 22697: 22696: 22695: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22673:Racial figleaf 22670: 22665: 22660: 22655: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22594: 22592: 22591:Related topics 22588: 22587: 22585: 22584: 22583: 22582: 22572: 22567: 22562: 22557: 22552: 22550:Middle Eastern 22547: 22542: 22541: 22540: 22535: 22525: 22524: 22523: 22513: 22508: 22507: 22506: 22501: 22491: 22490: 22489: 22484: 22483: 22482: 22472: 22471: 22470: 22465: 22455: 22454: 22453: 22448: 22433: 22427: 22425: 22421: 22420: 22418: 22417: 22416: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22395: 22394: 22393: 22388: 22383: 22373: 22372: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22346: 22345: 22344: 22342:United Kingdom 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22284: 22279: 22278: 22277: 22272: 22267: 22257: 22256: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22240: 22235: 22230: 22220: 22219: 22218: 22213: 22203: 22197: 22195: 22189: 22188: 22186: 22185: 22180: 22175: 22170: 22165: 22160: 22155: 22150: 22145: 22140: 22135: 22130: 22125: 22120: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22099: 22097: 22094:Manifestations 22091: 22090: 22088: 22087: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22037: 22032: 22027: 22022: 22017: 22012: 22007: 22002: 21997: 21992: 21986: 21984: 21980: 21979: 21972: 21971: 21964: 21957: 21949: 21940: 21939: 21929: 21926: 21925: 21921: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21886: 21877: 21872: 21867: 21865:Beefsteak Nazi 21862: 21861: 21860: 21855: 21844: 21843: 21842: 21840: 21834: 21833: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21814: 21813:German society 21808: 21807: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21767: 21766: 21764: 21760: 21759: 21755: 21754: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21715: 21708: 21703: 21696: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21676: 21670: 21669: 21668: 21666: 21660: 21659: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21645:Final Solution 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21625: 21623:and war crimes 21617: 21616: 21612: 21607: 21602: 21597: 21592: 21587: 21585:von Liebenfels 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21541: 21540: 21538: 21532: 21531: 21527: 21522: 21517: 21512: 21507: 21502: 21497: 21495:von Ribbentrop 21492: 21487: 21482: 21477: 21472: 21467: 21462: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21421: 21420: 21418: 21412: 21411: 21407: 21398: 21389: 21388: 21387: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21342: 21341: 21336: 21331: 21322: 21313: 21308: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21288: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21247: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21221: 21216: 21214:Indoctrination 21211: 21210: 21209: 21204: 21195: 21191:Heim ins Reich 21186: 21176: 21167: 21158: 21153: 21148: 21143: 21142: 21141: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21116: 21115: 21110: 21096: 21091: 21086: 21084:Blood and soil 21081: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21061: 21059:Anti-communism 21056: 21051: 21050: 21049: 21047: 21041: 21040: 21036: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20998:Doctors' Trial 20995: 20990: 20982:Final solution 20979: 20974: 20969: 20967:Denazification 20964: 20959: 20956: 20951: 20942: 20933: 20928: 20926:Nuremberg Laws 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20879: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20858:Early timeline 20855: 20854: 20853: 20851: 20845: 20844: 20840: 20839: 20829: 20824:Sturmabteilung 20819: 20814: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20756: 20747: 20737: 20736: 20735: 20733: 20729: 20728: 20721: 20720: 20713: 20706: 20698: 20689: 20688: 20685: 20684: 20682: 20681: 20673: 20664: 20661: 20660: 20658: 20657: 20650: 20643: 20636: 20629: 20622: 20615: 20608: 20601: 20594: 20587: 20579: 20577: 20568: 20567: 20559: 20550: 20548: 20544: 20543: 20541: 20540: 20532: 20524: 20516: 20508: 20500: 20492: 20484: 20476: 20468: 20460: 20452: 20444: 20435: 20433: 20429: 20428: 20425: 20424: 20422: 20421: 20413: 20405: 20397: 20388: 20386: 20378: 20377: 20375: 20374: 20367: 20360: 20353: 20346: 20339: 20332: 20324: 20322: 20314: 20313: 20311: 20310: 20303: 20300:Matzuva attack 20296: 20289: 20282: 20275: 20268: 20261: 20254: 20246: 20244: 20236: 20235: 20233: 20232: 20225: 20217: 20215: 20208: 20201: 20197: 20196: 20193: 20192: 20189: 20188: 20186: 20185: 20177: 20169: 20165:Purim massacre 20161: 20153: 20145: 20137: 20129: 20120: 20118: 20110: 20109: 20107: 20106: 20102:Purim stabbing 20098: 20090: 20082: 20074: 20066: 20058: 20050: 20041: 20039: 20031: 20030: 20028: 20027: 20019: 20011: 20003: 19995: 19987: 19979: 19971: 19962: 19960: 19952: 19951: 19949: 19948: 19940: 19936:Tripoli pogrom 19932: 19924: 19916: 19907: 19905: 19897: 19896: 19894: 19893: 19885: 19883: 19875: 19874: 19872: 19871: 19864: 19861:Cairo bombings 19857: 19850: 19843: 19835: 19833: 19825: 19824: 19822: 19821: 19814: 19807: 19800: 19793: 19785: 19783: 19775: 19774: 19772: 19771: 19764: 19757: 19749: 19747: 19740: 19736: 19735: 19732: 19731: 19729: 19728: 19721: 19714: 19707: 19700: 19692: 19690: 19682: 19681: 19679: 19678: 19670: 19663: 19660:Luduș massacre 19656: 19648: 19646: 19638: 19637: 19635: 19634: 19627: 19620: 19612: 19610: 19602: 19601: 19599: 19598: 19595:Sarny massacre 19591: 19584: 19576: 19574: 19566: 19565: 19563: 19562: 19554: 19547: 19540: 19533: 19526: 19519: 19512: 19505: 19498: 19491: 19484: 19477: 19470: 19463: 19456: 19449: 19442: 19435: 19427: 19425: 19417: 19416: 19414: 19413: 19410:Dorohoi pogrom 19405: 19403: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19391: 19384: 19381:Dynów massacre 19377: 19369: 19367: 19359: 19358: 19356: 19355: 19348: 19340: 19338: 19331: 19325: 19324: 19322: 19321: 19302: 19298:Przytyk pogrom 19294: 19286: 19282:Thrace pogroms 19278: 19270: 19262: 19254: 19250:Safed massacre 19246: 19231: 19222: 19219: 19218: 19216: 19215: 19208: 19201: 19194: 19187: 19180: 19173: 19166: 19159: 19151: 19149: 19139: 19138: 19131: 19124: 19116: 19108: 19100: 19092: 19084: 19076: 19068: 19064:Siedlce pogrom 19060: 19052: 19044: 19036: 19028: 19020: 19012: 19003: 19001: 18994: 18990: 18989: 18986: 18985: 18983: 18982: 18974: 18965: 18962: 18961: 18959: 18958: 18951: 18944: 18936: 18934: 18931:Russian Empire 18924: 18923: 18915: 18907: 18899: 18891: 18887:Safed massacre 18883: 18875: 18867: 18859: 18851: 18843: 18839:Tétouan pogrom 18835: 18827: 18819: 18815:Safed massacre 18811: 18802: 18800: 18796: 18795: 18793: 18792: 18784: 18776: 18768: 18760: 18752: 18744: 18736: 18732:Cordoba pogrom 18728: 18720: 18712: 18704: 18695: 18692: 18691: 18689: 18688: 18681: 18674: 18667: 18660: 18652: 18650: 18640: 18639: 18631: 18627:Navarre pogrom 18623: 18614: 18612: 18605: 18601: 18600: 18597: 18596: 18594: 18593: 18585: 18577: 18568: 18565: 18564: 18562: 18561: 18554: 18547: 18539: 18537: 18527: 18526: 18518: 18510: 18501: 18499: 18495: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18488: 18487: 18479: 18471: 18463: 18455: 18446: 18444: 18443:Jewish revolts 18437: 18436: 18428: 18419: 18417: 18410: 18406: 18405: 18390: 18389: 18382: 18375: 18367: 18358: 18357: 18355: 18354: 18349: 18343: 18340: 18339: 18337: 18336: 18335: 18334: 18324: 18323: 18322: 18317: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18290:Reform Judaism 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18266: 18264: 18260: 18259: 18257: 18256: 18251: 18249:Ottoman Empire 18246: 18245: 18244: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18223: 18222: 18217: 18207: 18206: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18181: 18179: 18173: 18172: 18170: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18153: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18116: 18115: 18104: 18102: 18096: 18095: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18052: 18050: 18044: 18043: 18041: 18040: 18039: 18038: 18033: 18032: 18031: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 17996: 17991: 17985: 17983: 17976: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17958:Yehud Medinata 17955: 17950: 17945: 17939: 17937: 17931: 17930: 17928: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17881: 17879: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17822:Historiography 17818: 17816: 17812: 17811: 17808:Jewish history 17804: 17803: 17796: 17789: 17781: 17772: 17771: 17769: 17768: 17762: 17756: 17750: 17744: 17738: 17732: 17725: 17723: 17719: 17718: 17716: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17698:Václav Morávek 17694: 17692: 17688: 17687: 17685: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17663: 17661: 17657: 17656: 17654: 17653: 17647: 17641: 17638:Katrin Himmler 17635: 17629: 17626:Gebhard Ludwig 17623: 17617: 17614:Gudrun Burwitz 17611: 17604: 17602: 17598: 17597: 17595: 17594: 17589: 17587:Posen speeches 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17513: 17511: 17503: 17502: 17500: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17484: 17479: 17473: 17471: 17467: 17466: 17464: 17463: 17457: 17451: 17445: 17444:(aide-de-camp) 17439: 17433: 17427: 17421: 17415: 17409: 17403: 17398: 17392: 17387: 17381: 17379: 17371: 17370: 17368: 17367: 17362: 17359: 17351: 17348: 17347: 17340: 17339: 17332: 17325: 17317: 17308: 17307: 17304: 17303: 17301: 17300: 17292: 17284: 17276: 17268: 17260: 17252: 17244: 17236: 17227: 17224: 17223: 17211: 17210: 17208: 17207: 17199: 17191: 17183: 17182: 17181: 17173: 17165: 17149: 17141: 17133: 17125: 17117: 17108: 17105: 17104: 17092: 17091: 17089: 17088: 17080: 17072: 17064: 17056: 17048: 17040: 17036:Eichmann trial 17032: 17024: 17016: 17008: 17000: 16992: 16984: 16976: 16968: 16960: 16952: 16944: 16936: 16928: 16920: 16916:Chełmno trials 16912: 16904: 16896: 16888: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16861: 16857: 16856: 16854: 16853: 16846: 16839: 16832: 16825: 16818: 16811: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16795: 16788: 16773: 16771: 16767: 16766: 16764: 16763: 16756: 16749: 16742: 16735: 16728: 16721: 16714: 16713: 16712: 16709:Trivialization 16697: 16695: 16689: 16688: 16686: 16685: 16678: 16671: 16664: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16648: 16645:Killing Fields 16634: 16627: 16620: 16613: 16606: 16598: 16596: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16567: 16560: 16553: 16546: 16539: 16532: 16525: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16515: 16514: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16476: 16474: 16470: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16462: 16454: 16446: 16438: 16430: 16422: 16414: 16406: 16405: 16404: 16389: 16380: 16377: 16376: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16350: 16342: 16341: 16340: 16325: 16317: 16309: 16301: 16293: 16285: 16281:Kuwaiti Bedoon 16277: 16269: 16261: 16253: 16245: 16237: 16229: 16228: 16227: 16220: 16208: 16200: 16192: 16184: 16176: 16168: 16160: 16152: 16143: 16140: 16139: 16125: 16124: 16122: 16121: 16117:Crimean Tatars 16113: 16105: 16097: 16089: 16081: 16073: 16065: 16057: 16049: 16041: 16033: 16025: 16017: 16009: 16001: 15993: 15985: 15977: 15969: 15961: 15953: 15945: 15941:Kantō Massacre 15937: 15929: 15921: 15913: 15905: 15904: 15903: 15895: 15887: 15879: 15871: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15838: 15835: 15834: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15815: 15814: 15799: 15791: 15783: 15775: 15767: 15759: 15751: 15743: 15735: 15727: 15719: 15718: 15717: 15709: 15701: 15697:Trail of Tears 15693: 15689:Indian removal 15678: 15670: 15662: 15661: 15660: 15652: 15637: 15629: 15621: 15613: 15605: 15604: 15603: 15595: 15580: 15572: 15564: 15556: 15548: 15540: 15532: 15528:Kashmiri Shias 15524: 15516: 15508: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15481: 15480: 15478: 15477: 15469: 15461: 15453: 15445: 15437: 15429: 15421: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15396: 