Jessie Oonark - Knowledge

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as well as appliquéd images from scraps for sale. At Easter in 1968 Elizabeth Whitton asked Oonark to do drawings about their church for their local women's auxiliary magazine. Oonark's drawings included depictions of Reverend Whitton, catechist Thomas Tapatai, local Inuit parishioners including women with traditional Inuit tattoos and the church exterior. Oonark continued to use these themes in later work, for example in her 1971–1972 wall hanging for Saint Jude's Cathedra1 in Iqaluit and in a 1971–1972 wall hanging of wool and stroud in the permanent collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario. Oonark described this wall-hanging,

820:"Geometry, abstraction, design and activated symmetry are all combined to bring out the very real image of a woman in her winter dress. The brilliant colours emphasize the contrasting shades of caribou skin, beautifully assembled to form a traditional design on the parka. With this print Oonark set a style for herself to which she has remained true – strong and explicit use of line, an intelligent positioning of mass and daring choice of colour." 494:— were made into single colour stone cut prints under the name of Una (Kazan River) at the newly established Cape Dorset print shop and included in the 1960 Cape Dorset print collection and catalogue. A print from her drawing "People of lnland” appeared in the 1961 Cape Dorset Print collection. It was the first and only time the Cape Dorset print shop included work from an Inuk outside Cape Dorset. 853:"I was more thinking of people on the journey and seeing different tribes of different people, sort of walking between the hills or mountains. Those two women on the way back corners have the latest clothes from the Cambridge Bay area, and then next to her is a young one. Every young person seems to have those kind of parkas with a long tail and sort of a straight cut." 360:. Natak joined them in their hunting camp. Although Kabloona was "a good hunter and a respected fur trader", the family was often hungry. Their oldest daughter remembers the periods of hunger. Oonark's mother-in-law, Naatak, would boil a caribou skin into a "broth" in an attempt to appease the hunger. Even in 2007, Baker Lake Inuit kept animal bones for marrow 475:. Macpherson gave her coloured pencils and paper, purchased her drawings and brought some of them to Ottawa. Macpherson continued to send her coloured pencils and a drawing pad after his return to Ottawa in the late fall of 1959. In the spring of 1960 Oonark sent him twelve completed drawings in the sketchbook via the Northern Services Officer Tom Butlers. 612:. Later that year, the Baker Lake print collection is released featuring 11 Oonark prints, a new record for the artist. By 1976, Oonark was well known in her community. That year, her work was featured on two stamps for the United Nations commemorating the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements. The first day of Issue was May 28, 1976. 458:

development of the arts and crafts industry in Baker Lake. At that time the Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources (DIAND) established arts and crafts projects in Inuit hamlets as part of socioeconomic development (Goetz, 1985:43). Bill Larmour was the DIAND arts and crafts officer in Baker Lake from 1961 to 1962.

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arrival of Christian missionaries divided their small camp into two divisions—those who became Christian and those who held onto the old ways. Oonark did not participate in drum dancing nor did she follow the ways of shamanism. However she continued to depict the drum dance and aspects of shamanism in her artwork such as

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that When Oonark died in 1985, the Canadian Eskimo Art Council (CEAC) were quoted as saying that they were pleased with the quality of her last prints and they recognized that "ithout Oonark, Baker Lake as a centre for prints may never have happened. It was largely due to her enormous talent that the

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migration shifted away from the area where they lived, leaving many Inuit to starve. The Back River Inuit, including Oonark and her family, had a hard time during the starvation period of the 1950s. The winter of 1957–1958 was marked by a severe shortage of country food in the Back River area. Oonark

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were recurring themes in her work. Oonark has had a major museum retrospective with accompanying scholarly monograph. Despite a late start – she was 54 years old when her work was first published – she was an active and prolific artist over the next 19 years, creating a body of work that won critical

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A strong, bold graphic sense informs all of Oonark's work. Traditional dress, women's facial tattoos, and shamanistic themes are common in her art, yet they usually appear as isolated, fragmentary forms, shaped into a graphically bold image rather than a comprehensible narrative. Oonark is also well

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Oonark's work illustrated a 1972 anthology of Inuit poetry from the circumpolar regions including Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Siberia 1972. In the spring of 1972, Baker Lake print collection was released and it included five Oonark prints, two of which are based on small wall hangings. The stencil

353:, crossed the Canadian Arctic by dogsled and visited the Jessie Oonark's camp when she was just a teenager during his Fifth Thule Expedition. Utkuhikhalingmiut represented the first white contact. In the 1980s, Mame Jackson taped Jessie Oonark's description of the encountered broadcast on CBC radio. 848:

Reverend Alan Whitton was the Anglican minister at Saint Aidan's Church, Baker Lake, from 1963 until 1972. During that time his wife Elizabeth Whitton, befriended Oonark. In 1966 Elizabeth organized a sewing projects with Oonark and others where they produced mittens, parkas, slippers, duffel socks

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The colour stonecut and stencil print on laid Japanese paper printed by Thomas Sivuraq of a drawing by Jessie Oonark called "A Shaman's Helping Spirits" (1971), in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada depicts a horned shaman, with animal helping spirits and with a small spirit

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Jessie Oonark, although familiar with oral traditions and legends, is never satisfied with a one-layered literal illustration. The horizontal print Two Fish Looking for Something to Eat depicts her version of the cannibal fish story but her double vision leaves room for ambiguity. The cannibal fish

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Mame Jackson, George Swinton and Jean Blodgett noted that Oonark's work reflects a high tolerance for ambiguity, a kind of double vision. For example, her work entitled "Two Fish Looking for Something to Eat" (1978), when viewed as a horizontal image, suggests two swimming fish-like creatures and

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Oonark began to experience numbness in her hands and feet and in 1979, when a surgical intervention failed to check the symptoms, she lost much of her manual dexterity and produced only a few more pieces afterwards. Her career had lasted roughly 19 years, but its impact on Inuit art – and on the

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Aglaguaq had a daughter who is Oonark's stepsister, Kayuruq. When Janet Kigusiuk was still a baby, Anglican missionaries, Canon James and his Inuk assistant catechist Thomas Tapatai came to Oonark's hunting camp. She adopted the Anglican religion and they gave her a prayer book and a Bible. The

