253:, (1528–1579) on the terms for establishing the Jesuit college. The initial concept of this and other early Jesuit colleges was that they should be endowed, giving them an assured income. They would be near a university but not formally associated with it. The college would provide accommodation for scholastics, who would attend the university or other colleges for classes. Ignatius of Loyola provided detailed instructions to the 18 Jesuits that were sent from Rome in 1556. He recommended that the fathers treated the local authorities with great respect and do all they could to obtain the support of influential people. Peter Canisius was the first head of the college, from 1555 until he moved to Switzerland in 1580. Ignatius established the German province of the Society of Jesus in 1556 and appointed Canisius as its first leader.
704:
room. A gallery was placed over the chapel and the first bay of the nave to provide additional space. A large sacristy was accessed from doors on each side of the high altar. In 1611 another gallery was added above the sacristry. In 1624 Johann Holl enlarged the nave to include six side-chapels between large interior buttresses, with new galleries above the side chapels for use by students of theology and philosophy. The original flat cassette-style wooden ceiling of the nave was replaced by a broad barrel vault decorated with frescoes and stucco.
470:. Maximilian and Ferdinand II became friends while students at Ingolstadt and would cooperate in the wars that followed. Ferdinand's studies at the college, reinforced by his Bavarian mother and his cousin Maximillian of Bavaria, made him a firm and rigid believer in Catholicism who would not accept any dissent in his realms. Ferdinand took the throne in 1595 and at once began active persecution of the Protestants. Maximilian of Bavaria, another alumnus of the college, was crowned in 1609 when the
672:
440:
40:
585:. Kino adapted one of the towers of the college for use as an observatory. Kino had ambitions to go to China, but ended up in New Spain, which he reached in 1681. He brought various small mathematical instruments, since he could see the value of scientific knowledge in missionary activity. A spectacular comet appeared in November 1680 which Kino observed in Spain until January, and during his crossing of the Atlantic to Vera Cruz in February. In June 1681 Kino wrote an
189:
332:
653:
413:(c. 1587–1657) observed sunspots. Scheiner delayed announcing his discovery for a year and then wrote of it in letters signed "Apelles" to disguise his identity since the presence of stains on the sun was counter to "conservative Christian doctrine". In conformity with the prevalent view that the heavens were pure and the Sun was "virginal", Scheiner concluded that the sunspots were the shadows of small planets orbiting close to the sun.
346:, with a focus on education. The Jesuits and their supporters soon dominated the University of Ingolstadt. In 1588 the faculty of Arts was transferred to the Jesuits but they never had complete control of the university. Arts and theology were the province of the Jesuits while lay professors taught law and medicine. The college became known as a center of learning. When Georg Eder (1523–87) was preparing to publish his
534:
559:(1613–1658) came to Ingolstadt without money in 1633. Through charity he was able to study philosophy at the university, and then theology at the college. After receiving holy orders he became a rural priest in Austria, where he became known as a pastor, exorcist, curer of illness and prophet. He later moved to the rectory of Bingen in the Archbishopric of Mayence, where he met the future King
736:. The vault of the hall was decorated in stucco with frescoes and oil paintings. It depicted the heavens and earth, the arts and sciences, theology and the wisdom of God. The four paintings of scientists have survived, as has the stucco. The rest has been destroyed. Most of the collection is now held by the
552:
in 1789, many thinkers believed that reason would free people from the suffering that they believed had been caused by superstition and religious oppression. The college continued to support scientific exploration and to spread the
Catholic faith. The Jesuits promoted missionary activity and enlarged
394:
in their education program. Jesuit scholars from the college who taught at the university included theologians, philosophers, linguists, mathematicians and astronomers. The Jesuit
College of Ingolstadt became a cultural center of the highest rank. The Jesuits were both dramatists and directors of the
703:
between 1582 and 1585. The foundation stone was laid on 30 September 1587 and the Holy Cross church was consecrated on 29 October 1589. The chapel of Saint Jerome became the forehall to the new church. Steps and a triple arch led from it into the new nave. The nave and choir were a large rectangular
679:
Plans for the Jesuit college were prepared in 1555 by Georg Stern, a local architect. Due to Duke Albert's chronic shortage of money, the college was not opened until 1576. By then Georg Stern's son had built the Gothic-style Chapel of Saint Jerome at the northeast corner of the
Albertinum seminary.