15388: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15362: 15350: 15349: 15342: 15341: 15334: 15327: 15319: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15294:Korherr Report 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15274:The Black Book 15271: 15265: 15263: 15259: 15258: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15215: 15213: 15207: 15206: 15204: 15203: 15197: 15195: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15180: 15174: 15172: 15166: 15165: 15163: 15162: 15155: 15148: 15142: 15140: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15104: 15102: 15096: 15095: 15093: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15061: 15059: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15043: 15041: 15035: 15034: 15032: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15015: 15013: 15004: 15000: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14992: 14985: 14980: 14972: 14967: 14959: 14930: 14928: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14920: 14913: 14906: 14901: 14893: 14885: 14877: 14869: 14860: 14858: 14851: 14847: 14846: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14839: 14834: 14832:Konrāds Kalējs 14829: 14824: 14819: 14813: 14811: 14807: 14806: 14804: 14803: 14801:Albert Widmann 14798: 14796:Heinz Schubert 14793: 14788: 14786:Emil Haussmann 14783: 14781:Joachim Hamann 14778: 14776:Lothar Fendler 14773: 14767: 14765: 14761: 14760: 14758: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14745:Eduard Strauch 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14645:Gerhard Flesch 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14620:Otto Bradfisch 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14571: 14569: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14525:Otto Ohlendorf 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14476: 14474: 14472:Einsatzgruppen 14469:Commanders of 14466: 14465: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14451: 14449: 14442: 14438: 14437: 14427:Einsatzgruppen 14422: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14399: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14386: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14367: 14366: 14361: 14355: 14353: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14345: 14339: 14333: 14327: 14321: 14315: 14309: 14303: 14297: 14291: 14285: 14279: 14273: 14266: 14264: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14254: 14247: 14240: 14233: 14226: 14219: 14217:Hitler Diaries 14214: 14207: 14200: 14193: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14155: 14150: 14148:Hitler's Globe 14144: 14142: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14095:August Kubizek 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14049: 14047: 14043: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14035: 14025: 14015: 14005: 14000: 13998:Braunau am Inn 13994: 13992: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13984: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13919: 13908: 13906: 13894: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13850:Hitler cabinet 13847: 13842: 13836: 13834: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13804: 13803: 13802: 13797: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13763: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13741: 13739: 13735: 13734: 13727: 13726: 13719: 13712: 13704: 13698: 13695: 13694: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13612: 13605:United Kingdom 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13586: 13585: 13580: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13539: 13538: 13528: 13523: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13482: 13481: 13470: 13468: 13464: 13463: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13419: 13417: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13400: 13399: 13398: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13366:Nuremberg Laws 13363: 13358: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13335: 13334: 13329: 13322:Jewish quarter 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13298: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13281: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13236: 13230: 13228: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13220: 13218:ZOG conspiracy 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13184: 13183: 13178: 13176:Final Solution 13168: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13109:Ghetto benches 13105: 13103: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13092: 13091: 13086: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13032: 13030:Jewish deicide 13027: 13021: 13019: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12963: 12958: 12951: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12905: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12872: 12870: 12869:Related topics 12866: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12809: 12808: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12763: 12762: 12757: 12747: 12746: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12675: 12674: 12667: 12660: 12652: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12631: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12583: 12582: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12542:trivialization 12534: 12533: 12532: 12522: 12520:Eichmann trial 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12480: 12474: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12462: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12415:Nuremberg Laws 12412: 12407: 12401: 12399: 12398:Early elements 12391: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12383: 12380: 12379:Early elements 12376: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12314:Arajs Kommando 12310: 12308: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12285:Einsatzgruppen 12280: 12278: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12235: 12227: 12221: 12219: 12212: 12211: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12198:Responsibility 12189: 12188: 12185: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12136: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12084: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12050: 12049: 12048: 12037: 12035: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11977:Einsatzgruppen 11972: 11970: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11946: 11944: 11941:Final Solution 11936: 11935: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11880: 11878: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11854: 11852: 11843: 11833: 11832: 11820: 11819: 11816: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11804: 11802:Ústredňa Židov 11799: 11794: 11788: 11786: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11767:Theresienstadt 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11697: 11695: 11686: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11671: 11664: 11657: 11652: 11643: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11606:Einsatzgruppen 11602: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11587: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11412:Mittelbau-Dora 11409: 11400: 11395: 11393:Kraków-Płaszów 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11339: 11337: 11327: 11326: 11310: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11283:Rescue of Jews 11280: 11279: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11232: 11230: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11106: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11028: 11026: 11018: 11017: 11010: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10987: 10980: 10979: 10969:(4): 459–478. 10952: 10940:(2): 222–242. 10923: 10895:(132): 62–70. 10881: 10871:(2–3): 73–94. 10855: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10819: 10799: 10793: 10777: 10771: 10755:Weitz, Eric D. 10751: 10743:|journal= 10725: 10704: 10698: 10685: 10664: 10635: 10629: 10613: 10607: 10594: 10588: 10575: 10569: 10549: 10543: 10526: 10520: 10496: 10490: 10477: 10471: 10454: 10448: 10428: 10422: 10414:Berghahn Books 10401: 10395: 10375: 10369: 10353: 10347: 10331: 10325: 10305: 10299: 10283: 10277: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10242: 10222: 10216: 10199: 10193: 10173: 10167: 10145: 10131: 10108: 10102: 10082: 10076: 10053: 10047: 10028: 10022: 10001: 9995: 9975: 9969: 9947: 9941: 9922: 9916: 9894: 9878: 9872: 9852: 9846: 9831: 9805: 9799: 9777: 9771: 9749: 9743: 9717: 9711: 9692: 9686: 9666: 9660: 9640: 9634: 9614: 9608: 9588: 9582: 9560: 9554: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9518: 9492: 9480: 9474:978-0801486814 9473: 9452: 9448:Sutcliffe 2022 9440: 9438:, p. 119. 9436:Rosenfeld 2015 9428: 9416: 9404: 9397: 9385:Moses, A. Dirk 9376: 9369: 9351: 9330: 9307: 9281: 9274: 9256: 9254:, p. 305. 9244: 9213: 9211:, p. 103. 9201: 9189: 9187:, p. 308. 9174: 9162: 9160:, p. 191. 9150: 9146:Rosenfeld 2015 9138: 9126: 9122:Rosenfeld 2015 9114: 9112:, p. 185. 9102: 9098:Rosenfeld 2015 9090: 9088:, p. 104. 9078: 9074:Sutcliffe 2022 9066: 9064:, p. 288. 9049: 9042: 9028:Benz, Wolfgang 9019: 9012: 8992: 8985: 8962: 8955: 8943:Moses, A. Dirk 8934: 8932:, p. 110. 8922: 8918:Rosenfeld 2015 8910: 8898: 8886: 8884:, p. 556. 8874: 8872:, p. 485. 8858: 8856:, p. 487. 8842: 8840:, p. 552. 8830: 8814: 8802: 8775: 8763: 8761:, p. 548. 8748: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8698:, p. 184. 8688: 8686:, p. 534. 8676: 8674:, p. 525. 8664: 8662:, p. 177. 8652: 8650:, p. 176. 8640: 8638:, p. 524. 8628: 8626:, p. 174. 8616: 8614:, p. 521. 8604: 8592: 8590:, p. 509. 8577: 8565: 8553: 8541: 8526: 8501: 8491: 8479:Martin Gilbert 8470: 8459:on 4 June 2024 8438: 8436:, p. 210. 8426: 8424:, p. 191. 8414: 8412:, p. 207. 8402: 8400:, p. 100. 8390: 8323: 8297: 8258: 8246: 8234: 8222: 8220:, p. 407. 8210: 8183: 8181:, p. 404. 8171: 8169:, p. 155. 8156: 8144: 8137: 8102: 8095: 8077:Benz, Wolfgang 8068: 8061: 8041: 8039:, p. 214. 8026: 8024:, p. 215. 8009: 8007:, p. 178. 7997: 7985: 7983:, p. 418. 7981:Longerich 2010 7973: 7971:, p. 235. 7961: 7959:, p. 233. 7949: 7947:, p. 272. 7937: 7933:Longerich 2010 7925: 7923:, p. 116. 7913: 7911:, p. 415. 7909:Longerich 2010 7898: 7896:, p. 234. 7883: 7881:, p. 414. 7879:Longerich 2010 7868: 7864:Longerich 2010 7856: 7854:, p. 188. 7844: 7842:, p. 457. 7840:Wachsmann 2015 7832: 7830:, p. 114. 7820: 7818:, p. 193. 7808: 7796: 7794:, p. 103. 7784: 7782:, p. 221. 7772: 7768:Longerich 2010 7760: 7758:, p. 302. 7748: 7746:, p. 102. 7736: 7734:, p. 113. 7724: 7720:Longerich 2010 7712: 7710:, p. 391. 7708:Longerich 2010 7700: 7698:, p. 196. 7688: 7686:, p. 266. 7676: 7674:, p. 408. 7672:Longerich 2010 7661: 7649: 7637: 7625: 7593: 7591:, p. 393. 7589:Messenger 2020 7581: 7569: 7567:, p. 140. 7557: 7545: 7543:, p. 243. 7533: 7521: 7519:, p. 242. 7509: 7507:, p. 648. 7497: 7495:, p. 290. 7485: 7483:, p. 417. 7473: 7461: 7449: 7447:, p. 269. 7437: 7435:, p. 206. 7422: 7420:, p. 360. 7410: 7398: 7396:, p. 382. 7394:Longerich 2010 7386: 7384:, p. 423. 7374: 7372:, p. 420. 7362: 7360:, p. 419. 7350: 7338: 7336:, p. 413. 7326: 7314: 7312:, p. 236. 7302: 7290: 7288:, p. 117. 7273: 7267:978-0896728370 7266: 7244: 7237: 7204: 7197: 7172: 7154: 7129: 7121: 7103: 7088: 7057: 7045: 7043:, p. 195. 7033: 7021: 7019:, p. 189. 7009: 7007:, p. 187. 6997: 6995:, p. 194. 6985: 6973: 6971:, p. 265. 6961: 6949: 6947:, p. 293. 6945:Wachsmann 2015 6937: 6935:, p. 274. 6925: 6923:, p. 456. 6921:Wachsmann 2015 6913: 6911:, p. 290. 6909:Wachsmann 2015 6901: 6889: 6885:Longerich 2010 6877: 6875:, p. 270. 6865: 6863:, p. 143. 6853: 6851:, p. 207. 6841: 6839:, p. 142. 6826: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6776:, p. 383. 6774:Messenger 2020 6766: 6754: 6752:, p. 166. 6742: 6740:, p. 349. 6727: 6725:, p. 450. 6715: 6713:, p. 340. 6703: 6701:, p. 379. 6699:Wachsmann 2015 6691: 6687:Wachsmann 2015 6679: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6641:, p. 281. 