998:– was united only in the ambition of thoroughly reforming Jewish society. The government had no interest in the visions of renaissance which the Enlightened so fervently cherished. It demanded the Jews to turn into productive, loyal subjects with rudimentary secular education, and no more. The rich Jews were sometimes open to the movement's agenda, but mostly practical, hoping for a betterment of their people that would result in emancipation and equal rights. Indeed, the great cultural transformation which occurred among the
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3485:, Berlin became known as a secular, multi-cultural and multi-ethnic center, a fertile environment for conversations and radical movements. This move by the Maskilim away from religious study, into much more critical and worldly studies was made possible by this German city of modern and progressive thought. It was a city in which the rising middle class Jews and intellectual elites not only lived among, but were exposed to previous
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40:
978:, derisively regarded it – in a manner similar to other romantic-nationalist movements' understanding of the general Enlightenment – as a naive, liberal and assimilationist ideology which induced foreign cultural influences, gnawed at the Jewish national consciousness and promised false hopes of equality in exchange for spiritual enslavement. This hostile view was promulgated by nationalist thinkers and historians, from
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Orthodox Jews were actively against these reformers because they viewed changing Jewish tradition as an insult to God and believed that fulfillment in life could be found in serving God and keeping his commandments. The effect of
Haskalah was that it gave a voice to plurality of views, while the orthodoxy preserved the tradition, even to the point of insisting on dividing between sects.
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298:, authored tracts in various genres that were further disseminated and re-read among other Maskilim. Each generation, in turn, elaborated and added its own works to the growing body. The emergence of the Maskilic canon reflected the movement's central and defining enterprise, the revival of Hebrew as a literary language for secular purposes (its
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rabbinical establishment, which stemmed from its function as interpreters of the holy teachings and their status as the only truly worthy field of study. Though secular subjects could be and were easily tolerated, their elevation to the same level as sacred ones was a severe threat, and indeed mobilized the rabbis against the nascent
3585:'s (1773–1839) satire of the Hasidic movement, "Revealer of Secrets" (Megalleh Temirim), is said to be the first modern novel in Hebrew. It was published in Vienna in 1819 under the pseudonym "Obadiah ben Pethahiah". The Haskalah's message of integration into non-Jewish society was subsequently counteracted by alternative secular
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revealed hitherto unsuspected possibilities of integration and acceptance of Jews among non-Jews. Mendelssohn also provided methods for Jews to enter the general society of
Germany. A good knowledge of the German language was necessary to secure entrance into cultured German circles, and an excellent
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undoubtedly played a part, the contemporary historical consensus portrays it as much humbler. Other transformation agents, from state-imposed schools to new economic opportunities, were demonstrated to have rivaled or overshadowed the movement completely in propelling such processes as acculturation,
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viewed the contemporary state of Jews as deplorable and in dire need of rejuvenation, whether in matters of morals, cultural creativity or economic productivity. They argued that such conditions were rightfully scorned by others and untenable from both practical and idealistic perspectives. It was to
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Historian Shmuel Feiner discerned that
Wessely insinuated (consciously or not) a direct challenge to the supremacy of sacred teachings, comparing them with general subjects and implying the latter had an intrinsic rather than merely instrumental value. He therefore also contested the authority of the
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were much immersed in the study of sciences and Hebrew grammar, this was not a profoundly new phenomenon, and their creativity was a continuation of a long, centuries-old trend among educated Jews. What truly marked the movement was the challenge it laid to the monopoly of the rabbinic elite over the
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The
Maskilim's attitude toward Hebrew, as noted by Moses Pelli, was derived from Enlightenment perceptions of language as reflecting both individual and collective character. To them, a corrupt tongue mirrored the inadequate condition of the Jews which they sought to ameliorate. They turned to Hebrew
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Another important facet of the
Haskalah was its interest in non-Jewish religions, and for some the desire to synchronize or appreciate Christian and Islamic traditions and history. Moses Mendelssohn criticized some aspects of Christianity, but depicted Jesus as a Torah-observant rabbi, who was loyal
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in
Germany. "Enlightened" Jews sided with gentile governments, in plans to increase secular education and assimilation among the Jewish masses, which brought them into acute conflict with the orthodox, who believed this threatened the traditional Jewish lifestyle – which had up until that point been
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and its formal literary language was Hebrew, with another: a refined Hebrew for internal usage and the local vernacular for external ones. They almost universally abhorred Judaeo-German, regarding it as a corrupt dialect and another symptom of Jewish destitution – the movement pioneered the negative
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generated an upheaval which – though by no means alone – broke the sway held by the rabbis and the traditional values over Jewish society. Combined with many other factors, they laid the path to all modern Jewish movements and philosophies, either those critical, hostile or supportive to themselves.
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The movement advocated against Jewish reclusiveness, encouraged the adoption of prevalent attire over traditional dress, while also working to diminish the authority of traditional community institutions such as rabbinic courts and boards of elders. It pursued a set of projects of cultural and moral
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biographies. The children of these activists almost never followed their parents; they rather went forward in the path of acculturation and assimilation. While their fathers learned the vernaculars late and still consumed much Hebrew literature, the little available material in the language did not
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The spread of
Haskalah affected Judaism, as a religion, because of the degree to which different sects desired to be integrated, and in turn, integrate their religious traditions. The effects of the Enlightenment were already present in Jewish religious music, and in opinion on the tension between
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A major factor which always characterized the movement was its weakness and its dependence of much more powerful elements. Its partisans were mostly impoverished intellectuals, who eked out a living as private tutors and the like; few had a stable financial base, and they required patrons, whether
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was predicated on a similar approach. It opposed the reclusive community of the past but sought a maintenance of a strong Jewish framework (with themselves as leaders and intercessors with the state authorities); the
Enlightened were not even fully agreeable to civic emancipation, and many of them
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In the linguistic field, this transitory nature was well attested. The traditional Jewish community in Europe inhabited two separate spheres of communication: one internal, where Hebrew served as written high language and
Yiddish as vernacular for the masses, and one external, where Latin and the
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was dualistic in nature. The Jewish
Enlighteners pursued two parallel agendas: they exhorted the Jews to acculturate and harmonize with the modern state, and demanded that the Jews remain a distinct group with its own culture and identity. Theirs was a middle position between Jewish community and
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sought to introduce a different bilingualism: renovated, refined Hebrew for internal matters, while Yiddish was to be eliminated; and national vernaculars, to be taught to all Jews, for external ones. However, they insisted on the maintenance of both spheres. When acculturation far exceeded the
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received old-style, secluded education, and were young Torah scholars before they were first exposed to outside knowledge (from a gender perspective, the movement was almost totally male-dominated; women did not receive sufficient tutoring to master Hebrew). For generations, Mendelssohn's Bible
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autobiographies. Having imbibed the image of European bourgeoisie family values, many of them sought to challenge the semi-matriarchal order of rabbinic families – which combined a lack of Jewish education for women with granting them the status of providers – early marriage, and rigid modesty.
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were formed, because such groups wanted, and actively advocated for, a change in Jewish tradition, in particular, regarding rituals like circumcision. Another non-Orthodox group was the Conservative Jews, who emphasized the importance of traditions but viewed with a historical perspective. The
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of Central and Eastern Europe with their own philosophy, which embraced the liberal, rationalistic notions of the 18th and 19th centuries and cast them in their own particular mold. This intellectual upheaval was accompanied by the desire to practically change Jewish society. Even the moderate
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was the most influential member of the Jewish community. In addition to being a religious scholar and "clergy", a rabbi also acted as a civil judge in all cases in which both parties were Jews. Rabbis sometimes had other important administrative powers, together with the community elders. The
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In matters of faith (which were being cordoned off into a distinct sphere of "religion" by modernization pressures) the movement's partisans, from moderates to radicals, lacked any uniform coherent agenda. The main standard through which they judged Judaism was that of rationalism. Their most
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mysticism popular in Ukraine, Poland, Hungary and Russia. In the 19th century, Haskalah sought dissemination and transformation of traditional education and inward pious life in Eastern Europe. It adapted its message to these different environments, working with the Russian government of the
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or the Russified intelligentsia in Eastern Europe a century later, were castigated and derided no less than the old rabbinic authorities which the movement confronted. It was not uncommon for its partisans to become a conservative element, combating against further dilution of tradition: in
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were raised in the rabbinic elite, in which (unlike among the poor Jewish masses or the rich communal wardens) the males were immersed in traditional studies and their wives supported them financially, mostly by running business. Many of the Jewish enlightened were traumatized by their own
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to traditional Judaism. Mendelssohn explicitly linked positive Jewish views of Jesus with the issues of Emancipation and Jewish-Christian reconciliation. Similar revisionist views were expressed by Rabbi Isaac Ber Levinsohn and other traditional representatives of the Haskalah movement.