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When Oonark first arrived in Baker Lake in 1958 she survived by "cleaning skins for her friend, Sandy Lunan, at the Hudson's Bay Company post, cooking meals, washing dishes and sewing traditional Arctic garments for local sale" and eventually worked as janitor at the Anglican Church. Baker Lake

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In the 1950s, because of a severe famine in the Keewatin District, many Inuit arrived in Baker Lake. A federal day school was opened at Baker Lake in 1957. Pre-fabricated subsidized government housing constructed from the mid-1950s. The Northern Services Officer—Doug Wilkinson— encouraged the

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Jessie Oonark's parents were Qiliikvuq and Aghlquarq(Aglaguaq). Aglaguaq and his brothers hunted muskox. Oonark's spent most of her time the in Chantrey Inlet where fish were abundant. The Utkukhalingmiut had many taboos, one of which was the drawing of images. According to Marie Bouchard— a

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researcher, art historian, and community worker who lived in Baker Lake for many years— "Oonark's grandmother repeatedly warned her that images could come to life in the dark of night." Oonark's mother married Qiqniikpak after the death of Oonark's father. Oonark lived with her mother.

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Bernadette Driscoll explained the presence of birds — in the drawing and print "Dream of the Bird Woman" and in Oonark's other artworks — demonstrated the "symbolic significance of the importance of birds as a symbol of flight and in several instances as a reference to shamanism as in

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established a federal government arts and crafts program with Jessie Oonark as one of their key artists. In 1963 Gabriel Gely developed a printmaking program in Baker Lake. Ten experimental prints were made in 1964 and two of them were based on Oonark's drawings—"Drum Dancer" (1964).

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depicts her version of the cannibal fish legend. When viewed vertically one figure resembles a standing woman whose face fills the amaut. Is she birthing or eating the small blue fish? The fish-figure wearing a man's parka seems to be kiss-touching rather than eating.

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to travel to Toronto and Montreal for the opening of the exhibitions of her drawings. The Toronto wall hangings solo-exhibition took place in April at the Innuit Gallery of Eskimo Art. In Montreal, the exhibition was held at the Canadian Guild of Crafts.

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On 18 November 2015, Oonark's 1969 wall hanging depicting a hunting scene, made of duffel, felt and embroidery floss, sold for $ 70,800, a new record for the Baker Lake artist. The wall hanging was one of 333 pieces of art up for sale, organized by

706:"These are sea creatures, and they are sort of eating one another. There is a story, and that is it that one whole person along with a qayak was swallowed up by some giant fish or creature or whatever – somewhere near Gjoa Haven or Back River." 1907: 539:. The stone cut print by Thomas Manik of Oonark's drawing entitled "Woman" (1970) was featured on the cover and her work was prominent in the exhibition. She continued to contribute images to the Baker Lake Print collections until 1985. 562:—in the gallery's opening year. Isaacs Innuit Gallery became one of Toronto's most prestigious galleries for over thirty years. It was Oonark's first solo exhibition and in 1971 Isaacs had an exhibition of Oonark's wall hangings. 368:"My grandmother, Natak, was always cooking something. She used to cook caribou skins. She would take hair off the skin and cook it. We would drink the broth. My grandmother used to even cook wolf meat. That was how we survived." 685:

Oonark's work includes visual puns and shape-shifting, descriptive works depicting clothing, tools and cultural objects of importance to the Utkuhihalingmiut as well as images based on storytelling, legends and shamanism.

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Oonark's mother and father and her mother-in-law Naatak, (Natak) were storytellers and these stories are richly represented in Oonark's work, such as the 1970 print entitled "Dream of the Bird Woman", referring to the

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which included wall hangings by Jessie Oonark and her daughters, Janet Kigusiuq, Victoria Mamnguqsllaluk, her relatives Ruth Qaulluaryuk and other women from the Back River area along with artists from Baker Lake.

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In 1958, after observing school children drawing in Baker Lake, Oonark casually remarked to the school teacher that she could draw better than that. The next summer in 1959, the teacher shared this comment with

1036:(Winnipeg, MB) and the Hermon Collection of Native American Art at the University of Delaware Art Gallery. Her untitled wall hanging (1973), one of her largest art works, is in the main lobby (foyer) of the 896:

discussing Winnipeg's $ 65-million centre that will house the world's largest collection of Inuit art. In it, they reference the important role printmaking played, especially for female artists like Oonark,

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In her 1984 essay entitled "Christianity and Inuit Art" and in the 1986 "Jessie Oonark, A Retrospective", Blodgett noted how Oonark blended traditional Inuit clothing and symbols with Christian motifs.

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which including first-generation artist Jessie Oonark and the distinctive drawings of four of her children: Janet Kigusiuq, Victoria Mamnguqsualuk, Nancy Pukingrnak, and William Noah among many others.

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Nasby, Judith; Noah, William; Jackson, Marion E.; Millar, Peter (1998), "Qamanittuaq (Where the River Widens): Drawings by Baker Lake Artists From the Collection of the Macdonald Stewart Art Centre",

421:(RCMP) conducted a census of Inuit populations. They assigned the infamous identification numbering system using discs. These disc numbers were dropped during "Operation Surname" in the 1960s. 337:—Utkuhiksalingmiut oral history and legends were strongly reflected in Jessie's artwork. In later years, in Baker Lake, they became a small minority, and fewer people could speak the language. 1360: 441:

and her daughter Nancy Pukingrnak were starving. William Noah walked from their camp to Baker Lake in March to seek help. They were airlifted by the Canadian armed forces to Baker Lake.

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Von Finckenstein, Maria. "The Art of Survival." Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.

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Wright, Darlene Coward. Arctic Masterpieces: The Art of Jessie Oonark from the Winnipeg Art Gallery, 1997. Winnipeg and Vancouver: Winnipeg Art Gallery and Garfinkel Publishing, 1996.