6631: 6619: 6617:, p. 260. 6604: 6602:, p. 280. 6592: 6590:, p. 211. 6580: 6578:, p. 213. 6568: 6566:, p. 269. 6556: 6554:, p. 121. 6544: 6542:, p. 265. 6532: 6520: 6518:, p. 264. 6508: 6496: 6494:, p. 117. 6477: 6465: 6453: 6451:, p. 105. 6441: 6439:, p. 387. 6429: 6427:, p. 396. 6425:Longerich 2010 6417: 6405: 6403:, p. 392. 6401:Longerich 2010 6393: 6389:Longerich 2010 6381: 6369: 6357: 6353:Longerich 2010 6345: 6333: 6321: 6317:Longerich 2010 6309: 6307:, p. 257. 6297: 6285: 6256: 6254:, p. 366. 6244: 6232: 6220: 6218:, p. 460. 6208: 6191: 6189:, p. 321. 6187:Longerich 2010 6179: 6175:Longerich 2010 6167: 6165:, p. 214. 6155: 6151:Longerich 2010 6143: 6141:, p. 110. 6131: 6119: 6115:Longerich 2010 6107: 6103:Longerich 2010 6095: 6093:, p. 352. 6091:Longerich 2010 6083: 6071: 6069:, p. 343. 6067:Longerich 2010 6059: 6057:, p. 337. 6055:Longerich 2010 6047: 6045:, p. 203. 6035: 6031:Longerich 2010 6023: 6021:, p. 209. 6008: 6006:, p. 338. 6004:Longerich 2010 5996: 5994:, p. 339. 5992:Longerich 2010 5981: 5979:, p. 340. 5977:Longerich 2010 5969: 5967:, p. 220. 5957: 5955:, p. 342. 5953:Longerich 2010 5945: 5943:, p. 200. 5930: 5928:, p. 243. 5918: 5903: 5888: 5871: 5854: 5852:, p. 120. 5807: 5805:, p. 208. 5795: 5793:, p. 111. 5783: 5781:, p. 247. 5771: 5769:, p. 121. 5759: 5757:, p. 274. 5747: 5745:, p. 209. 5735: 5733:, p. 273. 5723: 5666: 5659: 5637: 5635:, p. 211. 5625: 5623:, p. 199. 5610: 5598: 5596:, p. 330. 5594:Longerich 2010 5586: 5574: 5572:, p. 283. 5562: 5560:, p. 204. 5547: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5507:Longerich 2010 5496: 5484: 5480:Longerich 2010 5472: 5468:Longerich 2010 5460: 5442: 5426: 5424:, p. 210. 5411: 5407:Longerich 2010 5399: 5397:, p. 209. 5387: 5372: 5370:, p. 279. 5368:Longerich 2010 5360: 5345: 5343:, p. 202. 5333: 5321: 5319:, p. 306. 5317:Longerich 2010 5309: 5307:, p. 199. 5290: 5278: 5276:, p. 303. 5274:Longerich 2010 5266: 5264:, p. 204. 5254: 5237: 5235:, p. 120. 5225: 5213: 5211:, p. 200. 5201: 5199:, p. 128. 5186: 5174: 5162: 5160:, p. 142. 5150: 5148:, p. 300. 5146:Longerich 2010 5138: 5134:Longerich 2010 5126: 5124:, p. 286. 5122:Longerich 2010 5114: 5102: 5098:Longerich 2010 5090: 5078: 5076:, p. 224. 5074:Longerich 2010 5066: 5064:, p. 380. 5054: 5052:, p. 371. 5042: 5030: 5028:, p. 207. 5018: 5016:, p. 372. 5006: 4991: 4989:, p. 203. 4979: 4977:, p. 203. 4967: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4924:, p. 207. 4922:Longerich 2010 4914: 4912:, p. 132. 4897: 4885: 4873: 4871:, p. 190. 4869:Longerich 2010 4861: 4859:, p. 129. 4849: 4847:, p. 185. 4837: 4822: 4820:, p. 202. 4810: 4808:, p. 107. 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4760:, p. 128. 4746: 4734: 4722: 4720:, p. 182. 4710: 4698: 4696:, p. 298. 4683: 4668: 4656: 4654:, p. 190. 4641: 4639:, p. 288. 4629: 4627:, p. 161. 4617: 4605: 4603:, p. 294. 4593: 4581: 4569: 4567:, p. 125. 4557: 4555:, pp. 65. 4545: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4505:Longerich 2010 4497: 4485: 4473: 4471:, p. 180. 4469:Longerich 2010 4461: 4449: 4437: 4435:, p. 179. 4433:Longerich 2010 4425: 4413: 4401: 4399:, p. 172. 4389: 4387:, p. 351. 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4327:, p. 272. 4325:Longerich 2010 4317: 4315:, p. 240. 4305: 4303:, p. 254. 4288: 4276: 4274:, p. 253. 4264: 4262:, p. 252. 4252: 4250:, p. 117. 4240: 4228: 4226:, p. 115. 4216: 4214:, p. 116. 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4163:, p. 164. 4161:Longerich 2010 4150: 4148:, p. 201. 4133: 4121: 4119:, p. 108. 4109: 4107:, p. 148. 4105:Longerich 2010 4097: 4085: 4083:, p. 207. 4073: 4071:, p. 254. 4061: 4049: 4034: 4032:, p. 284. 4022: 4010: 4008:, p. 162. 3998: 3986: 3974: 3972:, p. 362. 3962: 3950: 3938: 3923: 3921:, p. 241. 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3848: 3831: 3827:Longerich 2010 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3710: 3708:, p. 655. 3698: 3694:Longerich 2010 3686: 3684:, p. 200. 3674: 3672:, p. 112. 3670:Longerich 2010 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3564:, p. 106. 3554: 3539: 3535:Longerich 2010 3527: 3523:Longerich 2010 3512: 3500: 3485: 3481:Longerich 2010 3473: 3461: 3446: 3434: 3432:, p. 148. 3422: 3410: 3406:Longerich 2010 3398: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3355:Wachsmann 2015 3347: 3330: 3318: 3316:, p. 151. 3306: 3294: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3166:, p. 143. 3156: 3154:, p. 197. 3144: 3142:, p. 135. 3132: 3130:, p. 133. 3120: 3103: 3091: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3050:, p. 196. 3040: 3038:, p. 146. 3028: 3016: 3004: 3002:, p. 195. 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2869: 2867:, p. 311. 2857: 2845: 2830: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2802:(SS-WVHA) was 2787: 2775: 2743: 2707:Sahlstrom 2021 2673: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2543: 2540: 2535:European Union 2502: 2499: 2490:Adolf Eichmann 2480:primarily for 2436: 2433: 2419: 2416: 2411:Main article: 2408: 2405: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2286:Main article: 2283: 2280: 2254: 2251: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2122:Main article: 2119: 2116: 2062: 2059: 2019:IG-Farbenwerke 1984: 1981: 1909: 1906: 1792: 1789: 1747:Radom District 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1639:September 1941 1637: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1404:Arthur Greiser 1396:Einsatzgruppen 1377:Main article: 1374: 1371: 1360:, head of the 1322:explicit order 1317: 1314: 1301:Einsatzgruppen 1264:to ghettos in 1182:Einsatzgruppen 1168:eastern Poland 1129: 1126: 1106:Masha Bruskina 1051: 1048: 1006:deporting Jews 953: 950: 854:Einsatzgruppen 837:invaded Poland 811: 808: 712:Nuremberg Laws 685:Main article: 682: 679: 635:homosexual men 631:Roma and Sinti 590: 587: 505:. Germany had 393: 390: 386:Final Solution 362:Roma and Sinti 354:burnt offering 342:Main article: 339: 336: 311:in May 1945. 309:end of the war 278:invaded Poland 258:their ideology 215:mass shootings 178: 177: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 95: 91: 90: 71: 63: 62: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27270: 27259: 27256: 27254: 27251: 27249: 27246: 27244: 27241: 27239: 27236: 27234: 27231: 27229: 27226: 27224: 27221: 27219: 27216: 27214: 27211: 27209: 27206: 27204: 27201: 27199: 27196: 27194: 27193:The Holocaust 27191: 27190: 27188: 27176: 27175: 27174:Travel guides 27163: 27159: 27158: 27146: 27142: 27141: 27129: 27125: 27124: 27112: 27108: 27107: 27095: 27092:from Wikinews 27091: 27090: 27078: 27074: 27073: 27061: 27057: 27056: 27044: 27043: 27040: 27034: 27033:The Holocaust 27014: 27010: 27007: 27003: 27000: 26999: 26994: 26987: 26986: 26983: 26970: 26966: 26963: 26959: 26956: 26952: 26951: 26949: 26945: 26940: 26936: 26935: 26933: 26932:Kuril Islands 26929: 26926: 26922: 26917: 26913: 26912: 26910: 26906: 26903: 26899: 26896: 26892: 26889: 26885: 26882: 26878: 26873: 26869: 26868: 26866: 26862: 26859: 26855: 26852: 26848: 26845: 26841: 26838: 26834: 26831: 26827: 26824: 26820: 26817: 26813: 26810: 26806: 26803: 26799: 26796: 26792: 26789: 26785: 26782: 26778: 26775: 26771: 26768: 26764: 26763: 26761: 26759: 26755: 26748: 26744: 26739: 26738: 26733: 26732: 26730: 26726: 26723: 26719: 26714: 26710: 26709: 26707: 26703: 26700: 26699:Syrmian Front 26696: 26693: 26689: 26686: 26682: 26679: 26675: 26672: 26671: 26666: 26663: 26662: 26657: 26654: 26650: 26647: 26646: 26645:Market Garden 26641: 26638: 26634: 26631: 26627: 26624: 26620: 26617: 26616: 26611: 26608: 26604: 26601: 26597: 26594: 26590: 26587: 26583: 26580: 26576: 26573: 26569: 26566: 26565: 26560: 26557: 26553: 26550: 26549: 26544: 26541: 26540: 26535: 26532: 26531: 26526: 26523: 26519: 26516: 26512: 26509: 26505: 26504:Monte Cassino 26501: 26498: 26497: 26492: 26491: 26489: 26487: 26483: 26476: 26472: 26467: 26463: 26460: 26456: 26455: 26453: 26449: 26446: 26442: 26439: 26435: 26432: 26428: 26425: 26421: 26416: 26412: 26411: 26409: 26405: 26402: 26398: 26395: 26394: 26389: 26386: 26382: 26379: 26375: 26372: 26368: 26365: 26361: 26358: 26354: 26351: 26347: 26344: 26340: 26337: 26333: 26332: 26330: 26328: 26324: 26317: 26313: 26310: 26309: 26304: 26301: 26297: 26294: 26290: 26287: 26286: 26281: 26278: 26274: 26271: 26267: 26264: 26260: 26257: 26256: 26251: 26246: 26242: 26239: 26235: 26234: 26232: 26228: 26225: 26221: 26218: 26214: 26211: 26207: 26204: 26200: 26197: 26193: 26190: 26186: 26183: 26179: 26176: 26172: 26169: 26165: 26162: 26158: 26157: 26155: 26153: 26149: 26142: 26138: 26135: 26131: 26128: 26124: 26121: 26117: 26114: 26110: 26107: 26103: 26100: 26096: 26093: 26089: 26086: 26082: 26079: 26075: 26072: 26068: 26065: 26061: 26058: 26054: 26051: 26047: 26044: 26040: 26037: 26033: 26030: 26026: 26023: 26019: 26016: 26012: 26008: 26007: 26002: 25998: 25993: 25989: 25988: 25986: 25982: 25979: 25975: 25972: 25968: 25965: 25961: 25958: 25954: 25949: 25945: 25944: 25942: 25938: 25935: 25931: 25928: 25924: 25921: 25917: 25916: 25914: 25912: 25908: 25901: 25900: 25895: 25892: 25888: 25885: 25881: 25878: 25874: 25871: 25870:Baltic states 25867: 25864: 25860: 25857: 25853: 25850: 25846: 25843: 25839: 25836: 25832: 25829: 25825: 25822: 25818: 25815: 25811: 25808: 25804: 25801: 25797: 25794: 25790: 25787: 25783: 25780: 25776: 25773: 25769: 25768: 25766: 25764: 25760: 25753: 25749: 25746: 25742: 25739: 25735: 25732: 25728: 25725: 25721: 25718: 25714: 25711: 25707: 25706: 25704: 25702: 25698: 25689: 25685: 25682: 25678: 25675: 25671: 25668: 25664: 25661: 25657: 25656: 25654: 25650: 25645: 25641: 25638: 25634: 25633: 25631: 25627: 25622: 25618: 25617: 25615: 25611: 25610: 25608: 25606: 25602: 25599: 25597: 25593: 25582: 25578: 25575: 25571: 25566: 25562: 25559: 25555: 25554: 25550: 25545: 25541: 25540: 25538: 25534: 25531: 25527: 25522: 25518: 25515: 25514:United States 25511: 25506: 25502: 25501: 25499: 25495: 25494: 25490: 25487: 25483: 25482: 25480: 25478: 25474: 25467: 25463: 25458: 25454: 25451: 25450:Quốc dân Đảng 25447: 25446: 25442: 25439: 25435: 25432: 25428: 25425: 25421: 25418: 25414: 25411: 25407: 25404: 25400: 25397: 25393: 25390: 25386: 25383: 25379: 25376: 25372: 25369: 25365: 25362: 25358: 25355: 25351: 25348: 25344: 25339: 25335: 25332: 25328: 25327: 25325: 25321: 25318: 25314: 25311: 25307: 25304: 25300: 25297: 25293: 25290: 25286: 25283: 25279: 25276: 25272: 25269: 25265: 25262: 25258: 25255: 25251: 25248: 25244: 25241: 25237: 25234: 25230: 25227: 25223: 25220: 25216: 25213: 25209: 25208: 25206: 25204: 25200: 25193: 25189: 25186: 25182: 25179: 25175: 25172: 25168: 25165: 25161: 25158: 25154: 25151: 25150:Liechtenstein 25147: 25144: 25140: 25137: 25133: 25130: 25126: 25123: 25119: 25118: 25116: 25114: 25110: 25103: 25099: 25096: 25092: 25089: 25085: 25081: 25077: 25074: 25070: 25067: 25063: 25060: 25056: 25051: 25047: 25046: 25043: 25039: 25036: 25032: 25029: 25025: 25022: 25018: 25015: 25011: 25008: 25004: 25000: 24996: 24993: 24989: 24986: 24982: 24978: 24974: 24971: 24967: 24966: 24964: 24962: 24958: 24951: 24947: 24942: 24938: 24937: 24935: 24934:United States 24931: 24926: 24922: 24921: 24919: 24915: 24912: 24908: 24905: 24901: 24898: 24894: 24891: 24887: 24884: 24880: 24876: 24872: 24868: 24865: 24861: 24858: 24854: 24851: 24847: 24844: 24840: 24837: 24833: 24830: 24826: 24823: 24819: 24816: 24812: 24808: 24804: 24800: 24797: 24793: 24790: 24786: 24783: 24779: 24776: 24772: 24768: 24764: 24760: 24756: 24752: 24749: 24745: 24742: 24738: 24735: 24731: 24728: 24724: 24721: 24717: 24714: 24710: 24706: 24702: 24698: 24695: 24691: 24688: 24684: 24681: 24677: 24674: 24670: 24669: 24667: 24665: 24661: 24658: 24656: 24652: 24639: 24635: 24632: 24628: 24625: 24624:Comfort women 24621: 24618: 24614: 24611: 24608: / 24607: 24603: 24600: 24597: / 24596: 24593: / 24592: 24588: 24585: 24584:Camp brothels 24581: 24578: 24574: 24573: 24569: 24566: 24562: 24557: 24553: 24550: 24546: 24545: 24543: 24539: 24534: 24530: 24527: 24523: 24520: 24516: 24515: 24513: 24509: 24506: 24502: 24497: 