420:
over who had seen the sunspots first. In fact, others had independently observed sunspots before either
Scheiner or Galileo. Scheiner eventually came to accept Galileo's view that the sunspots were in fact marks on the Sun's surface. Cysat succeeded Scheiner as professor of mathematics and astronomy
707:
Ferdinand Orban (1655–1732), Professor of
Mathematics, made a valuable collection of natural and artificial curiosities and scientific instruments, as well as texts on foreign languages. The collection began as a museum of mathematical objects, and was expanded by donations from noblemen and Jesuit
743:
After the
Jesuits left the college was used for military purposes. The Holy Cross church was torn down in 1859 to make space for army barracks. In 1920 a surviving part of the college became a Seminary. The building was changed significantly to make apartments for students at the
314:
during the dedication of a new altar at the Jesuit
College of Ingolstadt. The image of the Virgin was placed above the altar On 6 April 1604, according to a Jesuit chronicle, the Virgin Mary appeared in a vision to father Jakob, who was moved to ask the choir to repeat the phrase
566:
The Jesuit
College of Ingolstadt played a leading role in sponsoring the China mission in the mid-17th century. While in China, the missionaries undertook astronomical observations. On 27 July 1671 the college received a volume containing five Chinese astronomical texts sent by
757:
371:, which taught students Latin, Greek, poetry, dialectic and rhetoric in preparation for admission to the university. It had five hundred pupils in 1604–05. There was strong demand for admission to schools such as this, which the Jesuits had difficulty satisfying.
272:
was initially a college of the
University of Ingolstadt, but in 1599 it was incorporated into the Jesuit college as a seminary. The seminarians could attend the university courses. The college became the center of the Jesuits in Germany. In 1589
520:
reached the town, the
Congregation of Mary Victorious, the Confraternity of Saint Sebastian and 1,000 lay people staged a solemn procession through the town. The war caused great damage before it ended in the compromise
512:, came to the Jesuit College in Ingolstadt, perhaps seeking the protection of Duke Maximilian. He died in 1637 without returning to Eichstätt. In 1632 Gustavus Adolphus besieged Ingolstadt, where his opponent
399:(1578–1639) studied at the Jesuit College before moving to Munich and then to Rome. He was a prolific author of plays, novels, poems and hymns, one of the greatest of German playwrights of his day.
246:. Canisius was elected first dean and then rector of the theological faculty, and from 1551–1552 was vice-chancellor. However, by February 1552 the three Jesuits had moved on to new assignments.
485:, Poland, allegedly containing the "testimonies of several Italian and Spanish Jesuits." Rome placed it on the index of forbidden books on 10 May 1616, and on 1 August 1617 a book by
712:
in 1689, and it was moved several times before reaching the Jesuit College in 1724. Around 1725 the Orban Hall was built to house the collection. The corners of the ceiling of the
2644:
748:, although some of the larger rooms have been preserved. It provides accommodation on the upper floors for the Sisters of St Paul and classrooms for the Gnadenthal school.
405:(1575–1650) joined the college faculty in 1610 as a professor of Hebrew and mathematics. Scheiner was one of the first to use a telescope for astronomy. He invented the
2034:
Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. (1623–1688) and the Chinese Heaven: The Composition of the Astronomical Corpus, Its Diffusion and Reception in the European Republic of Letters
2634:
2179:
Hockey, Thomas; Bracher, Katherine; Bolt, Marvin; Trimble, Virginia; Richard Jarrell; JoAnn Palmeri; Jordan D. Marché; Thomas Williams; F. Jamil Ragep (2007-09-18).
323:
after the miraculous event, became the focus for Marian devotion in the college. It was used during the Counter-Reformation as justification of the cult of images.
2649:
850:
2639:
2624:
2289:
Healing, Performance and Ceremony in the Writings of Three Early Modern Physicians: Hippolytus Guarinonius and the Brothers Felix and Thomas Platter
260:
eventually started in 1569 and was complete in 1574. The Jesuits occupied the college in 1576. That year the Jesuits founded the establishment of
224:
745:
2619:
1797:
Early History of the Southwest Through the Eyes of German-speaking Jesuit Missionaries: A Transcultural Experience in the Eighteenth Century
688:. To accommodate the growing number of Jesuits and their students, in 1582 William V arranged for the Jesuits to take over a library that
319:
three times to please the Virgin. This repetition became a set part of the litany of the Colloquists. The icon, which was given the name
496:
on 23 May 1618. The causes were complex, involving control of property, trade, the balance of power and religious liberty. In 1630 King
571:(1592–1666) before his death. In 1688 the Jesuits took full control of teaching in the University of Ingolstadt faculty of philosophy.
107:
2340:
Noreen, Kirstin (2008). "Replicating the Icon of Santa Maria Maggiore: The Mater ter admirabilis and the Jesuits of Ingolstadt".
2108:
Catholic and Protestant Translations of the Imitatio Christi, 1425–1650: From Late Medieval Classic to Early Modern Bestseller
2593:
2566:
2488:
2461:
2413:
2386:
2324:
2297:
2270:
2190:
2163:
2116:
2069:
2042:
2021:
1994:
1967:
1940:
1913:
1886:
1859:
1832:
1805:
1778:
1751:
612:, was appointed director of the University of Ingolstadt in 1746 and was quietly opposed to the Jesuits. In 1749 his friend
597:(1689–1762) studied at the Jesuit College between 1717 and 1721. He would spend almost thirty years as a missionary in the
277:, which had been closed since 1555 and held under sovereign administration, was given to the college. In 1591 the former
169:
2654:
501:
2013:
Five Foundations of Human Development: A Proposal for Our Survival in the Twenty-First Century and the New Millennium
513:
467:
463:
443:
379:, (1573–1651) established scholarships for the Jesuit college and the University of Ingolstadt early in his reign.
