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therefore, was determined to have no bearing on the case. Adam Louvel and at least one of
Marguerite's maidservants also gave evidence and, as was the custom of the day for people of low birth, they were tortured to test the veracity of their testimony. During this process neither produced evidence incriminating Le Gris, although Louvel was subsequently challenged to a duel himself by Marguerite's cousin, Thomin du Bois. In his evidence, Carrouges' statement repeated and supported his wife's testimony, while Le Gris accused Carrouges of inventing the charges and beating his wife into making the accusations against the squire. In his statement, Le Gris painted a picture of a man driven wild with anger and jealousy who sought to restore his family fortune by concocting false accusations against his most significant rival. Le Gris also offered alibis for his whereabouts during the week the crime was supposed to have been committed and attempted to explain that it was not possible for him to have ridden the 40 kilometres (25 miles) that supposedly separated him from Marguerite on the morning in question. A rebuttal from Carrouges emphasised the shame the trial had brought to his family as a reason against its invention and offered a counter-demonstration of horsemanship indicating that the suggested 80-kilometre (50-mile) round trip was possible even if Le Gris' alibi were true. Le Gris' alibi was compromised some days later when the man providing it, a squire named Jean Beloteau, was arrested for committing rape in Paris during the trial. On 15 September, with the King in Flanders preparing for an invasion of England, the parliament handed down its verdict. As they had been unable to determine the guilt in the case, the two men would fight a duel to the death on 27 November 1386.
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Gris stepped back. Carrouges used the opportunity to grab the top of Le Gris' helmet and topple him to the ground. Le Gris' heavy armour prevented him from regaining his feet and
Carrouges repeatedly stabbed at his floored opponent, his blows denting but not puncturing the thick plate steel. Realising that his sword was inadequate, Carrouges straddled Le Gris and used the handle of his dagger to smash the lock holding Le Gris' faceplate. Even as his opponent struggled beneath him, Carrouges broke the pin holding the lock and tore his faceplate off, exposing Le Gris. Carrouges demanded that Le Gris admit his guilt. Le Gris refused and cried out "In the name of God and on the peril and damnation of my soul, I am innocent". Unable to obtain a confession (which would have condemned Le Gris anyway), Carrouges drove a dagger through Le Gris' neck, killing him nearly instantly.
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signal, charged towards one another. Their lances struck but failed to penetrate the thick hides covering their shields and the combatants wheeled and charged again, this time striking one another on their helms. Rounding once more, the knights charged a third time, again striking shields and this time both shattering their lances. Reeling from the impact, the warriors drew their axes and charged a fourth time. Slashing and kicking at one another in the centre of the field, they traded blows until Le Gris, the much stronger man, was able to drive his axe through the neck of
Carrouges' horse. As the beast fell to the ground, Carrouges jumped clear and lashed out with his own weapon, disembowelling Le Gris' steed in turn.
890:"The two champions were then advanced, and placed opposite to each other; when they mounted their horses, and made a handsome appearance, for they were both expert men at arms. They ran their first course without hurt to either. After the tilting, they dismounted and made ready to continue the fight. They behaved with courage; but sir John de Carogne was, at the first onset, wounded in the thigh, which alarmed all his friends: notwithstanding this, he fought so desperately that he struck down his adversary, and, thrusting his sword through the body, caused instant death; when he demanded of the spectators if he had done his duty: they replied that he had."
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Marguerite repeated her account of the rape. Carrouges decided immediately to begin legal proceedings against Le Gris but faced great difficulties in prosecuting them as Le Gris was a favourite of Count Pierre, who would act as judge in the case. In addition, the case was viewed as weak in this time period because the only witness was
Marguerite. Indeed, the trial at Argentan was so one-sided an affair that Carrouges and his wife did not even bother to attend. Pierre acquitted Le Gris of all charges and furthermore accused Marguerite of inventing or even "dreaming" the attack.
704:"Jacques, who was a strong man, held her tight in his arms, and flung her down on the floor, and had his will of her. Immediately afterward, he opened the door of the dungeon and made himself ready to depart. The lady, exasperated with rage at what had passed, remained silent, in tears; but, on his departure, she said to him, -- "Jacques, Jacques, you have not done well in thus deflowering me: the blame, however, shall not be mine, but the whole be laid on you if it please God my husband ever return."
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528:. Carrouges became jealous of his friend and the two men soon became rivals at the court. A year after entering Count Pierre's service, tragedy struck Carrouges as both his wife and son died of unknown but natural causes. In response, Carrouges left home and joined the service of Jean de Vienne accompanied by a retinue of nine squires. With this force, under the overall command of King Charles V, Carrouges distinguished himself in minor actions against the English in
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that
Carrouges encountered his rival Jacques Le Gris at the court of Count Pierre and words were exchanged, although what was said is unknown. In contrast to his bankrupt rival, Le Gris had not been on the Scottish expedition and had grown wealthier in Carrouges' absence. Le Gris also had a reputation as a fierce and strong soldier in addition to that of a notorious womaniser, a reputation that may have played a part in the allegations that followed.
