497:
368:. Here Baret accompanied Commerson on the most troublesome excursions over rugged terrain and gained a reputation for courage and strength. Commerson, still hampered by his leg injury, referred to Baret as his "beast of burden" on these expeditions. In addition to the manual labour she performed in collecting plants, stones, and shells, Baret also helped Commerson organize and catalogue their specimens and notes in the weeks that followed, as the ships entered the Pacific.
305:. Because of the vast quantity of equipment Commerson was bringing on the voyage, the ship's captain, François Chenard de la Giraudais, gave up his large cabin on the ship to Commerson and his "assistant". This gave Baret significantly more privacy than she would have had otherwise on board the crowded ship. In particular, the captain's cabin gave Baret access to private toilet facilities so that she did not have to use the shared
266:
certificate, from August 1764, survives; it was filed in a town 30 kilometres (19 mi) away and witnessed by two men of substance who likewise had travelled a considerable distance from their homes. She refused to name the father of her child, but historians do not doubt that it was
Commerson and that it was Commerson who had also made the arrangements with the lawyer and witnesses on her behalf.
277:. He was quickly placed with a foster mother but died in the summer of 1765. (Commerson had left his legitimate son from his marriage in the care of his brother-in-law in Toulon-sur-Arroux and never saw him again in his lifetime.) A second son, AimĂ© EugÄne Prosper Bonnefoy, was born at the HĂŽtel-Dieu in Paris in May 1766. The fate of this child is unknown but he appears to have died before 1775.
571:, brought Baret to the attention of a wider audience and helped to overturn some of the old misconceptions about her life. However, Ridley's biography has also been highly criticized by some reviewers for its reliance on improbable chains of speculation that are not corroborated by any other primary or secondary sources.
281:
royal expense, but women were completely prohibited on French navy ships at this time. At some point, the idea of Baret disguising herself as a man in order to accompany
Commerson was conceived. To avoid scrutiny, she was to join the expedition immediately before the ship sailed, pretending to be a stranger to Commerson.
262:, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the south of La Comelle, upon his marriage in 1760. Commerson's wife, who was the sister of the parish priest, died shortly after giving birth to a son in April 1762, and it seems most likely that Baret took over management of Commerson's household at that time, if not before.
234:
details of the story she gave
Bougainville were a fabrication to shield Philibert Commerson from complicity in her disguise. Burgundy was at this time one of the more backward provinces of France in terms of the condition of the peasant classes, and it is likely that Baret's family was quite impoverished.
563:
For many years, Bougainville's published journal â a popular bestseller in its day, in the original French as well as in
English translations â was the only widely available source of information about Baret. More recent scholarship has uncovered additional facts and documentation about her life, but
483:
Jeanne Barré, by means of a disguise, circumnavigated the globe on one of the vessels commanded by Mr de
Bougainville. She devoted herself in particular to assisting Mr de Commerson, doctor and botanist, and shared with great courage the labours and dangers of this savant. Her behaviour was exemplary
463:
After
Commerson's death, Baret ran a tavern in Port Louis. She was fined 50 livres for serving alcohol on Sundays in 1773. Then, on 17 May 1774, she married Jean Dubernat, a non-commissioned officer in the French Army who was most likely on the island on his way home to France. Jeanne brought a small
467:
There is no record of exactly when Baret and her husband arrived in France, thus completing her voyage of circumnavigation. Most likely it was sometime in 1775. In April 1776, she received the money that was due to her under
Commerson's will after applying directly to the Attorney General. With this
376:
in April 1768. As soon as she and
Commerson landed on shore, Baret was immediately surrounded by Tahitians who cried out that she was a woman. It was necessary to return her to the ship to protect her from the excited Tahitians. Bougainville recorded this incident in his journal some weeks after it
388:
when confronted directly by La
Giraudais (whose own official log has not survived). Bougainville's account of Baret's unmasking on Tahiti is not corroborated by the other journal accounts of the expedition, although VivĂšs describes a similar incident in which Baret was immediately pointed out as a
233:
Little is known of Baret's childhood or young adulthood. She later told
Bougainville that she had been orphaned and lost her fortune in a lawsuit before taking to disguising herself as a man. Her mother died 15 months after Jeanne was born and her father when she was 15. Historians agree that some
250:, however, notes that Jeanne did not sign the parish register for her father's death (or the birth of her godson in 1756). Her first known signature is in 1764, making it more likely she was taught to write by Commerson, perhaps to help him with his work. She always signed her own name 'Barret'.