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ideals were converted into practical steps via numerous reform programs initiated locally and independently by its activists, acting in small groups or even alone at every time and area. Members of the movement sought to acquaint their people with European culture, have them adopt the
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as interlocutors and specialists in their efforts for reform, especially as educators, and the latter used this as leverage to benefit their ideology. However, the activists were much more dependent on the former than vice versa; frustration from one's inability to further the
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translation to German was employed by such young initiates to bridge the linguistic gap and learn a foreign language, having been raised on Hebrew and Yiddish only. The experience of abandoning one's sheltered community and struggle with tradition was a ubiquitous trait of
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Likewise, those who abandoned the optimistic, liberal vision of the Jews (albeit as a cohesive community) integrating into wider society in favour of full-blown Jewish nationalism or radical, revolutionary ideologies which strove to uproot the established order like
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One facet of the Haskalah was a widespread cultural adaptation, as those Jews who participated in the enlightenment began, in varying degrees, to participate in the cultural practices of the surrounding gentile population. Connected with this was the birth of the
3772:(1729–1781) was a German philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic, and a representative of the Enlightenment era; considered by theatre historians to have been the first dramaturg. Author of works attempting to reconcile the Abrahamic faiths, such as
941:" – those who embraced the Enlightenment values and secular knowledge but did not seek to balance these with their Jewishness, but rather strove for full assimilation. Such elements, whether the radical universalists who broke off the late Berlin
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who lacked wisdom was inferior to an animal's carcass. He called upon the Jews to introduce general subjects, like science and vernacular language, into their children's curriculum; this "Teaching of Man" was necessarily linked with the "Teaching
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was also mainly a movement of transformation, straddling both the declining traditional Jewish society of autonomous community and cultural seclusion and the beginnings of a modern Jewish public. As noted by Feiner, everything connected with the
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occurred only much later). The Maskilim researched and standardized grammar, minted countless neologisms and composed poetry, magazines, theatrical works and literature of all sorts in Hebrew. Historians described the movement largely as a
785:, were also removed. Matters of faith were taught in rationalistic spirit, and in radical circles also in a sanitized manner. On the other hand, the curriculum was augmented by general studies like math, vernacular language, and so forth.
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along with other German-Jewish scholars compiled Hebrew and Aramaic dictionaries and grammars. Jews also began to study and communicate in the languages of the countries in which they settled, providing another gateway for integration.
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Instead, they insisted that men become economically productive while confining their wives to the home environment but also granting them proper religious education, reversing Jewish custom and copying contemporary Christian attitudes.
657:(various contestants before the Enlightened were branded as schismatics and cast out), they very much emulated the manner in which secular intellectuals dethroned and replaced the Church from the same status among Christians. Thus the
729:(Society for the Education of Boys), the first institution in Ashkenazi Jewry that taught general studies in addition to the reformulated and reduced traditional curriculum. This model, with different stresses, was applied elsewhere.
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rabbinate was the highest aim of many Jewish boys, and the study of the Talmud was the means of obtaining that coveted position, or one of many other important communal distinctions. Haskalah followers advocated "coming out of the
714:, empowered to rule on numerous civic matters, and the board of elders, which served as lay leadership. The maskilim perceived those as remnants of medieval discrimination. They criticized various traits of Jewish society, such as
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be remedied by the shedding of the base and corrupt elements of Jewish existence and retention of only the true, positive ones; indeed, the question what those were, exactly, loomed as the greatest challenge of Jewish modernity.
3670:) rejected the continuing observance of those aspects of Jewish law which they classified as ritual—as opposed to moral or ethical. Even within orthodoxy, the Haskalah was felt through the appearance, in response, of the
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believed, would be able to take their place as equals in an enlightened world. But all, including the moderate and disillusioned, stated that adjustment to the changing world was both unavoidable and positive in itself.
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was the first modern Hebrew grammarian, and beginning with his 1796 manual of the language, he authored books which explored it and were vital reading material for young Maskilim until the end of the 19th century.
355:, who were deemed backward. The movement's literary canon is defined by a grandiloquent, archaic register copying the Biblical one and often combining lengthy allusions or direct quotes from verses in the prose.
3505:. Reference to Berlin in relation to the Haskalah movement is necessary because it provides context for this episode of Jewish history. Subsequently, having left Germany and spreading across Eastern Europe, the
925:(published since 1806) was written almost entirely in German, befitting its editors' agenda of linguistic assimilation. Likewise, upon the demise of Jewish Enlightenment in Eastern Europe, authors abandoned the
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had little in common. On the right-wing were conservative members of the rabbinic elite who merely wanted a rationalist approach, and on the extreme left some ventured far beyond the pale of orthodoxy towards
1002:(affluent communal wardens) class – they were always more open to outside society, and had to tutor their children in secular subjects, thus inviting general Enlightenment influences – was a precondition of
3738:(1811–1899) was a Jewish writer, poet, playwright, historian, journalist and educator. He mostly wrote in Hebrew, but also wrote poetry and dramas in Yiddish. His first collection was published in 1835.
493:), (Hidden in Thunder), he abandoned its strict conventions in favour of a mixed, facile and common style. His career marked the end of the Maskilic period in Hebrew literature and the beginning of the
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775:, who sought to acquaint their pupils with refined Hebrew so they may understand the Pentateuch and prayers and thus better identify with their heritage; ignorance of Hebrew was often lamented by
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in favour of the prevalent one, and preached patriotism and loyalty to the new centralized governments. They acted to weaken and limit the jurisdiction of traditional community institutions – the
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The central platforms of the Maskilic "Republic of Letters" were its great periodicals, each serving as a locus for contributors and readers during the time it was published. The first was the
3800:(1801–1863) was a Russian bibliographer, author, and publisher. His parents moved to Vilnius when he was still a child, and there he received instruction in Hebrew grammar and rabbinical lore.
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advocating Folkish, Socialist or Nationalist secular Jewish identities in Eastern Europe. While Haskalah advocated Hebrew and sought to remove Yiddish, these subsequent developments advocated
497:. The writers of the latter period lambasted their Maskilic predecessors for their didactic and florid style, more or less paralleling the Romantics' criticism of Enlightenment literature.
690:, of a world freed of superstition and backwardness in which all humans will come together under the liberating influence of reason and progress. The reconstituted Jews, these radical
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649:, who openly and vehemently denounced the traditional authorities. The appropriate intellectual and moral leadership needed by the Jewish public in modern times was, according to the
224:, exhorted and implemented communal, educational and cultural reforms in both the public and the private spheres. Owing to its dual policies, it collided both with the traditionalist
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shared a sense of common identity and self-consciousness. They were anchored in the existence of a shared literary canon, which began to be formulated in the first Maskilic locus at
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3617:, rather than on religion. This, in turn, resulted in the political engagement of Jews in a variety of competing ways within the countries where they lived on issues that included
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3766:(1846–1930) was one of the greatest Hebrew 'bookmen' of all time. He was a bookseller, bibliographer, publicist, polemicist, historian, memoirist, author, editor and publisher.
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surrounding society, received mores and modernity. Sliding away from this precarious equilibrium, in any direction, signified also one's break with the Jewish Enlightenment.
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attitude to Yiddish which persisted many years later among the educated – though often its activists had to resort to it for lack of better medium to address the masses.
3812:(1794–1886) was the German Jewish founder of academic Judaic Studies (Wissenschaft des Judentums), the critical investigation of Jewish literature, hymnology and ritual.
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culture, style, and vernacular, and the adoption of modern values. At the same time, economic production, and the taking up of new occupations was pursued. The
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agenda and being surrounded by apathetic Jews, either conservative "fanatics" or parvenu "assimilationists", is a common theme in the movement's literature.
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as breeding apathy towards Judaism. Far less Talmud, considered cumbersome and ill-suited for children, was taught; elements considered superstitious, like
343:" and often employed loanwords from other languages. Some activists, however, were not averse to using Mishnaic and Rabbinic forms. They also preferred the
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3782:(1788-1860), also known as the Ribal; Jewish scholar of Hebrew, a satirist, a writer and Haskalah leader. He has been called "the Mendelssohn of Russia."
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3451:, or grammatical commentary, prepared under Mendelssohn's supervision, was designed to counteract the influence of traditional rabbinical methods of
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experiences, either of assertive mothers or early marriage, often conducted at the age of thirteen. Bitter memories from those are a common theme in
771:, who were particularly reviled in maskilic circles. Those were replaced by teachers trained in modern methods, among others in the spirit of German
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language of their lands, and integrate them into larger society. They opposed Jewish reclusiveness and self-segregation, called upon Jews to discard
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One commentator describes these effects as "The emancipation of the Jews brought forth two opposed movements: the cultural assimilation, begun by
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like were used for apologetic and intercessory purposes toward the Christian world. A tiny minority of writers was concerned with the latter. The
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influenced multiple Jewish communities who were interested in non-religious scholarly texts and insight to worlds beyond their Jewish enclaves.
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Maskilic reforms included educational efforts. In 1778, partisans of the movement were among the founders of the Berlin Jewish Free School, or
211:. The movement encompassed a wide spectrum ranging from moderates, who hoped for maximal compromise, to radicals, who sought sweeping changes.
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653:, that of their own. Feiner noted that in their usurpation of the title of spiritual elite, unprecedented in Jewish history since the dawn of
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which served as almost the sole system of thought among Ashkenazim and an explanatory system for observance. Rather than complex allegorical
645:. The potential of "Words of Peace and Truth" was fully realized later, by the second generation of the movement in Berlin and other radical
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Language played a key role in the haskalah movement, as Mendelssohn and others called for a revival of Hebrew and a reduction in the use of
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were more concerned with the rapid assimilation of local Jews into the colonial French culture than with the ills of traditional society.
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370:"The Moralist", regarded as the beginning of modern writing in Hebrew and the first journal in the language. Between 1789 and his death,
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271:. While Maskilic centres sometimes had loose institutions around which their members operated, the movement as a whole lacked any such.
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preached productivization and abandonment of traditional Jewish occupations in favour of agriculture, trades and liberal professions.
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in 1783 and printed with growing intervals until 1797. The magazine had several dozen writers and 272 subscribers at its zenith, from
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viewed it with reserve, sometimes anxiety. In their writings, they drew a sharp line between themselves and whom they termed "pseudo-
718:– traumatized memories from unions entered at the age of thirteen or fourteen are a common theme in Haskalah literature – the use of
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4422:(audio archive giving history of ideas of the Haskalah movement and its later secular offshoot movements), London Jewish Book Week.