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refusal, Louvel exclaimed that "he loves you passionately, he will do anything for you and he greatly desires to see you". Although
Marguerite protested, Le Gris then forced his way into the house and propositioned her, offering money if she would remain silent if they had an affair. When Marguerite refused, Le Gris then violently raped her with the aid of Louvel and threatened her not to tell anyone what had occurred on pain of death.
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765:, the survivor of which would thus have been deemed by God to have been the rightful claimant. Such trials-by-combat, once common in France, were rare by 1386 and the chance of one being permitted by the King unlikely. Nevertheless, Carrouges saw this scheme as his best option of procuring justice and redeeming his wife's reputation. A few days after his arrival in Paris, Carrouges was presented to the King at the
556:. De Thibouville was a Norman lord who had twice sided against the French king in territorial conflicts, betrayals he was lucky to survive, albeit in reduced circumstances. By the union of Marguerite and Carrouges, de Thibouville hoped to restore his family's status while Carrouges was hoping for an heir from the young Marguerite, whom contemporaries described as "young, noble, wealthy, and also very beautiful".
1127:"The mother of errors, the stepmother of good counsel, rash cruelty occasioned this unjust duel. Afterward, everyone found out who had committed the foul rape when someone else confessed while being condemned to death. The aforesaid lady took note of this, and thinking over the fault in her mind after the death of her husband became a recluse and took an oath of perpetual continence."
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would be his by right. However, due to the failed lawsuit two years earlier, Count Pierre passed
Carrouges over for the captaincy and gave it to another of his followers. The infuriated Carrouges again brought legal action against his overlord and again he was defeated in court. The only lasting result of the action was the further separation of Carrouges and Count Pierre's court.
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the event was so popular that when King
Charles VI believed that his return to Paris in time for the combat would be held up in Flanders due to bad roads, he sent a fast messenger to Paris delaying the duel by a month in order that he would be present to witness it. This royal intervention set the date for the combat back to 29 December 1386.
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north of the city agreed to host the combat. Both
Carrouges and Le Gris endured bouts of illness in the weeks following the verdict but recovered with the aid of their families and supporters, who had joined the hundreds of people flocking to the city from nearby regions to witness the fight. Indeed,
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named Adam Louvel knocked on the chateau door, which
Marguerite opened herself in the absence of servants. According to Marguerite, Louvel then made inquiries about a loan he owed Jean de Carrouges before suddenly announcing that Jacques Le Gris was outside the door and insisted on seeing her. At her
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Before setting off for Paris, Carrouges first visited Argentan to meet with Count Pierre and there announced his intention of continuing to the capital. What followed was a sequence of events that remain unclear, but which would have a dramatic effect on the lives of all concerned. What is certain is
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and royal bodyguard in the years following the judicial duel. During his life, he conducted a long trail of legal and financial dealings which infuriated his contemporaries and may have invited violence against himself and his family. The truth of the events which led him into public mortal combat in
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Standing over his vanquished opponent, Carrouges remained on the field as the crowd cheered him and pages rushed to bind his wound. He then kneeled before the King, who presented him with a prize of a thousand francs in addition to a royal income of 200 francs a year. Only then did he greet his wife
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had both given birth to sons. While Marguerite's son Robert was a strong, healthy boy, the Dauphin was a sickly child and died on 28 December. Rather than descend into mourning, the King ordered a frenzy of parties and celebrations, the pinnacle of which was intended to be the duel between Carrouges
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In search of a fair trial, Carrouges travelled to Paris to appeal to the King himself. Knowing that his case depended solely on his wife's testimony and was, therefore, her word against Le Gris, Carrouges developed a plan. Instead of proceeding with a normal criminal trial, Carrouges would challenge
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Marguerite remained silent about her ordeal for several days, until her husband's return on the 21 or 22 January. Upon hearing of the encounter, the outraged Carrouges summoned his circle of courtiers and friends, including his mother and most of Marguerite's family, and a council was convened where
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De Carrouges's duel is sometimes presented as the last of the French authorised duels, which is incorrect. The last duel to be publicly authorised took place on 10 July 1547 at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It opposed Guy Chabot de Jarnac against François de Vivonne, following a request from
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The exact fate of Sir Jean de Carrouges is unknown, but it is probable that he fell close to his commander, Jean de Vienne, whose forces were trapped in a gully and decimated by Turkish cavalry. After his death, his estates passed to his 10-year-old son, Robert de Carrouges, and a mural of Jean and
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and the entire Parlement, who decided to initially hear the case as an ordinary criminal one and defer their decision on whether to permit the judicial duel until both sides had given testimony. Attempts had been made to persuade Le Gris to insist on a church trial, but these proved unsuccessful as
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Late in 1384, Carrouges entered society for the first time since his marriage four years earlier, attending a party to celebrate the birth of a neighbour's son. Carrouges and Le Gris met at the celebration and agreed to end their quarrel, Carrouges introducing Le Gris to his wife Marguerite for the
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arrived with a large army to the south of the town, and took up a strong defensive position, challenging the crusaders to meet him. The crusader army moved to confront him on 24 September, but poor discipline and fractured leadership between the national factions resulted in a premature assault by
