Japanese language - Knowledge

4269:

speaking with other employees within one's company about a superior, a Japanese person will use vocabulary and inflections of the honorific register to refer to the in-group superior and their speech and actions. When speaking to a person from another company (i.e., a member of an out-group), however, a Japanese person will use the plain or the humble register to refer to the speech and actions of their in-group superiors. In short, the register used in Japanese to refer to the person, speech, or actions of any particular individual varies depending on the relationship (either in-group or out-group) between the speaker and listener, as well as depending on the relative status of the speaker, listener, and third-person referents.

2566: 2184: 2713: 6203: 500: 109: 5581: 5012: 1126: 2048: 5035:, with Japanese names represented by characters used for their meanings and not their sounds. Later, during the 7th century AD, the Chinese-sounding phoneme principle was used to write pure Japanese poetry and prose, but some Japanese words were still written with characters for their meaning and not the original Chinese sound. This was the beginning of Japanese as a written language in its own right. By this time, the Japanese language was already very distinct from the 881: 11554: 6500: 9807: 1645: 5976: 8407: 8424: 6504: 11543: 5962: 4843: 76: 5537:) since the 1990s. As of 2015, more than 3.6 million people studied the language worldwide, primarily in East and Southeast Asia. Nearly one million Chinese, 745,000 Indonesians, 556,000 South Koreans and 357,000 Australians studied Japanese in lower and higher educational institutions. Between 2012 and 2015, considerable growth of learners originated in 6114:順帝昇明二年，倭王武遣使上表曰：封國偏遠，作藩于外，自昔祖禰，躬擐甲冑，跋渉山川，不遑寧處。東征毛人五十國，西服衆夷六十六國，渡平海北九十五國，王道融泰，廓土遐畿，累葉朝宗，不愆于歳。臣雖下愚，忝胤先緒，驅率所統，歸崇天極，道逕百濟，裝治船舫，而句驪無道，圖欲見吞，掠抄邊隸，虔劉不已，毎致稽滯，以失良風。雖曰進路，或通或不。臣亡考濟實忿寇讎，壅塞天路，控弦百萬，義聲感激，方欲大舉，奄喪父兄，使垂成之功，不獲一簣。居在諒闇，不動兵甲，是以偃息未捷。至今欲練甲治兵，申父兄之志，義士虎賁，文武效功，白刃交前，亦所不顧。若以帝德覆載，摧此強敵，克靖方難，無替前功。竊自假開府儀同三司，其餘咸各假授，以勸忠節。詔除武使持節督倭、新羅、任那、加羅、秦韓六國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭國王。至齊建元中，及梁武帝時，并來朝貢。 3092:"the one before me") may refer to a listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. 1954:, Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in the world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as 5104:

in Japanese) is used to a certain extent, such as for imported acronyms and to transcribe Japanese names and in other instances where non-Japanese speakers need to know how to pronounce a word (such as "ramen" at a restaurant). Arabic numerals are much more common than the kanji numerals when used in

4648:

are words derived from Chinese roots that were first created and used by the Japanese, and only later borrowed into Chinese and other East Asian languages. As a result, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese share a large common corpus of vocabulary in the same way many Greek- and Latin-derived

4189:

The Japanese language can express differing levels of social status. The differences in social position are determined by a variety of factors including job, age, experience, or even psychological state (e.g., a person asking a favour tends to do so politely). The person in the lower position is

2899:

While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an

4268:

suffix ("Mr", "Mrs", "Miss", or "Mx") is an example of honorific language. It is not used to talk about oneself or when talking about someone from one's company to an external person, since the company is the speaker's in-group. When speaking directly to one's superior in one's company or when

4263:

The difference between honorific and humble speech is particularly pronounced in the Japanese language. Humble language is used to talk about oneself or one's own group (company, family) whilst honorific language is mostly used when describing the interlocutor and their group. For example, the

5119:

Historically, attempts to limit the number of kanji in use commenced in the mid-19th century, but government did not intervene until after Japan's defeat in the Second World War. During the post-war occupation (and influenced by the views of some U.S. officials), various schemes including the

5080:

Hiragana and katakana were first simplified from kanji, and hiragana, emerging somewhere around the 9th century, was mainly used by women. Hiragana was seen as an informal language, whereas katakana and kanji were considered more formal and were typically used by men and in official settings.

2924:) (literally, "explaining gave" with a benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means " explained to ". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. 4190:

expected to use a polite form of speech, whereas the other person might use a plainer form. Strangers will also speak to each other politely. Japanese children rarely use polite speech until they are teens, at which point they are expected to begin speaking in a more adult manner.

6752: 6554: 5189:

are used for words without kanji representation, for words no longer written in kanji, for replacement of rare kanji that may be unfamiliar to intended readers, and also following kanji to show conjugational endings. Because of the way verbs (and adjectives) in Japanese are

1878:

family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese.

5194:, kanji alone cannot fully convey Japanese tense and mood, as kanji cannot be subject to variation when written without losing their meaning. For this reason, hiragana are appended to kanji to show verb and adjective conjugations. Hiragana used in this way are called 1348:

in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example,

1629:

over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home.