376:
285:
350:, he asked Duke Albert V to make sure the proofs were checked by Jesuit theologians who were fluent in German.
517:
609:
459:
689:
489:(1562–1625) of the Jesuit College of Ingolstadt gave reasons why the book should be considered a forgery.
296:. In the 6th century it was carried through the streets of Rome during an outbreak of plague. Around 1570
796:
621:
568:
537:
497:
208:
367:
in 1564 and recorded in the Ingolstadt college library in 1568. The Jesuits ran a secondary school, the
1851:
Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture in the Baroque Age
717:
681:
664:
471:
2238:
636:, on 1 May 1776. He had been educated at the college. The University of Ingolstadt was transferred to
493:
423:
250:
204:
256:
There were delays in constructing a building for the college due to financial problems. Work on the
2222:
1770:
A Century of Giants, A.D. 1500 to 1600: In an Age of Spiritual Genius, Western Christendom Shatters
605:
589:, in which he gave the opinion that the comet had presaged the great earthquake of 23 June 1681 in
278:
200:
177:
2436:
563:(1630–1685), then still in exile. He advised Charles to protect the Catholic religion in England.
856:
553:
their collection at Ingolstadt with materials sent by missionaries from China and the Americas.
172:
in 1773. The college was the headquarters of the Jesuits in Germany, and became a center of the
2558:
A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650
2153:
1986:
Catholic Belief and Survival in Late Sixteenth-century Vienna: The Case of Georg Eder (1523–87)
574:
556:
304:(Mary of the Snows) to the college. This was a carefully made copy of the icon. In 1595 Father
2583:
2556:
2536:
2519:
2478:
2262:
2180:
2133:
2106:
2032:
2011:
1984:
1957:
1903:
1849:
1822:
1768:
1741:
1704:
1686:
2451:
2403:
2314:
2287:
2059:
1930:
1876:
1795:
862:
613:
560:
477:
The Congregation of Mary Victorious was founded in Ingolstadt in 1612. In 1612 a book titled
355:
320:
165:
94:
1722:
875:
820:
760:
733:
624:, the University became increasingly hostile to ecclesiastical influences. On 21 June 1773
545:
455:
447:
410:
2378:
8:
2629:
1688:
Southern Germany and Austria, including Hungary and Transylvania: Handbook for travellers
784:
729:
522:
343:
335:
310:
265:
173:
2430:
1652:
1650:
216:
2357:
802:
725:
721:
699:
in Munich, drew up plans for a new church in a relatively narrow space in front of the
656:
582:
578:
548:, which can be roughly dated from the end of the Thirty Years' War to the start of the
402:
212:
360:
2589:
2562:
2504:
2484:
2457:
2409:
2382:
2361:
2320:
2293:
2266:
2255:
2186:
2159:
2112:
2065:
2038:
2017:
1990:
1963:
1936:
1909:
1882:
1855:
1828:
1801:
1774:
1747:
1743:
The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation
1737:
1647:
844:
685:
549:
391:
100:
382:
The Jesuits were instrumental in winning back much of southern Germany to the Roman
2349:
764:
625:
594:
421:
from 1616 to 1622. Later Cysat was asked to become professor of mathematics at the
409:, a specialized instrument to view the sun. In March 1611 Scheiner and his student
289:
161:
2480:
Sensuous Worship: Jesuits and the Art of the Early Catholic Reformation in Germany
375:
parents would even claim that they were Catholic so their sons could be admitted.
2371:
814:
417:
396:
383:
145:
26:
832:
598:
1059:
778:
684:
endowed the chapel's single altar, and gave it the painting of Saint Jerome by
629:
297:
239:
192:
45:
2353:
2613:
2521:
The Christian World: The Magazine of the American and Foreign Christian Union
2201:
2086:
1932:
The Play Within the Play: The Performance of Meta-theatre and Self-reflection
838:
790:
671:
505:
486:
122:
109:
1543:
439:
39:
1959:
Music, Piety, and Propaganda: The Soundscape of Counter-Reformation Bavaria
1203:
1201:
1199:
808:
663:
in 1611 while at the college. This portrait was made for the Orban Hall by
274:
509:
353:
The Jesuits probably sponsored printing of Latin devotional works such as
2503:
1656:
826:
590:
516:, lay dying. On 10 September 1634, after news of the Catholic victory at
454:
Aristocratic students who became leaders on the Catholic side during the
243:
1196:
188:
1225:
633:
406:
331:
293:
157:
88:
1610:
1608:
1606:
709:
652:
338:(1549–1603) was a professor and member of the college for many years.