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on 8 August 1392, a loud noise startled the French King who, believing himself to be under attack, lashed out at the nearest person to him. The man was his brother Louis of Valois, who turned and fled. Killing several pages who attempted to calm his temper, the King set off on the full pursuit of
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Now on foot, the knights drew swords and returned to battle. Le Gris, again proving stronger than his opponent, slowly gained the upper hand. After several minutes of engagement, Carrouges slipped and Le Gris was able to stab his rival through the right thigh. As the crowd gasped and murmured, Le
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As the field was cleared, silence descended on the arena following the King's instructions that anybody who interfered in the duel would be executed and that anyone who shouted or verbally interrupted the combat would lose a hand. Readying their steeds, the knights squared up and at the marshal's
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and others, many embellishing the story with imaginative twists. The factual details of the case are unusually well-recorded for a medieval trial, as the records of the Parlement de Paris have survived intact, and Jacques Le Gris' lawyer Jean Le Coq kept meticulous notes on the case, which still
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Despite the expedition's failure, Carrouges had distinguished himself in the campaign. Although he had lost five of his nine men-at-arms and a substantial amount of money, he had also been awarded a knighthood on the battlefield, substantially raising his social status and the amount of money he
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Two years after the Aunou-le-Faucon lawsuit, Carrouges was once again in court facing Count Pierre, this time in a dispute over the lands administered by his recently deceased father. Carrouges III's death early in 1382 vacated the captaincy of the castle of BellĂŞme, a post Carrouges IV believed
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in Normandy. Following his majority at age 21, he was given a parcel of the family lands to administer and became interested in solidifying and expanding the family holdings. In 1367 the family castle and the village of Carrouges were destroyed by English soldiers and a new castle was built on a
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which advanced against the allied force and offered battle. The French prepared to fight but their Scots allies retreated, leaving the French exposed, and they were consequently forced to retreat as well. Outside Edinburgh, the Scottish army dispersed and the inhabitants of the city fled north,
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A few weeks after the duel, Parliament awarded Carrouges a further six thousand livres in gold and a position within the Royal Household. Such rewards enabled Carrouges to begin further legal action, attempting to exert his earlier claim to Aunou-le-Faucon. However, the land which Carrouges so
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The criminal trial continued for most of the summer and Carrouges, Le Gris, and Marguerite were all called on to give evidence. Marguerite was by this time visibly pregnant, although medieval medical knowledge claimed that children could not be conceived as a result of rape and her condition,
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from his neighbour Sir Jean de Vauloger. The sale required approval from Count Pierre, who was overlord of both fiefs, but as a consequence of the previous legal difficulties Carrouges had caused him, he refused to permit the sale and insisted that Carrouges turn the properties over to him in
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Shortly after his marriage, Carrouges revealed another motive for the union. The valuable estate of Aunou-le-Faucon, given to his rival Jacques Le Gris two years earlier, had been formerly owned by Carrouges' father-in-law, Robert de Thibouville, and had been bought by Count Pierre for 8,000
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Due to the celebrity and controversy surrounding the case, the judicial duel between Carrouges and Le Gris was one of the last permitted by the French government. As a well-attended and infamous event, it soon became a well-known case. In France, the memory of the duel far outlasted its
509:'s county of Perche and with it the castle of BellĂŞme. In addition, he gained the fealty of his brother's vassals, including the Carrouges father and son as well as Jacques Le Gris. The younger Carrouges and Le Gris soon joined the court circle of the Count, centered around the town of
872:". Carrouges appeared first, reciting his charges against Le Gris to the King and crowd before Le Gris followed and did the same. Le Gris was then knighted in order that he and Carrouges be of equal standing during the fight. Both knights then dismounted and gave oaths to God, the
1180:, and in a number of books written in the 19th century, including a work in the 1880s by a descendant of Jacques Le Gris, in which the author attempted to prove his ancestor's innocence. In the 20th century, other authors have studied the case, the most recent being in the book
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received from military service. Despite being in poor health on his return from Scotland, Carrouges had business in Paris and in January 1386 he travelled there to collect his wages for the previous year's campaign, leaving his wife with his mother at the village of Capomesnil.
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Carrouges IV grew up within his father's domain, centred around the village of Carrouges where the family maintained their own hereditary castle. He followed his father into the armed service of the Counts of Perche and served in several minor campaigns against the English and
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in order to make the first official appeal in the lengthy trial process. In doing so, he captured the imagination of the French court, which later became so fascinated with the Carrouges-Le Gris trial that it would shape its schedule around watching the culminating combat.
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On arrival in Scotland, much time was spent gathering Scottish troops together for the campaign on England, and the French were delayed for some months collecting supplies. The army thus did not move south until July, ravaging villages and farms in the region of the
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which destroyed their wagon train and took many prisoners. When the defeated French returned to Edinburgh the Scots refused to provide for the French army and many men died of disease or starvation. Late in the year, the French army boarded ships and returned to
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to confirm his ownership of the land officially, as well as his right to give it to whomever of the followers he chose. The lawsuit reflected very poorly on Carrouges at the court in Argentan and resulted in his further estrangement from Count Pierre's circle.