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found in print. Concurrently, it strove for an optimal integration in surrounding societies. Practitioners promoted the study of
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The Haskalah was multifaceted, with many loci which rose and dwindled at different times and across vast territories. The name
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secularization, religious reform from moderate to extreme, adoption of native patriotism and so forth. In many regions the
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fulfilled an important, though limited, part in the modernization of Central and Eastern European Jews. Its activists, the
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Brown, Lucille W., and Stephen M. Berk. "Fathers and Sons: Hasidim, Orthodoxy, and Haskalah: A View from Eastern Europe."
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attract their offspring, who often lacked a grasp of Hebrew due to not sharing their parents' traditional education.
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David Jan Sorkin, The Transformation of German Jewry, 1780–1840. Wayne State University Press, 1999. pp. 80–81.
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affluent Jews or the state's institutions. This triplice – the authorities, the Jewish communal elite, and the
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to influence secular educational methods, while its writers satirised Hasidic mysticism, in favour of solely
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When Did Haskalah Begin? Establishing the Beginning of Haskalah Literature and the Definition of "Modernism"
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was robust enough to lack any single platform. Its members published several large magazines, including the
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Antonio's Devils: Writers of the Jewish Enlightenment and the Birth of Modern Hebrew and Yiddish Literature
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Resources > Modern Period > Central and Western Europe (17th\18th Cent.) > Enlightenment (Haskala)
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2000 Years of Jewish History: From the Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash Until the Twentieth Century
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3788:(1729-1786) philosopher and theologian, one of the central founders of Haskalah (noted in Haskalah article)
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Haskalah did not stay restricted to Germany, however, and the movement quickly spread throughout Europe.
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Rasplus, Valéry "Les judaïsmes à l'épreuve des Lumières. Les stratégies critiques de la Haskalah", in:
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During a century of activity, the Maskilim produced a massive contribution, forming the first phase of
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elite, which attempted to preserve old Jewish values and norms in their entirety, and with the radical
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intellectual sphere of Jewish life, contesting its role as spiritual leadership. In his 1782 circular
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The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The
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637:) of God", and the latter, though superior, could not be pursued and was useless without the former.
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Haskalah and Beyond: The Reception of the Hebrew Enlightenment and the Emergence of Haskalah Judaism
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later (in the face of continued persecutions in late nineteenth-century Europe), the development of
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4113:(2007). "Review: Haskalah: A New Paradigm: The Jewish Enlightenment by Shmuel Feiner; Chaya Naor."
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wished to replace the dualism which characterized the traditional Ashkenazi community, which spoke
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turned from a progressive into an adversary of more radical elements within a generation. In the
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6348:
6338:
6331:
6316:
6202:
5435:
5221:
5160:
5056:
4567:
3751:
3719:
3676:
3431:
3403:
3212:
3207:
3152:
2940:
1855:
1583:
1570:
1465:
1182:
1023:
798:
478:
371:
311:
as their primary creative medium. The Maskilim inherited the Medieval Grammarians' – such as
287:
75:
47:
5348:
5343:
4247:
3943:
7349:
7339:
6842:
5814:
5700:
5560:
5522:
5473:
5117:
5087:
4915:
4630:
4521:
4484:
4363:
Jewish Enlightenment in an English Key: Anglo-Jewry's Construction of Modern Jewish Thought
4321:
3779:
3725:
3578:
3486:
3283:
3235:
2975:
2833:
1646:
1511:
1500:
1458:
687:
594:
515:
208:
123:
59:
5494:
5373:
3681:
maintained through segregation from their gentile neighbors – and Jewish identity itself.
3462:. The result was an outpouring of new, secular literature, as well as critical studies of
71:
8:
6997:
6965:
6891:
6800:
6746:
6353:
6153:
5887:
5852:
5443:
5127:
4895:
4864:
4474:
3850:
81:7 variously translated as "in the secret place of thunder", "hidden in thunder", etc.
3741:
3622:
3590:
3336:
3031:
1709:
1576:
1479:
1472:
1402:
1290:
1165:
951:
818:
331:
as a source and standard, emphatically advocating what they termed "Pure Hebrew Tongue" (
304:
229:
168:
119:
67:
5000:
4975:
4460:
407:
91:
7329:
7324:
7135:
6857:
6734:
6729:
6714:
6684:
6637:
6560:
6466:
6326:
5899:
5804:
5771:
5453:
5315:
5305:
5290:
5280:
5234:
5122:
4945:
4666:
4145:
4121:
3897:
3735:
3594:
3570:
3187:
3137:
3084:
3079:
2993:
2863:
2131:
1960:
1719:
1639:
1493:
1059:
929:
paradigm not toward assimilation but in favour of exclusive use of Hebrew and Yiddish.
746:
232:
who wished to eliminate or minimize the existence of the Jews as a defined collective.
111:
6612:
6488:
5425:
4594:
3806:(1819–1899) was a Jewish writer who translated various volumes and novels into Hebrew.
7415:
7113:
7044:
6926:
6911:
6694:
6565:
6530:
5819:
5658:
5463:
5458:
5420:
5410:
5259:
5175:
5170:
5112:
4960:
4950:
4715:
4572:
4393:
4383:
4293:
4273:
4248:
4211:
4182:
3785:
3643:
3423:
3331:
3273:
3253:
3070:
2630:
2269:
1729:
1600:
1530:
1407:
1320:
1187:
979:
814:
722:
to enforce community will and the concentration on virtually only religious studies.
707:
463:
363:
283:
176:
79:
5499:
4920:
1030:
as a major factor in those; Feiner noted that "every modern Jew was identified as a
835:
sought a literal understanding of scripture and sacred literature. The rejection of
31:
7179:
7147:
7108:
7079:
7062:
7012:
6813:
6622:
6555:
6508:
6456:
6424:
6415:
6400:
6274:
6249:
6225:
6109:
6040:
5957:
5824:
5663:
5295:
5275:
5244:
4935:
4900:
4844:
3773:
3459:
3443:
means of acquiring it was provided by Mendelssohn in his German translation of the
3301:
3182:
3142:
3106:
2804:
2354:
1865:
1621:
1525:
1440:
1330:
1122:
772:
654:
623:
416:
103:
5378:
249:
became a standard self-appellation in 1860, when it was taken as the motto of the
7089:
7084:
6896:
6823:
6656:
6627:
6550:
6540:
6503:
6478:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6269:
6264:
6254:
6239:
6030:
5947:
5914:
5872:
5862:
5468:
5353:
5229:
5191:
5010:
4854:
4849:
4651:
4557:
4419:
3803:
3763:
3728:(1816–1893) was a Polish-Russian Jewish journalist. He was founder and editor of
3671:
3663:
3614:
3561:
3263:
3222:
3217:
3197:
3119:
3113:
3046:
2998:
2838:
2819:
1970:
1699:
1611:
1594:
1138:
1027:
750:
615:
486:
435:
414:
into Hebrew, and an abridged form of the "Are at this hour asleep!" monologue in
340:
324:
320:
312:
180:
136:
5517:
4412:
3467:
3455:. Together with the translation, it became, as it were, the primer of Haskalah.
911:
movement's plans, Central European Jews turned almost solely to the vernacular.
7393:
7368:
7189:
7096:
7054:
7034:
7022:
7002:
6916:
6906:
6874:
6867:
6847:
6818:
6790:
6785:
6751:
6661:
6585:
6575:
6513:
6311:
6259:
6170:
6165:
5927:
5922:
5857:
5786:
5640:
5590:
5448:
5325:
5320:
5310:
5206:
5132:
5041:
5036:
4859:
4834:
4814:
4799:
4784:
4769:
4436:
3659:
3610:
3606:
3463:
3439:
3363:
3162:
3017:
2897:
2876:
2853:
2848:
2826:
2814:
2409:
1890:
1824:
1789:
1767:
1704:
1542:
1520:
1382:
1361:
1337:
1103:
1085:
753:. They all abandoned the received methods of Ashkenazi education: study of the
715:
352:
160:
156:
152:
30:"Maskil" redirects here. For the Hebrew literary term heading some psalms, see
3685:
traditionalist and modernist tendencies. Groups of Reform Jews, including the
3438:(1773–1839). Mendelssohn's extraordinary success as a popular philosopher and
462:"Love of Zion", which was published in 1853 after twenty-three years of work.
382:
that exerted influence on all neo-Hebraic poets in the following generations.
7409:
7162:
7007:
6934:
6741:
6675:
6648:
6597:
6545:
6518:
6493:
6483:
6244:
6190:
6124:
6104:
6094:
6089:
6062:
6008:
5937:
5882:
5668:
5625:
5595:
5575:
5239:
5165:
5092:
4995:
4925:
4839:
4794:
4779:
4676:
4625:
4431:
4270:
From Rebel to Rabbi: reclaiming Jesus and the making of modern Jewish culture
3822:
3732:, and other periodicals published in Russian and Yiddish; he wrote in Hebrew.
3651:
3482:
3311:
3306:
2512:
2439:
1965:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1772:
1724:
1486:
1325:
1230:
1192:
1143:
983:
917:
793:
627:
510:
451:
393:
was the Haskalah's pioneering playwright, best known for his 1794 epic drama
359:
291:
51:
974:. The Jewish national movements of Eastern Europe, founded by disillusioned
915:
demonstrated this with the two great journals of German Jewry: the maskilic
857:
Another aspect was the movement's attitude to gender relations. Many of the
845:, were extremely controversial in traditional society; apart from that, the
501:
307:, an intellectual community based on printing houses and reading societies.