2900:

action: "down" to indicate the out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example,

5599: 4563:

words are typically perceived as somewhat formal or academic compared to equivalent Yamato words. Indeed, it is generally fair to say that an English word derived from Latin/French roots typically corresponds to a Sino-Japanese word in Japanese, whereas an

2548:, which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence 5065:) were used to write either words borrowed from Chinese, or Japanese words with the same or similar meanings. Chinese characters were also used to write grammatical elements; these were simplified, and eventually became two moraic scripts: 5172:, criteria for inclusion were often arbitrary and led to many common and popular characters being disapproved for use. Under popular pressure and following a court decision holding the exclusion of common characters unlawful, the list of 6748: 6550: 2032: 2664:

to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as the two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a

3438:"to study", etc.) and has been productive in creating modern slang words. Japanese also has a huge number of compound verbs to express concepts that are described in English using a verb and an adverbial particle (e.g. 5513:

Many major universities throughout the world provide Japanese language courses, and a number of secondary and even primary schools worldwide offer courses in the language. This is a significant increase from before

5597: 4700:, "physical contact"), although coined by compounding English roots, are nonsensical in most non-Japanese contexts; exceptions exist in nearby languages such as Korean however, which often use words such as 2829:, commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, 5945:

Subete no ningen wa, umarenagara ni shite jiyū de ari, katsu, songen to kenri to ni tsuite byōdō de aru. Ningen wa, risei to ryōshin to o sazukerarete ori, tagai ni dōhō no seishin o motte kōdō shinakereba

6765:

The traditional Palauan language, particularly the dialect spoken by the people of Angaur State, shall be the language of the State of Angaur. Palauan, English and Japanese shall be the official languages.

3023:

The choice of words used as pronouns is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as

2034: 3245:

Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have the same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle

6609: 2790:, the only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with 4385:

The original language of Japan, or at least the original language of a certain population that was ancestral to a significant portion of the historical and present Japanese nation, was the so-called

5176:

was substantially extended from 92 in 1951 (the year it was first decreed) to 983 in 2004. Furthermore, families whose names are not on these lists were permitted to continue using the older forms.

5598: 501: 110: 6948: 6355: 4304:

when referring to the friend of someone of higher status (though mothers often use this form to refer to their children's friends). On the other hand, a polite speaker may sometimes refer to

2567: 5168:(an appendix of additional characters for names) are approved for registering personal names. Names containing unapproved characters are denied registration. However, as with the list of 5147:), specifies the 1,006 simple characters a child is to learn by the end of sixth grade. Children continue to study another 1,130 characters in junior high school, covering in total 2,136 2930:

also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English:

1361:("camera"). Due to the large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between and , and and , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. 6644: 2185: 1625:

and English as an official language of the state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the

854:. Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from 5525:

International interest in the Japanese language dates from the 19th century but has become more prevalent following Japan's economic bubble of the 1980s and the global popularity of

3191:. Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through the addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as 6727: 4996:

in AD 478. After the ruin of Baekje, Japan invited scholars from China to learn more of the Chinese writing system. Japanese emperors gave an official rank to Chinese scholars (

7686: 2010:. None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. 5202:

above or beside a kanji to show the proper reading. This is done to facilitate learning, as well as to clarify particularly old or obscure (or sometimes invented) readings.

4618:(Japanese-made Chinese words). Many of these were then imported into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese via their kanji in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For example, 6894: 562:

Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial

5949:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

6990: 2033: 6529: 1575: 3218:

to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the

2017:

formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as a distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages.

7715: 5556:

The Japanese government provides standardized tests to measure spoken and written comprehension of Japanese for second language learners; the most prominent is the

5461:

In the 1990s, the traditional feminine speech patterns and stereotyped behaviors were challenged, and a popular culture of “naughty” teenage girls emerged, called

3095:

Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it is appropriate to use

6835: 6627: 5590: 2833:

is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages, is often called a

1344:. However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of 3290:"Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning the topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: 6458: 4649:

words – both inherited or borrowed into European languages, or modern coinages from Greek or Latin roots – are shared among modern European languages – see

3686:

in Modern Japanese are few in number, and unlike the other words, are limited to directly modifying nouns. They never predicate sentences. Examples include

3395:-adjectives and verbs can carry tense in Japanese. Two additional common verbs are used to indicate existence ("there is") or, in some contexts, property: 7404: 5135:

Japanese students begin to learn kanji from their first year at elementary school. A guideline created by the Japanese Ministry of Education, the list of

4292:

is affixed to words of Chinese derivation. In some cases, the prefix has become a fixed part of the word, and is included even in regular speech, such as

9667: 6475: 6952: 4171:"It is Mx Ikeda who is forty-two years old." This is a reply to an implicit or explicit question, such as "who in this group is forty-two years old?" 4129:

in Japanese cannot be derived from the English language as such, because the distinction between sentence topic and subject is not made there. While

6331: 11588: 5478:, sometimes referenced in English-language materials as “kogal”. Their rebellious behaviors, deviant language usage, the particular make-up called 5081:

However, because of hiragana's accessibility, more and more people began using it. Eventually, by the 10th century, hiragana was used by everyone.

7769: 7196: 2621:

of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant, a glide

11250: 9518: 7850: 4614:

In the Meiji era, the Japanese also coined many neologisms using Chinese roots and morphology to translate European concepts; these are known as

1404: 2884:) " did !". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below), a single adjective can be a complete sentence: 2837:, which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence 2002:. Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or the proposed larger Altaic family, or to various 11603: 2742: 927:, dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, 7341: 6401: 5219:; katakana are primarily used to write foreign words, plant and animal names, and for emphasis. For example, "Australia" has been adapted as 4435:

language"). In addition to words from this original language, present-day Japanese includes a number of words that were either borrowed from

4296:'cooked rice; meal.' Such a construction often indicates deference to either the item's owner or to the object itself. For example, the word 4186:

Japanese has an extensive grammatical system to express politeness and formality. This reflects the hierarchical nature of Japanese society.