643:. This force of about 3,000 soldiers was intended to unite with the Scottish army and raid Northern England, distracting English forces from operations in France. Travelling with men-at-arms, horses, gold, and equipment, Carrouges and his entourage rode to
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where she had legal business to attend to. Although the journey was only a short one, she apparently took some or all of the household servants with her, leaving her daughter-in-law unattended during the day. Marguerite's testimony then alleged that a
1052:. With the allied army strung out, Bayezid marshaled his reserves, and defeated the crusaders in a furious engagement which felled most of the allied army. Thousands more were captured and executed after the battle by the victorious Turkish troops.
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Le Gris wished to counter the accusation with a lawsuit against his opponent claiming 40,000 livres for defamation. Following the declarations a number of high-ranking noblemen stepped forward to act as seconds in the duel for both men, including
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author Eric Jager claims is "without basis", was subsequently repeated in many later sources, particularly as proof for the great miscarriage of justice of the event and the tradition of trial-by-combat. Jager also claims that the
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leaving the French alone. Realising that his force was outnumbered and without food or help, Vienne took the army south, rounding the English on the night of 10 August and reentering Northumberland for further looting, attacking
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whose dowry included lands and rents vital to Carrouges' ambition of expanding his family estates. Shortly after their wedding, Jeanne gave birth to a son, whose godfather was a neighbour and close friend of de Carrouges, Squire
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The two months following the verdict were ones of great activity between the two parties and the citizens of Paris. As judicial duels were now so rare, no established battleground had been set aside, and a jousting arena at the
576:"Jacques le Gris and Jean de Carogne, both of them of the household of Peter, count d'Alençon, and esteemed by him; but more particularly Jacques le Gris, whom he loved above all others, and placed his whole confidence in him."
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as well as his brother the Duke of Orléans. Also present, dressed in black and sitting in a carriage overlooking the field, was Marguerite. Should her husband have lost the battle, she would have been burned at the stake in
404:(the actual last duel occurred in 1547 opposing Guy Chabot de Jarnac against François de Vivonne). The combat was decreed in 1386 to contest charges of rape Carrouges had brought against his neighbour and erstwhile friend
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Over the next three years, Jean and Marguerite de Carrouges had two more children and settled in Paris and Normandy, profiting from their celebrity with gifts and investments. In 1390, Carrouges was promoted to a
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in 1377. Carrouges immediately began a lawsuit to recover the land, based on an assumed prior claim to it. The case dragged on for some months until ultimately Count Pierre was forced to visit his cousin King
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and Le Gris. The morning of the combat saw thousands of Parisians arriving at the Abbey at dawn, long before the appointed hour. Among the spectators were the King and his entourage, including his uncles
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first time. A few months after this meeting, in March 1385, Carrouges attempted to increase his family wealth through military means, by joining the army of Jean de Vienne for an expedition sailing to
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Described in the chronicles as a rash and temperamental man, Carrouges was also a fierce and brave warrior whose death in battle came after a forty-year military career in which he served in Normandy,
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Louis, leaving the army strung out across the countryside behind him. The pursuit continued for hours until the exhausted King was eventually subdued by his bodyguards, including Carrouges.
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and his family, including a number of royal dukes. It was also attended by thousands of ordinary Parisians and in the ensuing decades was chronicled by such notable medieval historians as
1024:. As a leader of the original party to investigate events in Hungary, it was natural that Jean de Carrouges would return with his followers in the service of his old commander, Admiral
1071:, which they remained the owner of until 1936, when the last representative of the family line ceded them to the State. In 1944, the castle was restored, as well as now managed by the
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in an emotional scene before the thousands of spectators. With the crowd following in a great procession, Jean and Marguerite de Carrouges then rode from the abbey to the cathedral of
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exist. In addition to a clear view of proceedings, these notes also contain Le Coq's own concerns about his client, whose innocence Le Coq deemed highly suspect, according to
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as a bodyguard of the King, a title which came with a substantial financial stipend and was a position of important social standing. The following year he was dispatched to
880:, thereby sanctifying God's judgment over the duel's outcome. Finally, Carrouges approached his wife and pledged his honour before her, kissing her and promising to return.
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coveted remained beyond his reach. Count Pierre, who held the land, never forgave Carrouges for the death of his favourite advisor and held the estates from him in court.
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exchange for a full refund of the original price paid. Carrouges had no choice but to comply and subsequently blamed Jacques le Gris' influence for this new misfortune.
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In 1392, Carrouges was present for one of the more notorious occurrences in fourteenth-century France: the descent into madness of King Charles VI. As a
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On 9 July 1386, the second stage in the legal process began when both Carrouges and Le Gris, with their followers, presented themselves before the
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of Count Pierre. While Carrouges was overlooked, Le Gris was rewarded for service to the Count, inheriting his father's lordship of the castle at
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with distinction and success. He was also heavily involved in court politics, initially at the seat of his overlord Count Pierre of Alençon at
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as the eldest son of the knight and minor noble, Sir Jean de Carrouges III, and his wife, Nicole de Buchard. Jean was an influential man in
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The Louvel–du Bois duel was eventually denied by the court as part of the same verdict in which the Carrouges–Le Gris combat was approved.
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but being unable to break through its walls. As the Franco–Scottish forces returned northwards it was attacked by an army under
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In early 1396, following the peace treaty with England, the French army mobilised against another pressing threat; that of the
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for regaining his honour. The duel was won by Jarnac after injuring Vivonne with his sword; Vivonne later died of his wounds.