305:
482:
431:, where he would be primarily concerned with military architecture.
2432:
The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge
2316:
Dry River: Stories of Life, Death, and Redemption on the Santa Cruz
2134:"Das Gnadenbild der Mater Ter Admirabilis vin Ingolstadt in Bayern"
1721:
1312:
1065:
637:
387:
372:
1603:
215:
for three Jesuits to lecture at the University in 1549. They were
2061:
The University of Mantua, the Gonzaga, and the Jesuits, 1584–1630
768:
713:
660:
616:
took a more open stand against them. With the 1759 foundation in
641:
617:
428:
153:
1444:
1432:
720:(1699–1756). In frames the shape of a double bass they depict
533:
446:, an alumnus, was a rigid supporter of Catholicism during the
395:
Jesuit Theater, where students regularly put on performances.
2535:
1549:
1420:
1408:
1396:
926:
924:
235:
220:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1047:
500:
landed in Germany and threatened to invade Bavaria. In 1631
1336:
577:(1645–1711) studied at the college under the mathematician
364:
1324:
980:
921:
909:
756:
1824:
The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453–1763
1625:
1623:
1555:
1461:
1459:
1372:
1213:
1181:
1135:
1133:
958:
956:
835:(1680–1746), mathematician, Hebrew scholar and missionary
2178:
1495:
1384:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1273:
1231:
1207:
1120:
1118:
1090:
1088:
1086:
604:
Opposition to the Jesuits rose in the mid-18th century.
1878:
Witchcraft, Gender, and Society in Early Modern Germany
1471:
1360:
1237:
1145:
1105:
1103:
943:
941:
939:
853:(1734–1808), historian of the University of Ingolstadt.
628:
abolished the Jesuit Order and the college was closed.
1635:
1620:
1567:
1483:
1456:
1261:
1157:
1130:
1071:
1035:
968:
953:
1507:
1348:
1297:
1249:
1115:
1083:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
632:(1748–1830) founded the powerful secret society, the
2645:
Educational institutions disestablished in the 1770s
2518:
1905:
Athanasius Kircher: The Last Man Who Knew Everything
1662:
1591:
1579:
1318:
1100:
992:
936:
899:
897:
895:
1519:
2370:
2254:
1531:
1004:
2635:Educational institutions established in the 1550s
2031:Golvers, Noël; Verbiest, Ferdinand (2003-01-01).
892:
593:. He then moved on to missionary work in Sonora.
2611:
2208:. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company
2093:. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company
2650:1773 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2582:Todd, Deborah; Angelo, Joseph A. (2009-01-01).
2429:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1883).
2030:
1614:
1450:
1438:
692:, Bishop of Augsburg (r. 1573–75) had erected.
540:sent the college Chinese astronomical material.
2453:The Liberal Arts and the Jesuit College System
2010:Gibbs, Errol A.; Grey, Philip A. (June 2011).
1928:
1705:"German Prophecies on the State of the Church"
1702:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1175:
708:missionaries. Orban started his collection in
1821:Cook, Chris; Broadhead, Philip (2012-10-02).
1820:
1053:
2640:1556 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2625:Defunct universities and colleges in Germany
2368:
2257:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation
1929:Fischer, Gerhard; Greiner, Bernhard (2007).
986:
930:
915:
2585:A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy
2155:The Thirty Years War: A Documentary History
1725:. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte, Augsburg
746:Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt
608:, a student of the rationalist philosopher
168:, founded in 1556, that operated until the
2581:
2428:
2401:
2151:
1561:
1378:
1342:
1330:
1291:
1279:
1219:
1190:
823:(1586–1657), mathematician and astronomer
474:was formed. He followed similar policies.
281:was given to the college as an endowment.
38:
2507:(in German). Katholische Canisiusstiftung
2449:
2312:
2285:
2009:
1477:
1390:
974:
962:
805:(1575–1650), mathematician and astronomer
799:(1572–1632), mathematician and theologian
416:Scheiner's delay led to the dispute with
2182:Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
2104:
2057:
1847:
1746:. Catholic University of America Press.
1703:Beykirch, Thomas; Clarus, Lewis (1850).
1684:
1366:
1243:
1151:
1139:
755:
670:
651:
532:
438:
330:
187:
2252:
2236:
2220:
2131:
1901:
1874:
1793:
1766:
1736:
1641:
1629:
1573:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1465:
1354:
1267:
1163:
1077:
1066:Biburg: Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
1041:
1029:
774:Noted members of the college included:
528:
2612:
2554:
2339:
2261:. Princeton University Press. p.