24493: 24488: 24484: 24481: 24477: 24476: 24474: 24473:The Holocaust 24470: 24467: 24463: 24460: 24459:forced labour 24456: 24455: 24453: 24449: 24444: 24440: 24437: 24433: 24430: 24426: 24425: 24423: 24419: 24418: 24416: 24414: 24410: 24403: 24399: 24396: 24392: 24389: 24385: 24380: 24376: 24373: 24369: 24366: 24362: 24359: 24355: 24354: 24352: 24348: 24345: 24344: 24339: 24336: 24335: 24330: 24327: 24323: 24320: 24316: 24313: 24312:Marshall Plan 24309: 24306: 24305: 24300: 24297: 24293: 24290: 24286: 24283: 24279: 24276: 24272: 24269: 24265: 24262: 24258: 24255: 24251: 24248: 24244: 24243: 24241: 24239: 24235: 24228: 24224: 24219: 24215: 24214: 24212: 24208: 24205: 24201: 24196: 24192: 24189: 24185: 24182: 24178: 24177: 24175: 24171: 24166: 24165:Eastern Front 24162: 24159: 24158:Western Front 24155: 24154: 24152: 24148: 24143: 24139: 24136: 24132: 24129: 24125: 24122: 24118: 24115: 24111: 24108: 24104: 24103: 24101: 24097: 24096: 24094: 24092: 24088: 24081: 24077: 24074: 24070: 24067: 24063: 24060: 24056: 24053: 24052:Puppet states 24049: 24046: 24042: 24039: 24035: 24030: 24026: 24023: 24019: 24018: 24016: 24012: 24009: 24005: 24002: 23998: 23995: 23994:Naval history 23991: 23988: 23984: 23981: 23977: 23974: 23970: 23965: 23961: 23960: 23958: 23954: 23951: 23947: 23942: 23941:United States 23938: 23935: 23931: 23928: 23924: 23923: 23921: 23917: 23914: 23910: 23907: 23903: 23900: 23896: 23893: 23889: 23886: 23882: 23879: 23875: 23870: 23866: 23865: 23863: 23859: 23858: 23856: 23854: 23850: 23847: 23843: 23836: 23832: 23829: 23825: 23820: 23816: 23813: 23809: 23806: 23802: 23801: 23797: 23792: 23788: 23787: 23785: 23781: 23778: 23774: 23773: 23770: 23766: 23759: 23754: 23752: 23747: 23745: 23740: 23739: 23736: 23726: 23721: 23714: 23707: 23704: 23702: 23699: 23696: 23693: 23690: 23687: 23684: 23681: 23678: 23675: 23672: 23669: 23666: 23663: 23660: 23657: 23654: 23651: 23648: 23645: 23642: 23639: 23636: 23633: 23630: 23627: 23624: 23621: 23618: 23615: 23612: 23609: 23606: 23603: 23600: 23597: 23592: 23589: 23586: 23583: 23580: 23577: 23576: 23574: 23573:Yugoslav Wars 23571: 23568: 23565: 23560: 23559:Big Excursion 23557: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23548: 23545: 23542: 23539: 23536: 23533: 23530: 23527: 23524: 23521: 23516: 23513: 23510: 23507: 23506: 23504: 23501: 23496: 23493: 23490: 23487: 23484: 23481: 23480: 23478: 23475: 23472: 23469: 23466: 23463: 23460: 23457: 23454: 23451: 23448: 23445: 23442: 23439: 23436: 23433: 23430: 23427: 23424: 23421: 23418: 23415: 23412: 23409: 23406: 23403: 23400: 23397: 23394: 23391: 23388: 23385: 23382: 23379: 23376: 23373: 23370: 23369:The Holocaust 23367: 23364: 23361: 23358: 23355: 23352: 23349: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23316: 23314: 23311: 23308: 23305: 23302: 23299: 23296: 23293: 23289: 23286: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23277: 23274: 23271: 23268: 23265: 23264:Dungan Revolt 23262: 23259: 23256: 23253: 23250: 23247: 23244: 23241: 23238: 23235: 23232: 23229: 23226: 23223: 23220: 23217: 23214: 23211: 23208: 23205: 23202: 23199: 23196: 23193: 23190: 23187: 23184: 23181: 23178: 23175: 23172: 23169: 23166: 23163: 23160: 23157: 23154: 23151: 23148: 23145: 23142: 23139: 23136: 23133: 23130: 23127: 23124: 23121: 23118: 23115: 23112: 23111: 23109: 23105: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23079: 23078:State atheism 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23054: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23044: 23041: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23029: 23026: 23024: 23021: 23019: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23009: 23006: 23004: 23001: 22999: 22996: 22994: 22991: 22989: 22986: 22984: 22981: 22979: 22976: 22974: 22973:Deprogramming 22971: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22955: 22953: 22949: 22941: 22938: 22936: 22933: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22925:Protestantism 22923: 22921: 22918: 22914: 22911: 22910: 22909: 22906: 22900: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22890: 22887: 22885: 22882: 22881: 22880: 22877: 22876: 22875: 22872: 22868: 22865: 22863: 22860: 22859: 22858: 22855: 22853: 22850: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22840:LDS or Mormon 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22822: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22802: 22798: 22794: 22790: 22786: 22779: 22774: 22772: 22767: 22765: 22760: 22759: 22756: 22744: 22736: 22734: 22726: 22724: 22716: 22715: 22712: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22694: 22691: 22690: 22689: 22686: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22595: 22593: 22589: 22581: 22578: 22577: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22570:Wine industry 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22530: 22529: 22526: 22522: 22519: 22518: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22496: 22495: 22492: 22488: 22485: 22481: 22478: 22477: 22476: 22473: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22460: 22459: 22456: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22443: 22442: 22439: 22438: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22428: 22426: 22422: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22400: 22399: 22398:South America 22396: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22386:United States 22384: 22382: 22379: 22378: 22377: 22376:North America 22374: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22351: 22350: 22347: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22289: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22276: 22273: 22271: 22268: 22266: 22263: 22262: 22261: 22258: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22225: 22224: 22221: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22208: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22198: 22196: 22194: 22190: 22184: 22181: 22179: 22176: 22174: 22171: 22169: 22166: 22164: 22163:Racialization 22161: 22159: 22156: 22154: 22151: 22149: 22146: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22128:Ethnic hatred 22126: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22116: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22100: 22098: 22092: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22045:Laissez-faire 22043: 22041: 22038: 22036: 22033: 22031: 22030:Institutional 22028: 22026: 22023: 22021: 22018: 22016: 22015:Environmental 22013: 22011: 22008: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21991: 21988: 21987: 21985: 21981: 21977: 21970: 21965: 21963: 21958: 21956: 21951: 21950: 21947: 21937: 21927: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21893: 21892: 21887: 21884: 21883: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21850: 21849: 21846: 21845: 21841: 21835: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21819:The Wehrmacht 21817: 21815: 21809: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21765: 21761: 21753: 21752: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21716: 21714: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21697: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21671: 21667: 21661: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21624: 21618: 21611: 21608: 21606: 21603: 21601: 21598: 21596: 21593: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21539: 21537: 21533: 21526: 21523: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21505:Seyss-Inquart 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21476: 21473: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21419: 21417: 21413: 21405: 21404: 21399: 21396: 21395: 21390: 21385: 21384: 21379: 21378: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21332: 21329: 21328: 21327:Untermenschen 21323: 21320: 21319: 21318:Rassenschande 21314: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21299: 21297: 21294: 21292: 21289: 21287: 21284: 21283: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21226: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21208: 21207:Pan-Germanism 21205: 21202: 21201: 21196: 21193: 21192: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21181: 21180: 21177: 21174: 21173: 21168: 21165: 21164: 21159: 21157: 21154: 21152: 21149: 21147: 21146:Direct action 21144: 21139: 21138: 21137:Führerprinzip 21133: 21132: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21114: 21111: 21108: 21107: 21102: 21101: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21074:Anti-pacifism 21072: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21048: 21046: 21042: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20985: 20984: 20983: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958:The Holocaust 20957: 20955: 20952: 20949: 20948: 20943: 20940: 20939: 20938:Kristallnacht 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20901: 20900: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20877: 20876: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20852: 20850: 20846: 20836: 20835: 20834:Schutzstaffel 20830: 20826: 20825: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20812: 20811: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20763: 20762: 20757: 20754: 20753: 20748: 20745: 20744: 20739: 20738: 20734: 20730: 20726: 20719: 20714: 20712: 20707: 20705: 20700: 20699: 20696: 20678: 20674: 20670: 20666: 20665: 20655: 20651: 20648: 20644: 20641: 20637: 20634: 20630: 20627: 20626:Netiv HaAsara 20623: 20620: 20616: 20613: 20609: 20606: 20602: 20599: 20595: 20592: 20591:Ein HaShlosha 20588: 20585: 20581: 20580: 20578: 20576: 20572: 20564: 20560: 20556: 20552: 20551: 20549: 20545: 20537: 20533: 20529: 20525: 20521: 20517: 20513: 20509: 20505: 20501: 20497: 20493: 20489: 20485: 20481: 20477: 20473: 20469: 20465: 20461: 20457: 20453: 20449: 20445: 20441: 20440:Itamar attack 20437: 20436: 20434: 20430: 20418: 20414: 20410: 20406: 20402: 20398: 20394: 20390: 20389: 20387: 20383: 20372: 20368: 20365: 20361: 20358: 20354: 20351: 20347: 20344: 20340: 20337: 20333: 20330: 20326: 20325: 20323: 20319: 20308: 20307:Hebron ambush 20304: 20301: 20297: 20294: 20290: 20287: 20283: 20280: 20276: 20273: 20269: 20266: 20262: 20259: 20258:Hadera attack 20255: 20252: 20248: 20247: 20245: 20241: 20230: 20226: 20223: 20219: 20218: 20216: 20212: 20209: 20205: 20202: 20198: 20182: 20178: 20174: 20170: 20166: 20162: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20142: 20138: 20134: 20130: 20126: 20122: 20121: 20119: 20115: 20103: 20099: 20095: 20091: 20087: 20083: 20079: 20075: 20071: 20067: 20063: 20059: 20055: 20051: 20047: 20043: 20042: 20040: 20036: 20024: 20020: 20016: 20012: 20008: 20004: 20000: 19996: 19992: 19988: 19984: 19980: 19976: 19972: 19968: 19964: 19963: 19961: 19957: 19945: 19941: 19937: 19933: 19929: 19925: 19921: 19917: 19913: 19909: 19908: 19906: 19902: 19891: 19887: 19886: 19884: 19880: 19869: 19865: 19862: 19858: 19855: 19851: 19848: 19844: 19841: 19837: 19836: 19834: 19830: 19819: 19815: 19812: 19808: 19805: 19801: 19798: 19794: 19791: 19787: 19786: 19784: 19780: 19769: 19765: 19762: 19758: 19755: 19751: 19750: 19748: 19744: 19741: 19737: 19726: 19722: 19719: 19715: 19712: 19711:Kraków pogrom 19708: 19705: 19701: 19698: 19694: 19693: 19691: 19687: 19675: 19671: 19668: 19664: 19661: 19657: 19654: 19650: 19649: 19647: 19643: 19632: 19628: 19625: 19621: 19618: 19614: 19613: 19611: 19607: 19596: 19592: 19589: 19585: 19582: 19578: 19577: 19575: 19571: 19559: 19558:The Holocaust 19555: 19552: 19548: 19545: 19541: 19538: 19537:Švenčionėliai 19534: 19531: 19527: 19524: 19520: 19517: 19513: 19510: 19506: 19503: 19499: 19496: 19492: 19489: 19485: 19482: 19478: 19475: 19471: 19468: 19464: 19461: 19457: 19454: 19453:Kaunas (June) 19450: 19447: 19443: 19440: 19436: 19433: 19429: 19428: 19426: 19422: 19411: 19407: 19406: 19404: 19400: 19389: 19388:Silc massacre 19385: 19382: 19378: 19375: 19371: 19370: 19368: 19364: 19353: 19352:Kristallnacht 19349: 19346: 19342: 19341: 19339: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19326: 19316: 19312: 19307: 19303: 