450:
in 1770â1772. Commerson continued to have serious health problems, and he died in Mauritius in February 1773. His financial resources had dwindled during his time on the island: his patron Poivre had been recalled to Paris. Baret, meanwhile, seems to have established herself independently, being
280:
In 1765, Commerson was invited to join Bougainville's expedition. He hesitated in accepting because he was often in poor health; he required Baret's assistance as a nurse as well as in running his household and managing his collections and papers. His appointment allowed him a servant, paid as a
564:
much of the new information remained little-known and inaccessible to the general public, particularly outside France. The first English-language biography of Baret, by John Dunmore, was not published until 2002, and then only in New Zealand. Other articles appeared only in scholarly journals.
265:
It is also evident that Baret and Commerson shared a more personal relationship, as Baret became pregnant in 1764. French law at that time required women who became pregnant out of wedlock to obtain a "certificate of pregnancy" in which they could name the father of their unborn child. Baret's
288:
along with back wages owed and the furnishings of their Paris apartment. Thus, while the story Baret concocted for Bougainville's benefit to explain her presence on board ship was carefully designed to shield Commerson from involvement, there is clear documentary evidence of their previous
44:
324:. VivĂšs has the most to say about Baret, but his memoir is problematical because he and Commerson were on bad terms throughout the voyage, and his account â largely written or revised after the fact â is full of innuendo and spiteful comments directed at both Commerson and Baret.
484:
and Mr de Bougainville refers to it with all due credit.... His Lordship has been gracious enough to grant to this extraordinary woman a pension of two hundred livres a year to be drawn from the fund for invalid servicemen and this pension shall be payable from 1 January 1785.
237:
One of the mysteries of Baret's life is how she obtained at least the rudiments of an education, as her signature on later legal documents provides evidence that she was not illiterate. One of her biographers, Glynis Ridley, suggests that her mother might have been of
397:
in mid-July in which Baret was caught off-guard, stripped, and "examined" by a group of other servants on the expedition. Duclos-Guyot and Nassau-Siegen also recorded that Baret had been discovered to be a woman in New Ireland, but without mentioning details.
1449:
Maguet, Nicolle, and Sophie Miquel. 2019. "De l'océan Indien aux rives de la Dordogne: le retour de Jeanne Barret aprÚs son tour du monde. Jeanne Barret et Jean Dubernat, propriétés et familles en Dordogne et en Gironde." Cahier des Amis de Sainte-Foy 114
438:
was serving as governor on the island, and Commerson and Baret remained behind as Poivre's guests. Bougainville probably also actively encouraged this arrangement, as it allowed him to rid himself of the problem of a woman illegally onboard his expedition.
371:
Surviving accounts of the expedition differ on when Baret's sex was first discovered. According to Bougainville, rumours that Baret was a woman had circulated for some time, but her sex was not finally confirmed until the expedition reached
273:, where she continued in the role of his housekeeper. Baret apparently used the name "Jeanne de Bonnefoy" during this period. Her child, born in December 1764, was given the name Jean-Pierre Baret. Baret gave the child up to the Paris
230:. Her record of baptism survives and identifies her as the legitimate issue of Jean Baret and Jeanne Pochard. Her father is identified as a day laborer and seems likely to have been illiterate, as he did not sign the parish register.