2199:
2084:
1982:
1955:
1537:
1306:
1255:
1124:
1109:
1094:
998:
947:
903:
841:(1701–1771), astronomer and missionary
793:(1562–1625), theologian and polemicist
342:The Jesuit College was a base for the
326:
2505:"Studentenwohnheim "Canisiuskonvikt""
2476:
1668:
1597:
1585:
492:The Thirty Years' War began with the
2620:Universities and colleges in Bavaria
2377:. Harvard University Press. p.
787:(1549–1603), humanist and theologian
587:Astronomical Exposition of the Comet
434:
176:. Many of its members taught at the
2435:. D. Appleton and company. p.
2402:Polišenský, Josef V. (1971-01-01).
2239:"Gegner der Jesuiten in Ingolstadt"
2225:(in German). City Museum Ingolstadt
1657:Studentenwohnheim "Canisiuskonvikt"
249:In 1555 Peter Canisius agreed with
44:Copper engraving of the college by
13:
2408:. University of California Press.
2152:Helfferich, Tryntje (2009-09-11).
829:(1604–1668), Latinist and preacher
502:Johann Christoph von Westerstetten
300:donated a copy of the painting of
14:
2666:
2105:Habsburg, Maximilian Von (2011).
1550:The Doctrines of the Jesuits 1875
262:Convictus sancti Ignatii martyris
2058:Grendler, Paul F. (2009-07-03).
1875:Durrant, Jonathan Bryan (2007).
751:
514:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly
468:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
464:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
444:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
377:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
286:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
2319:. University of Arizona Press.
170:suppression of the Jesuit Order
2537:"The Doctrines of the Jesuits"
2483:. Princeton University Press.
2477:Smith, Jeffrey Chipps (2002).
2450:Scaglione, Aldo (1986-01-01).
1848:De Lucca, Denis (2012-02-17).
1767:Byfield, Ted (November 2010).
716:-style hall held portraits by
479:Monita Privata Societatis Jesu
183:
1:
2456:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2313:Lamberton, Ken (2011-03-15).
1983:Fulton, Elaine (2007-01-01).
1956:Fisher, Alexander J. (2013).
1902:Findlen, Paula (2004-05-15).
1773:. Christian History Project.
881:
581:, who was in turn a pupil of
288:in Rome held an image of the
228:
2223:"Die Jesuiten in Ingolstadt"
1800:. Rowman & Littlefield.
647:
211:, (1493–1550) arranged with
142:Jesuit College of Ingolstadt
20:Jesuit College of Ingolstadt
7:
2292:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
2237:Hofmann, Siegfried (1991).
2221:Hofmann, Siegfried (2013).
2111:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
2037:. Leuven University Press.
1989:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1962:. Oxford University Press.
1615:Golvers & Verbiest 2003
1451:Golvers & Verbiest 2003
1439:Golvers & Verbiest 2003
869:
622:Bavarian Academy of Science
569:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
538:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
498:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
209:William IV, Duke of Bavaria
10:
2671:
2555:Thomas, Andrew L. (2010).
2369:O'Malley, John W. (1993).
2202:"University of Ingolstadt"
1794:Classen, Albrecht (2013).
1427:Beykirch & Clarus 1850
1415:Beykirch & Clarus 1850
1403:Beykirch & Clarus 1850
1176:Fischer & Greiner 2007
718:Christoph Thomas Scheffler
695:Wilhelm Egckl, the duke's
690:Johann Eglof von Knöringen
665:Christoph Thomas Scheffler
472:League of Catholic Princes
2655:Jesuit history in Germany
2354:10.1080/01973760801892167
2286:Katritzky, M. A. (2012).
2206:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2091:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1054:Cook & Broadhead 2012
494:Defenestrations of Prague
251:Albert V, Duke of Bavaria
205:Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria
150:Jesuitenkolleg Ingolstadt
83:
60:
52:
37:
31:Jesuitenkolleg Ingolstadt
24:
2085:Gruber, Hermann (1910).
1319:The Christian World 1869
811:(d. 1638), mathematician
606:Johann Adam von Ickstatt
201:University of Ingolstadt
195:(1521–1597), the founder
178:University of Ingolstadt
16:Jesuit school in Germany
2588:. Infobase Publishing.
2132:Hattler, Franz (1880).
1685:Baedeker, Karl (1883).
865:(1751–1832), theologian
857:Franz von Paula Schrank
847:(1728–1797), theologian
817:(1578–1639), playwright
781:(1521–1597), theologian
390:goals and followed the
203:was founded in 1472 by
123:48.765278°N 11.420833°E
2253:Holborn, Hajo (1982).
2158:. Hackett Publishing.
1562:Ripley & Dana 1883
1220:Todd & Angelo 2009
1191:Todd & Angelo 2009
851:Johann Nepomuk Mederer
771:
763:(1586–1657) holding a
738:Universitätsbibliothek
676:
668:
575:Eusebio Francisco Kino
557:Bartholomew Holzhauser
541:
462:, Elector of Cologne,
451:
339:
196:
149:
30:
2200:Hoeber, Karl (1910).