7142:
6939:
6901:
6862:
6451:
6195:
6134:
6114:
6074:
6057:
6025:
6013:
5974:
5892:
5867:
5678:
5673:
5620:
5610:
5585:
5565:
5285:
5254:
5201:
5196:
4980:
4890:
4829:
4809:
4696:
4620:
4110:
3809:
3667:
3341:
3167:
3008:
3003:
2961:
2914:
2008:
1875:
1860:
1819:
1784:
1397:
1239:
987:
921:
was written in Hebrew and supported the study of German; the post-maskilic
912:
683:
455:
328:
295:
164:
115:
3892:
Uzi Shavit, "An Examination of the Term 'Haskala' in Hebrew Literature".
7152:
6667:
6592:
6570:
6473:
6067:
5996:
5991:
5979:
5969:
5630:
5415:
5211:
4985:
4824:
4703:
4686:
4681:
3827:
3791:
3582:
3574:
3435:
3326:
3268:
2933:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1799:
765:
as a subject of higher learning, all presided over by old-school tutors,
730:
431:
411:
192:
99:
55:
4645:
4430: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4125:
3901:
3754:(1754/6 - 1835), German-Jewish writer, translator, Biblical commentator.
3521:
7246:
6953:
6535:
6129:
5877:
5799:
5635:
5615:
5600:
5570:
4819:
4730:
4587:
4562:
4552:
4490:
4149:
2984:
1998:
1927:
1885:
1714:
1694:
1253:
1160:
1080:
754:
703:
670:
473:
200:
196:
7167:
6632:
6523:
6434:
6052:
5986:
4661:
4582:
4390:
Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: a History of Conflict
3557:
3147:
3132:
2222:
2170:
1932:
1880:
1870:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1452:
1212:
1022:
became synonymous, among friends and foes alike and in much of early
967:
781:
585:
571:
255:
143:; literally, "wisdom", "erudition" or "education"), often termed the
6003:
3914:
3716:(~1790–1878) was a Lithuanian Jewish Hebraist, poet, and grammarian.
1900:
335:) and lambasting the Rabbinic style of letters, which mixed it with
6886:
6828:
6773:
6439:
5725:
5020:
4615:
3498:
3490:
3452:
3316:
2926:
2858:
1197:
1148:
839:, often accompanied with attempts to refute the ancientness of the
828:
823:
767:
738:
719:
711:
425:
4324:
Discusses Rashi's influence on Moses Mendelssohn and the Haskalah.
39:
7101:
6985:
6980:
6970:
6958:
6778:
6763:
6707:
6642:
6617:
6580:
6444:
6119:
6018:
5942:
5834:
5760:
3647:
3635:
3565:
3494:
3478:
3427:
3407:
3292:
3258:
3127:
2921:
1910:
1905:
1777:
1668:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1304:
1299:
1276:
1258:
1133:
1128:
1118:
1096:
1071:
955:
947:
566:
539:
454:, and also authored biblical exegesis and educational handbooks.
336:
204:
184:
466:
was the most eminent poet of his generation and arguably of the
207:, and is largely perceived as the Jewish variant of the general
7172:
7039:
6975:
4691:
3847:
3556:
was the heartland of Rabbinic Judaism, with its two streams of
3474:
3416:
2952:
2947:
2907:
2892:
2003:
1895:
1315:
1281:
1267:
1202:
762:
590:
583:
and more, though the probably most influential of them all was
580:
550:
535:
523:
519:
505:
434:
pioneered satirist writings in his biting, mocking critique of
279:
250:
4346:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, London: Rutgers University Press.
3406:
communities, and as long as all social interaction with their
1034:
and every change in traditional religious patterns was dubbed
805:(Rashness and Sanctimony) in 1796. On the economic front, the
7123:
7118:
7072:
7027:
6948:
6943:
6207:
5962:
5932:
4577:
3979:. University of Pennsylvania Press (2011). pp. 1–17, 150–152.
3477:
was the city of origin for the movement. The capital city of
3444:
3411:
1915:
1344:
1248:
1217:
851:
841:
801:, for example, authored the first modern Judaeo-German play,
761:(medieval Yiddish) translation and an exclusive focus on the
633:
379:
225:
3430:
Jew, served to lead this movement, which was also shaped by
561:, published in the same city from 1845 to 1870. The Russian
530:. The movement lacked an equivalent until the appearance of
267:
from 1 October 1783: its publishers described themselves as
7222:
5756:
4372:
Enlightenment Jewish Style: The Haskalah Movement in Europe
1067:
990:
and onwards. It was once common in Israeli historiography.
398:
148:
4406:
Oświecenie żydowskie w Królestwie Polskim wobec chasydyzmu
4165:; second ed., New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1964; p. 906.
3597:
variously satirised or sentimentalised Hasidic mysticism.
682:
The more extreme and ideologically bent came close to the
263:
for activists were already common in the first edition of
179:
for use in secular life, which resulted in an increase in
481:
was during his youth a Maskilic writer but from his 1886
378:"Poems of Glory", an eighteen-part epic cycle concerning
526:
in the west, making it the sounding board of the Berlin
470:
in its entirety. His most famous work was the 1876 epic
4290:
Complex Identities: Jewish consciousness and modern art
3581:(1788–1860) became known as the "Russian Mendelssohn".
669:
sought to replace the framework of values held by the
450:"Verses in the Holy Tongue" considered a milestone in
4374:. Mainz: Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG).
3722:(1840–1919) was a Russian Jewish educator and author.
2931:
2912:
1335:
4470:Map of the spread of Haskalah, on Boston Univ site
4392:. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.
4369:
3846:"Beseter ra'am" is a allusion to an expression in
3760:(1820–1895) was a Russian Hebrew-language writer.
902:was, by and large, a unigenerational experience.
446:was primarily a leading metricist, with his 1842
401:", which was printed in twelve editions by 1888.
7407:
3934:. University Press of America (2012). pp. 29–32.
3605:The Haskalah also resulted in the creation of a
4465:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
4233:Turim: Studies in Jewish History and Literature
4077:Port Jews and the Three Regions of Emancipation
5741:
4506:
3383:
557:from 1834 to 1857, and to a lesser degree by
458:authored the first Hebrew full-length novel,
420:was included in his 1816 lyrical compilation
4635:
4606:
4592:
4365:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4245:
3996:, Rutgers University Press, 2012. pp. 73–74.
327:as pristine and correct. They turned to the
7230:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4701:
4435:
3915:Towards a Historical Definition of Haskalah
3501:. The movement is often referred to as the
1627:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
618:, one of the most traditional and moderate
549:. That function was later fulfilled by the
5748:
5734:
4513:
4499:
4344:Haskalah. The Romantic Movement in Judaism
3994:Haskalah: The Romantic Movement in Judaism
3957:Haskalah Literature - Trends and Attitudes
3390:
3376:
813:important contribution was the revival of
4387:
733:opened the first modern Jewish school in
147:, was an intellectual movement among the
5777:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4520:
4360:
38:
27:1770s–1880s Jewish intellectual movement
7276:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5913:
4477:ThinkTorah.org by Rabbi Menachem Levine
4201:
4174:
3873:"Jewish Emancipation and Enlightenment"
3794:(1773-1839) (noted in Haskalah article)
1006:. The state and the elite required the
870:
159:, with a certain influence on those in
14:
7408:
4341:
4337:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
4332:
4250:Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice
4230:
3894:Jerusalem Studies in Hebrew Literature
347:, considered more prestigious, to the
5729:
4751:
4532:
4494:
4288:Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd, eds.
4163:The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia
3691:Association for the Reform of Judaism
600:
538:between 1820 until 1831, serving the
5755:
4413:The Unique Case of Jewish Secularism
4202:Klugman, Rabbi Eliyahu Meir (1996).
4021:Jewish Women's Archive: Encyclopedia
3870:
3516:
3701:
490:
140:
24:
7223:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
7203:American Jewish Historical Society
4370:Schumacher-Brunhes, Marie (2012).
4328:Jewish Virtual Library on Haskalah
4272:, Stanford University Press, 2007
4014:
240:
32:Psalms § Themes and execution
25:
7442:
4454:
4439:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
4292:. Rutgers University Press, 2001
4017:"Haskalah Attitudes Toward Women"
1418:Historical population comparisons
821:, as an alternative to mysticist
745:opened similar institutes in the
442:"Revealer of Secrets" from 1819.
7387:
7374:
7373:
5709:
5708:
4449:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
4425:
4161:"Jews", William Bridgwater, ed.
3919:New Perspectives on the Haskalah
3687:Society of the Friends of Reform
3520:
2062:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1976:Historical population by country
274:In spite of that diversity, the
259:, but derivatives and the title
4282:
4262:
4239:
4224:
4195:
4168:
4155:
4131:
4099:
4086:
4069:
4056:
4047:
4034:
4008:
3999:
3708:Category:People of the Haskalah
3560:Talmudism centred primarily in
7295:Relations with other religions
4475:The Haskalah in Eastern Europe
4317:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
4208:ArtScroll Mesorah Publications
3982:
3969:
3948:
3937:
3924:
3921:. Litmann (2001). p. 208.
3907:
3886:
3864:
3840:
741:in 1813, and Eastern European
300:restoration as a spoken tongue
235:
13:
1:
7282:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
4376:Digital version available at
4306:
3857:
3744:(1756–1828), was a Hungarian
3402:As long as the Jews lived in
1633:Christianity and Judaism
788:In the linguistic field, the
7213:Leo Baeck Institute New York
7208:American Sephardi Federation
4752:
4638:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
932:The political vision of the
614:(Words of Peace and Truth),
351:, which was linked with the
214:In its various changes, the
7:
6036:Constantinopolitan Karaites
4607:
4361:Ruderman, David B. (2000).