1489:
350:
s chaplain was murdered ashore soon after their arrival â Commerson was officially confined to the ship while his leg healed, but he and Baret nonetheless collected specimens of a flowering vine, which he named
339:. There they set out on expeditions to the surrounding plains and mountains. Commerson's leg was still troubling him, and Baret seems to have done much of the actual labour, carrying supplies and specimens. In
1459:
Miquel, Sophie. 2017. "Les testaments de Jeanne Barret, premiÚre femme à fair le tour de la terre, et de son époux périgordin Jean Dubernat." Bulletin de la Société Historique et Archéologique du Périgord
312:
In addition to Bougainville's published account, Baret's story figures in three other surviving memoirs of the expedition: a journal kept jointly by Commerson and Pierre Duclos-Guyot; a journal by the
479:
In 1785, Baret was granted a pension of 200 livres a year by the Ministry of Marine. The document granting her this pension makes clear the high regard with which she was held by this point:
327:
Commerson suffered badly from both seasickness and a recurring ulcer on his leg in the early part of the voyage, and Baret probably spent most of her time attending to him. Aside from the
506:
Commerson named many of the plants he collected after friends and acquaintances. One of them, a tall shrub with dark green leaves and white flowers that he found on Madagascar, he named
401:
Ahu-toru travelled back to France with the expedition and was subsequently questioned at some length about Baret. Modern scholars now believe that Ahu-toru thought that Baret was a
86:
594:
Jeanne Barret was one of the 10 inspirational French women celebrated as golden statues rising out of the River Seine during the opening ceremony of the
210:(anglicized as Commerson), shortly before Bougainville's ships sailed from France. According to Bougainville's account, Baret was an expert botanist.
510:. But Commerson's name for this genus did not survive, as it had already been named by the time his reports reached Paris; it is currently known as
1515:
242:
extraction, a group that had a higher tradition of literacy than was otherwise typical of the peasant classes of the time. Another biographer,
411:. However, other Tahitian natives reported the presence of a woman in Bougainville's expedition to later visitors to the island, including
284:
Before leaving Paris, Commerson drew up a will in which he left to "Jeanne Baret, known as de Bonnefoi, my housekeeper", a lump sum of 600
960:
442:
On Mauritius, Baret continued in her role as Commerson's assistant and housekeeper. She likely accompanied him in plant-collecting on
1550:
1560:
1490:"JO Paris 2024 : Milliat, Halimi, Nardal⊠ces 10 femmes qui ont marqué l'histoire à l'honneur de la cérémonie d'ouverture"
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in 1772, which indicates that her sex was known to the Tahitians if not to her shipmates at the time she visited the island.
384:
In his account, VivĂšs reports much speculation about Baret's sex early in the voyage and asserts that Baret claimed to be a
545:: The fictional character Paulette Lambert identifies "Philippe and Jeanne Commerson" as her "grand-uncle and grand-aunt".
1408:
1019:
177:
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434:, was an important French trading station. Commerson was delighted to find that his old friend and fellow botanist
246:, suggests that she was taught by the parish priest or taken on as a charity case by a member of the local gentry.
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by French researchers has provided clearer archival information on Jeanne Baret's life, as has a new biography by
422:
After crossing the Pacific, the expedition was desperately short of food. After a brief stop for supplies in the
313:
476:
where they bought property with Jeanne's wealth and lived with both Dubernat's and Jeanne's nieces and nephews.
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fortune to her marriage, presumably from the tavern and perhaps other business ventures she ran on the island.
17:
331:, which Commerson described in some detail in his memoir, there was little for the botanists to do until the
172:
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includes a plant specimen, attributed to Commerson but believed to be collected by Baret with him, in their
183:
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258:
At some point between 1760 and 1764, Baret became employed as housekeeper to Commerson, who had settled in
431:
1555:
1545:
1261:"A new species of Solanum named for Jeanne Baret, an overlooked contributor to the history of botany"
529:
1219:
163:; 27 July 1740 â 5 August 1807) is recognised as the first woman to have completed a voyage of
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relationship, and it is highly improbable that Commerson was not complicit in the plan himself.
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while the ships of the expedition were waiting for favourable winds to carry them through the
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Allegorical portrait of Jeanne Baret dressed as a sailor, dating from 1817, after her death.