6642: 10045: 9714: 7425: 3000:"servant"). This is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish 7744: 7383: 6217: 1508:, "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of the two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. 1415:

residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in

842:, is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the 11120: 10591: 9761: 8461: 7985:

Kuno, Susumu. (1976). "Subject, theme, and the speaker's empathy: A re-examination of relativization phenomena", in Charles N. Li (Ed.),

7901: 6719: 9513: 3356:

verb form is used for a variety of purposes: either progressive or perfect aspect (see above); combining verbs in a temporal sequence (

5495:, and the fashion became objects of focus in the mainstream media. Although kogal slang was not appreciated by older generations, the 1301:

Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include

7682: 7291: 7260: 7164: 6447: 5054:, a syllabic script which used Chinese characters for their sounds in order to transcribe the words of Japanese speech mora by mora. 4133:

indicates the topic, which the rest of the sentence describes or acts upon, it carries the implication that the subject indicated by

2476: 1543:

is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It is the version of Japanese discussed in this article.

1902:

is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the

7578: 6666: 4801: 5084:

Modern Japanese is written in a mixture of three main systems: kanji, characters of Chinese origin used to represent both Chinese

2156:

is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a

1220:

missionaries; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the

6886: 6606: 1926: 540: 7135: 6436: 3020:). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. 825: 10318: 9140: 1390: 7933: 7422:"What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands" 6974: 1393:

learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese.

1212:, respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the 1204:

Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the

10893: 10407: 8347: 8220: 8112: 8084: 7961: 7927: 7895: 7870: 7866: 7511: 7473: 7056: 6984: 6976:

Japanese Language: Learn the Fascinating History and Evolution of the Language Along With Many Useful Japanese Grammar Points

6931: 6349: 5570: 5050:, which was written in AD 712. Japanese writers then started to use Chinese characters to write Japanese in a style known as 10767: 8226: 7517: 7479: 6525: 6048: 5077:. Some scholars claim that Manyogana originated from Baekje, but this hypothesis is denied by mainstream Japanese scholars. 1882:

The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of

11004: 5942:すべての人間は、生まれながらにして自由であり、かつ、尊厳と権利とについて平等である。人間は、理性と良心とを授けられており、互いに同胞の精神をもって行動しなければならない。 1943:. As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a 1369:

Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during

7547: 6696: 5499:

continued to create terms and expressions. Kogal culture also changed Japanese norms of gender and the Japanese language.

11063: 9135: 8395: 7708: 5155:

has been revised several times, but the total number of officially sanctioned characters has remained largely unchanged.

4580: 2513: 2433: 2381: 457: 7830:

Chafe, William L. (1976). Giveness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In C. Li (Ed.),

6302:

Shinkichi Hashimoto (February 3, 1918)「国語仮名遣研究史上の一発見―石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について」『帝国文学』26–11(1949)『文字及び仮名遣の研究(橋本進吉博士著作集第3冊)』(岩波書店)。

11387: 11011: 6828: 6778: 5557: 7043:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 294. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 141–156. 6625: 6044: 2912:) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means " explained to ". Similarly, 709:, with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. 11026: 10790: 8619: 8318: 8195: 8180: 8172: 8157: 8146: 8130: 8068: 8042: 8020: 8016: 7994: 7979: 7839: 7362: 7321: 2764: 17: 9848: 9020: 4711:

The popularity of many Japanese cultural exports has made some native Japanese words familiar in English, including

2735: 11583: 11083: 10994: 10038: 9726: 9445: 7220: 6244: 2439: 2387: 6455: 1059:

Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle

11145: 11021: 10853: 10342: 10331: 9754: 9399: 9394: 8920: 8454: 6009: 3195:, but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as 3159:) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a 447: 8413: 11090: 9568: 7400: 7070: 5252: 3383:, but often takes on other roles, including a marker for tense, when the verb is conjugated into its past form 10708: 10848: 10402: 9409: 9125: 6479: 6088: 6034: 2553: 437: 353: 8271:

A text-book of colloquial Japanese: based on the Lehrbuch der japanischen umgangssprache by Dr. Rudolf Lange

7922:. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science / 4. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 6803: 371: 11031: 10843: 10390: 9540: 9379: 8938: 8626: 7789:

Frenette, Brad. "Around the world in 80 megabytes: Ipod as tour guide: The popularity of travel podcasts",

5453:

is more gentle, polite, refined, indirect, modest, and exclamatory, and often accompanied by raised pitch.

4181: 2676:, which is not represented in moraic writing; for example ("chopsticks") and ("bridge") are both spelled 2419: 2411: 2366: 2272: 2141: 706: 8383: 2622: 2549: 2535: 2529: 2177: 1594:

still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived

1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1053: 1049: 11598: 11593: 10654: 10031: 9903: 9826: 9273: 9253: 9057: 9010: 6580: 6058: 5508: 4911: 4556: 3048:, hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word 2783: 2460: 2448: 2093: 1987: 1883: 1250:. Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - 654: 5449:). In addition to these specific differences, expressions and pitch can also be different. For example, 11578: 11280: 10950: 10823: 10795: 10579: 10311: 10280: 9863: 9747: 9389: 8447: 8212: 7765: 7188: 5191: 4453:), entered the language from the 5th century onwards by contact with Chinese culture. According to the 3476: 3215: 2661: 2506: 2322: 2309: 2102: 9263: 11460: 11174: 11056: 11016: 10938: 10888: 10750: 10720: 10639: 10537: 10412: 10397: 9674: 9652: 9440: 7128:"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal" 6585: 4772: 2725: 2607: 2425: 2372: 2222: 2116: 1979: 1557: 686: 7648:

MILLER, LAURA (2004). "Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments".