4204:Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch
4115:The Jewish Quarterly Review
3816:
3748:, mathematician, and rabbi.
3593:among Maskilim. Writers of
3577:interpretation of Judaism.
3410:neighbors was limited, the
2932:
2913:
2640:Latin America and Caribbean
1336:
817:, rather dormant since the
686:aspirations of the radical
605:While the partisans of the
410:was the first to translate
384:Joseph ha-Efrati Troplowitz
96:Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport
10:
7447:
7431:Jews and Judaism in Europe
7264:National Library of Israel
5905:Zionism, race and genetics
4533:
4487:, University of Manchester
4388:Wodzinski, Marcin (2009).
4246:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2003).
4081:Jewish Culture and History
3705:
3662:, whose founders (such as
3629:Jewish political movements
3600:
3587:Jewish political movements
3245:Jewish political movements
2942:Conversion to Judaism
1050:
622:, quoted the passage from
29:
7362:
7218:Yeshiva University Museum
7198:Center for Jewish History
7188:
7053:
6925:
6799:
6693:
6224:
5843:
5785:
5767:
5695:
5649:
5551:
5508:
5487:
5434:
5403:
5387:
5334:
5268:
5220:
5184:
5151:
5070:
5029:
4873:
4762:
4758:
4747:
4652:Methodological skepticism
4543:
4539:
4528:
4411:Brinker, Menahem (2008),
3714:Abraham Dob Bär Lebensohn
3512:
1648:Hinduism and Judaism
444:Avraham Dov Ber Lebensohn
7421:Hebrew words and phrases
5810:Ancient Israel and Judah
4418:17 November 2017 at the
4354:, n° 17, septembre 2006
3977:The Jewish Enlightenment
3833:
3798:Isaac ben Jacob Benjacob
3770:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
1474:Temple in Jerusalem
1167:Bar and bat mitzvah
803:Leichtsinn und Frömmelei
6186:North African Sephardim
6159:Jewish tribes of Arabia
4446:The Jewish Encyclopedia
4379:European History Online
4333:Dauber, Jeremy (2004).
4231:Bleich, Judith (2007).
4210:. pp. Ch. 1–2, 5.
4181:. Feldheim Publishers.
4175:Schloss, Chaim (2002).
3954:See also: Moshe Pelli,
1436:Twelve Tribes of Israel
7289:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7259:Jewish Virtual Library
4702:
4636:
4602:Enlightened absolutism
4593:
4322:Rashi by Maurice Liber
3992:, p. 35; Olga Litvak,
3758:Eliezer Dob Liebermann
3609:, with an emphasis on
3607:secular Jewish culture
1047:had no effect at all.
970:, also broke with the
589:, launched in 1860 at
345:Sephardi pronunciation
323:and preference of the
317:Judah ben David Hayyuj
126:
7236:Encyclopaedia Judaica
7018:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
6203:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
5953:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
4568:Counter-Enlightenment
4342:Litvak, Olga (2012).
3917:", in: David Sorkin,
3752:Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn
3720:Abraham Jacob Paperna
3677:Torah im Derech Eretz
3562:Lithuania and Belarus
3432:Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn
2182:São Tomé and Príncipe
2177:Republic of the Congo
1571:Second Temple Judaism
1442:Kingdom of Judah
1413:Modern historiography
1024:Jewish historiography
799:Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn
727:Hevrat Hinuch Ne'arim
612:Divrei Shalom v'Emeth
479:Mendele Mocher Sforim
448:Shirei S'fat haQodesh
372:Naphtali Hirz Wessely
362:literature. In 1755,
288:Naphtali Hirz Wessely
175:renewal, including a
76:Naphtali Hirz Wessely
48:Raphael Levi Hannover
42:
5815:Second Temple period
4522:Age of Enlightenment
4485:John Rylands Library
3726:Aleksander Zederbaum
3579:Isaac Baer Levinsohn
3487:Age of Enlightenment
3284:World Agudath Israel
2425:United Arab Emirates
1512:Second Temple period
1502:Babylonian captivity
871:Transitory phenomena
595:Aleksander Zederbaum
516:Isaac Abraham Euchel
403:Judah Leib Ben-Ze'ev
282:. Its members, like
209:Age of Enlightenment
145:Jewish Enlightenment
124:Isaac Baer Levinsohn
60:Marcus Elieser Bloch
18:Jewish Enlightenment
7253:Jewish Encyclopedia
6998:Hekhalot literature
6809:Religious movements
6344:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5528:Feijóo y Montenegro
5479:Vorontsova-Dashkova
4481:Haskalah collection
4139:Oral History Review
4096:, pp. 197–198, 201.
4005:Pelli, pp. 295–296.
3780:Isaac Bär Levinsohn
3742:David Friesenhausen
3627:involvement in new
3623:Jewish emancipation
3591:Yiddish Renaissance
1577:Hellenistic Judaism
1155:Land of Israel
1114:Principles of faith
952:Samuel Joseph Fuenn
819:Italian Renaissance
477:(Tittle of a Jot).
305:Republic of Letters
169:Jewish emancipation
120:Samuel Joseph Fuenn
68:Salomon Jacob Cohen
66:, Berlin Haskalah:
7394:Judaism portal
7330:Jews and Halloween
7325:Jews and Christmas
6715:Rabbinic authority
6467:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5900:Xueta Christianity
5805:Origins of Judaism
5772:Outline of Judaism
4667:Natural philosophy
4083:, 2001. pp. 33–34.
3871:Ettinger, Shmuel.
3776:, Nathan the Wise.
3736:Avrom Ber Gotlober
3674:in Lithuania, and
3595:Yiddish literature
3571:Pale of Settlement
3532:. You can help by
3138:Jewish Koine Greek
2680:Dominican Republic
1961:Judaism by country
1640:Jews and Christmas
1495:Assyrian captivity
747:Pale of Settlement
601:Reforming movement
495:Era of Renaissance
333:S'fat E'ver tzacha
127:
112:Avrom Ber Gotlober
46:, proto-Maskilim:
7403:
7402:
7369:extinct languages
7270:YIVO Encyclopedia
7045:Hebrew literature
7013:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
6853:Reconstructionist
6531:Judaeo-Portuguese
6220:
6219:
6176:Eastern Sephardim
5820:Synagogal Judaism
5723:
5722:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4716:Scientific method
4573:Critical thinking
4404:(translated from
4399:978-1-904113-08-9
4188:978-1-58330-214-9
3786:Moses Mendelssohn
3644:Moses Mendelssohn
3621:the struggle for
3550:
3549:
3489:thinkers such as
3424:Moses Mendelssohn
3400:
3399:
3349:
3348:
3097:
3096:
2844:Reconstructionist
2788:
2787:
1940:
1939:
1747:
1746:
1584:Jewish–Roman wars
1532:Hasmonean dynasty
1448:Kingdom of Israel
1352:
1351:
980:Peretz Smolenskin
815:Jewish philosophy
757:with the archaic
708:traditional dress
464:Judah Leib Gordon
422:Melitzat Yeshurun
366:began publishing
364:Moses Mendelssohn
284:Moses Mendelssohn
253:-based newspaper
177:revival of Hebrew
80:Moses Mendelssohn
72:David Friedländer
16:(Redirected from
7438:
7426:Jewish movements
7392:
7391:
7390:
7377:
7376:
6509:Judeo-Golpaygani
6110:Palestinian Jews
6085:Alexandrian Jews
6041:Crimean Karaites
5958:Unterlander Jews
5911:
5910:
5825:Rabbinic Judaism
5750:
5743:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5712:
5711:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4707:
4641:
4612:
4598:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4492:
4491:
4450:
4429:
4428:
4403:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4347:
4338:
4300:
4286:
4280:
4268:Matthew Hoffman
4266:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4135:
4129:
4103:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4015:Feiner, Shmuel.
4012:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3952:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3913:Samuel Feiner, "
3911:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3868:
3851:
3844:
3774:Nathan der Weise
3702:List of Maskilim
3554:Poland–Lithuania
3545:
3542:
3524:
3517:
3481:and, later, the
3434:(1754–1835) and
3392:
3385:
3378:
3241:
3240:
3122:
2943:
2937:
2918:
2882:
2881:
2829:
2776:New Zealand
2728:
2691:El Salvador
2681:
2613:Northern America
2605:
2199:
1955:
1954:
1866:Crimean Karaites
1762:
1761:
1740:
1738:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1622:Rabbinic Judaism
1603:
1597:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1533:
1526:Maccabean Revolt
1503:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1443:
1367:
1366:
1341:
1236:
1235:
1168:
1156:
1055:
1054:
958:, the few local
773:philanthropinism
655:Rabbinic Judaism
624:Leviticus Rabbah
532:Bikurei ha-I'tim
492:
417:Henry IV, Part 2
408:Solomon Löwisohn
392:
230:assimilationists
142:
104:Baruch Jeitteles
92:Judah Löb Mieses
21:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7388:
7386:
7358:
7184:
7049:
6921:
6795:
6689:
6504:Judeo-Borujerdi
6479:Judeo-Malayalam
6425:Judeo-Aragonese
6396:Lishanid Noshan
6228:
6216:
5948:Oberlander Jews
5909:
5839:
5781:
5763:
5754:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5705:
5683:
5645:
5547:
5504:
5483:
5430:
5399:
5395:Carvalho e Melo
5383:
5330:
5264:
5216:
5180:
5147:
5066:
5025:
4869:
4754:
4735:
4721:Spanish America
4595:Encyclopédistes
4558:Civil liberties
4535:
4524:
4519:
4457:
4437:Singer, Isidore
4426:
4420:Wayback Machine
4400:
4355:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4287:
4283:
4267:
4263:
4244:
4240:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4156:
4144:(1977): 17–32.