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On the morning of 18 January 1386, Dame Nicole de Carrouges departed her chateau at Capomesnil for the neighbouring town of
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southeast, cutting a swathe of destruction through the Ottoman territory. On 12 September, the army arrived at the city of
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In March 1383, Carrouges made a third effort to expand his family holdings, with the purchase of the neighbouring fiefs of
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and the chronicles of Jean Juvénal des Ursins tell of a third man confessing to the rape at his death. This story, which
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It was at Argentan that the friendship between Carrouges and Le Gris began to deteriorate, as Le Gris rapidly became a
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1219:. Damon and Affleck were also cast in the roles of Jean de Carrouges (Damon) and Pierre d'Alençon (Affleck), with
1289:, use "Jean de Carrouges", as does Jager, whose wide range of research indicates this to be the correct spelling.
2090:"An Account of the Duel between Jean de Carrouges and Jacques le Gris in the Chronicle of the Monk of St. Denis"
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An Account of the Duel between Jean de Carrouges and Jacques le Gris in the Chronicle of the Monk of St. Denis
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2004:"Ridley Scott, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck & Nicole Holofcener Huddle On 14th Century Tale 'The Last Duel'"
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412:. Carrouges won the duel. It was attended by much of the highest French nobility of the time led by King
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signifying their intention to fight. The declarations were pronounced in front of the King, his brother
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1028:. The army crossed Central Europe, united with the Hungarians and marched south, burning the city of
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the Paris suburbs may never be known, but the legend is still debated and discussed 600 years later.
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and famous soldier, indicating the elevated social position Carrouges enjoyed following the duel.
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in a five-month campaign, during which over half his retinue were killed in battle or by disease.
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and a veteran soldier in his service. He had been rewarded for his long military service in the
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His family was succeeded by that of Le Veneur de Tillières. The latter received the land and
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and there burned villages, towns, farms, and castles across their line of advance in a large
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Other sources have discussed the story in varying degrees of detail, including a section in
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to issue the formal challenge. This involved reciting their accusations and throwing down a
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still contained a version of that false tale, under the entry for "Duel", until the 1970s.
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Typically for the period, Jean de Carrouges' name is subject to an array of spellings:
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participants, primarily a result of it being recorded soon after by the contemporary
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to celebrate his memory. Over time, both the family and mural faded into obscurity.
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calls him "Jean de Caronge" (sometimes anglicised in translation to John) while the
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In the early 1370s, Carrouges IV married Jeanne de Tilly, a daughter of the Lord of
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The combatants took the field in the early afternoon, mounted and dressed in
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2219:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 530–531.
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and burning it to the ground. The allied army then continued south through
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in the vicinity, a post carrying significant financial and social rewards.
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2264:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 639.
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2030:"Watch Jodie Comer in Ridley Scott's explosive 'The Last Duel' trailer"
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Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, Translated by Steven Muhlberger
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In the months between trial and duel, Marguerite and the French queen
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Returning home in 1380 after a successful campaign, Carrouges married
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396:. He became famous in medieval France for fighting in one of the last
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2140:"The life-and-death duel between Jacques le Gris and Jean de Carogne"
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in minor orders and thus was permitted to demand a trial through the
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Despite the well-recorded details, several chronicles including the
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immediately following the duel, having been thus "proven" guilty of
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1177:
972:
952:, the boundaries of which had been steadily spreading under Sultan
686:
617:
533:
510:
485:
440:
377:
308:
1414:
The life-and-death duel between James le Gris and John de Carogne
1183:
The Last Duel: A True Story of Trial by Combat in Medieval France
1163:
1021:
988:
842:
477:
948:
on a mission to investigate the severity of the threat from the
2102:"The French receive bad treatment from their allies, the Scots"
1670:
1033:
865:
381:
373:
251:
Jean de Carrouges coat of arms De gueules fleurdelisé d'argent.
979:, a noble who had fled Paris after a failed attempt to murder
1466:
The French receive bad treatment from their allies, the Scots
1040:, but was repulsed from its walls, and settled into a siege.
1029:
648:
644:
521:
1346:, Translated by Steven Muhlberger, Retrieved on 25 July 2007
2249:
1934:
1191:
1061:
1538:
1536:
2186:
1261:"Vivonne et Jarnac, le dernier duel judiciaire en France"
625:
during border warfare between England and Scotland, from
1285:
calls him "Jean Carrouge". Other sources, including the
1533:
456:
Carrouges was born in the late 1330s in the village of
1857:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 530–531.
1254:
1252:
2121:"The Scots and English each invade the other country"
83:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1486:
1484:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1491:
The Scots and English each invade the other country
1249:
1048:the French force against the bluffs controlled by
914:Duel between Jacques Le Gris and Jean de Carrouges
505:. In 1377, Pierre d'Alençon inherited his brother
1945:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 639.
1481:
1459:
1394:
1213:into the screenplay for the 2021 film adaptation
671:. The English responded with an army led by King
2270:
552:, the only daughter of the highly controversial
472:with a knighthood and the title of Viscount of
1677:Church, which did not condone trial by combat.
1086:, was also named for Marguerite de Carrouges.