7622:

Okamono, Shigeko (2021). "Japanese Language and Gender Research: The Last Thirty Years and Beyond".

6202: 5488: 5471: 3376: 2642: 919:

method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the

11275: 11186: 10984: 10967: 10873: 10858: 10762: 10730: 10703: 10231: 9709: 9647: 9637: 9601: 9499: 9450: 9374: 9349: 8958: 6063: 5526: 5288: 5271: 4993: 4511: 4441: 4325: 2834: 2729: 2721: 2161: 2003: 1657: 1163: 790: 571: 431: 10106: 9843: 9015: 7337: 6390: 6341: 3360:"I'll eat breakfast and leave at once"), simple commands, conditional statements and permissions ( 2860:

Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of a sentence need not be stated and

1516:

is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the

11150: 11078: 11068: 10945: 10878: 10677: 9933: 9093: 4813: 2787: 2339: 2328: 2315: 1991: 1983: 1967: 1680: 1222: 1095:(the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → 931:, and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period, the Old Japanese sections are written in 713: 670: 642: 287: 249: 7421: 7379: 6923: 6917: 6784:(Report). Tokyo, Japan: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. pp. 85–86 6228: 1590:

gradually extended its influence and the two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s.

945: 630: 11135: 10972: 10883: 10863: 10584: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10285: 10275: 10236: 9110: 7740: 4981: 4944: 2746: 2125: 2007: 1676: 835: 626: 548: 9294: 7885: 6318: 1403:, with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian 1044:

apparently was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in

907:

around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in

11503: 11435: 11425: 11327: 11265: 11231: 11201: 11130: 10955: 10923: 10475: 10304: 10012: 9995: 9591: 9480: 8953: 8499: 8489: 8338: 8255:(English ed.). The Kaneko Press, North Japan College, Sendai: Methodist Publishing House 5999: 4963: 4148:"As for Mx Ikeda, they are forty-two years old." Others in the group may also be of that age. 3682:

Both inflect, though they do not show the full range of conjugation found in true verbs. The

3160: 2673: 2264: 2257: 1951: 1653: 1120: 1104: 1045: 804:) is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The 650: 607: 579: 206: 196: 10562: 6254: 5257:

Depending on the speakers’ gender, different linguistic features might be used. The typical

11518: 11260: 10999: 10960: 10868: 10828: 10445: 10169: 10136: 10007: 9988: 9858: 9642: 9465: 9369: 9243: 9045: 8980: 8494: 7433: 6068: 6024: 5605:

Recording of the first article of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Japanese.

4939: 4918: 4826: 3576: 2826: 2345: 1871: 1840: 1270:); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. 1199: 662: 583: 201: 8357: 7283: 7256: 7157: 6444: 5383: 3115:

is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status.

1898:

as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand the languages.

8: 11508: 11440: 11430: 11313: 11191: 11073: 11043: 10740: 10242: 10226: 10221: 10131: 9691: 9573: 9545: 9460: 9040: 7674: 6949:"Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues" 6796: 6014: 4956: 4929: 4906: 4894: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4572: 4466: 4157: 3647: 3454: 3199:

may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as

2603: 2404: 2357: 2292: 1783: 1688: 1310: 702: 10096: 9796: 8985: 7846: 7570: 6660: 944:

Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct

536: 11450: 11362: 11285: 11238: 11211: 11206: 11155: 10928: 10838: 10811: 10682: 10634: 10612: 10557: 10530: 10211: 10101: 10054: 10000: 9975: 9817: 9721: 9662: 9583: 9470: 9404: 9289: 9002: 8744: 8306: 7237: 6222: 6039: 6029: 5058: 5036: 4934: 4923: 4889: 4862: 4650: 3778: 3223: 2791: 2609: 2283: 2217: 2212: 2157: 2026: 1936: 1863: 1712: 1708: 1626: 1167: 1152: 1080: 859: 839: 746: 717: 698: 678: 674: 658: 552: 532: 257: 8990: 8826: 8775: 1909:

Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to

1684: 422: 404: 11372: 11270: 11216: 10907: 10664: 10649: 10547: 10375: 10174: 10146: 10126: 10116: 10073: 9946: 9918: 9889: 9884: 9789: 9770: 9550: 9485: 9455: 9258: 9077: 9062: 9035: 9030: 8968: 8906: 8881: 8816: 8690: 8528: 8518: 8509: 8343: 8314: 8216: 8191: 8176: 8168: 8153: 8142: 8126: 8108: 8080: 8064: 8038: 8035:

Origins of the Japanese language: Lectures in Japan during the academic year, 1977–78

8012: 7990: 7975: 7957: 7953: 7923: 7891: 7874: 7862: 7835: 7507: 7469: 7317: 7127: 7062: 7052: 6980: 6927: 6433: 6345: 5519: 5032: 4596: 2927: 2798: 2596: 2244: 2229: 1899: 1875: 1748: 1719:, which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all 1704: 1700: 1692: 1639: 1517: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1456: 1396: 1322: 1148: 1135: 1048:, though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for 908: 900: 887: 863: 805: 690: 682: 666: 591: 525: 521: 509: 494: 417: 228: 165: 103: 31: 8734: 8533: 5164: 4439:

or constructed from Chinese roots following Chinese patterns. These words, known as

4240:) (humble language) often employ many special honorific and humble alternate verbs: 4068:

for the topic. It can co-exist with the case markers listed above, and it overrides