4136:
4132:
4104:
4100:
4091:
4087:
4074:
4070:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3987:
3983:
3975:Shmuel Feiner.
3974:
3970:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3925:
3912:
3908:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3819:
3804:Kalman Schulman
3764:Ephraim Deinard
3710:
3704:
3672:Mussar Movement
3664:Israel Jacobson
3660:Reform movement
3615:Jewish identity
3603:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3530:needs expansion
3515:
3507:Berlin Haskalah
3503:Berlin Haskalah
3464:religious texts
3422:The example of
3396:
3351:
3350:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3218:Judeo-Malayalam
3198:Judaeo-Georgian
3118:
3109:
3099:
3098:
2999:Yiddish theatre
2941:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2827:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2726:
2679:
2603:
2197:
1981:Genetic studies
1952:
1942:
1941:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1614:and Middle Ages
1612:Rabbinic period
1599:
1593:
1586:
1574:
1545:
1531:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1459:in Judaism
1456:
1441:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1166:
1154:
1099:
1053:
1028:Heinrich Graetz
873:
751:Congress Poland
712:rabbinic courts
626:stating that a
616:Hartwig Wessely
603:
522:in the east to
436:Hasidic Judaism
395:Melukhat Sha'ul
386:
376:Shirei Tif'eret
321:Mishnaic Hebrew
313:Jonah ibn Janah
243:
241:Literary circle
238:
106:
82:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7444:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7383:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7336:non-Christian
7334:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7273:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7232:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7194:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7035:Shulchan Aruch
7032:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7023:Sefer Yetzirah
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7003:Pardes Rimonim
7000:
6993:Kabbalah texts
6990:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6937:
6931:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6805:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6786:Land of Israel
6783:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6699:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6662:Judeo-Alsatian
6654:
6653:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6514:Judeo-Hamedani
6511:
6506:
6501:
6491:
6489:Judaeo-Occitan
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6430:Jewish English
6427:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6361:Judaeo-Aramaic
6358:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6349:Judeo-Tunisian
6346:
6341:
6339:Judeo-Moroccan
6336:
6335:
6334:
6332:Judeo-Baghdadi
6319:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6236:
6234:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6181:Livornese Jews
6178:
6168:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6011:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5928:Afrikaner-Jode
5919:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4865:Wollstonecraft
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4604:
4599:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4472:
4467:
4456:
4455:External links
4453:
4452:
4451:
4423:
4409:
4398:
4385:
4367:
4358:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4281:
4261:
4238:
4223:
4216:
4194:
4187:
4167:
4154:
4130:
4098:
4085:
4075:David Sorkin,
4068:
4066:, pp. 204–207.
4055:
4046:
4044:, pp. 188–191.
4033:
4007:
3998:
3981:
3968:
3947:
3936:
3923:
3906:
3885:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3739:
3733:
3723:
3717:
3703:
3700:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3611:Jewish history
3602:
3599:
3548:
3547:
3527:
3525:
3514:
3511:
3440:man of letters
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3279:Territorialism
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Judaeo-Spanish
3160:
3158:Judaeo-Iranian
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:United Kingdom
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:Bilad-el-Sudan
2034:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1990:Land of Israel
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1848:Related groups
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Jewish atheism
1702:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:Islamic–Jewish
1651:
1644:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1581:
1568:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1521:Yehud Medinata
1515:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1470:
1462:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1427:Ancient Israel
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Land of Israel
1380:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:Shulchan Aruch
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1111:
1104:God in Judaism
1100:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1052:
1049:
888:Virtually all
872:
869:
716:child marriage
602:
599:
559:Kokhvei Yizhak
514:, launched by
440:Megaleh Tmirin
424:(Eloquence of
353:Jews of Poland
319:– distaste of
242:
239:
237:
234:
161:Western Europe
157:Eastern Europe
86:, Austria and
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7443:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7396:
7395:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7320:Protestantism
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7008:Sefer HaBahir
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6935:Sifrei Kodesh
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6791:Who is a Jew?
6789:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Chosen people
6718:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6677:
6676:Scots-Yiddish
6674:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6649:Klezmer-loshn
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6519:Judeo-Shirazi
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6494:Judeo-Persian
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6484:Judeo-Marathi
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6462:Judeo-Italian
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:Judeo-Amazigh
6315:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6227:
6223:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:Hadhrami Jews
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6105:Mountain Jews
6103:
6101:
6100:Egyptian Jews
6098:
6096:
6095:Bukharan Jews
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:Lists of Jews
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5746:
5744:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5694:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5651:United States
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5411:Budai-Deleanu
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Ashley-Cooper
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4746:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Progressivism
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Individualism
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4432:public domain
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4299:
4298:0-8135-2868-2
4295:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4278:0-8047-5371-7
4275:
4271:
4265:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4217:9780899066325
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4134:
4127:
4123:
4120:(1): 129–136
4119:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4059:
4050:
4043:
4037:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4002:
3995:
3991:
3990:Enlightenment
3985:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3930:Moshe Pelli,
3927:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Immanuel Kant
3821:
3820:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3652:Theodor Herzl
3650:, founded by
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3528:This section
3526:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:German Empire
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3426:(1729–86), a
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Judeo-Aramaic
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Judeo-Italian
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Ghardaïa Sign
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:Denominations
2794:
2793:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:United States
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Guinea-Bissau
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Lists of Jews
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:The Holocaust
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Mishneh Torah
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:Who is a Jew?
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
896:
891:
886:
883:
878:
868:
865:
860:
855:
853:
848:
844:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
794:Judaeo-German
791:
786:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
759:I'vri-Taitsch
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
696:
693:
689:
688:Enlightenment
685:
680:
677:
672:
668:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
636:
635:
629:
628:Torah scholar
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
598:
596:
592:
588:
587:
582:
578:
575:(1860–1880),
574:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
498:
496:
488:
484:
483:Beseter ra'am
480:
476:
475:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Hebrew poetry
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
418:
413:
409:
404:
400:
396:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Qohelet Musar
365:
361:
360:modern Hebrew
356:
354:
350:
349:Ashkenazi one
346:
342:
339:as a single "
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
306:
301:
297:
293:
292:Isaac Satanow
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
134:
133:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:Solomon Dubno
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7385:
7378:
7364:
7287:
7280:
7268:
7251:
7234:
7068:perspectives
6902:Samaritanism
6863:Neo-Hasidism
6843:Conservative
6768:
6757:Names of God
6666:
6647:
6457:Judaeo-Greek
6452:Judeo-Gascon
6391:Lishán Didán
6386:Lishana Deni
6354:Judeo-Yemeni
6322:Judeo-Arabic
6196:Meshuchrarim
6115:Persian Jews
6048:Kurdish Jews
6026:Kaifeng Jews
5975:Beta Abraham
5938:Galitzianers
5893:Antisemitism
5868:Israeli Jews
5853:Assimilation
5699:
5444:Catherine II
4896:Beaumarchais
4726:Universality
4697:Reductionism
4644:
4621:Human rights
4608:
4444:
4405:
4389:
4377:
4371:
4362:
4351:
4343:
4334:
4289:
4284:
4269:
4264:
4249:
4241:
4235:. p. 5.
4232:
4226:
4203:
4197:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4117:
4114:
4111:Moshe Rosman
4106:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4049:
4041:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4020:
4010:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3955:
3950:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3909:
3893:
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3866:
3842:
3810:Leopold Zunz
3745:
3729:
3696:
3683:
3675:
3668:Leopold Zunz
3656:
3641:
3604:
3551:
3538:
3534:adding to it
3529:
3506:
3502:
3473:
3468:Julius Fürst
3457:
3448:
3421:
3401:
3342:Post-Zionism
3213:Judeo-Berber
3208:Judeo-Arabic
3168:Judeo-Gascon
2915:Pidyon haben
2834:Conservative
2380:Saudi Arabia
2198:South Africa
2187:Sierra Leone
2009:Israeli Jews
1923:Mosaic Arabs
1876:Kaifeng Jews
1737:Arab–Israeli
1710:Emancipation
1689:
1589:Great Revolt
1398:Anti-Judaism
1393:Antisemitism
1388:Name "Judea"
1183:Baal teshuva
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
988:Simon Dubnow
975:
971:
964:
959:
942:
938:
933:
931:
926:
922:
916:
913:David Sorkin
907:
904:
899:
894:
889:
887:
881:
876:
874:
863:
858:
856:
846:
840:
836:
832:
822:
811:
806:
802:
789:
787:
780:
776:
766:
758:
742:
726:
724:
698:
697:
691:
684:universalist
681:
675:
666:
664:
658:
650:
646:
642:
639:
632:
619:
611:
606:
604:
584:
576:
570:
562:
558:
554:
546:
531:
527:
509:
499:
482:
471:
467:
459:
456:Abraham Mapu
447:
439:
430:
421:
415:
394:
375:
367:
357:
332:
325:Biblical one
309:
296:Isaac Euchel
275:
273:
268:
264:
260:
254:
246:
244:
220:
219:
215:
213:
188:
173:
165:Muslim world
144:
131:
130:
128:
116:Abraham Mapu
107:
83:
63:
43:
36:
7310:Catholicism
6892:Hellenistic
6730:Eschatology
6668:Lachoudisch
6593:Lotegorisch
6571:Lachoudisch
6561:Koiné Greek
6474:Judeo-Latin
6411:Palestinian
6305:Palestinian
6154:Mustaʿravim
6080:Afghan Jews
6068:Berber Jews
5992:Bene Israel
5980:Falash Mura
5970:Beta Israel
5888:Persecution
5830:Middle Ages
5701:Romanticism
5523:Charles III
5364:Poniatowski
5301:Leeuwenhoek
5281:de la Court
5269:Netherlands
5113:Mendelssohn
5108:Lichtenberg
4986:Montesquieu
4704:Sapere aude
4687:Rationalism
4682:Rationality
4672:Objectivity
4356:(in French)
4352:ContreTemps
4254:. pp.