19299: 19295: 19291: 19287: 19283: 19279: 19275: 19271: 19267: 19263: 19259: 19255: 19251: 19247: 19241: 19236: 19235:Oradea pogrom 19232: 19228: 19224: 19223: 19213: 19209: 19206: 19202: 19199: 19195: 19192: 19188: 19185: 19181: 19178: 19174: 19171: 19167: 19164: 19160: 19157: 19153: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19143: 19136: 19132: 19129: 19125: 19121: 19117: 19113: 19112:Kielce pogrom 19109: 19105: 19101: 19097: 19093: 19089: 19085: 19081: 19077: 19073: 19072:Shiraz pogrom 19069: 19065: 19061: 19057: 19053: 19049: 19045: 19041: 19037: 19033: 19029: 19025: 19021: 19017: 19013: 19009: 19005: 19004: 19002: 18998: 18995: 18991: 18979: 18975: 18971: 18967: 18966: 18956: 18952: 18949: 18945: 18942: 18938: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18928: 18920: 18916: 18912: 18908: 18904: 18900: 18896: 18892: 18888: 18884: 18880: 18879:Hebron pogrom 18876: 18872: 18868: 18864: 18860: 18856: 18855:Hep-Hep riots 18852: 18848: 18844: 18840: 18836: 18832: 18828: 18824: 18820: 18816: 18812: 18808: 18804: 18803: 18801: 18797: 18789: 18785: 18781: 18777: 18773: 18772:Hebron pogrom 18769: 18765: 18761: 18757: 18753: 18749: 18745: 18741: 18737: 18733: 18729: 18725: 18721: 18717: 18713: 18709: 18705: 18701: 18697: 18696: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18675: 18672: 18668: 18665: 18661: 18658: 18654: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18644: 18636: 18632: 18628: 18624: 18620: 18616: 18615: 18613: 18609: 18606: 18602: 18590: 18586: 18582: 18578: 18574: 18570: 18569: 18559: 18555: 18552: 18548: 18545: 18541: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18531: 18523: 18519: 18515: 18511: 18507: 18503: 18502: 18500: 18496: 18484: 18480: 18476: 18472: 18468: 18464: 18460: 18456: 18452: 18448: 18447: 18445: 18441: 18433: 18429: 18425: 18421: 18420: 18418: 18414: 18411: 18407: 18403: 18399: 18395: 18388: 18383: 18381: 18376: 18374: 18369: 18368: 18365: 18353: 18350: 18345: 18344: 18341: 18333: 18330: 18329: 18328: 18325: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18315:The Holocaust 18313: 18312: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18305:United States 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18285:Enlightenment 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18267: 18265: 18261: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18243: 18240: 18239: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18212: 18211: 18208: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18185: 18183: 18182: 18180: 18178: 18174: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18132: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18109: 18106: 18105: 18103: 18101: 18097: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18053: 18051: 18049: 18045: 18037: 18034: 18030: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18001: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17986: 17984: 17980: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17940: 17938: 17936: 17932: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17882: 17880: 17878: 17874: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17819: 17817: 17813: 17809: 17802: 17797: 17795: 17790: 17788: 17783: 17782: 17779: 17766: 17765:Sidney Excell 17763: 17760: 17759:Hugo Blaschke 17757: 17754: 17753:Felix Kersten 17751: 17748: 17747:Karl Gebhardt 17745: 17742: 17741:Falk Zipperer 17739: 17736: 17733: 17730: 17729:Erhard Heiden 17727: 17726: 17724: 17720: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17689: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17664: 17662: 17658: 17651: 17648: 17645: 17642: 17640:(great-niece) 17639: 17636: 17633: 17630: 17627: 17624: 17621: 17618: 17615: 17612: 17609: 17606: 17605: 17603: 17599: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17517:The Holocaust 17515: 17514: 17512: 17510: 17509:the Holocaust 17504: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17488: 17485: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17477:Schutzstaffel 17475: 17474: 17472: 17470:Organizations 17468: 17461: 17458: 17455: 17452: 17449: 17446: 17443: 17440: 17437: 17436:Hermann Gauch 17434: 17431: 17430:Rudolf Brandt 17428: 17425: 17422: 17419: 17416: 17413: 17410: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17382: 17380: 17378: 17377: 17372: 17366: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17357: 17353: 17352: 17349: 17345: 17338: 17333: 17331: 17326: 17324: 17319: 17318: 17315: 17297: 17293: 17289: 17285: 17281: 17277: 17273: 17269: 17265: 17261: 17257: 17253: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17237: 17233: 17229: 17228: 17225: 17216: 17204: 17200: 17196: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17178: 17174: 17170: 17166: 17162: 17158: 17157: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17142: 17138: 17134: 17130: 17126: 17122: 17118: 17114: 17110: 17109: 17106: 17097: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17069: 17068:Sobibor trial 17065: 17061: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17033: 17029: 17025: 17021: 17017: 17013: 17009: 17005: 17001: 16997: 16993: 16989: 16985: 16981: 16977: 16973: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16953: 16949: 16945: 16941: 16937: 16933: 16932:Belsen trials 16929: 16925: 16924:Dachau trials 16921: 16917: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16901: 16897: 16893: 16892:Kharkov trial 16889: 16885: 16881: 16880: 16877: 16871: 16865: 16862: 16858: 16851: 16847: 16844: 16840: 16837: 16836:Justification 16833: 16830: 16826: 16823: 16819: 16816: 16812: 16809: 16805: 16800: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16782: 16781: 16779: 16775: 16774: 16772: 16768: 16761: 16757: 16754: 16750: 16747: 16743: 16740: 16736: 16733: 16729: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16715: 16710: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16702:The Holocaust 16699: 16698: 16696: 16694: 16690: 16683: 16679: 16676: 16672: 16669: 16665: 16662: 16661:Death marches 16658: 16653: 16649: 16646: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16635: 16632: 16628: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16614: 16611: 16607: 16604: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16593: 16586: 16582: 16579: 16575: 16572: 16568: 16565: 16561: 16558: 16554: 16551: 16547: 16544: 16540: 16537: 16533: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16519: 16512: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16494: 16489: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16478: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16459: 16455: 16451: 16447: 16443: 16439: 16435: 16431: 16427: 16423: 16419: 16418:Iraqi Turkmen 16415: 16411: 16407: 16402: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16390: 16386: 16382: 16381: 16378: 16373: 16367: 16355: 16351: 16347: 16343: 16338: 16334: 16333: 16330: 16326: 16322: 16318: 16314: 16310: 16306: 16302: 16298: 16294: 16290: 16286: 16282: 16278: 16274: 16270: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16254: 16250: 16246: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16225: 16221: 16218: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16165: 16161: 16157: 16153: 16149: 16145: 16144: 16141: 16136: 16130: 16118: 16114: 16110: 16106: 16102: 16098: 16094: 16090: 16086: 16082: 16078: 16074: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16058: 16054: 16053:The Holocaust 16050: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16034: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16018: 16014: 16010: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15994: 15990: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15946: 15942: 15938: 15935:(1920s–1930s) 15934: 15933:Ingrian Finns 15930: 15926: 15922: 15918: 15914: 15910: 15906: 15900: 15896: 15892: 15888: 15884: 15880: 15876: 15872: 15868: 15864: 15859: 15858:Pontic Greeks 15855: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15846: 15844: 15840: 15839: 15836: 15831: 15825: 15811: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15788: 15784: 15780: 15776: 15773:(1890s–1900s) 15772: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15732: 15728: 15724: 15720: 15714: 15710: 15706: 15702: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15679: 15675: 15671: 15667: 15663: 15657: 15653: 15649: 15645: 15644: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15606: 15600: 15596: 15593:(1700s–1800s) 15592: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15561: 15557: 15553: 15549: 15545: 15541: 15537: 15533: 15529: 15525: 15521: 15517: 15513: 15509: 15505: 15501: 15500: 15497: 15492: 15486: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15443:(1200s–1360s) 15442: 15438: 15434: 15430: 15426: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15409: 15405: 15404: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15380: 15377: 15372: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15340: 15335: 15333: 15328: 15326: 15321: 15320: 15317: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15260: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15244:Mizocz Ghetto 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15224:Drobytsky Yar 15222: 15220: 15217: 15216: 15214: 15212: 15208: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15175: 15173: 15171: 15167: 15161: 15160: 15156: 15154: 15153: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15139: 15135: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15097: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15054: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15040: 15036: 15030: 15029:Slutsk Affair 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15019:Łachwa Ghetto 15017: 15016: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14991: 14990: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14977: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14965: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14936: 14932: 14931: 14929: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14914: 14912: 14911: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14894: 14891: 14890: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14866: 14865:Schutzstaffel 14862: 14861: 14859: 14855: 14852: 14848: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14817:Viktors Arājs 14815: 14814: 14812: 14810:Collaborators 14808: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14771:August Becker 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764:Other members 14762: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14740:Eugen Steimle 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14625:Werner Braune 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14563: 14559:Commanders of 14557: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14515:Erich Naumann 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14500:Wilhelm Fuchs 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14475: 14473: 14467: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14452: 14450: 14446: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14434: 14429: 14428: 14420: 14415: 14413: 14408: 14406: 14401: 14400: 14397: 14385: 14384: 14375: 14374: 14371: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14356: 14354: 14350: 14343: 14340: 14337: 14334: 14332:(half-nephew) 14331: 14328: 14326:(half-nephew) 14325: 14322: 14319: 14316: 14314:(half-nephew) 14313: 14310: 14307: 14304: 14302:(half-sister) 14301: 14300:Angela Hitler 14298: 14296:(grandmother) 14295: 14292: 14290:(grandfather) 14289: 14286: 14283: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14252: 14248: 14246: 14245: 14241: 14239: 14238: 14234: 14232: 14231: 14227: 14225: 14224: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14212: 14208: 14206: 14205: 14201: 14199: 14198: 14194: 14192: 14191: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14160: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14137: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14125:50th birthday 