453: 11513: 11352: 11305: 11290: 11226: 11108: 11051: 10933: 10552: 10357: 10347: 10216: 10206: 10201: 10194: 10141: 9941: 9679: 9657: 9435: 9231: 9072: 8874: 8864: 8859: 8847: 8700: 8636: 8592: 8333: 7657: 7229: 7044: 6337: 6336:. The Phonology of the World's Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91. 6004: 5994: 5304: 4989: 4817: 4608: 4436: 2934:

The amazed he ran down the street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun)

2849:) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is 2702: 2593: 2468: 2239: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1944: 1932: 1622: 1582:. The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. 1209: 813: 556: 409: 275: 10480: 9200: 8795: 8739: 8577: 932: 11377: 11347: 11342: 11255: 11221: 11140: 10833: 10725: 10644: 10624: 10525: 10385: 10189: 10121: 9923: 9835: 9704: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9067: 8840: 8751: 8651: 8612: 8607: 8568: 8548: 8288: 8269: 8250: 8206: 8202: 8060: 7917: 7854: 7690: 7501: 7463: 7429: 7408: 7387: 7366: 7345: 6648: 6631: 6613: 6462: 6451: 6440: 5981: 5143: 5128: 5122: 4901: 4884: 4751: 4604: 4600: 4023: 3798: 3009: 2251: 2234: 2014: 1999: 1959: 1832: 1773: 1768: 1720: 1205: 1183: 893: 809: 694: 513: 413: 294: 157: 133: 10450: 8833: 6398:

Proceedings of the 2013 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association

5366: 5137: 1856: 847: 11557: 11493: 11445: 11402: 11295: 11196: 10574: 10380: 10151: 10111: 9868: 9853: 9699: 9050: 9025: 8948: 8928: 8901: 8852: 8804: 8768: 8722: 8666: 8661: 8641: 7661: 7539: 6692: 6391:"Documenting phonological change: A comparison of two Japanese phonemic splits" 5560:(JLPT), which features five levels of exams. The JLPT is offered twice a year. 5332: 5317: 5011: 4584: 2592:

The "r" of the Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an

2303: 1995: 1955: 1940: 1903: 1852: 1778: 1753: 1679:, a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding 1337: 911:, although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the 673:

are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no

544: 239: 7609:

Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology : Cultural Models and Real People

3123:

Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun

1836: 11572: 11455: 11367: 11356: 11125: 10989: 10745: 10259: 10091: 9970: 9490: 9236: 9215: 8933: 8785: 8729: 8597: 8587: 8563: 8553: 8543: 7859:

Dictionary of Languages: the Definitive Reference to More than 400 Languages.

7791: 7678: 7437: 7066: 6164:宝亀九年十二月庚寅。玄蕃頭従五位上袁晋卿賜姓清村宿禰。晋卿唐人也。天平七年随我朝使帰朝。時年十八九。学得文選爾雅音。為大学音博士。於後。歴大学頭安房守。 6159: 6019: 5158:

As for kanji for personal names, the circumstances are somewhat complicated.

5120:

complete abolition of kanji and exclusive use of rōmaji were considered. The

5008:) and spread the use of Chinese characters during the 7th and 8th centuries. 4857: 4523: 4408: 4387: 4321: 3955: 2606:. The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced 2599: 2075: 1917:, and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. 1867: 1844: 1758: 1606:

is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although

1436: 1408: 851: 328: 186: 137: 10698: 10470: 2872:

by itself would mean " are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence:

1610:

grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect.

1411:) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of 11547: 11523: 11466: 11332: 11160: 10979: 10504: 10492: 10487: 10465: 10460: 10455: 9983: 9475: 9304: 8869: 8763: 8707: 8676: 8671: 8484: 7048: 6218:"Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People" 6109: 5967: 5515: 5097: 4951: 4662:("made-in-Japan English") has become a prominent phenomenon. Words such as 4515: 3774: 3333:) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are 2864:

may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above,

2618: 2153: 1891: 1887: 1788: 1732: 1724: 1696: 1595: 1452: 1370: 1171: 1159: 1144: 875: 855: 843: 749:

scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters:

634: 567: 563: 191: 10715: 10542: 7878: 7358: 6190: 4491:) account for 8.8%, and the remaining 8.3% constitute hybridized words or 2047: 1715:). The survey was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 586:(1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of 388: 10735: 10499: 9530: 8758: 6887:"Exclusive: From Internment Camp to MacArthur's Aide in Rebuilding Japan" 6142: 6125: 5550: 4834: 4615: 4599:

and the reopening of Japan in the 19th century, words were borrowed from

4565: 4519: 3840: 2196: 2087: 2070: 2052: 1448: 1386: 1217: 736: 638: 10569: 1125: 11392: 10757: 10659: 10607: 10520: 9806: 9559: 9525: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9205: 6195: 6080: 6052: 5614: 5534: 4658: 4592: 4432: 4213: 2964:

This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as

2666: 2626: 2133: 2080: 1914: 1763: 1743: 1661: 1644: 1444: 1329: 1187: 646: 619: 7241: 5438: 5421: 5404: 5349: 2169: 11482: 10785: 10629: 10619: 10179: 10023: 9339: 9268: 9248: 9190: 7808:

Bloch, Bernard (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese I: Inflection.