753:"It was small and wore a baby caribou-skin hat. They asked me if I wanted to have it. I saw it from a distance and it almost came near me, but I didn't want to have a spirit helper." 2797:

Pool, Annelies. "Making Money or Making Art? Controversy Surrounds Baker Lake's New Jessie Oonark Arts and Crafts Centre to Boost Bottom Line." Up Here 8.3 (June–July 1992): 34–6.

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Boris Kotelewetz, the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs' arts and crafts officer, who arrived in Baker Lake in March 1966, provided Oonark with studio space and a salary.

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Phillips, Ruth B. and Christopher B. Steiner, eds. Unpacking Culture: Art and Commodity in Colonial and Postcolonial. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1999.

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area when William Noah was still a child and Nancy Pukingrnak was in her early teens and they were still dependent on her. Luke Anguhadluq, camp leader helped her at this time.

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Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen (1995), "Woman in the Centre: a Study of the Symbols of Womanhood in the Work of Jessie Oonark using Interactive Multimedia as a Method of Exploration",

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McMann, Evelyn de Rostaing. Royal Canadian Academy of Arts/Académie royale des arts du Canada: Exhibitions and Members 1880–1979. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981.

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were recognized quickly as significant figures, receiving solo exhibitions, scholarly attention and professional awards. Rosemary Tovell wrote in the catalogue entitled

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Vaughan, Murray and Marguerite. The Murray and Marguerite Vaughan Inuit Print Collection / Collection d'Estampe inuit. Fredericton: Beaverbrook Art Gallery, 1981.

2754: 2589: 2502: 2452: 2225: 1846: 1795: 1436: 1214: 333:) within the Western Canadian Inuit dialect continuum. Just as it was true for the art of other first-generation Inuit artists from that area—Luke Anguhadluk and 2381:

Beavon, Daniel J.K.; Voyageur, Cora Jane; Newhouse, David (2005), "Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture",

3345: 254:). Her artwork portrays aspects of the traditional hunter-nomadic life that she lived for over five decades, moving from fishing the camp near the mouth of 2343: 1668: 1575: 1264: 3263: 2833:

Wight, Darlene. The Art of Jessie Oonark from the Winnipeg Art Gallery. Winnipeg and Vancouver: Winnipeg Art Gallery and Garfinkel Publications, 1996.

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Hunchuck, S. Holyck et al. Patiently I Sing: Selections from the Tyler/Brooks Collection of Inuit Art. Ottawa: Carleton University Art Gallery, 1994.

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Canadian Arctic Producers. Biographies of Inuit Artists, Volumes One and Two. Ottawa: Canadian Arctic Producers, Arctic Co-operatives Limited, 1984.

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In the 1950s there was a slump in the fox fur trade. Sometime around 1953 and 1954, Kabloonak and her four youngest children died of illness in the

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perception of Inuit art in the larger world – is considerable. She died March 7, 1985, in Churchill, Manitoba. and is buried on Blueberry Hill in

1364: 270:) and caribou skin tents in the summer. Oonark learned early how to prepare skins and sew caribou skin clothing. They subsisted mainly on trout ( 524:

By the time they arrived Oonark was already an accomplished artist. In that year she completed a large appliqué wall hanging which hangs in the

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Winnipeg Art Gallery. Baker Lake, Prints & Print-Drawings 1970–1976: 27 February to 17 April 1983. Winnipeg: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 1982.

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Fernstrom, Katharine and Anita Jones. Northern Lights: Inuit Textile Art from the Canadian Arctic. Baltimore: Baltimore Museum of Art, 1993.

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Upstairs Gallery. Jessie Oonark R.C.A., O.C.: Retrospective 1970–1985: Prints, Drawings, Wall Hangings. Winnipeg: Upstairs Gallery, 1986.

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Rivera, Raquel. Arctic Adventures: Tales from the Lives of Inuit Artists. Unknown: Groundwood Books and House of Anansi Press, 2007.

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Museum of Man, Nat'l Arts Centre, Can. Arctic Producers Ltd. Oonark and Pangnark. Ottawa: Canadian Arctic Producers Limited, 1970.

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She no longer participated in the drum dance either but she depicted images of the drum dance for example in "Drum Dance" (1970).

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Art Bank (Ottawa, ON), Canadian Catholic Conference Art Collection (Ottawa, ON), Canadian Guild of Crafts Quebec (Montreal, QC),

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on Japanese wove paper. These include the chop for Oonark and Sanavik. In the same year, Oonark received a travel grant from the

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on his head. Oonark's father—Aglaquarq—used his shamanic powers infrequently but Oonark vividly remembered his helping spirit—

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Zuk, W. M. Art First Nations: Tradition and Innovation, Arctic. Montreal and Champlain, New York: Art Image Productions, 1992.

1476:"Qamanittuaq (Where the River Widens): Drawings by Baker Lake Artists From the Collection of the Macdonald Stewart Art Centre" 2720:

Volume=1–8 by Colin S. MacDonald, and volume 9 by Anne Newlands and Judith Parker) Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada, 2009.

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Everett, Deborah & Zorn, Elayne. Encyclopedia of Native American Artists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2008.

1029: 1025: 630:. By 1987 Oonark already has had eleven solo exhibitions and more than fifty national and international group exhibitions. 1062: 973: 997: 2765: 2600: 2513: 2463: 2236: 1857: 1806: 1447: 1225: 1917: 989: 976:(Brown University, Bristol, Rhode Island), Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery (Kitchener, ON), Klamer Family Collection, 929: 889: 2473:

Cadorette, Jeanne. "Le Musée des Beaux-Arts Double la Collection d'Art Inuit." Le Droit (Montreal) 27 February 1993.

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The Baker Lake Sanavik Co-operative was incorporated in 1971. The print-makers who rendered Oonark's drawings into

1024:(Calgary, AB), Simon Fraser Gallery, Simon Fraser University (Burnaby, BC), University of Alberta (Edmonton, AB), 3325: 2135: 957: 933: 905:, who gravitated towards visual arts, while men focused on stone-carving which required more physical strength. 3315: 2479:

Carson, Jo. "Toronto Atmosphere Offends the Artist from Baker Lake." Globe and Mail (Toronto) 3 April 1971: 13.