4109:; also cf.
3944:Psalms 81:7
3878:19 December
3828:Saul Ascher
3792:Joseph Perl
3583:Joseph Perl
3575:Rationalist
3436:Joseph Perl
3337:Revisionist
3327:Neo-Zionism
2934:Zeved habat
2727:Puerto Rico
2553:Netherlands
2385:South Korea
2370:Philippines
2250:Afghanistan
2117:Ivory Coast
1891:Crypto-Jews
1856:Bnei Anusim
1835:Bene Israel
1800:Beta Israel
1757:Communities
1664:Middle Ages
1403:Persecution
1178:Bereavement
918:Ha-Me'assef
731:Joseph Perl
577:Ha-Tsefirah
555:Kerem Hemed
504:(and later
472:Qotzo shel
460:Ahavat Zion
432:Joseph Perl
412:Shakespeare
387: [
341:Holy Tongue
236:Definitions
193:rationalism
141:הַשְׂכָּלָה
100:Joseph Perl
56:Tobias Cohn
7410:Categories
7305:Anabaptism
7247:Jew (word)
7114:Leadership
6927:Literature
6912:Secularism
6858:Humanistic
6725:Conversion
6695:Philosophy
6536:Judeo-Urdu
6300:Babylonian
6145:Saada Jews
6130:Adeni Jews
5923:Ashkenazim
5878:Samaritans
5845:Population
5800:Israelites
5543:Villarroel
5538:Jovellanos
5474:Radishchev
5421:Micu-Klein
5359:Niemcewicz
5326:Swammerdam
5316:Nieuwentyt
5306:Mandeville
5161:Farmakidis
5047:Burlamaqui
4956:La Mettrie
4931:Fontenelle
4886:d'Argenson
4881:d'Alembert
4805:Harrington
4731:Utopianism
4631:Liberalism
4588:Empiricism
4563:Classicism
4553:Capitalism
4441:"Haskalah"
4307:Literature
4026:23 January
3858:References
3706:See also:
3654:in 1896."
3541:April 2010
3404:segregated
3322:Maximalism
3274:Secularism
3254:Autonomism
3071:Literature
2864:Humanistic
2468:Azerbaijan
2430:Uzbekistan
2405:Tajikistan
2325:Kyrgyzstan
2310:Kazakhstan
2157:Mozambique
2132:Madagascar
2052:Cape Verde
2004:New Yishuv
1999:Old Yishuv
1950:Population
1928:Subbotniks
1886:Samaritans
1825:Romanyotim
1768:Ashkenazim
1715:Old Yishuv
1695:Sabbateans
1682:Modern era
1674:Golden Age
1601:Bar Kokhba
1321:Beit Yosef
1188:Philosophy
984:Ahad Ha'am
755:Pentateuch
704:vernacular
671:Ashkenazim
511:Ha-Meassef
502:Königsberg
397:"Reign of
265:Ha-Meassef
201:relativism
197:liberalism
110:, Russia:
108:Bottom row
7367:indicate
7315:Mormonism
7300:Christian
7180:Symbolism
7168:Synagogue
7148:Mythology
7109:Education
7080:Astronomy
7063:Astrology
6880:relations
6685:Zarphatic
6633:Galitzish
6435:Yeshivish
6312:Catalanic
6275:Samaritan
6250:Ashkenazi
6231:Diasporic
6226:Languages
6171:Sephardim
6166:Romaniote
6053:Krymchaks
5987:Desi Jews
5863:Buddhists
5664:Jefferson
5606:Hutcheson
5495:Obradović
5464:Lomonosov
5459:Kheraskov
5369:Śniadecki
5133:Weishaupt
5128:Thomasius
5118:Pufendorf
4961:Lavoisier
4946:d'Holbach
4941:Helvétius
4921:Descartes
4916:Condorcet
4911:Condillac
4845:Priestley
4662:Modernity
4583:Democracy
3960:; Pelli,
3558:Misnagdic
3332:Religious
3188:Zarphatic
3178:Bukharian
3148:Judeo-Tat
3133:Yeshivish
3107:Languages
3062:Sephardic
3052:Israelite
3042:Ethiopian
3032:Ashkenazi
2971:Religious
2761:Australia
2743:Venezuela
2649:Argentina
2631:Greenland
2543:Lithuania
2395:Sri Lanka
2390:Singapore
2315:Kurdistan
2280:Indonesia
2270:Hong Kong
2223:Abayudaya
2147:Mauritius
1881:Igbo Jews
1871:Krymchaks
1790:Sephardim
1658:relations
1552:Sadducees
1548:Pharisees
1538:Sanhedrin
1453:Jerusalem
1213:Synagogue
1081:Etymology
1018:The term
1000:Parnassim
968:Socialism
782:midrashim
586:Ha-Melitz
572:Ha-Karmel
374:compiled
256:Ha-Melitz
191:promoted
185:exogenous
7416:Haskalah
7380:Category
7350:Hinduism
7340:Buddhism
7242:Genetics
7158:Politics
7131:Marriage
7090:Holidays
7085:Calendar
6966:Rabbinic
6942:/Hebrew
6887:Haymanot
6814:Orthodox
6801:Branches
6774:Kabbalah
6769:Haskalah
6747:Holiness
6623:dialects
6603:Shassagh
6566:Krymchak
6546:Kayliñña
6440:Yinglish
6416:Galilean
6406:Talmudic
6401:Biblical
6376:Betanure
6295:Biblical
6290:Mishnaic
6285:Medieval
6270:Tiberian
6265:Yemenite
6255:Sephardi
6191:Paradesi
6135:Ḥabbanim
6125:Teimanim
6090:Baghdadi
6063:Maghrebi
6031:Karaites
6009:Gruzínim
5997:Kochinim
5915:Diaspora
5873:Karaites
5858:Atheists
5795:Timeline
5714:Category
5659:Franklin
5626:Playfair
5596:Ferguson
5553:Scotland
5500:Mrazović
5454:Kantemir
5449:Fonvizin
5388:Portugal
5354:Krasicki
5349:Konarski
5344:Kołłątaj
5296:Koerbagh
5245:Genovesi
5230:Beccaria
5192:Berkeley
5123:Schiller
5088:Humboldt
5062:Saussure
5057:Rousseau
5021:Voltaire
4976:Maréchal
4951:Jaucourt
4906:Châtelet
4901:Chamfort
4850:Reynolds
4753:Thinkers
4657:Midlands
4646:Lumières
4616:Humanism
4609:Haskalah
4461:Haskalah
4416:Archived
4126:25470197
4105:Feiner,
4092:Feiner,
4062:Feiner,
4040:Feiner,
3988:Feiner,
3902:23360780
3896:, 1980.