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After a second visit to Montevideo, their next opportunity to collect plants was in
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in late December 1766. They were assigned to sail on the storeship, the
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Baret and Commerson joined the Bougainville expedition at the port of
1371:(2003), "Jeanne Baret: the first woman to circumnavigate the globe",
953:"Voyaging Through Strange Seas: Four Women Travellers in the Pacific"
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572:
1488:Ă 21h09, Par Marius Veillerot Le 26 juillet 2024 (26 July 2024).
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on board the ship. VivĂšs also describes a different incident on
43:
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426:(now Indonesia), the ships made a longer stop at the island of
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She died in Saint-Aulaye on 5 August 1807, at the age of 67.
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money, she settled with Dubernat in his native village of
269:
Shortly afterwards, Baret and Commerson moved together to
539:
Jeanne Baret is referred to in Amitav Ghosh's 2008 novel
218:
Jeanne Baret was born on 27 July 1740, in the village of
1010:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
320:; and a memoir by François VivÚs, a surgeon on the
1259:Tepe, Eric J.; Ridley, Glynis; Bohs, Lynn (2012).
1003:
377:happened, when he had an opportunity to visit the
1409:""A Female Explorer Discovered On The High Seas""
27:French explorer, naturalist, botanist (1740â1807)
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430:in the Indian Ocean. This island, then known as
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692:
171:. A key part of her journey was as a member of
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567:The 2010 biography of Baret by Glynis Ridley,
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689:
617:Monsieur Baret: First Woman Around the World
113:Jean Baret, Jeanne de Bonnefoi, Jeanne Barré
1514:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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683:In Search of the Woman who Sailed the World
581:In Search of the Woman who Sailed the World
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343:â a much more dangerous place, where the
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583:, published in 2020. On 27 July 2020,
1348:"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature"
1206:
587:celebrated her 280th birthday with a
455:, the capital of Mauritius, in 1770.
158:
1306:Kiernan, Elizabeth (12 March 2014).
1220:The plantswoman who dressed as a boy
992:
292:
944:
190:Jeanne Baret joined the expedition
24:
1308:"The Amazing Feat of Jeanne Baret"
686:, Pan Macmillan, Sydney pp. 21, 27
202:and assistant to the expedition's
25:
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951:Forster, Honore (January 2000),
550:International Astronomical Union
309:with other members of the crew.
167:of the globe, which she did via
1551:French explorers of the Pacific
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1471:"Jeanne Baret's 280th Birthday"
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1561:Female-to-male cross-dressers
1386:10.1016/S0160-9327(03)00018-8
641:The Discovery of Jeanne Baret
601:
569:The Discovery of Jeanne Baret
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213:
173:Louis Antoine de Bougainville
1336:. John Murray 2009 , p. 262.
643:, Crown Publisher New York,
316:, a paying passenger on the
7:
1314:. New York Botanical Garden
254:Relationship with Commerson
175:'s expedition on the ships
10:
1577:
1231:, 36â37 (3 February 2011).