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was featured on the cover of the catalogue. Later that year, an Oonark wall hanging was commissioned by the

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Geotz (1985), "The role of the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs in the development of Inuit art",

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Oonark was married at a young age to Qabluunaq, (Kabloona, Kabloonak) the son of Naatak and Nanuqluq from

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Baele, Nancy (6 May 1991), "Artists Come South for New Ideas: Inuit Carvers Learn Marketing, Techniques",

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Benivolski, Xenia (May 2022). "Review of Toronto Biennial of Art: What Water Knows, The Land Remembers".

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Heller, Jules and Nancy. North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century. New York: Garland, 1995.

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Conjuring Birds (1979) but also as a harbinger of spring and itself a symbol of fecundity and rebirth."

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known as a textile artist, whose wool and felt wall-hangings reveal her as a master of color and form.

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Upstairs Gallery. Jessie Oonark: Wall Hangings and Selected Prints. Winnipeg: Upstairs Gallery, 1983.

2755:"The Storyteller's Hand: Canadian Inuit Drawings from the Collection of Frederick and Lucy S. Herman" 2226:"The Storyteller's Hand: Canadian Inuit Drawings from the Collection of Frederick and Lucy S. Herman" 1138: 468: 2486:

Driscoll, Bernadette (Fall 1984), "Tattoos, Hairsticks and Ulus: The Graphic Art of Jessie Oonark",

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Driscoll, Bernadette (Fall 1984), "Tattoos, Hairsticks and Ulus: The Graphic Art of Jessie Oonark",

1912:, North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary, pp. 420–1, 725:. Aglaquarq used his shamanic powers infrequently but Oonark vividly remembered his helping spirit— 3355: 1724: 478:

Edith Dodds, the wife of the Northern Service Officer, Sam Dodds, sent six of Oonark's drawings to

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Eber, Dorothy Harley. "Recording the Spirit World." Natural History 111.7 (September 2002): 54–62.

1997:

Bronstein, Noa (2022). "Double Vision:Jessie Oonark, Janet Kigusiuq, and Victoria Mamnguqsualuk".

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Jackson, Marion E. (April 1983), "Transcripts of interviews with Jessie Oonark and her Children",

816:(1961) depicts the Back River people. One of her best known works is "Woman" (1970) described as, 2857: 2791:

Parkin, J. "The People from Within: Art from Baker Lake." Art Magazine 7.28 (Summer 1976): 66–75.

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Kritzwiser, Kay. "Bold Prints with Heart and History." Globe and Mail (Toronto) 27 June 1970: 24.

949: 788:(Qiviuk), an Inuk who faced dangerous obstacles in his journeys by kayak, which was described by 479: 399: 382:, was born at Putuqsuqniq in the Back River area in 1926. She had eleven more children including 1564:

Bell was Liaison Officer, Man in the North Project, The Arctic Institute of North America (AINA)

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mounted a retrospective of her work with a major touring exhibition and catalogue both entitled

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fine art prints included Thomas Sivuraq. The printing technique in Baker Lake included colour

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Miller, Frank L. "Andrew Hall MacPherson (1932–2002)." Arctic 55. 4 (December 2002): 403–6.

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in Ottawa organized a touring exhibition of 50 of Oonark's drawings and works by sculptor

8: 2811:, Ottawa and New Haven, Connecticut: National Gallery of Canada and Yale University Press 2538: 2391: 1602: 1534: 1050: 985: 86: 2699:

Baker Lake Inuit drawings : a study in the evolution of artistic self-consciousness

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Baker Lake Inuit drawings : a study in the evolution of artistic self-consciousness

3141: 2647: 2316:"Knockout (Jessie) Oonark Show Opens National Gallery's Expanded Space for Inuit Art", 1973:

Blodgett, Jean (1979), "The Coming and Going of the Shaman: Eskimo Shamanism and Art",

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In the first generation of Inuit artists working in printmaking, Oonark, together with

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Withers, Josephine. "Inuit Women Artists." Feminist Studies 10.1 (Spring 1984): 85–96.

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Crandall, Richard C. Inuit Art: A History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2000.

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Souchotte, Sandra. "Jessie Oonark: Giver of Life." Uphere 1.4 (June–July 1984): 20–4.

2639: 2576: 1978: 1913: 1294: 1013: 1004:, University of British Columbia (Vancouver, BC), National Arts Centre (Ottawa, ON), 873: 454:(the people who only come in to trade) and considered them to be socially backwards. 334: 237: 225: 194: 2697: 2651: 2620:"Shape-Shifting and Other Points of Convergence: Inuit Art and Digital Technologies" 2497:

Endrst, Elsa B. "The Art of Attracting Fine Art." UN Chronicle 30.2 (June 1993): 74.

1957: 1934:"Shape-Shifting and Other Points of Convergence: Inuit Art and Digital Technologies" 1483: 1408: 520:, artist, academic, collector of Inuit art, author of the influential book entitled 3050: 2894: 2803:

Rochon, Lisa. "A Bright Northern Light." Globe and Mail (Toronto) 4 July 1987: C15.

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Gale, Thomson. Jessie Oonark: Drawings, Textiles. place unknown: Gale Group, 1998.

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SERNNoCA Researcher in coordination with Dr. Ian McPherson, University of Victoria

1882:"'Great, famous, rare, iconic': Kenojuak Ashevak print nets record-breaking price" 1591:

SERNNoCA Researcher in coordination with Dr. Ian McPherson, University of Victoria

1124:, no. NC 114 B32 o66 1984, translated by William Noah, Baker Lake, p. 39 616: 566: 535:

In 1970, the first Baker Lake Print Collection was released and exhibited at the

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whose wall hangings, prints and drawings are in major collections including the

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Blodgett, Jean; Bouchard, Marie (1986), "Jessie Oonark, A Retrospective",

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Blodgett, Jean; Bouchard, Marie (1986), "Jessie Oonark, A Retrospective",

1295:"Inuit Women and Graphic Arts: Female Creativity and its Cultural Context" 516:

were recruited as the new DIAND arts and crafts officers on the advice of

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Bouchard, Marie (2001), "Power of Thought: The Prints of Jessie Oonark",

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In 1994, Bernadette Driscoll-Ellgelstad, curated the exhibition entitled

550:. It toured major galleries in Canada for eight months. Later that year, 529: 483: 414: 275: 2557: 2410: 1621: 1553: 1474:

Nasby, Judith; Noah, William; Jackson, Marion E.; Millar, Peter (1998),

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Berlo, Janet Catherine (1995), Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (eds.),

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Jessie Oonark's verbal descriptions of her own work are often cryptic,

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Christianity, Syncretism, and Inuit Art in the Central Canadian Arctic

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Qamanittuaq (Where the River Widens): Drawings by Baker Lake Artists

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as the most widely known Inuit legend in the circumpolar region.