956:. In this mission he was second in command to
524:and being granted a newly purchased estate at
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
543:
372:(c. 1330s – 25 September 1396) was a French
147:introducing citations to additional sources
2055:"Le "coup de Jarnac" fĂŞte son anniversaire"
1223:starring as Marguerite de Thibouville, and
1056:Marguerite de Carrouges was painted in the
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2309:French military personnel killed in action
1978:"Jager, Eric – Department of English UCLA"
1322:
612:
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
2203:
2180:
1927:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1772:
1770:
1724:
1722:
1703:
1701:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1190:, a professor of English Literature at
1005:
909:
749:
616:
489:hilltop nearby, under instructions from
137:Relevant discussion may be found on the
79:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2001:
1839:
1443:
1441:
1387:
1385:
1258:
995:
864:known as the "Holy Trinity" and a long
2271:
1965:Forgotten Seigneurs of the Alençonnais
1373:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1315:
1313:
2299:Christians of the Battle of Nicopolis
2247:
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2027:
1949:
1918:
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1654:
1640:
1344:Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys
1287:Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys
1145:Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys
1135:Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys
696:
400:permitted by the French king and the
2170:UCLA College of Letters and Sciences
2158:
1900:
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1524:
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1259:Moskowa, M. le prince de la (1854).
745:
621:Medieval illumination depicting the
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15:
1554:UCLA College of Letters and Science
1361:
1349:
1310:
1301:
1292:
13:
2082:
1879:
927:, to give thanks for the victory.
805:
14:
2330:
2002:Fleming, Mike Jr (22 July 2019).
392:in several campaigns against the
31:This article has multiple issues.
2304:People of the Hundred Years' War
1123:
934:
886:
813:Abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs
700:
572:
289:
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130:relies largely or entirely on a
119:
61:
20:
2047:
2021:
1995:
1970:
1958:
1710:
1663:
356:
328:
39:or discuss these issues on the
2151:', Translated by Thomas Johnes
2132:', Translated by Thomas Johnes
2113:', Translated by Thomas Johnes
2028:Jones, Damian (21 July 2021).
1271:
1174:Histoire du Parlement de Paris
1080:Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges
1073:Centre des monuments nationaux
1020:to the East, as part of a new
458:Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges
1:
2077:
796:Philip of Artois, Count of Eu
451:
388:and who served under Admiral
331:
2289:14th-century French nobility
1109:Grandes Chroniques de France
273:25 September 1396 (aged ~66)
7:
2210:"Clisson, Olivier de"
2166:"A Fatal Medieval Triangle"
1848:"Clisson, Olivier de"
1628:, Retrieved on 26 July 2007
1556:, Retrieved on 25 July 2007
1503:; Book II, Chapters 171–173
651:during the spring of 1385.
10:
2335:
2183:The Cross and the Crescent
2181:Billings, Malcolm (1987).
1075:, and open to the public.
999:
2061:(in French). 10 July 2014
1543:A Fatal Medieval Triangle
1227:as Jacques le Gris, with
1089:
834:Louis II, Duke of Bourbon
689:, bankrupt and defeated.
550:Marguerite de Thibouville
544:Marguerite de Thibouville
345:Marguerite de Thibouville
318:
300:
285:
269:
256:
244:
237:
1242:
1043:Two weeks later, Sultan
755:Palais de Justice, Paris
464:, being a vassal of the
376:who governed estates in
370:Sir Jean de Carrouges IV
2294:Medieval French knights
2261:Encyclopædia Britannica
2248:Storr, Francis (1911).
2216:Encyclopædia Britannica
1942:Encyclopædia Britannica
1854:Encyclopædia Britannica
1283:Encyclopædia Britannica
1156:Encyclopædia Britannica
1104:Jean Juvénal des Ursins
1082:, close to the town of
904:, Book III, Chapter 46
718:, Book III, Chapter 46
613:Campaigning in Scotland
590:, Book III, Chapter 46
422:Jean Juvénal des Ursins
1548:14 August 2007 at the
1478:; Book II, Chapter 160
1426:; Book III, Chapter 43
1013:
915:
757:
730:Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives
635:
408:on behalf of his wife
230:French medieval knight
1265:Revue des Deux Mondes
1009:
987:. As the army passed
913:
753:
620:
554:Robert de Thibouville
239:Sir Jean de Carrouges
1069:Château de Carrouges
1058:Abbey of St. Étienne
996:Crusade of Nicopolis
981:Olivier V de Clisson
792:Waleran of Saint-Pol
767:Château de Vincennes
313:Crusade of Nicopolis
143:improve this article
72:factual accuracy is
1121:author Eric Jager.
1011:Battle of Nicopolis
1002:Battle of Nicopolis
985:Constable of France
969:chevalier d'honneur
942:chevalier d'honneur
925:Notre-Dame de Paris
826:John, Duke of Berry
623:Battle of Otterburn
491:Charles V of France
445:chevalier d'honneur
158:"Jean de Carrouges"
2176:on 14 August 2007.