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14080:Vegetarianism 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14055: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046:Personal life 14044: 14033: 14029: 14026: 14023: 14019: 14016: 14013: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13989: 13983: 13981: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13933: 13929: 13928: 13923: 13920: 13917: 13916:Kehlsteinhaus 13913: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13905: 13903: 13898: 13895: 13889: 13881: 13878: 13877: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13865:The Holocaust 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13845:Rise to power 13843: 13841: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13831: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13754: 13753:Führerprinzip 13750: 13749: 13748: 13747: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13736: 13732: 13725: 13720: 13718: 13713: 13711: 13706: 13705: 13702: 13696: 13689: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13659:United States 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13575: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13537: 13534: 13533: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13465: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13420: 13418: 13410: 13404: 13401: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13339:The Holocaust 13337: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13278: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13241: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13203:Doctors' plot 13201: 13199: 13198:Slánský trial 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13181:The Holocaust 13179: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13154:Farhud (Iraq) 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13114:Hep-Hep riots 13112: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13104: 13096: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13062:Martin Luther 13060: 13058: 13055: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13020: 13018: 13014: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12997:Weaponization 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12964: 12962: 12961:Philosemitism 12959: 12957: 12956: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12932: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12920:Khazar theory 12918: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12903: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12850:Olympic Games 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12829: 12828:New Testament 12826: 12825: 12824: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12814: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12673: 12668: 12666: 12661: 12659: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12629: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12538: 12535: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12467: 12461: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12410:Nazi eugenics 12408: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12339:Topf and Sons 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12306:Collaborators 12303: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12286: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12275: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12255: 12252: 12249: 12245: 12244:Referat IV B4 12242: 12241: 12240: (RSHA) 12239: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12231:Schutzstaffel 12228: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12218:Organizations 12216: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12194: 12190: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12160:Romani people 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12113:Working Group 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12098:Kastner train 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11978: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11937: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11921: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11885:Kristallnacht 11882: 11881: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11825: 11821: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11669: 11668:Sanitätswesen 11665: 11663: 11662: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11632: 11631:Death marches 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11457:Extermination 11454: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11432:Sachsenhausen 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11373:Herzogenbusch 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11348:Bergen-Belsen 11346: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11335:Concentration 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11311: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11281: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11271:United States 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11196: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11111:and colonies 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11014:The Holocaust 11008: 11003: 11001: 10996: 10994: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10835: 10834: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10736: 10728: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10691: 10686: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10604: 10600: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10576: 10572: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10527: 10523: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10500:King, Charles 10497: 10493: 10487: 10483: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10455: 10451: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10406:Ther, Philipp 10402: 10398: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10253:Book chapters 10245: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10040: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10025: 10023:0-7006-1280-7 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9923: 9919: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9839: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9644:Bergen, Doris 9641: 9637: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9489: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9449: 9444: 9437: 9432: 9425: 9420: 9413: 9408: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9355: 9347: 9341: 9333: 9327: 9320: 9319: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9205: 9198: 9193: 9186: 9181: 9179: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9154: 9148:, p. 22. 9147: 9142: 9135: 9130: 9124:, p. 93. 9123: 9118: 9111: 9106: 9100:, p. 14. 9099: 9094: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9070: 9063: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9045: 9043:0-231-11215-7 9039: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9023: 9015: 9009: 9005: 9004: 8996: 8988: 8982: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8971:Straus, Scott 8966: 8958: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8931: 8926: 8919: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8896:, p. 97. 8895: 8890: 8883: 8878: 8871: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8834: 8827: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8806: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8772: 8767: 8760: 8755: 8753: 8745: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8708:Wittmann 2010 8704: 8697: 8692: 8685: 8684:Wittmann 2010 8680: 8673: 8672:Wittmann 2010 8668: 8661: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8637: 8636:Wittmann 2010 8632: 8625: 8620: 8613: 8608: 8601: 8596: 8589: 8584: 8582: 8574: 8569: 8562: 8557: 8550: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8531: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8505: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8442: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8406: 8399: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8327: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8250: 8243: 8238: 8231: 8226: 8219: 8214: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8153: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8098: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8082:Der Holocaust 8078: 8072: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8045: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8023: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8006: 8001: 7995:, p. 69. 7994: 7989: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7910: 7905: 7903: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7865: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7745: 7740: 7733: 7728: 7721: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7666: 7658: 7653: 7647:, p. 61. 7646: 7641: 7635:, p. 55. 7634: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7553:Burzlaff 2020 7549: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7518: 7513: 7506: 7505:Cesarani 2016 7501: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7470: 7469:Burzlaff 2020 7465: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7427: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7406:Burzlaff 2020 7402: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7371: 7366: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7322:Burzlaff 2020 7318: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7269: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7240: 7238:9780191676697 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7200: 7198:9780399118456 7194: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7177: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7133: 7124: 7122:1-57181-775-1 7118: 7114: 7107: 7091: 7089:0-8143-2920-9 7085: 7081: 7075: 7070: 7069: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7042: 7037: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7001: 6994: 6989: 6982: 6977: 6970: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6838: 6833: 6831: 6823: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6732: 6724: 6719: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6677:, p. 13. 6676: 6671: 6664: 6663:Burzlaff 2020 6659: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6627:Burzlaff 2020 6623: 6616: 6611: 6609: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6548: 6541: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6504:Burzlaff 2020 6500: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6367:, p. 35. 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6206:, p. 97. 6205: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5927: 5922: 5916:, p. 91. 5915: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5886:, p. 63. 5885: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5519:Browning 2004 5515: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5385:, p. 74. 5384: 5379: 5377: 5369: 5364: 5358:, p. 99. 5357: 5352: 5350: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5252:, p. 78. 5251: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5184:, p. 71. 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5112:, p. 76. 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5040:, p. 36. 5039: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5004:, p. 79. 5003: 4998: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4965:, p. 70. 4964: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4883:, p. 66. 4882: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4835:, p. 69. 4834: 4829: 4827: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4806:Kopstein 2023 4802: 4795: 4794:Kopstein 2023 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4579:, p. 72. 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4495:, p. 67. 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4459:, p. 68. 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4385:Cesarani 2016 4381: 4375:, p. 67. 