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biologist, Dr. Andrew Macpherson, who was in Baker Lake studying

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Furneaux, Patrick; Rosshandler, Leo (1974), Roch, Ernst (ed.),

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acclaim and made her one of Canada's best known Inuit artists.

304: 298: 189:; 2 March 1906 – 7 March 1985) was a prolific and influential 1435:

Fisher, Kyra Vkuiykov (Fall 2007), Mitchell, Marybelle (ed.),

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by the Canadian federal government— E2-384. In the 1940s, the

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Commercial internet-based Inuit and First Nations art gallery

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Oonark's father Aglaguaq and her grandfather were said to be

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Inuit Art Centre to Reveal Beauty of the North in the South"

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Jessie Oonark: Treasures of the National Gallery of Canada.

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also appears in her print "Untitled (Yellow fish)" (1977).

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residents "derisively referred to the Back River people as

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No Signs of Slowing Economy in Blockbuster Inuit Art Sale.

2289:. The University of Lethbridge Art Gallery. Archived from 2235:, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 22–23, archived from 2154:

Blodgett, Jean (Fall 1984), "Christianity and Inuit Art",

1805:, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1, 3–4, archived from 1387:"Canadian Institute for research on linguistic minorities" 262:

in the Honoraru area to their caribou hunting camp in the

802: 288: 1662: 1660: 2462:, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 4–5, archived from 1944:(3), London, UK: Art Libraries Society (ARLIS): 38–41, 1515:

Baele, Nancy. "Solo show at new galleries a knockout".

1224:, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 4–5, archived from 2782: 2380: 1473: 2428:, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 16–19, 22, 24, 26 2170:

Blodgett, Jean (1988). "Christianity and Inuit Art".

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Northern Lights: Inuit Textile Art from Arctic Canada

637:

presented a major exhibition with catalogue entitled

2444:

Marsh Art Gallery and University of Richmond Museums

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Oonark's work is in major collections including the