1391:Gibbs & Grey 2011
863:Johann Michael Sailer
859:(1747–1835), botanist
767:, a precursor of the
759:
675:The Canisius Seminary
674:
655:
640:in 1800, and then to
614:Johann Georg von Lori
561:Charles II of England
536:
458:(1618–1648) included
442:
356:De Imitatione Christi
334:
321:Mater ter admirabilis
191:
166:Electorate of Bavaria
95:Electorate of Bavaria
2541:The Quarterly Review
2405:The Thirty Years War
876:List of Jesuit sites
821:Johann Baptist Cysat
761:Johann Baptist Cysat
734:Johann Baptist Cysat
546:Age of Enlightenment
529:Age of Enlightenment
525:on 24 October 1648.
460:Ferdinand of Bavaria
411:Johann Baptist Cysat
264:(believers in Saint
258:Collegium Albertinum
128:48.765278; 11.420833
2543:. John Murray. 1875
785:Gregory of Valencia
730:Christopher Clavius
523:Peace of Westphalia
344:Counter-Reformation
336:Gregory of Valencia
327:Counter-Reformation
311:Colloquium Marianum
279:MĂĽnchsmĂĽnster Abbey
266:Ignatius of Antioch
242:(1521–1597) of the
174:Counter-Reformation
119: /
21:
1617:, p. 263-263.
1232:Hockey et al. 2007
1208:Hockey et al. 2007
803:Christoph Scheiner
772:
726:Christoph Scheiner
722:Athanasius Kircher
677:
669:
657:Christoph Scheiner
583:Athanasius Kircher
579:Wolfgang Leinberer
542:
452:
403:Christoph Scheiner
340:
213:Ignatius of Loyola
197:
19:
2595:978-1-4381-0923-7
2568:978-90-04-18356-8
2524:. The Union. 1869
2490:978-0-691-09072-6
2463:978-90-272-2035-6
2415:978-0-520-01868-6
2388:978-0-674-30313-3
2373:The First Jesuits
2326:978-0-8165-2921-6
2299:978-0-7546-6707-0
2272:978-0-691-00795-3
2192:978-0-387-30400-7
2165:978-1-60384-363-8
2140:. Paulist Fathers
2118:978-0-7546-6765-0
2071:978-0-8018-9783-2
2044:978-90-5867-293-3
2023:978-1-4567-3771-9
1996:978-0-7546-5652-4
1969:978-0-19-976464-8
1942:978-90-420-2257-7
1915:978-0-203-64388-4
1888:978-90-04-16093-4
1861:978-90-04-21651-8
1834:978-1-134-13065-8
1807:978-0-7391-7784-6
1780:978-0-9689873-9-1
1753:978-0-8132-0951-7
1709:The Dublin Review
845:Benedict Stattler
686:Christoph Schwarz
550:French Revolution
456:Thirty Years' War
448:Thirty Years' War
435:Thirty Years' War
392:Tridentine reform
138:
137:
101:Holy Roman Empire
2662:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2376:
2365:
2342:Visual Resources
2336:
2334:
2333:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2196:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2027:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1504:, p. 29-30.
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:, p. xviii.
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
951:
945:
934:
928:
919:
913:
907:
901:
626:Pope Clement XIV
595:Philipp Segesser
348:Das guldene FlĂĽĂź
317:Mater admirablis
290:Virgin and Child
233:
230:
217:Alfonso SalmerĂłn
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
79:
77:
71:
69:
42:
22:
18:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2546:
2544:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2508:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2441:
2439:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2244:
2242:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2209:
2193:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2143:
2141:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2096:
2094:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2024:
2016:. AuthorHouse.
2001:
1999:
1997:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1738:Bireley, Robert
1728:
1726:
1713:
1711:
1694:
1692:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1379:Helfferich 2009
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1343:Helfferich 2009
1341:
1337:
1333:, p. xvii.
1331:Helfferich 2009
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1292:Polišenský 1971
1290:
1286:
1280:Polišenský 1971
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:, p. 1018.
1206:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
954:
946:
937:
929:
922:
914:
910:
902:
893:
884:
872:
815:Jacob Bidermann
754:
650:
610:Christian Wolff
531:
481:was printed in
437:
424:Reales Estudios
418:Galileo Galilei
397:Jacob Bidermann
384:Catholic Church
361:Thomas Ă Kempis
329:
231:
219:(1515–1585) of
186:
127:
125:
121:
118:
113:
110:
108:
106:
105:
104:
103:
97:
91:
75:
73:
67:
65:
48:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2579:
2567:
2552:
2533:
2516:
2501:
2489:
2474:
2462:
2447:
2426:
2414:
2399:
2387:
2366:
2337:
2325:
2310:
2298:
2283:
2271:
2250:
2234:
2218:
2197:
2191:
2176:
2164:
2149:
2138:Catholic World
2129:
2117:
2102:
2082:
2070:
2055:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2007:
1995:
1980:
1968:
1953:
1941:
1926:
1914:
1899:
1887:
1872:
1860:
1845:
1833:
1818:
1806:
1791:
1779:
1764:
1752:
1734:
1719:
1700:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1671:, p. 104.