4374: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4337:Cesarani 2016 4333: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4095:, p. 40. 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4047:, p. 59. 4046: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4030:Cesarani 2016 4026: 4020:, p. 37. 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3996:, p. 38. 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3970:Cesarani 2016 3966: 3960:, p. 86. 3959: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3936:, p. 58. 3935: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3873:, p. 98. 3872: 3867: 3861:, p. 57. 3860: 3855: 3853: 3846:, p. 56. 3845: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3823: 3817:, p. 49. 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3793:, p. 51. 3792: 3787: 3781:, p. 50. 3780: 3775: 3769:, p. 52. 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3745:, p. 48. 3744: 3739: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3707: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3682:Cesarani 2016 3678: 3671: 3666: 3660:, p. 44. 3659: 3654: 3647: 3646:Cesarani 2016 3642: 3635: 3634:Cesarani 2016 3630: 3624:, p. 46. 3623: 3618: 3612:, p. 45. 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3576:, p. 42. 3575: 3570: 3563: 3562:Cesarani 2016 3558: 3552:, p. 41. 3551: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3531: 3525:, p. 52. 3524: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3504: 3498:, p. 96. 3497: 3492: 3490: 3483:, p. 43. 3482: 3477: 3470: 3469:Cesarani 2016 3465: 3459:, p. 40. 3458: 3453: 3451: 3444:, p. 65. 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3420:, p. 35. 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3396:, p. 55. 3395: 3390: 3388: 3381:, p. 67. 3380: 3375: 3369:, p. 66. 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3345:, p. 39. 3344: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3304:, p. 33. 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3277:, p. 18. 3276: 3271: 3265:, p. 59. 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3241:, p. 17. 3240: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3202:, p. 42. 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3178:, p. 57. 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3118:, p. 65. 3117: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3101:, p. 24. 3100: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3074:, p. 37. 3073: 3068: 3062:, p. 62. 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3037: 3032: 3026:, p. 25. 3025: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2966:, p. 58. 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2942:, p. 22. 2941: 2936: 2930:, p. 15. 2929: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2892:Calimani 2018 2888: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2841:Cesarani 2016 2837: 2835: 2828:, p. 14. 2827: 2822: 2818: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719:Cesarani 2016 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617:seeking entry 2614: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569:Wolfgang Benz 2565: 2561: 2560:A. Dirk Moses 2552: 2548: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2424:Kielce pogrom 2414: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2294: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2263:Bergen-Belsen 2259: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199:were deported 2192: 2188: 2183: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2055:camp brothels 2052: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:puppet states 1960: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1785:Wola Massacre 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442:the camps in 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1380: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1351:1939 prophecy 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1294:another 1,000 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:Schutzstaffel 1192: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 988: 984: 983:Warsaw Ghetto 979: 973: 969: 964: 959: 949: 947: 942: 940: 939:military rule 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833: 825: 821: 816: 807: 805: 801: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757: 756:Kristallnacht 752: 748: 740: 739: 738:Kristallnacht 734: 729: 725: 723: 722: 717: 713: 709: 708:civil service 705: 700: 694: 688: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 615: 611: 607: 599: 595: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571: 566: 562: 559:unbounded by 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 535: 531: 526: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 411: 407: 403: 398: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 364:, as well as 363: 359: 355: 351: 345: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191:European Jews 188: 184: 183:The Holocaust 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 139:death marches 136: 135:mass shooting 132: 128: 124: 121: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 96: 92: 87: 84:to go to the 83: 79: 75: 69: 64: 61: 56: 53:The Holocaust 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 27253:Vichy France 27172: 27155: 27138: 27121: 27104: 27087: 27075:from Commons 27070: 27053: 27032: 27006:Bibliography 26989: 26802:Project Hula 26767:Vistula–Oder 26736: 26669: 26660: 26644: 26614: 26563: 26547: 26538: 26529: 26495: 26392: 26307: 26283: 26253: 26004: 25897: 25842:North Africa 25544:Soviet Union 25498:Soviet Union 25424:Soviet Union 25192:Vatican City 25102:Vichy France 25007:German Reich 24904:Soviet Union 24890:South Africa 24883:Sierra Leone 24836:Newfoundland 24655:Participants 24638:Marocchinate 24472: 24342: 24333: 24303: 24181:North Africa 24142:Indian Ocean 24001:Nazi plunder 23892:Cryptography 23765:World War II 23575:(1991–2001) 23555:(1984–1989) 23515:Famen Temple 23505:(1966–1976) 23368: 23315:(1922–1991) 23284:(1913–1922) 22820:Christianity 22810:Baháʼí Faith 22693:in Australia 22683:Racial quota 22327:Soviet Union 22270:Saudi Arabia 22211:South Africa 22138:Ethnic slurs 22133:Ethnic jokes 22035:Internalized 21853:Architecture 21801:SS personnel 21749: 21735:SUMKA (Iran) 21361:Social order 21286:Antisemitism 21239:Palingenetic 21130:Dictatorship 21099:Conspiracism 21023:Labour camps 20993:Deportations 20980: 20954:World War II 20899:Kirchenkampf 20887:Nazi Germany 20768:Hitler Youth 20732:Organisation 20555:Israel riots 20547:2020–present 20200:21st century 20141:AMIA bombing 19725:Cairo pogrom 19557: 19328: 19306:Brest pogrom 19096:Skver pogrom 18993:20th century 18970:Corfu pogrom 18871:Tzfat pogrom 18780:Safed pogrom 18756:Arles pogrom 18708:1391 pogroms 18573:Ham massacre 18514:Fez massacre 18314: 18310:World War II 18300:Soviet Union 18280:Emancipation 18275:Disabilities 18056:Roman Empire 17973:Roman Judaea 17703:Thomas Sneum 17644:Heinz Kokott 17516: 17508: 17448:Heinz Macher 17401:Adolf Hitler 17374: 17354: 17220:21st century 17177:Ratko Mladić 17101:20th century 17044:Belzec trial 16808:Genocide law 16668:Death squads 16578:Mass killing 16488:Autogenocide 16372:21st century 16135:1946 to 1999 16052: 16007:(1935–1945) 15965:Libyan Arabs 15830:1913 to 1945 15491:1490 to 1913 15289:Jäger Report 15239:Lviv pogroms 15158: 15150: 15047:Kalevi-Liiva 15024:Minsk Ghetto 14987: 14976:Rollkommando 14975: 14963: 14933: 14917:Sonderdienst 14915: 14908: 14895: 14887: 14879: 14876: (RSHA) 14871: 14863: 14791:Felix Landau 14750:Martin Weiss 14730:Erwin Schulz 14705:Walter Rauff 14685:Rudolf Lange 14640:Ernst Damzog 14630:Karl Brunner 14610:Walter Blume 14580:Gerhard Bast 14566: 14561: 14510:Bruno Müller 14471: 14431: 14425: 14381: 14330:Heinz Hitler 14320:(half-niece) 14306:Paula Hitler 14282:Klara Hitler 14276:Alois Hitler 14249: 14242: 14235: 14228: 14221: 14209: 14202: 14195: 14188: 14028:Obersalzberg 13979: 13927:Führerbunker 13926: 13904:Headquarters 13901: 13864: 13860:World War II 13855:Nazi Germany 13808:Zweites Buch 13806: 13787: 13751: 13744: 13731:Adolf Hitler 13669:21st century 13649:South Africa 13615:Labour Party 13536:21st century 13479:Saudi Arabia 13403:Yellow badge 13353: 13349:Jewish quota 13338: 13276: 13238: 13213:Yellow badge 13180: 13081: 13025:Anti-Judaism 12979: 12965: 12953: 12929: 12925:Ku Klux Klan 12900: 12876:Anti-Zionism 12860:Universities 12823:Christianity 12733:Adolf Hitler 12679:Antisemitism 12622:Yizkor books 12283: 12230: 11975: 11923:in Lithuania 11883: 11781: 11666: 11659: 11648: 11582: 11560: 11541: 11522: 11505: 11288:by Catholics 11157:Soviet Union 11025:By territory 11013: 10966: 10960: 10937: 10931: 10892: 10868: 10862: 10859:Láníček, Jan 10842: 10838: 10806: 10784: 10758: 10708: 10689: 10677:. Retrieved 10643: 10620: 10598: 10579: 10556: 10530: 10507: 10481: 10458: 10435: 10432:Hayes, Peter 10409: 10382: 10360: 10357:Engel, David 10338: 10312: 10290: 10287:Bartov, Omer 10264: 10229: 10203: 10180: 10153: 10113: 10089: 10062: 10037: 10012:. New York: 10009: 9982: 9955: 9951:Kay, Alex J. 9927: 9902: 9898:Hayes, Peter 9888:. New York: 9885: 9882:Hayes, Peter 9859: 9836: 9813: 9785: 9781:Engel, David 9756: 9725: 9702: 9697: 9673: 9647: 9621: 9595: 9568: 9564:Bartov, Omer 9540: 9509:. 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Many died 1440: 1420:gas chambers 1395: 1390: 1355: 1341:after Japan 1328:, plans for 1319: 1305:Order Police 1300: 1298: 1266:Transnistria 1255: 1235:buried alive 1231: 1203:in Lithuania 1199:death squads 1194: 1181: 1179: 1153: 1148:Lviv pogroms 1111: 1092: 1053: 1041: 1021:Nazi ghettos 1018: 1014: 991: 943: 883: 852: 830: 828: 796: 777: 754: 747:free of Jews 743: 736: 719: 696: 669:(1938), and 651: 641:. The Nazis 603: 568: 565:Adolf Hitler 545:its ideology 538: 484: 414: 400:View of the 381: 377: 357: 349: 347: 313: 294: 266:seized power 255: 251:other groups 246: 199:Nazi Germany 182: 181: 167:Nazi Germany 163:Perpetrators 103:Soviet Union 86:gas chambers 74:Auschwitz II 60:World War II 47: 27055:Definitions 26737:Bodenplatte 26623:Gothic Line 25849:West Africa 25396:Philippines 25375:Netherlands 25240:Czech lands 25178:Switzerland 25122:Afghanistan 25073:Philippines 24941:Puerto Rico 24857:Philippines 24843:New Zealand 24829:Netherlands 24782:Free France 24533:Prosecution 24334:Osoaviakhim 24204:West Africa 24188:East Africa 23835:Conferences 23661:(2014–2017) 23649:(2014–2017) 23643:(2013–2016) 23581:(1992–1996) 23543:(1975–1979) 23537:(1975–1990) 23443:(1948–1980) 23389:(1945–1989) 23383:(1945–1989) 23377:(1941–1945) 23371:(1939–1945) 23359:(1936–1975) 23344:legislation 23309:(1917–1990) 23303:(1915–1923) 23297:(1914–1924) 23278:(1912–1913) 23266:(1862–1877) 23248:(1857–1858) 23242:(1789–1801) 23230:(1683–1922) 23224:(1673–1829) 23218:(1609–1614) 23212:(1562–1598) 23206:(1561–1812) 23200:(1526–1791) 23194:(1522–1712) 23188:(1500–1526) 23164:(1184–1908) 23162:Inquisition 23073:Segregation 23038:Intolerance 22978:Desecration 22920:Neopaganism 22913:Persecution 22879:Persecution 22862:Persecution 22825:Catholicism 22608:Anti-racism 22349:Middle East 22243:South Korea 22238:North Korea 22153:Hate speech 22075:Substantive 22055:Neocolonial 21913:Strasserism 21575:de Gobineau 21550:Chamberlain 21416:Politicians 21403:Volkskörper 21306:Master race 21276:Prussianism 21224:Nationalism 21179:Imperialism 21120:Corporatism 19904:1950s–1960s 19676:(1944–1945) 19560:(1941–1945) 19309: [ 19238: [ 19148:(1918–1920) 19120:Lwów pogrom 19088:Lwów pogrom 19032:Kiev pogrom 18933:(1881–1884) 18823:Mawza Exile 18809:(1648–1657) 18649:(1348–1350) 18637:(1336–1339) 18583:(1189–1190) 18177:Middle Ages 18086:Mesopotamia 17462:(occultist) 17426:(secretary) 17290:(2023–2024) 17258:(2020–2021) 17205:(1999–2015) 17197:(1997–2022) 17189:(1994–2015) 17179:(2011–2017) 17171:(2008–2016) 17163:(2002–2006) 17155:(1993–2017) 17147:(1993–2007) 17139:(1946–1948) 17123:(1946–1948) 17113:Budak trial 17084:Finta trial 17070:(1965–1966) 17062:(1964–1970) 17054:(1963–1989) 17046:(1963–1965) 