1095:Dunmore, pp. 102, 158â164
530:New York Botanical Garden
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137:Jean Dubernat (1774â1807)
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117:
109:
101:
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1274:10.3897/phytokeys.8.2101
87:Saint-Antoine de Breuilh
1438:The Wall Street Journal
680:Clode, Danielle (2020)
639:Ridley, Glynis (2010),
314:Prince of Nassau-Siegen
1312:Science TalkâNYBG blog
615:Dunmore, John (2002),
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492:Legacy and controversy
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389:woman by the Tahitian
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481:
1185:Dunmore, pp. 185â186
1158:Dunmore, pp. 182â185
1131:Dunmore, pp. 180â182
1052:Dunmore, pp. 136â138
989:Dunmore, pp. 100â101
596:2024 Summer Olympics
451:granted property in
1434:"Incredible Voyage"
1249:Ridley, pp. 219â220
1167:Ridley, pp. 235â236
1140:Ridley, pp. 231â232
1104:Ridley, pp. 205â210
1070:Ridley, pp. 165â169
1061:Dunmore, pp. 96â100
905:Dunmore, pp. 53, 56
842:Dunmore, pp. 32, 36
417:Domingo de Bonechea
275:Foundlings Hospital
208:Philibert Commerçon
146:Philibert Commerson
1415:. 26 December 2010
1369:Schiebinger, Londa
1086:, pp. 164, 255â256
1084:Aphrodite's Island
1006:Aphrodite's Island
980:Dunmore, pp. 84â87
941:Dunmore, pp. 72â78
923:Dunmore, pp. 55â67
833:Clode, pp. 292-293
815:Dunmore, pp. 31â32
797:Dunmore, pp. 29â30
770:Ridley, pp. 38â389
761:Dunmore, pp. 27â28
716:Dunmore, pp. 11â14
619:, Heritage Press,
504:
366:Strait of Magellan
198:. She enlisted as
194:, calling herself
192:disguised as a man
169:maritime transport
160:[Êanba.ÊÉ]
1440:, 24 January 2011
1043:Ridley, pp. 82â84
1012:92, 103, 113, 116
878:Ridley, pp. 66â67
824:Ridley, pp. 51â56
788:Ridley, pp. 40â41
734:Ridley, pp. 36â38
725:Ridley, pp. 14â16
650:978-0-307-46352-4
626:978-0-908708-54-3
508:Baretia bonafidia
424:Dutch East Indies
293:With Bougainville
260:Toulon-sur-Arroux
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1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
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1054:
1045:
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1027:
1020:
991:
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943:
934:
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925:
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862:
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799:
790:
781:
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772:
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700:
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688:
673:
664:
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655:
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631:
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577:Danielle Clode
542:Sea of Poppies
493:
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448:Bourbon Island
432:Isle de France
341:Rio de Janeiro
294:
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668:
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79:5 August 1807
78:
74:
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1498:. Retrieved
1493:
1483:
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1429:
1419:12 September
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
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1376:
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1341:
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1316:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:
1267:(8): 37â47.
1264:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1228:
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1216:Sandra Knapp
1199:
1190:
1181:
1176:Clode p. 376
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1122:Clode p. 274
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1083:
1080:Anne Salmond
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1005:
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985:
976:
965:, retrieved
959:
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910:
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896:Ridley, p. 4
892:
883:
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865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
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573:New research
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507:
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487:
482:
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470:Saint-Aulaye
466:
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441:
421:
415:in 1769 and
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403:transvestite
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244:John Dunmore
236:
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176:
155:Jeanne Baret
154:
153:
148:(1760sâ1773)
81:(1807-08-05)
57:27 July 1740
36:Jeanne Baret
29:
1541:1807 deaths
1536:1740 births
1496:(in French)
1318:2 September
752:Clode p. 38
743:Clode p. 36
395:New Ireland
178:La Boudeuse
102:Nationality
18:Jeanne Baré
1530:Categories
1460:144:771-82
1450:(1):15â42.
602:References
598:in Paris.
459:Later life
453:Port Louis
444:Madagascar
413:James Cook
337:Montevideo
220:La Comelle
214:Early life
204:naturalist
196:Jean Baret
61:La Comelle
1373:Endeavour
1265:PhytoKeys
967:21 August
560:for her.
534:herbarium
428:Mauritius
362:Patagonia
299:Rochefort
1510:cite web
1395:12642142
1353:26 March
1293:22287929
1002:(2010).
961:NLA News
522:baretiae
474:Dordogne
391:Ahu-toru
335:reached
318:Boudeuse
240:Huguenot
127:botanist
91:Dordogne
65:Burgundy
1500:27 July
1284:3254248
519:Solanum
513:Turraea
222:in the
142:Partner
1475:Google
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552:named
386:eunuch
379:Ătoile
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345:Ătoile
333:Ătoile
322:Ătoile
303:Ătoile
286:livres
228:France
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105:French
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69:France
1346:IAU.
956:(PDF)
558:Pluto
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200:valet
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1421:2021
1391:PMID
1355:2021
1320:2018
1289:PMID
1016:ISBN
969:2007
645:ISBN
621:ISBN
528:The
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307:head
181:and
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