1661:
1646:
1644:, p. 114.
1634:
1632:, p. 115.
1619:
1602:
1600:, p. 109.
1590:
1588:, p. 108.
1578:
1576:, p. 113.
1566:
1564:, p. 142.
1554:
1552:, p. 104.
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1492:, p. 332.
1482:
1478:Lamberton 2011
1470:
1468:, p. 331.
1455:
1453:, p. 261.
1443:
1441:, p. 226.
1431:
1429:, p. 129.
1419:
1417:, p. 126.
1407:
1405:, p. 125.
1395:
1393:, p. 229.
1383:
1381:, p. xix.
1371:
1369:, p. 107.
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1321:, p. 158.
1311:
1309:, p. 144.
1296:
1284:
1272:
1270:, p. 303.
1260:
1258:, p. 196.
1248:
1246:, p. 162.
1236:
1234:, p. 267.
1224:
1222:, p. 253.
1212:
1195:
1193:, p. 252.
1180:
1168:
1166:, p. 164.
1156:
1154:, p. 185.
1144:
1129:
1127:, p. 122.
1114:
1099:
1097:, p. 146.
1082:
1080:, p. 429.
1070:
1058:
1056:, p. 172.
1046:
1044:, p. 141.
1034:
1003:
1001:, p. 139.
991:
989:, p. 275.
979:
975:Katritzky 2012
967:
963:Scaglione 1986
952:
950:, p. 130.
935:
933:, p. 202.
920:
918:, p. 201.
908:
890:
883:
880:
879:
878:
871:
868:
867:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
779:Peter Canisius
753:
750:
649:
646:
630:Adam Weishaupt
601:in New Spain.
530:
527:
436:
433:
328:
325:
298:Francis Borgia
292:attributed to
240:Peter Canisius
193:Peter Canisius
185:
182:
136:
135:
99:
93:
87:
85:
81:
80:
62:
58:
57:
56:Jesuit College
54:
50:
49:
46:Michael Wening
43:
35:
34:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2667:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2240:
2235:
2224:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2064:. JHU Press.
2063:
2062:
2056:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1911:
1908:. Routledge.
1907:
1906:
1900:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1827:. Routledge.
1826:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1691:. K. Baedeker
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1516:, p. 31.
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1480:, p. 54.
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1367:Baedeker 1883
1363:
1357:, p. 12.
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1294:, p. 52.
1293:
1288:
1282:, p. 51.
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1244:De Lucca 2012
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1178:, p. 62.
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1152:Habsburg 2011
1148:
1142:, p. 49.
1141:
1140:Grendler 2009
1136:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1112:, p. 19.
1111:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1000:
995:
988:
987:O'Malley 1993
983:
977:, p. 31.
976:
971:
965:, p. 63.
964:
959:
957:
949:
944:
942:
940:
932:
931:O'Malley 1993
927:
925:
917:
916:O'Malley 1993
912:
905:
900:
898:
896:
891:
889:
888:
877:
874:
873:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:Anton Gogeisl
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:Jacob Gretser
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
775:
770:
766:
765:Jacob's staff
762:
758:
752:Noted members
749:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
680:In 1581 Duke
673:
666:
662:
658:
654:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
539:
535:
526:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:prince-bishop
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
487:Jacob Gretser
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
445:
441:
432:
430:
426:
425:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
398:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:, printed in
362:
358:
357:
351:
349:
345:
337:
333:
324:
322:
318:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
226:
225:Claude Le Jay
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
190:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
132:
102:
96:
90:
86:
82:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2599:. Retrieved
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2540:
2526:. Retrieved
2520:
2509:. Retrieved
2494:. Retrieved
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2372:
2348:(1): 19–37.
2345:
2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2256:
2243:. Retrieved
2227:. Retrieved
2210:. Retrieved
2205:
2185:. Springer.
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2137:
2122:. Retrieved
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2090:
2087:"Illuminati"
2075:. Retrieved
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2033:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1742:
1727:. Retrieved
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1693:. Retrieved
1687:
1677:
1676:
1664:
1642:Findlen 2004
1637:
1630:Findlen 2004
1593:
1581:
1574:Findlen 2004
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1526:Hofmann 1991
1521:
1514:Classen 2013
1509:
1502:Classen 2013
1497:
1490:Findlen 2004
1485:
1473:
1466:Findlen 2004
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1355:Durrant 2007
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1287:
1275:
1268:Holborn 1982
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1171:
1164:Byfield 2010
1159:
1147:
1078:Hattler 1880
1073:
1061:
1049:
1042:Bireley 1999
1037:
1030:Hofmann 2013
994:
982:
970:
911:
886:
885:
833:Ignaz Kögler
809:Johann Lantz
773:
742:
737:
706:
700:
696:
694:
678:
667:around 1730.