2094: 1844: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 2730:Canadian Encyclopedia Online. Historica Foundation 1823: 1731:. National Gallery of Canada, Library and Archives 948:, Art Gallery of York University (Downsview, ON), 867: 689: 602:, was featured on the cover of their publication, 497:In 1961, William Larmour, crafts officer with the 2818:Tippett, Maria. By a Lady. Toronto: Viking, 1992. 1417: 3292: 2432: 2424:Berlo, Janet (1990), "The Power of the Pencil", 2345:The History of Baker Lake (Sanavik) Co-operative 1829: 1787: 1577:The History of Baker Lake (Sanavik) Co-operative 1153: 1074: 608:In May 1975, Oonark was elected a Member of the 134:Qabluunaq, (Kabloona) son of Naatak and Nanuqluq 2143:(Thesis). Ottawa, Ontario: Carleton University. 1845:Driscoll-Ellgelstad, Bernadette (Summer 1994), 410:, Isumataq, Qaqurialuq, Amarouk, and Makitgag. 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 1482:, Exhibition catalogue, Guelph, archived from 3346:Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts 2865: 2278: 2103: 2088: 2048: 1834:, Exhibition catalogue, Winnipeg, p. 148 1499:Canadian Inuit Art Information Centre (DIAND) 2664: 2617: 2587: 2570: 2287:"Artist profile: Jessie Oonark (Baker Lake)" 1931: 1634: 1528: 1526: 1469: 1467: 1400: 1016:, Mount Allison University (Sackville, NB), 126:Contemporary (post-1949) period of Inuit art 2178: 2118: 1968: 1966: 1594: 1490: 771:Shape-shifting was a popular theme seen in 2872: 2858: 2217: 2077:, vol. 17, no. 64, pp. 1–13 2039: 1899: 1769: 1567: 1318: 885:world's attention came to the community." 554:featured Inuit artists such as Oonark and 53: 2806: 2490:, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 13–20 2114:, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 13–20 1996: 1856:, vol. 9, no. 2, archived from 1778:I Breathe a New Song: Poems of the Eskimo 1755:Canadian Women Artists History Initiative 1666: 1523: 1464: 1319:Dyck, Carrie J.; Briggs, Jean L. (2005), 1312: 499:Department of Indian and Northern Affairs 2485: 2450: 2441: 2333:"Order of Canada to Peterson, Gretzky", 2284: 2169: 2153: 2109: 1972: 1963: 1838: 1510: 1508: 1212: 1018:Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre 680: 615:In 1984, she was made an Officer of the 2695: 2500: 1793: 1640: 1406: 1288: 1286: 1119: 858:Oonark interviewed by Mame Jackson 1983 249:the people of the place where there is 3293: 2536: 2184: 2133: 1600: 1501:, Unpublished manuscript, Hull, Quebec 1434: 1265:"MDMD: ghost twins: Franklin, Kennedy" 2853: 2752: 2723: 2713: 2588:Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen (Summer 1999), 2423: 2371: 2341: 2320:, Montreal, p. K5, 24 April 1993 2223: 1977:, Exhibition catalogue, p. 246, 1905: 1775: 1743: 1573: 1505: 1496: 1292: 1133: 1131: 795: 778: 3381:Inuit from the Northwest Territories 2590:"Jessie Oonark: Woman in the Centre" 2389: 2068: 2062: 2054: 1532: 1283: 1030:Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies 1026:University of Lethbridge Art Gallery 413:In the 1940s, Oonark was assigned a 312: 266:area, living in winter snow houses ( 3361:20th-century Canadian women artists 1601:Fisher, Kyra Vladykov (June 1997), 1063:Notable Aboriginal people of Canada 974:Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology 812:were recurring themes in her work. 558:in solo exhibitions in 1970 in the 482:at the West Baffin Co-operative in 13: 2879: 2716:The Dictionary of Canadian Artists 2696:Jackson, Marion Elizabeth (1985). 2687:"Jessie Oonark, RCA (1906–1985)", 2390:Bell, Elizabeth (September 1971), 2363:"Jessie Oonark: A Retrospective", 2337:, Toronto, p. 4, 30 June 1984 2328:, Canada NewsWire, 6 November 2001 2069:Boas, Franz (January–March 1904), 1691: 1533:Bell, Elizabeth (September 1971), 1413:(PhD). The University of Michigan. 1407:Jackson, Marion Elizabeth (1985). 1363:. virtualmuseum.ca. Archived from 1302:Canadian Journal of Native Studies 1243:"Hayes River Above Chantrey Inlet" 1128: 528:Legislative Assembly's Chamber in 461: 14: 3397: 3371:20th-century Canadian printmakers 2134:Gibson, Jennifer (January 1998). 1514: 990:McMichael Canadian Art Collection 2539:"Baker Lake Printmaking Revival" 2437:, Exhibition catalogue, Winnipeg 2075:The Journal of American Folklore 1603:"Baker Lake Printmaking Revival" 1361:"Tuhaalruuqtut Ancestral Sounds" 998:Museé des beaux-arts de Montreal 488:Inland Eskimo Woman/Eskimo Woman 373:Janet Kigusiuq to Marie Bouchard 236:)—the traditional lands of the 220:) area, near the estuary of the 3336:Officers of the Order of Canada 2501:Enright, Robert (Winter 1987), 2451:Bouchard, Marie (Winter 1987), 2253: 2192: 2163: 2033: 2007: 1990: 1874: 1794:Enright, Robert (Winter 1987), 1717: 1675:, Vancouver, BC, archived from 1213:Bouchard, Marie (Winter 1987), 958:Canadian Museum of Civilization 934:Art Gallery of Greater Victoria 868:Oonark's influence on Inuit art 843: 758:Jessie Oonark in Bouochard 1987 690:Visual puns or ambiguous images 286:. The knife used by women, the 3376:Canadian women textile artists 2787:, Exhibition catalogue, Guelph 2665:Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen (1998), 2618:Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen (1999), 2342:Alsop, Jennifer (1 May 2010), 1932:Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen (1999), 1574:Alsop, Jennifer (1 May 2010), 1379: 1353: 1257: 1235: 919: 628:Jessie Oonark: a Retrospective 610:Royal Canadian Academy of Arts 207: 1: 2308: 2174:. Winnipeg: Watson and Dwyer. 