1967:, F. Le Grix White
1014:
916:
821:Isabeau of Bavaria
794:for Carrouges and
775:Parlement of Paris
758:
697:Rape of Marguerite
636:
470:Hundred Years' War
402:Parlement of Paris
394:Kingdom of England
305:Hundred Years' War
2240:978-0-7126-6190-4
2196:978-0-563-21282-9
2159:Secondary sources
1379:Jager, pp. 24–26,
1207:Nicole Holofcener
1201:, was adapted by
1140:
1139:
962:Marshal of France
958:Jean de Boucicaut
908:
907:
852:. Both carried a
779:Palais de Justice
746:Legal proceedings
722:
721:
659:before besieging
647:and took ship to
594:
593:
367:
366:
295:Kingdom of France
226:
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193:
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105:
54:
2326:
2319:Trials by combat
2314:French duellists
2265:
2253:
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2212:
2200:
2177:
2172:. Archived from
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2135:
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2051:
2045:
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1916:
1913:
1907:
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1895:
1889:
1888:Billings, p. 198
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1457:
1454:
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1427:
1411:
1392:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1337:
1320:
1317:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1132:Account from the
1124:
1112:, as well as by
887:
845:by its outcome.
701:
573:
386:Pierre d'Alençon
360:
358:
336:
333:
330:
293:
249:
235:
234:
221:
214:
203:
200:
194:
192:
151:
123:
115:
108:
101:
97:
94:
88:
85:reliably sourced
65:
64:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
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2325:
2324:
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2269:
2268:
2241:
2197:
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2161:
2138:
2119:
2100:
2088:
2085:
2083:Primary sources
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2022:
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2010:
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1971:
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1928:
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1905:
1901:
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1736:
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1727:
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1560:
1550:Wayback Machine
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1276:
1272:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1235:Jarnac to King
1133:
1114:Jehan de Waurin
1092:
1078:The commune of
1004:
998:
977:Pierre de Craon
937:
830:Philip the Bold
808:
806:Trial by combat
787:Louis of Valois
748:
699:
615:
546:
526:Aunou-le-Faucon
503:Jacques Le Gris
466:Count of Perche
454:
406:Jacques Le Gris
363:
362:
359: 1380)
354:
350:
347:
334:
326:
325:Jeanne de Tilly
307:; campaigns in
274:
261:
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231:
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195:
152:
150:
136:
124:
109:
98:
92:
89:
78:
70:This article's
66:
62:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2332:
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2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2267:
2266:
2256:Chisholm, Hugh
2245:
2239:
2221:
2207:, ed. (1911).
2205:Chisholm, Hugh
2201:
2195:
2178:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2136:
2117:
2098:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2046:
2020:
1994:
1969:
1957:
1948:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1778:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1718:
1709:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1675:Roman Catholic
1669:Le Gris was a
1662:
1653:
1639:
1630:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1480:
1458:
1449:
1437:
1428:
1393:
1381:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1321:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1270:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1197:Jager's book,
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1100:Jean Froissart
1091:
1088:
1050:Ottoman troops
1026:Jean de Vienne
1000:Main article:
997:
994:
950:Ottoman Empire
936:
933:
906:
905:
892:
891:
807:
804:
747:
744:
720:
719:
706:
705:
698:
695:
665:Northumberland
627:Jean Froissart
614:
611:
592:
591:
578:
577:
545:
542:
462:lower Normandy
453:
450:
426:Jean de Waurin
418:Jean Froissart
398:judicial duels
390:Jean de Vienne
365:
364:
352:
348:
343:
342:
341:
340:
338:
322:
320:
316:
315:
311:and Scotland,
302:
298:
297:
287:
283:
282:
280:Ottoman Empire
271:
267:
266:
258:
254:
253:
250:
242:
241:
238:
229:
224:
223:
206:
205:
141:. Please help
127:
125:
118:
111:
110:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2331:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2230:The Last Duel
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1955:Jager, p. 207
1952:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:Jager, p. 122
1921:
1915:Jager, p. 203
1912:
1903:
1897:Jager, p. 196
1894:
1885:
1883:
1876:Jager, p. 193
1873:
1867:Jager, p. 189
1864:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:Jager, p. 188
1833:
1827:Jager, p. 186
1824:
1818:Jager, p. 187
1815:
1809:Jager, p. 180
1806:
1804:
1797:Jager, p. 173
1794:
1792:
1785:Jager, p. 157
1782:
1776:Jager, p. 151
1773:
1771:
1764:Jager, p. 141
1761:
1755:Jager, p. 149
1752:
1746:Jager, p. 132
1743:
1737:Jager, p. 113
1734:
1728:Jager, p. 110
1725:
1723:
1713:
1707:Jager, p. 119
1704:
1702:
1695:Jager, p. 117
1692:
1686:Jager, p. 104
1683:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1660:Jager, p. 103
1657:
1651:Jager, p. 121
1648:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:The Last Duel
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:The Last Duel
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:The Last Duel
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:The Last Duel
1147:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:The Last Duel
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:Ottoman Turks
1012:
1008:
1003:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
935:Royal service
932:
928:
926:
920:
912:
903:
902:
897:
894:
893:
889:
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879:
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851:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
822:
817:
814:
803:
799:
798:for Le Gris.