603:
599:PimerĂa Alta
586:
573:
565:
555:
543:
491:
478:
476:
453:
422:
415:
401:
381:
368:
354:
352:
347:
341:
316:
309:
308:founded the
302:Maria-Schnee
301:
283:
275:Biburg Abbey
269:
261:
257:
255:
248:
198:
141:
139:
2241:(in German)
2212:12 December
1538:Gruber 1910
1307:Fisher 2013
1256:Thomas 2010
1125:Thomas 2010
1110:Noreen 2008
1095:Fisher 2013
999:Thomas 2010
948:Fulton 2007
904:Hoeber 1910
827:Jakob Balde
797:Adam Tanner
740:in Munich.
591:Mexico City
544:During the
386:. They had
369:paedagogium
244:Netherlands
232: 1504
207:(1417–79).
184:Early years
126: /
2630:Ingolstadt
2614:Categories
2601:2013-12-13
2574:2013-12-12
2547:2013-12-14
2528:2013-12-13
2511:2013-12-14
2496:2013-12-13
2469:2013-12-12
2442:2013-12-12
2421:2013-12-12
2394:2013-12-13
2332:2013-12-14
2305:2013-12-13
2278:2013-12-12
2245:2013-12-14
2229:2013-12-12
2171:2013-12-12
2144:2013-12-12
2124:2013-12-13
2097:2013-12-14
2077:2013-12-13
2050:2013-12-12
2002:2013-12-13
1975:2013-12-13
1948:2013-12-13
1935:. Rodopi.
1921:2013-12-14
1894:2013-12-13
1867:2013-12-14
1840:2013-12-12
1813:2013-12-13
1786:2013-12-14
1759:2013-12-13
1729:2013-12-12
1714:2013-12-13
1695:2013-12-14
1669:Smith 2002
1598:Smith 2002
1586:Smith 2002
882:References
697:baumeister
634:Illuminati
518:Nördlingen
407:helioscope
388:humanistic
294:Saint Luke
270:Albertinum
234:–1552) of
158:Ingolstadt
156:school in
114:11°25′15″E
111:48°45′55″N
89:Ingolstadt
2561:. BRILL.
2362:191329151
1881:. BRILL.
1854:. BRILL.
887:Citations
710:Innsbruck
701:gymnasium
682:William V
659:observed
648:Buildings
644:in 1826.
510:Eichstätt
306:Jakob Rem
160:, in the
1740:(1999).
1723:"Biburg"
870:See also
661:sunspots
638:Landshut
373:Lutheran
152:) was a
84:Location
1678:Sources
769:sextant
714:Baroque
620:of the
268:). The
74: (
66: (
2592:
2565:
2487:
2460:
2412:
2385:
2360:
2323:
2296:
2269:
2189:
2162:
2115:
2068:
2041:
2020:
1993:
1966:
1939:
1912:
1885:
1858:
1831:
1804:
1777:
1750:
642:Munich
618:Munich
504:, the
483:KrakĂłw
429:Madrid
154:Jesuit
146:German
61:Active
27:German
2358:S2CID
236:Savoy
221:Spain
162:Duchy
72:–1773
2590:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2214:2013
2187:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1748:ISBN
732:and
466:and
365:Lyon
284:The
238:and
199:The
164:and
140:The
76:1773
68:1556
64:1556
53:Type
2437:142
2379:275
2350:doi
2263:303
508:of
427:in
359:by
2616::
2539:.
2381:.
2356:.
2346:24
2344:.
2265:.
2204:.
2136:.
2089:.
1707:.
1649:^
1622:^
1605:^
1458:^
1299:^
1198:^
1183:^
1132:^
1117:^
1102:^
1085:^
1006:^
955:^
938:^
923:^
894:^
728:,
724:,
229:c.
223:,
180:.
148::
98:,
92:,
29::
2604:.
2577:.
2550:.
2531:.
2514:.
2499:.
2472:.
2445:.
2424:.
2397:.
2364:.
2352::
2335:.
2308:.
2281:.
2248:.
2232:.
2216:.
2195:.
2174:.
2147:.
2127:.
2100:.
2080:.
2053:.
2026:.
2005:.
1978:.
1951:.
1924:.
1897:.
1870:.
1843:.
1816:.
1789:.
1762:.
1732:.
1717:.
1698:.
1659:.
1540:.
1528:.
1068:.
1032:.
906:.
450:.
227:(
144:(
78:)
70:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