2158:, vol. 3, pp. 16–25 2071:"The Folk-Lore of the Eskimo" 1043: 892:released an article titled, " 825:Furneaux and Rosshandler 1974 800:The knife used by women, the 763: 600:University of Western Ontario 444: 431: 419:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2785:Macdonald Stewart Art Centre 2575:(Masters Canadian Studies), 2552:(2), Baker Lake, NU: 192–6, 2392:"Eskimo Art is for Kabloona" 1776:Lewis, Richard, ed. (1971), 1729:Inuit Artists Print Database 1669:"Jessie Oonark (Una, Unaaq)" 1616:(2), Baker Lake, NU: 192–6, 1535:"Eskimo Art is for Kabloona" 1480:Macdonald Stewart Art Centre 1141:. National Gallery of Canada 1068: 988:Art Gallery (Hamilton, ON), 982:Macdonald Stewart Art Centre 926:Agnes Etherington Art Centre 716: 635:Macdonald Stewart Art Centre 340: 317:She was a fluent speaker of 212:She was born in 1906 in the 7: 2753:Nasby, Judith (Fall 2001), 2383:University of Toronto Press 2224:Nasby, Judith (Fall 2001), 1437:"Janet Kigusiuq Uqayuittuq" 1267:. osdir.com. Archived from 1056: 10: 3402: 2724:Marsh, James, ed. (2009). 2704:The University of Michigan 2689:Inuit Gallery of Vancouver 2537:Fisher, Kyra (June 1997), 2503:"The Art of Jessie Oonark" 2097:Arts of the Eskimo: Prints 2015:"ᑕᑯᒃᓴᐅᔪᒻᒪᕆᒃ Double Vision" 1796:"The Art of Jessie Oonark" 1006:National Gallery of Canada 938:Art Gallery of Nova Scotia 888:On September 4, 2016, the 656:Walker's Fine Art Auctions 583:Canada Council of the Arts 202:National Gallery of Canada 3280:Sun and Moon (Inuit myth) 3272: 3236: 3205: 3094: 2988: 2887: 2807:Routledge, Marie (2003), 2636:10.1017/S0307472200019623 2285:Lindeman, Lenore (1999). 2185:Tovell, Rosemary (1985), 1950:10.1017/S0307472200019623 1667:Griffiths, Simon (2005), 711:Oonark in Jackson 1983:39 469:Canadian Wildlife Service 294:traditional skin clothing 138: 130: 122: 105: 93: 75: 61: 52: 41: 23: 2261:"Jessie Oonark Tapestry" 1781:With an introduction by 1641:Swinton, George (1972), 1122:Inuit Art Section, DIAND 830: 661: 522:Sculpture of the Eskimo. 2172:Inuit Art: An Anthology 1643:Sculpture of the Eskimo 1022:Shell Canada Collection 950:Beaverbrook Art Gallery 604:The Business Quarterly. 480:James Archibald Houston 3326:People from Baker Lake 2365:Art Gallery of Windsor 2187:Baker Lake Prints 1985 2055:Driscoll, Bernadette, 2019:Art Gallery of Ontario 1757:. Concordia University 1705:. Hamlet of Baker Lake 1651:McClelland and Stewart 1002:Museum of Anthropology 978:Art Gallery of Ontario 946:Art Gallery of Windsor 942:Art Gallery of Ontario 882:Baker Lake Prints 1985 861: 828: 806:, their clothing, the 761: 714: 678: 544:National Museum of Man 537:Art Gallery of Alberta 486:. Two of her drawings— 388:Victoria Mamnguqsualuq 378:Their first daughter, 376: 148:Victoria Mamnguqsualuq 3316:Inuit textile artists 3095:Creatures and spirits 2624:Art Libraries Journal 2584:OCLC Number=290449906 1938:Art Libraries Journal 1673:ABoriginArt Galleries 1293:Berlo, Janet (1989), 851: 818: 751: 704: 681:Themes in her artwork 674:Janet Catherine Berlo 665: 560:Isaacs Innuit Gallery 526:Northwest Territories 366: 349:The Danish explorer, 284:barren-ground caribou 230:Northwest Territories 3351:Canadian printmakers 3341:Artists from Nunavut 3331:Canadian Inuit women 2714:MacDonald, Colin S. 2510:Inuit Arts Quarterly 2460:Inuit Arts Quarterly 2453:"Old Master: Oonark" 2446:, Richmond, Virginia 2435:Winnipeg Art Gallery 2265:National Arts Centre 2000:Esse arts + opinions 1975:Winnipeg Art Gallery 1832:Winnipeg Art Gallery 1803:Inuit Arts Quarterly 1328:Études/Inuit/Studies 1222:Inuit Arts Quarterly 1215:"Old Master: Oonark" 1038:National Arts Centre 1034:Winnipeg Art Gallery 1032:(Banff, AB) and the 1010:New Brunswick Museum 966:Edmonton Art Gallery 962:Dennos Museum Center 814:People of the Inland 624:Winnipeg Art Gallery 596:Ivey Business School 2762:Inuit Art Quarterly 2597:Inuit Art Quarterly 2573:Carleton University 2558:10.14430/arctic1100 2426:Inuit Art Quarterly 2411:10.14430/arctic3129 2233:Inuit Art Quarterly 1854:Inuit Art Quarterly 1622:10.14430/arctic1100 1554:10.14430/arctic3129 1444:Inuit Art Quarterly 1020:(Yellowknife, NT), 996:, (Saskatoon, SK), 986:McMaster University 952:(Fredericton, NB), 321:, a sub dialect of 87:Churchill, Manitoba 3311:Inuit illustrators 2771:on 10 January 2016 2606:on 10 January 2016 2519:on 13 January 2015 2469:on 13 January 2015 2242:on 10 January 2016 2160:ASTIS record 15820 1863:on 13 January 2015 1847:"A Woman's Vision" 1812:on 13 January 2015 1679:on 15 January 2015 1519:. Ottawa, Ontario. 1486:on 13 January 2015 1453:on 12 January 2015 1349:on 10 January 2015 1231:on 13 January 2015 1028:(Lethbridge, AB), 1012:(Saint John, NB), 994:Mendel Art Gallery 930:Queen's University 908:All her children, 796:Clothing and tools 779:Inuit storytelling 3366:Women printmakers 3321:Inuit printmakers 3288: 3287: 3237:Objects and terms 2691:, Vancouver, 1994 2673:, Ottawa, Ontario 1014:Owens Art Gallery 874:Pitseolak Ashoona 740:The People Within 386:, Mamnguqsualuq, 313:Utkuhikhalingmiut 238:Utkuhiksalingmiut 226:Keewatin District 198:Utkuhiksalingmiut 195:Utkuhiksalingmiut 170: 169: 3393: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2812: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2759: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2719: 2707: 2692: 2674: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2605: 2594: 2583: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2543: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2518: 2507: 2491: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2396: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2338: 2329: 2321: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2293:on 4 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2227: 2220: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2188: 2181: 2173: 2166: 2157: 2150: 2139: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2113: 2112:Arts Manitoba 2106: 2098: 2091: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2057:Inuit Amautik 2051: 2043: 2036: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1986: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1919:9781135638825 1915: 1911: 1910: 1909:Jessie Oonark 1902: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1833: 1826: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1653:, p. 255 1652: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1555: 