17030:(1961–1962) 17006:(1946–1949) 16998:(1946–1948) 16990:(1946–1948) 16982:(1946–1953) 16974:(1946–1947) 16958:(1945–1946) 16956:Minsk trial 16950:(1945–1946) 16942:(1945–1949) 16934:(1945–1948) 16926:(1945–1947) 16918:(1945–2001) 16910:(1944–1989) 16902:(1944–1951) 16872:(1943–2022) 16778:Definitions 16428:(2014–2017) 16420:(2014–2017) 16412:(2011–2023) 16387:(2002–2003) 16356:(1996–1997) 16331:(1992–1995) 16323:(1991–2003) 16307:(1987–2002) 16299:(1987–1989) 16291:(1986–1989) 16275:(1983–1987) 16273:Gukurahundi 16267:(1983–2009) 16251:(1977–1997) 16243:(1975–1979) 16235:(1974–1999) 16198:(1970–2003) 16196:Feyli Kurds 16190:(1966–1970) 16166:(1962–1996) 16158:(1956–1989) 16119:(1944–1948) 16111:(1944–1948) 16103:(1943–1945) 16095:(1942–1945) 16079:(1941–1945) 16071:(1941–1945) 16063:(1941–1945) 16055:(1941–1945) 16047:(1940–1942) 16039:(1939–1945) 16031:(1937–1938) 16015:(1937–1938) 15991:(1932–1933) 15975:(1930–1933) 15967:(1929–1932) 15959:(1926–1973) 15927:(1919–1933) 15919:(1918–1931) 15911:(1916–1917) 15901:(1916–1934) 15885:(1915–1917) 15877:(1915–1919) 15852:(1913–1922) 15812:(1912–1913) 15797:(1905–1907) 15789:(1904–1907) 15781:(1894–1896) 15765:(1888–1893) 15757:(1879–1913) 15747:Circassians 15741:(1850–1864) 15707:(1846–1873) 15699:(1830–1850) 15691:(1830–1847) 15658:(1869–1977) 15650:(1825–1832) 15635:(1785–2017) 15601:(1874–1996) 15578:(1648–1657) 15570:(1640–1649) 15562:(1636–1638) 15530:(1548–1872) 15506:(1492–1514) 15475:(1402–1496) 15467:(1393–1394) 15451:(1209–1229) 15435:(1069–1070) 15371:Before 1490 15080:Pogulianski 14650:Ludwig Hahn 14605:Paul Blobel 14585:Rudolf Batz 14520:Arthur Nebe 14490:Horst Böhme 14318:Geli Raubal 14162:Perceptions 13963:Wolf's Lair 13634:New Zealand 13386:Segregation 13294:Persecution 13266:Radio Islam 13072:Blood libel 13067:Blood curse 12840:Middle Ages 12686:Core topics 12628:Never again 12459:(Action T4) 12385:Remembrance 12170:Homosexuals 12140:Soviet POWs 12068:Częstochowa 11616:Gas chamber 11427:Ravensbrück 11368:Gross-Rosen 11363:Flossenbürg 11246:Philippines 11178:Yugoslavia 11137:Netherlands 11065:Sudetenland 9523:Works cited 8167:Bergen 2016 7684:Bergen 2016 7078:. Detroit: 6274:(in French) 6271:Le Parisien 5531:Bergen 2016 5209:Bergen 2016 4006:Bergen 2016 3728:29 November 3212:Bergen 2016 2952:Bergen 2016 2651:Omer Bartov 2501:Reparations 2378:Alex J. Kay 2013:Ostarbeiter 2009:Woman with 1742:was cleared 1699:Polish Jews 1631:gas chamber 1629:Stationary 1603:gas chamber 1601:Stationary 1575:gas chamber 1573:Stationary 1547:gas chamber 1545:Stationary 1078:project to 829:The German 773:Reichsmarks 699:German Jews 667:Sudetenland 509:and lost a 499:World War I 440:small towns 420:Middle Ages 324:reparations 169:along with 131:mass murder 118:Attack type 27187:Categories 27106:Quotations 26837:West Hunan 26670:Pointblank 26006:Silver Fox 25992:Summer War 25745:Winter War 25724:Phoney War 25505:Azerbaijan 25466:Yugoslavia 25361:Luxembourg 25203:Resistance 24950:Yugoslavia 24815:Luxembourg 24617:Sook Ching 24413:War crimes 24015:Technology 24008:Opposition 23950:Lend-Lease 23927:Australian 23920:Home front 23878:Blitzkrieg 23828:Casualties 23819:Commanders 23791:Operations 23158:(643–1526) 23033:Iconoclasm 23028:Hate crime 22958:Censorship 22852:Falun Gong 22487:Vietnamese 22260:Arab world 22158:Hate group 22148:Hate crime 22085:Xenophobia 22065:Scientific 22050:Linguistic 21621:Atrocities 21536:Ideologues 21371:Syncretism 21296:Aryan race 21271:Propaganda 21219:Militarism 21200:Lebensraum 21163:Geopolitik 21089:Chauvinism 20977:Neo-Nazism 20817:Nazi Party 19761:Kunmadaras 19170:Justingrad 18678:Strasbourg 18332:New Yishuv 18320:Resistance 17885:Israelites 17735:Karl Hanke 17622:(mistress) 17616:(daughter) 17492:Lebensborn 17438:(adjutant) 17418:Karl Wolff 16964:Riga trial 16815:Prevention 16760:Indigenous 16675:Incitement 16543:Gendercide 16504:Classicide 16497:Politicide 16458:Gaza Strip 16233:East Timor 16204:Bangladesh 16164:Guatemalan 16085:Sook Ching 15981:La Matanza 15705:California 15417:Bar Kokhba 15108:Ninth Fort 14952:Lithuanian 14940:Belarusian 14927:Non-German 14660:Karl Jäger 14535:Otto Rasch 14505:Heinz Jost 14141:belongings 14032:Kampfhäusl 13953:Tannenberg 13948:Felsennest 13943:Anlage Süd 13938:Adlerhorst 13891:Places of 13800:in English 13789:Mein Kampf 13511:Costa Rica 13474:Arab world 13458:Yad Vashem 13381:Refuseniks 13344:Jewish hat 13317:Expulsions 13284:Stormfront 12992:Xenophobia 12942:in English 12931:Mein Kampf 12913:Żydokomuna 12743:Propaganda 12617:Yad Vashem 12597:Uniqueness 12452:Nisko Plan 12225:Nazi Party 12033:Resistance 12003:Ninth Fort 11868:Vel' d'Hiv 11640:Nazi units 11578:Westerbork 11568:Amersfoort 11422:Neuengamme 11403:Mauthausen 11383:Kaiserwald 11353:Buchenwald 11132:Luxembourg 10679:28 January 10177:Stone, Dan 9827:1041397012 9735:Yad Vashem 9488:Stone 2010 9424:Stone 2010 9412:Stone 2010 9062:Stone 2010 8882:Hayes 2010 8838:Hayes 2010 8810:Hayes 2010 8759:Hayes 2010 8561:Beorn 2018 8549:Beorn 2018 8434:Stone 2023 8422:Stone 2023 8152:Beorn 2018 8087:C. H. Beck 7993:Stone 2020 7816:Beorn 2018 7780:Beorn 2018 7565:Evans 2019 7541:Beorn 2018 7529:Beorn 2018 7517:Beorn 2018 7457:Beorn 2018 7445:Beorn 2018 7346:Beorn 2018 7310:Beorn 2018 7095:12 January 6750:Beorn 2020 6651:Beorn 2018 6615:Beorn 2018 6365:Stone 2010 6329:Stone 2010 6216:Welch 2020 6127:Engel 2020 5965:Beorn 2018 5606:Stone 2010 5422:Beorn 2018 5395:Beorn 2018 5341:Beorn 2018 5233:Evans 2019 5221:Beorn 2018 5197:Beorn 2018 5158:Beorn 2018 5038:Stone 2010 4910:Beorn 2018 4893:Beorn 2018 4857:Beorn 2018 4845:Beorn 2018 4758:Beorn 2018 4742:Beorn 2020 4565:Beorn 2018 4493:Beorn 2018 4445:Beorn 2018 4409:Beorn 2018 4349:Miron 2020 4313:Engel 2020 4301:Miron 2020 4284:Miron 2020 4272:Miron 2020 4260:Miron 2020 4248:Beorn 2018 4236:Miron 2020 4224:Beorn 2018 4212:Beorn 2018 4197:Beorn 2018 4173:Beorn 2018 4129:Beorn 2018 4117:Beorn 2018 4081:Beorn 2018 3982:Beorn 2018 3958:Beorn 2018 3946:Beorn 2018 3919:Hayes 2017 3907:Beorn 2018 3883:Beorn 2018 3871:Beorn 2018 3496:Beorn 2018 3442:Stone 2020 3418:Beorn 2018 3379:Stone 2020 3367:Stone 2020 3326:Beorn 2018 3302:Beorn 2018 3275:Stone 2010 3263:Beorn 2018 3251:Evans 2019 3239:Stone 2010 3224:Stone 2020 3200:Beorn 2018 3188:Stone 2020 3176:Beorn 2018 3116:Weitz 2010 3099:Beorn 2018 3087:Weitz 2010 3060:Weitz 2010 3024:Beorn 2018 3012:Beorn 2018 2964:Weitz 2010 2916:Beorn 2018 2880:Stone 2023 2814:References 2759:Engel 2021 2731:Stone 2010 2723:Hayes 2015 2715:Beorn 2018 2699:Engel 2021 2695:Stone 2023 2691:Smith 2023 2686:imaginaire 2282:Death toll 2185:Jews from 2146:the Allies 1922:Auschwitz 1882:Yugoslavia 1862:from March 1860:to Poland 1608:April 1942 1512:Wartheland 1410:of Lublin 1207:in Belarus 1118:commissars 1044:was common 1019:The first 1002:Hans Frank 911:Luxembourg 867:Wartheland 761:synagogues 721:Mischlinge 675:propaganda 659:rearmament 570:Lebensraum 541:Nazi Party 436:assimilate 392:Background 221:, chiefly 147:hate crime 143:poison gas 27157:Resources 27140:Textbooks 26902:Manchuria 26788:Indochina 26564:Bagration 26015:Lithuania 25660:Anschluss 25457:Viet Minh 25354:Lithuania 25296:Hong Kong 25066:Manchukuo 25021:Azad Hind 24680:Australia 24480:Aftermath 24343:Paperclip 24238:Aftermath 24038:Total war 23906:Diplomacy 23869:In Europe 23509:Four Olds 23222:Test Acts 23088:Terrorism 22930:Rastafari 22884:Ahmadiyya 22668:Race card 22603:Alt-right 22403:Argentina 22364:Palestine 22282:Australia 22108:Apartheid 22096:of racism 21630:Action T4 21600:Rosenberg 21580:Haushofer 21525:Streicher 21311:Nordicism 21256:New Order 20947:Anschluss 20743:Ahnenerbe 20432:2010–2019 20385:2004–2009 20207:2000–2009 19739:1946–1999 19460:Szczuczyn 19432:Bucharest 19329:1938–1945 19205:Proskurov 19163:Radomyshl 19080:The Tritl 19000:1900–1937 18799:1600–1899 18611:1300–1599 18498:1000–1299 18477:(614–617) 18469:(351–352) 18461:(132–136) 18394:Massacres 18227:Byzantium 18125:Sanhedrin 18029:Kitos War 17847:Languages 17815:Overviews 17761:(dentist) 17487:Ahnenerbe 16753:Cambodian 16746:Holodomor 16638:Massacres 16522:Ethnocide 16511:Eliticide 16241:Cambodian 15989:Holodomor 15883:Armenians 15875:Assyrians 15648:Black War 15536:Huguenots 15419:(132–136) 15402:(50s BCE) 15386:(146 BCE) 15354:Genocides 15229:Drohobycz 15159:AB-Aktion 15100:Lithuania 14956:Ukrainian 14735:Franz Six 14270:Eva Braun 14139:Personal 14120:Paintings 14090:Bodyguard 14075:Sexuality 13932:Vorbunker 13893:residence 13795:in Arabic 13676:Venezuela 13491:Australia 13486:Argentina 13467:By region 13396:Expulsion 13256:Metapedia 13251:Jew Watch 12937:in Arabic 12703:Geography 12698:Economics 12575:Education 12470:Aftermath 12382:Aftermath 12344:Trawnikis 12268:Wehrmacht 12263:Waffen-SS 12063:Białystok 11891:Bucharest 11863:Marseille 11740:Elsewhere 11701:Białystok 11513:Breendonk 11490:Treblinka 11343:Auschwitz 11127:Lithuania 10919:256347577 10911:2031-4183 10745:ignored ( 10735:cite book 10674:229432191 10141:151138604 9791:Routledge 9566:(2023a). 9546:Routledge 9340:cite book 9233:(3): 32. 8367:2375-2548 8284:0014-3006 8121:Routledge 7945:Dean 2020 6981:Dean 2020 6969:Dean 2020 6957:Dean 2020 6933:Dean 2020 6897:Dean 2020 6873:Dean 2020 6786:Dean 2020 5700:0160-9327 5680:Endeavour 2751:King 2023 2621:Apartheid 2585:memorials 2350: Low 2228:destroyed 1928:Solahütte 1780:Glubokoje 1776:Białystok 1681:Treblinka 1589:Treblinka 1524:July 1941 1489:Location 1471:Treblinka 1463:Treblinka 1424:Aktion T4 1309:Waffen-SS 1247:Białystok 1220:, Belarus 1164:Lithuania 946:Aktion T4 875:resettled 832:Wehrmacht 820:free city 604:Amidst a 553:modernity 358:Holocaust 350:Holocaust 348:The term 290:were shot 247:Holocaust 227:Treblinka 112:1941–1945 27013:Category 26962:document 26872:document 26729:Ardennes 26713:Budapest 26661:Crossbow 26539:Overlord 26378:Smolensk 25596:Timeline 25431:Slovakia 25417:Thailand 25268:Ethiopia 25233:Bulgaria 25157:Portugal 25095:Thailand 24977:Bulgaria 24755:Eswatini 24748:Ethiopia 24701:Bulgaria 24526:Unit 731 24487:Response 24304:Keelhaul 24254:Cold War 24227:Americas 24218:timeline 24211:Atlantic 24091:Theaters 23725:Religion 23246:Utah War 23116:(64–313) 23093:Violence 22983:Domicide 22935:Yazidism 22857:Hinduism 22815:Buddhism 22796:By group 22723:Category 22638:Lynching 22613:Casteism 22458:Japanese 22317:Portugal 22248:Thailand 22216:Zimbabwe 22080:Symbolic 22070:Societal 22060:Romantic 22025:Gendered 22005:Cultural 21995:Colorism 21990:Aversive 21936:Category 21875:Glossary 21590:von List 21545:Baeumler 21480:Goebbels 21465:Heydrich 21445:Eichmann 21301:Aryanism 21266:Populism 21156:Eugenics 21045:Ideology 21008:Genocide 20619:Nahal Oz 20612:Kissufim 20605:Kfar Aza 20329:Istanbul 19523:Babi Yar 19488:Jedwabne 18895:Allahdad 18485:(628 CE) 18400:against 18347:See also 18232:Crusades 18220:Kairouan 18145:Savoraim 18071:Carthage 18048:Diaspora 17867:Timeline 17660:Military 17582:Hegewald 16718:Armenian 16585:Domicide 16564:Policide 16536:Eugenics 16481:Democide 16450:Rohingya 16101:Volhynia 15925:Cossacks 15771:Selk'nam 15633:Chechens 15625:Dzungars 15552:Lameyans 15544:Kalinago 15514:(1500s–) 15473:Guanches 15408:Eburones 15394:(88 BCE) 15346:Genocide 15219:Babi Yar 15193:Slovakia 14964:Kommando 14944:Estonian 14448:Director 14383:Category 14308:(sister) 14284:(mother) 14278:(father) 14237:Downfall 13783:Prophecy 13778:Speeches 13738:Politics 13644:Pakistan 13578:Imperial 13355:Judensau 13312:Boycotts 13271:Redwatch 13261:Podblanc 13124:May Laws 13083:Judensau 12787:Timeline 12755:Three Ds 12738:Americas 12560:Academia 12013:Piaśnica 11983:Babi Yar 11911:Jedwabne 11850:Roundups 11783:Judenrat 11747:Budapest 11518:Mechelen 11480:Majdanek 11437:Stutthof 11398:Majdanek 11293:by Poles 11251:Portugal 11229:Response 11220:Timeline 11198:Overview 11060:Slovakia 11047:Bulgaria 10887:(2021). 10228:(2015). 10179:(2010). 10151:(2023). 10088:(2015). 10035:(2000). 10008:(2000). 9981:(2010). 9953:(2021). 9900:(2015). 9884:(2017). 9858:(2016). 9811:(1968). 9783:(2021). 9755:(2016). 9723:(2004). 9672:(2009). 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