5538: 5216: 5195: 5093: 5074: 4539: 4193: 3163:) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 2545: 2494: 2110: 1910: 1669: 1586:

was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then

1432: 1424: 1420: 742: 575: 559:, but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. 397: 381: 363: 345: 9739: 9210: 9195: 8439: 8378: 7444:("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), 7036: 4334:

There are three main sources of words in the Japanese language: the

1286:, though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting 880: 9504: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9102: 8943: 7233: 7218:

Vance, Timothy J. (April 1993). "Are Japanese Particles Clitics?".

6865:

Yamagiwa, Joseph K. (1967). "On Dialect Intelligibility in Japan".

5975: 5542: 5211: 5199: 5185: 5089: 5085: 5070: 5066: 5024: 5020: 4731: 4552:, a type of fish) are well-known examples of words of Ainu origin. 4544: 4531: 4479: 4329: 2173: 2165: 1602:, although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). 1536: 772: 752: 615: 610:

period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of

587: 465: 316: 269: 265: 11476: 9619: 7819:

Bloch, Bernard (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese II: Syntax.

7189:"Kanji and Homophones Part I – Does Japanese have too few sounds?" 5105:

counting, but kanji numerals are still used in compounds, such as

11488: 11415: 11410: 10296: 10184: 9596: 9535: 9152: 6075: 5989: 5546: 4792: 4768: 4747: 4735: 4507: 4411:

words"), which in scholarly contexts is sometimes referred to as

2861: 2817:("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by the particle 1874:), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the 1716: 1535:

from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see

1213: 461: 38: 7096: 6468: 5016: 4988:

before the 5th century AD. Using this script, the Japanese king

4522:

words. A small number of words have come into Japanese from the

3411:), for inanimate and animate things, respectively. For example, 11498: 11420: 11397: 11382: 11337: 10671: 9614: 9147: 9115: 7703: 7701: 7699: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6665:(in Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors. 6425: 5132:(kanji for general use) scheme arose as a compromise solution. 5045: 4985: 4796: 4776: 4739: 4588: 4549: 4288:

is generally used for words of native Japanese origin, whereas

4276:

in the Japanese language may be made polite by the addition of

3873: 3714: 3286:) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: 2614:, in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. 1895: 1614: 1440: 1428: 1412: 1400: 1374: 1345: 1036:

has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo

922: 914: 904: 611: 595: 8248: 6476:"IBGE traça perfil dos imigrantes – Imigração – Made in Japan" 4842: 4510:

origin in Japanese, with Japanese having a rich collection of

3274:) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle 2577:; however, now and are distinct, as evidenced by words like 11472: 11322: 11318: 10327: 9609: 9157: 9120: 8389: 8328:

Vovin, Alexander (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language".

8293:(revised English ed.). Tokyo: Methodist publishing house 8274:(revised English ed.). Tokyo: Methodist publishing house 8077:

Is Japanese Related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic?

7436:, Centre for the Pacific Islands, 7–10 February 2005; citing 6429: 5530: 5062: 4784: 4743: 4723: 4719: 4713: 3230:

in English. For others that represent a change of state, the

3183:). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus 1848: 1665: 1618: 1382: 1378: 1341: 1155:, which remained in common use until the early 20th century. 1130: 937: 826:

Japanese writing system § History of the Japanese script

723: 603: 517: 323: 253: 123: 82: 7741:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Japanese (Nihongo)" 7696: 6853: 6454:). However, very few Japanese speakers were recorded in the 1321:"Standard Japanese" redirects here. For other dialects, see 9167: 6922:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 6804:"1958 Census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands" 6777:

Long, Daniel; Imamura, Keisuke; Tmodrang, Masaharu (2013).

5258: 4788: 4780: 4727: 4273: 1478:

of the country. There is a form of the language considered

1443:, where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and 1435:, where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry), the 1416: 1332:(which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese, the 261: 8208:

Korea-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin

8098:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–119. 7442:

Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite

3309:

Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example,

3211:"friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. 2942:

grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese:

948:. Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of 464:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

75: 8430: 7683:"Sotomayor, Denzel Washington, GE CEO Speak to Graduates" 6575: 5231:), and "supermarket" has been adapted and shortened into 1990:. At the fringe, some linguists have suggested a link to 599: 8379:

National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics

7432:

First International Small Island Cultures Conference at

6526:"Japanese – Source Census 2000, Summary File 3, STP 258" 6424:

Japanese is listed as one of the official languages of

6284: 6260: 5198:. Hiragana can also be written in a superscript called 2660:

The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and

1162:

developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of

7004: 6607:

The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia – Google Books

6272: 5522:

were able to read, write and understand the language.

2584: 2578: 2557: 2013:

Other theories view the Japanese language as an early

1633: 1262:), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( 1166:. These included phonemic length distinction for both 794: 770: 750: 86: 7709:"Survey Report on Japanese-Language Education Abroad" 7108: 5027:

in the center and Romanized equivalents at the bottom

1851:

dialect in particular is associated with comedy (see

618:

from European languages increased significantly, and

566:

texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the

9978: 7016: 6576:"Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data" 6478:. Madeinjapan.uol.com.br. 2008-06-21. Archived from 5957: 4980:

Literacy was introduced to Japan in the form of the

4681:, "to be in a rut", "to have a one-track mind") and 6776: 2693:, and are only differentiated by the tone contour. 516:. It has around 120 million speakers, primarily in 8096:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association 7221:Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 6227: 5246: 4559:in Japanese. Like Latin-derived words in English, 4503:) that draw elements from more than one language. 3773:The grammatical function of nouns is indicated by 3379:verb. It corresponds approximately to the English 3337:-adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. 1186:. This had the effect of changing Japanese into a 850:inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern 37:"Nihongo" redirects here. Not to be confused with 7915: 7084: 6720:"Opening up to difference: The dialect dialectic" 6250: 4708:(remote control) in the same way as in Japanese. 4568:would best be translated by a Yamato equivalent. 4137:is not unique, or may be part of a larger group. 3238:means "They have come (and are still here)", but 1835:in mountain villages or isolated islands such as 1103:conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in 11570: 8048:Mizutani, Osamu; & Mizutani, Nobuko (1987). 6946: 3575:adjectives, which are followed by a form of the 2734:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 1886:, a writing style that was prevalent during the 1328:Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the 1147:, from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the 7947: 7102: 6940: 6551:"Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table" 5479: 5462: 5429: 5412: 5395: 5374: 5357: 5340: 5339:for men) and sentence-final particles (such as 5323: 5279: 5262: 4634: 4619: 3135:) may refer to a single book or several books; 2684: 1652:Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of 1573: 1555: 1528: 941:for their phonetic as well as semantic values. 721: 485: 8053: 8005: 7989:(pp. 417–444). New York: Academic Press. 7693:C-SPAN (US). 30 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-30 7499: 7461: 6162: 6146: 6129: 6049:words derived from Japanese in other languages 5486: 5469: 5436: 5419: 5402: 5381: 5364: 5347: 5330: 5315: 5286: 5269: 5237: 5225: 5107: 5088:into Japanese and a number of native Japanese 5043: 5003: 4997: 4757: 4686: 4667: 4641: 4626: 4497: 4485: 4459: 4447: 4425: 4417: 4401: 4393: 4376: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4234: 4222: 4206: 4082: 4058: 4032: 4012: 3984: 3964: 3944: 3918: 3881: 3849: 3829: 3807: 3787: 3760: 3730: 3668: 3656: 3623: 3606: 3591: 3562: 3547: 3534: 3515: 3504: 3493: 3485: 3462: 3343: 3327: 3321:) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes 3315: 3300: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3234:form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3101: 3086: 3078: 3054: 3042: 3030: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2948: 2918: 2906: 2890: 2878: 2843: 2807: 2678: 2652: 2646: 2636: 2630: 1648:Map of Japanese dialects and Japonic languages 1567: 1549: 1522: 1501: 1488: 1158:During this time, Japanese underwent numerous 1031: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 989: 983: 977: 971: 965: 959: 953: 920: 912: 885: 799: 784: 778: 764: 758: 730: 479: 64: 56: 10312: 10039: 9755: 8455: 8287:Rudolf Lange (1907). Christopher Noss (ed.). 8268:Rudolf Lange (1903). Christopher Noss (ed.). 7158:"Does Japanese have an Austronesian stratum?" 6112: 3222:form indicates a continuous (or progressive) 3118: 2556:and realized phonetically as , approximately 1143:Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the 8286: 8267: 7834:(pp. 25–56). New York: Academic Press. 6616:. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2014-06-07. 4583:in the 16th century, followed by words from 4555:Words of different origins occupy different 3175:, usually written with an iteration mark as 1290:"good morning"; this ending is also seen in 1071:("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern 8330:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 8037:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 7948:Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Hirano, Umeyo (1978). 7284:"Yamato Kotoba: The REAL Japanese Language" 6131:持統五年九月己巳朔壬申。賜音博士大唐続守言。薩弘恪。書博士百済末士善信、銀人二十両。 3391:(polite). This comes into use because only 2794:that identify their grammatical functions. 1894:. The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by 1731:Intelligibility to students from Tokyo and 1672:inventories, although this is less common. 1226:). Among other sound changes, the sequence 846:), replacing the languages of the original 10319: 10305: 10046: 10032: 9762: 9748: 8462: 8448: 7883: 7540:"How did katakana and hiragana originate?" 7450:Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan 6821: 6314: 6290: 6266: 4841: 4611:. Today most borrowings are from English. 4506:There are also a great number of words of 3912:is more commonly used for the lative case. 3430:) is often used to make verbs from nouns ( 1847:are spoken or known by many Japanese, and 1687:) to students from Greater Tokyo were the 1664:, and particle usage. Some even differ in 1364: 838:, the common ancestor of the Japanese and 74: 8337: 8141:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8136: 7890:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7259:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 7155: 7114: 7037:"Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system" 6972: 6829:"2005 Census of Population & Housing" 6342:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.003.0003 5303:are different in various ways, including 3876:case, indicating a motion to a location. 3453:There are three types of adjectives (see 2765:Learn how and when to remove this message 1399:(the largest of which are to be found in 1389:, and various Pacific islands, locals in 1111:remains in intentionally archaic speech. 8074: 7810:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7022: 7010: 6864: 6751:. Pacific Digital Library. Article XII. 6330:Labrune, Laurence (2012). "Consonants". 5126:("common use kanji"), originally called 5010: 4802:list of English words of Japanese origin 4473:comprise 49.1% of the total vocabulary, 4101:, sushi is good." The nominative marker 2046: 2030: 1643: 1309:("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from 1124: 1114: 879: 11589:Languages attested from the 8th century 10592:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 8249:Rudolf Lange, Christopher Noss (1903). 