1551: 1548:(3): 154–56, 1547: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1500: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1468: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1403: 1388: 1382: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1287: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1244: 1238: 1227: 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Retrieved 2729: 2715: 2703: 2698: 2688: 2670: 2655:, retrieved 2630:(3): 38–41, 2627: 2623: 2608:, retrieved 2601:the original 2596: 2572: 2561:, retrieved 2549: 2545: 2521:, retrieved 2514:the original 2509: 2487: 2464:the original 2459: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2414:, retrieved 2402: 2398: 2382: 2376:, p. B5 2373: 2364: 2352:, retrieved 2344: 2334: 2325: 2317: 2295:. Retrieved 2291:the original 2280: 2269:, retrieved 2264: 2255: 2244:, retrieved 2237:the original 2232: 2219: 2207:. Retrieved 2203: 2194: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2165: 2155: 2149: 2136: 2111: 2105: 2096: 2090: 2079:, retrieved 2074: 2064: 2056: 2050: 2041: 2035: 2023:. Retrieved 2018: 2009: 1998: 1992: 1974: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1908: 1901: 1889:. Retrieved 1885: 1876: 1865:, retrieved 1858:the original 1853: 1840: 1831: 1825: 1814:, retrieved 1807:the original 1802: 1789: 1777: 1771: 1759:. Retrieved 1754: 1745: 1733:. Retrieved 1728: 1719: 1707:. Retrieved 1702: 1693: 1681:, retrieved 1677:the original 1672: 1642: 1636: 1625:, retrieved 1613: 1609: 1596: 1584:, retrieved 1576: 1569: 1557:, retrieved 1545: 1541: 1516: 1498: 1492: 1484:the original 1479: 1455:, retrieved 1448:the original 1443: 1409: 1402: 1390:. Retrieved 1381: 1369:. Retrieved 1365:the original 1355: 1344:the original 1331: 1327: 1314: 1308:(2): 293–315 1305: 1301: 1273:. Retrieved 1269:the original 1259: 1247:. Retrieved 1237: 1226:the original 1221: 1143:. Retrieved 1121: 1047: 923: 914:William Noah 907: 903:Helen Kalvak 893: 887: 881: 871: 862: 852: 847: 844:Christianity 834: 819: 813: 807: 801: 799: 782: 772: 770: 767: 752: 747: 744: 739: 735: 731: 726: 720: 705: 701: 697: 693: 684: 666: 652: 646: 644: 638: 632: 627: 621: 614: 607: 603: 592:Young Woman, 591: 588: 564: 552:Avrom Isaacs 541: 534: 521: 507: 504: 496: 491: 487: 477: 465: 456: 451: 448: 435: 423: 412: 408:William Noah 377: 367: 361: 355: 348: 344: 330: 319:Utkuhiksalik 316: 303: 297: 287: 248: 244: 240: 217: 211: 197: 186: 172: 171: 158:William Noah 116: 111: 107:Notable work 81:(1985-03-07) 79:7 March 1985 65:2 March 1906 46: 42: 18: 3306:1985 deaths 3301:1906 births 3244:i'noGo tied 3026:Eeyeekalduk 2965:Pukkeenegak 2910:Arnakuagsak 2671:Women'space 2042:Art Monthly 1371:29 December 1040:in Ottawa. 920:Collections 738:(1970) and 658:in Ottawa. 530:Yellowknife 484:Cape Dorset 436:The annual 415:disc number 276:Arctic char 208:Early years 16:Inuk artist 3295:Categories 3259:Silap Inua 3223:Atanarjuat 3177:Saumen Kar 3086:Tuluŋigraq 3076:Torngarsuk 3056:Silap Inua 2996:Aipaloovik 2775:10 January 2735:10 January 2657:10 January 2610:10 January 2563:14 January 2523:12 January 2416:12 January 2354:10 January 2309:References 2271:10 January 2267:, May 2013 2246:10 January 2081:12 January 1984:0889150680 1867:10 January 1816:12 January 1699:"The Arts" 1683:14 January 1627:14 January 1586:10 January 1559:12 January 1457:12 January 1275:22 January 1249:22 January 1051:Baker Lake 1044:Later life 790:Franz Boas 773:Day Spirit 764:Drum Dance 579:lithograph 473:Arctic fox 452:qangmaliqs 445:Baker Lake 432:Starvation 426:Garry Lake 358:Gjoa Haven 325:spoken by 272:lake trout 264:Garry Lake 256:Back River 222:Back River 218:Tariunnuaq 162:Qaqurialuq 3218:Apanuugak 3182:Tariaksuq 3157:Kigatilik 3117:Ahkiyyini 3046:Nootaikok 2888:Goddesses 2644:0307-4722 2581:290449906 2385:, Toronto 2297:3 October 2025:5 October 1761:15 August 1735:15 August 1709:15 August 1392:1 January 1245:. uhn.edu 1145:15 August 1069:Citations 717:Shamanism 571:stonecuts 508:In 1969, 341:Biography 280:whitefish 251:soapstone 131:Spouse(s) 117:Big Woman 3213:Angakkuq 3192:Tizheruk 3112:Agloolik 3081:Tulugaak 3041:Negafook 3031:Ignirtoq 3016:Aulanerk 2955:Nuliajuk 2945:Nerrivik 2652:63946770 2204:CBC News 1958:63946770 1886:CBC News 1725:"Shaman" 1057:See also 878:Kenojuak 856:— 838:Angagkok 823:— 775:(1970). 756:— 742:(1970). 734:(1970), 709:— 671:— 371:— 331:Natsilik 327:Netsilik 292:, their 166:Makitgag 160:Isumataq 139:Children 123:Movement 3254:Kikituk 3197:Tupilaq 3147:Ishigaq 3142:Ijirait 3107:Adlivun 3036:Issitoq 3021:Aumanil 3001:Alignak 2980:Tootega 2950:Nujalik 2925:Ataksak 2318:Gazette 2209:4 March 1891:4 March 1647:Toronto 723:shamans 590:print, 575:stencil 438:caribou 234:Nunavut 228:of the 224:in the 187:ᔨᐊᓯ ᐅᓈᖅ 164:Amarouk 114:(1970) 3228:Kiviuq 3206:People 3167:Qiqirn 3162:Nanook 3152:Keelut 3132:Atshen 3127:Amarok 3122:Akhlut 3071:Tornat 3011:Anguta 3006:Amaguq 2905:Akycha 2706:(PhD). 2650: 2642: 2579: 2546:Arctic 2399:Arctic 2156:Beaver 2044:(456). 2021:. 2022 2003:(106). 1981: 1956: 1916: 1610:Arctic 1542:Arctic 809:amauti 786:Kiviuq 736:Shaman 305:amauti 302:, the 296:, the 282:, and 268:igloos 97:Inuit 3273:Tales 3102:Adlet 2975:Sedna 2960:Pinga 2940:Kadlu 2920:Asiaq 2769:(PDF) 2758:(PDF) 2648:S2CID 2604:(PDF) 2593:(PDF) 2542:(PDF) 2517:(PDF) 2506:(PDF) 2467:(PDF) 2456:(PDF) 2395:(PDF) 2349:(PDF) 2240:(PDF) 2229:(PDF) 2141:(PDF) 1954:S2CID 1861:(PDF) 1850:(PDF) 1810:(PDF) 1799:(PDF) 1606:(PDF) 1581:(PDF) 1538:(PDF) 1451:(PDF) 1440:(PDF) 1347:(PDF) 1324:(PDF) 1298:(PDF) 1229:(PDF) 1218:(PDF) 831:Birds 662:Style 362:patek 299:kamik 232:(now 180: 112:Woman 47:Unaaq 32: 3264:Nuna 3249:Inua 3051:Pana 2989:Gods 2900:Akna 2777:2015 2737:2015 2659:2015 2640:ISSN 2612:2015 2577:OCLC 2565:2015 2525:2015 2418:2015 2356:2015 2299:2009 2273:2015 2248:2015 2211:2017 2083:2014 2027:2023 1979:ISBN 1914:ISBN 1893:2017 1869:2015 1818:2015 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