3817:See also
3730:Ha-Meliẓ
3689:and the
3499:Rousseau
3491:Voltaire
3453:exegesis
3428:Prussian
3359:Category
3317:Kahanism
3264:Feminism
3236:Politics
3120:Biblical
3090:American
3037:Bukharan
3027:American
2927:Shidduch
2903:Clothing
2859:Haymanot
2805:Orthodox
2733:Suriname
2716:Paraguay
2669:Colombia
2568:Portugal
2478:Bulgaria
2415:Thailand
2365:Pakistan
2345:Mongolia
2340:Malaysia
2260:Cambodia
2234:Zimbabwe
2209:Tanzania
2087:Eswatini
2077:Ethiopia
2067:Djibouti
2047:Cameroon
2042:Botswana
1971:Diaspora
1933:Noahides
1906:Marranos
1830:Cochinim
1815:Bukharim
1805:Gruzinim
1795:Teimanim
1785:Mizrahim
1773:Galician
1739:conflict
1700:Hasidism
1690:Haskalah
1595:Diaspora
1466:timeline
1378:Timeline
1291:Rabbinic
1198:Kabbalah
1173:Marriage
1149:Tzedakah
1139:Holidays
1097:Religion
1060:a series
1058:Part of
1045:Haskalah
1040:Haskalah
1036:Haskalah
1020:Haskalah
1013:maskilic
1008:maskilim
1004:Haskalah
996:maskilim
976:maskilim
972:Haskalah
960:maskilim
943:Haskalah
939:maskilim
934:Haskalah
927:maskilic
923:Sulamith
908:Haskalah
900:Haskalah
895:maskilic
890:maskilim
882:Haskalah
877:Haskalah
864:maskilic
859:maskilim
847:maskilim
837:Kabbalah
833:Haskalah
829:exegesis
824:Kabbalah
807:maskilim
790:maskilim
777:maskilim
768:melamdim
743:maskilim
739:Tarnopol
720:anathema
699:Haskalah
692:maskilim
676:maskilim
667:maskilim
659:maskilim
651:maskilim
647:maskilim
643:Haskalah
620:maskilim
607:Haskalah
563:Haskalah
547:Haskalah
544:Galician
540:Moravian
528:Haskalah
508:)-based
491:בסתר רעם
468:Haskalah
426:Jeshurun
276:Maskilim
269:Maskilim
247:Haskalah
226:rabbinic
221:Maskilim
216:Haskalah
189:Haskalah
163:and the
132:Haskalah
7365:Italics
7190:Studies
7136:Divorce
7102:Kashrut
7097:Cuisine
7055:Culture
6986:Midrash
6981:Tosefta
6971:Mishnah
6959:Ketuvim
6954:Nevi'im
6917:Schisms
6907:Science
6897:Karaite
6868:Renewal
6829:Litvaks
6824:Hasidic
6779:Sefirot
6764:Halakha
6735:Messiah
6708:Mitzvah
6703:Beliefs
6657:Western
6643:Poylish
6638:Litvish
6628:Eastern
6618:Yiddish
6613:Shuadit
6598:Qwareña
6586:Tetuani
6581:Haketia
6556:Knaanic
6551:Kivruli
6499:Bukhori
6445:Heblish
6381:Hulaulá
6371:Barzani
6327:Yahudic
6260:Mizrahi
6120:Urfalim
6075:Mizrahi
6019:Neofiti
6014:Italkim
5943:Lita'im
5835:Zionism
5787:History
5761:Judaism
5669:Madison
5641:Stewart
5581:Burnett
5576:Boswell
5561:Beattie
5533:Moratín
5518:Cadalso
5469:Novikov
5404:Romania
5379:Wybicki
5374:Staszic
5321:Spinoza
5291:Huygens
5286:Grotius
5240:Galvani
5235:Galiani
5185:Ireland
5166:Feraios
5138:Wieland
5103:Lessing
5098:Leibniz
5071:Germany
5052:Prévost
5037:Abauzit
5001:Quesnay
4991:Morelly
4981:Meslier
4966:Leclerc
4926:Diderot
4815:Johnson
4790:Collins
4785:Bentham
4770:Addison
4763:England
4711:Science
4548:Atheism
4434::
4150:3674885
4107:Towards
4094:Towards
4064:Towards
4042:Towards
3648:Zionism
3636:Zionism
3601:Effects
3566:Hasidic
3495:Diderot
3479:Prussia
3460:Yiddish
3408:gentile
3302:General
3293:Zionism
3269:Leftism
3259:Bundism
3183:Knaanic
3143:Yevanic
3128:Yiddish
3085:Yiddish
3080:Israeli
3057:Mizrahi
3047:Israeli
3018:Cuisine
2994:Ancient
2976:Secular
2922:Kashrut
2898:Wedding
2885:Customs
2877:Culture
2854:Science
2849:Renewal
2839:Karaite
2820:Hasidic
2752:Oceania
2738:Uruguay
2706:Jamaica
2686:Ecuador
2654:Bolivia
2598:Ukraine
2573:Romania
2548:Moldova
2528:Hungary
2518:Germany
2513:Georgia
2503:Finland
2498:Estonia
2493:Denmark
2488:Czechia
2473:Belarus
2463:Austria
2458:Armenia
2435:Vietnam
2350:Myanmar
2335:Lebanon
2255:Bahrain
2214:Tunisia
2192:Somalia
2167:Nigeria
2162:Namibia
2152:Morocco
2082:Eritrea
2027:Algeria
1911:Neofiti
1820:Italkim
1810:Juhurim
1720:Zionism
1669:Khazars
1564:Sicarii
1560:Zealots
1556:Essenes
1543:Schisms
1408:Leaders
1370:General
1362:History
1305:Tosefta
1300:Midrash
1277:Mishnah
1259:Ketuvim
1254:Nevi'im
1203:Customs
1134:Shabbat
1129:Halakha
1121: (
1119:Mitzvot
1106: (
1072:Judaism
1051:Origins
956:Maghreb
948:Vilnius
735:Galicia
569:-based
567:Vilnius
553:-based
337:Aramaic
205:enquiry
153:Central
88:Galicia
84:3rd row
64:2nd row
44:Top row
7173:Hazzan
7163:Prayer
7040:Siddur
6976:Talmud
6940:Tanakh
6875:Neolog
6848:Reform
6836:Modern
6819:Haredi
6742:Ethics
6608:Shassi
6576:Ladino
6541:Karaim
6524:Juhuri
6366:Targum
6280:Signed
6245:Modern
6240:Hebrew
6208:Xuetes
6004:Dönmeh
5963:Yekkes
5621:Newton
5611:Hutton
5591:Cullen
5488:Serbia
5436:Russia
5426:Șincai
5336:Poland
5276:Bekker
5250:Pagano
5212:Toland
5176:Korais
5171:Kairis
5153:Greece
5083:Herder
5078:Goethe
5042:Bonnet
5030:Geneva
5016:Turgot
5006:Raynal
4996:Pascal
4936:Gouges
4874:France
4860:Tindal
4855:Sidney
4830:Newton
4825:Milton
4800:Godwin
4795:Gibbon
4692:Reason
4534:Topics
4396:
4296:
4276:
4214:
4185:
4148:
4124:
4079:, in:
3900:
3848:Psalms
3746:maskil
3646:, and
3564:, and
3513:Spread
3497:, and
3475:Berlin
3417:ghetto
3364:Portal
3223:Domari
3153:Shassi
3114:Hebrew
3009:Humour
2953:Hiloni
2948:Aliyah
2908:Niddah
2893:Minyan
2828:Reform
2815:Haredi
2810:Modern
2711:Mexico
2696:Guyana
2659:Brazil
2621:Canada
2593:Sweden
2583:Serbia
2578:Russia
2563:Poland
2558:Norway
2538:Latvia
2523:Greece
2508:France
2483:Cyprus
2449:Europe
2420:Turkey
2410:Taiwan
2320:Kuwait
2305:Jordan
2295:Israel
2229:Zambia
2219:Uganda
2137:Malawi
2107:Guinea
2097:Gambia
2032:Angola
2018:Africa
1901:Dönmeh
1896:Anusim
1840:Berber
1778:Litvak
1730:Israel
1636:
1573:
1487:Second
1455:
1316:Targum
1282:Gemara
1268:Talmud
1240:Tanakh
1193:Ethics
1144:Prayer
1032:maskil
831:, the
763:Talmud
591:Odessa
581:Warsaw
551:Prague
536:Vienna
524:London
520:Shklow
506:Berlin
487:Hebrew
280:Berlin
261:Maskil
251:Odessa
203:, and
181:Hebrew
137:Hebrew
7345:Islam
7153:Names
7143:Music
7124:Rebbe
7119:Rabbi
7073:Monen
7028:Zohar
6949:Torah
6944:Bible
6058:Lemba
5933:Chuts
5679:Paine
5674:Mason
5636:Smith
5586:Burns
5571:Blair
5566:Black
5510:Spain
5416:Maior
5311:Meyer
5255:Verri
5222:Italy
5207:Swift
5202:Burke
5197:Boyle
5143:Wolff
4971:Mably
4891:Bayle
4840:Price
4820:Locke
4810:Hooke
4780:Bacon
4578:Deism
4146:JSTOR
4122:JSTOR
3898:JSTOR
3834:Notes
3631:, and
3445:Torah
3412:rabbi
3312:Labor
3307:Green
3004:Dance
2962:Music
2781:Palau
2701:Haiti
2664:Chile
2588:Spain
2533:Italy
2440:Yemen
2400:Syria
2375:Qatar
2355:Nepal
2300:Japan
2275:India
2265:China
2204:Sudan
2127:Libya
2122:Kenya
2102:Ghana
2092:Gabon
2072:Egypt
2057:Benin
1916:Xueta
1861:Lemba
1480:First
1345:Zohar
1249:Torah
1231:Texts
1218:Rabbi
1208:Rites
1108:names
852:Deism
842:Zohar
634:Torah
391:]
380:Moses
329:Bible
5759:and
5757:Jews
5631:Reid
5616:Mill
5601:Hume
5260:Vico
5093:Kant
5011:Sade
4835:Pope
4394:ISBN
4294:ISBN
4274:ISBN
4258:–62.
4212:ISBN
4183:ISBN
4028:2019
3880:2023
3666:and
3613:and
3449:Biur
2771:Guam
2766:Fiji
2721:Peru
2674:Cuba
2360:Oman
2330:Laos
2290:Iraq
2285:Iran
2242:Asia
2171:Igbo
2142:Mali
1161:Brit
1070:and
1068:Jews
875:The
749:and
665:The
542:and
474:Yodh
399:Saul
315:and
294:and
155:and
149:Jews
129:The
6752:God
4463:at
4256:259
3536:.
2985:Art
1331:Tur
1123:613
737:at
593:by
579:in
534:in
428:).
151:of
7412::
4483:,
4443:.
4382::
4206:.
4118:97
4019:.
3493:,
3466:.
1598:,
1592:,
1562:,
1558:,
1554:,
1550:,
1062:on
986:,
982:,
950:,
854:.
597:.
489::
438:,
389:he
290:,
286:,
199:,
195:,
171:.
139::
122:•
118:•
114:•
102:•
98:•
94:•
90::
78:•
74:•
70:•
58:•
54:•
50:•
6233:)
6229:(
5749:e
5742:t
5735:v
5703:→
4514:e
4507:t
4500:v
4408:)
4402:.
4220:.
4191:.
4152:.
4142:5
4128:.
4030:.
3966:.
3904:.
3882:.
3638:.
3543:)
3539:(
3391:e
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3377:v
2225:)
2221:(
2173:)
2169:(
1642:)
1638:(
1604:)
1587:(
1580:)
1575:(
1566:)
1546:(
1489:)
1478:(
1468:)
1457:(
1125:)
1110:)
631:(
485:(
135:(
34:.
20:)
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