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
763:judicial duel
761:Le Gris to a
756:
752:
743:
739:
736:
731:
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199:November 2023
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160: –
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132:single source
128:This article
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93:November 2023
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2279:1330s births
2259:
2251:"Duel"
2229:
2214:
2182:
2174:the original
2169:
2143:
2124:
2105:
2093:
2063:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1982:UCLA English
1981:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1940:
1936:"Duel"
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1911:
1906:Jager, p. 13
1902:
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1637:Jager, p. 83
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1610:Jager, p. 79
1606:
1601:Jager, p. 75
1597:
1592:Jager, p. 69
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1583:Jager, p. 63
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1574:Jager, p. 62
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1530:Jager, p. 50
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1508:
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1456:Jager, p. 37
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1447:Jager, p. 35
1435:Jager, p. 33
1431:
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1391:Jager, p. 31
1375:
1370:Jager, p. 22
1358:Jager, p. 20
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1319:Jager, p. 14
1307:Jager, p. 16
1303:
1298:Jager, p. 11
1294:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1233:
1229:Ridley Scott
1214:
1198:
1196:
1186:in 2004, by
1181:
1173:
1169:Encyclopédie
1167:
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1107:
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975:to hunt for
968:
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882:
870:misericordia
868:called the "
850:plate armour
847:
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631:
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369:
368:
337:; died 1378)
301:Battles/wars
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196:
186:
179:
172:
165:
153:
129:
99:
90:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
2284:1396 deaths
2233:. Century.
2225:Jager, Eric
1231:directing.
1225:Adam Driver
1221:Jodie Comer
1203:Ben Affleck
874:Virgin Mary
735:man-at-arms
682:Henry Percy
661:Wark Castle
657:River Tweed
335: 1371
2273:Categories
2149:Chronicles
2130:Chronicles
2111:Chronicles
2078:References
2065:18 October
1625:Eric Jager
1500:Chronicles
1475:Chronicles
1423:Chronicles
1267:: 931–964.
1211:Matt Damon
1188:Eric Jager
1097:chronicler
901:Chronicles
862:battle axe
860:, a heavy
839:Montfaucon
715:Chronicles
673:Richard II
669:chevauchée
632:Chronicles
606:Plainville
587:Chronicles
567:Charles VI
530:Beuzeville
452:Early life
414:Charles VI
410:Marguerite
286:Allegiance
265:, Normandy
169:newspapers
36:improve it
2145:Froissart
2126:Froissart
2107:Froissart
1495:Froissart
1470:Froissart
1418:Froissart
1279:Froissart
1172:, in the
1084:Carrouges
1045:Bayezid I
1038:Nicopolis
954:Bayezid I
896:Froissart
878:St George
858:longsword
710:Froissart
641:Edinburgh
582:Froissart
538:Coutances
518:favourite
384:of Count
319:Spouse(s)
276:Nicopolis
263:Carrouges
139:talk page
81:talk page
42:talk page
2227:(2004).
2059:LEFIGARO
2008:Deadline
1546:Archived
1237:Henry II
1178:Voltaire
1106:and the
973:Brittany
783:gauntlet
687:Flanders
678:Carlisle
534:Carentan
511:Argentan
498:Chambois
486:routiers
441:Argentan
433:Scotland
378:Normandy
309:Normandy
260:c. 1330s
74:disputed
2258:(ed.).
2039:26 July
2013:26 July
1987:26 July
1164:Diderot
1022:crusade
989:Le Mans
946:Hungary
843:perjury
777:at the
478:sheriff
474:BellĂŞme
437:Hungary
361:
353:
349:
183:scholar
2237:
2193:
1671:cleric
1090:Legacy
1034:Danube
866:dagger
602:Cuigny
536:, and
507:Robert
424:, and
382:vassal
374:knight
185:
178:
171:
164:
156:
2254:. In
1243:Notes
1030:Vidin
854:lance
649:Leith
645:Sluys
522:Exmes
380:as a
355:(
351:
190:JSTOR
176:books
2235:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2147:'s '
2128:'s '
2109:'s '
2067:2021
2041:2021
2015:2021
1989:2021
1209:and
1192:UCLA
1062:Caen
960:, a
876:and
832:and
604:and
435:and
270:Died
257:Born
162:news
2187:BBC
2034:NME
1497:'s
1472:'s
1420:'s
1194:.
1176:by
1166:'s
1060:in
898:'s
712:'s
629:'s
584:'s
145:by
2275::
2213:.
2189:.
2185:.
2168:.
2142:.
2123:.
2104:.
2092:.
2057:.
2032:.
2006:.
1980:.
1939:.
1881:^
1851:.
1802:^
1790:^
1769:^
1721:^
1700:^
1642:^
1622:,
1552:,
1535:^
1493:,
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1468:,
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1396:^
1384:^
1363:^
1351:^
1342:,
1324:^
1312:^
1263:.
1251:^
1205:,
983:,
856:,
828:,
532:,
513:.
493:.
428:.
420:,
357:m.
332:c.
278:,
45:.
2243:.
2199:.
2153:.
2134:.
2115:.
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2069:.
2043:.
2017:.
1991:.
329:m
327:(
219:)
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197:(
187:·
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135:.
106:)
100:(
95:)
91:(
87:.
77:.
52:)
48:(
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