8167:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 8165:An introduction to Japanese linguistics 8030:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7766:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 7621: 7606: 7537: 6915: 6717: 6503:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from 6329: 3615:, also called true adjectives, such as 3107:, "teacher"), but inappropriate to use 2957:Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. 1927:Classification of the Japonic languages 1890:, but began to decline during the late 1407:data, more than the 1.2 million of the 1193: 633:-timed language with relatively simple 541:attempts to group the Japonic languages 458:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 11571: 10053: 8339:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277 8305: 8102: 7972:The structure of the Japanese language 7647: 7281: 6885:Stuky, Natalie-Kyoko (8 August 2015). 6755:from the original on 24 September 2015 6310: 6308: 6278: 5042:An example of this mixed style is the 4477:make up 33.8%, other foreign words or 2544:Some Japanese consonants have several 1564:was different from colloquial language 1546:Formerly, standard Japanese in writing 1178:) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. 10300: 10027: 9769: 9743: 8469: 8443: 8327: 8201: 8093: 7861:New York: Columbia University Press. 7643: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7581:from the original on 19 November 2016 7217: 7090: 7034: 6884: 6883:See the comments of George Kizaki in 6809:. The Office of the High Commissioner 6749:"Constitution of the State of Angaur" 6741: 6686: 6684: 6669:from the original on 25 December 2018 5591:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5571:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5057:Over time, a writing system evolved. 3147:) can mean "person" or "people", and 3064:. Similarly, different words such as 2782:Japanese word order is classified as 2777: 2056: 2051:The vowels of Standard Japanese on a 1859:are associated with typical farmers. 1254:begins to reduce onto the verb (e.g. 952:for each of the morae now pronounced 531:The Japonic family also includes the 493: 102: 8396: 8384:Japanese Language Student's Handbook 8313:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8190:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 8188:The handbook of Japanese linguistics 8002:Handbook of modern Japanese grammar: 7919:Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects 7916:Frellesvig, B.; Whitman, J. (2008). 7611:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7568: 7311: 7254: 6897:from the original on 18 October 2015 6388: 6215: 5278:and the one used by males is called 4117:Note: The subtle difference between 3502:"to be hot") which can become past ( 2868:would mean " noses are long", while 2706: 1839:, whose dialects are descended from 1427:(especially in the eastern states), 892:, the oldest anthology of classical 665:of words, and sentence structure is 649:length, and a lexically significant 574:entered the language, affecting the 7721:from the original on 7 January 2019 6947:Patrick Heinrich (25 August 2014). 6834:. Bureau of Budget & Planning. 6690: 6305: 5502: 4248:in polite form, but is replaced by 4212:) (polite language) is commonly an 1634:Dialects and mutual intelligibility 1381:, as well as partial occupation of 520:, the only country where it is the 24: 10768:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 10326: 9805: 8290:A text-book of colloquial Japanese 8252:A Text-book of Colloquial Japanese 8242: 7887:A history of the Japanese language 7650:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7634: 7593: 7263:from the original on July 20, 2009 6973:Kindaichi, Haruhiko (2011-12-20). 6841:from the original on 24 April 2014 6681: 6184: 5579: 5558:Japanese Language Proficiency Test 3532:adjective, which can become past ( 1862:The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in 1691:dialect (in the deep mountains of 1495:, meaning "standard Japanese", or 1462: 1316: 1242:is reintroduced from Chinese; and 705:are also conjugated. Japanese has 25: 11615: 10635:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 8372: 8186:Tsujimura, Natsuko (Ed.) (1999). 8094:Okada, Hideo (1999). "Japanese". 7338:Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan 6951:. The Japan Times. Archived from 5518:; in 1940, only 65 Americans not 4807: 2528: 2512: 2505: 2475: 2459: 2447: 2438: 2432: 2424: 2418: 2410: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2344: 2338: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2291: 2282: 2271: 2263: 2256: 2140: 2124: 2115: 2101: 2092: 1920: 1373:, through Japanese annexation of 1353:(short for "personal computer"), 1282:, where modern Japanese just has 508:is the principal language of the 11553: 11552: 11541: 8422: 8405: 8000:McClain, Yoko Matsuoka. (1981). 7550:from the original on 5 July 2017 7199:from the original on 18 May 2021 6699:from the original on 2 July 2017 6693:"What is Japanese pitch accent?" 6588:from the original on 1 July 2021 6201: 5974: 5960: 5613:Problems playing this file? See 5595: 5141:("education kanji", a subset of 5031:At first, the Japanese wrote in 2797:The basic sentence structure is 2711: 2197:compressed rather than protruded 2164:, a repeated vowel character in 1935:family, which also includes the 1855:). Dialects of Tōhoku and North 1067:) is preserved in words such as 862:with the Ryukyuan languages and 543:with other families such as the 8311:A reference grammar of Japanese 8229:from the original on 2020-08-23 8075:Robbeets, Martine Irma (2005). 7936:from the original on 2022-03-27 7904:from the original on 2022-03-27 7783: 7772:from the original on 2021-03-16 7758: 7747:from the original on 2022-01-07 7733: 7668: 7615: 7562: 7531: 7520:from the original on 2021-04-15 7493: 7482:from the original on 2020-12-09 7455: 7414: 7393: 7372: 7351: 7330: 7305: 7294:from the original on 2016-05-31 7275: 7248: 7211: 7181: 7170:from the original on 2021-11-03 7149: 7138:from the original on 2019-02-19 7120: 7073:from the original on 2022-03-27 7028: 6993:from the original on 2021-11-15 6966: 6909: 6877: 6770: 6730:from the original on 2020-06-17 6711: 6653: 6636: 6619: 6600: 6568: 6557:from the original on 2013-12-03 6543: 6532:from the original on 2012-12-21 6518: 6493: 6418: 6407:from the original on 2019-12-12 6382: 6369: 6358:from the original on 2021-10-27 6153: 6136: 6119: 6103: 6010:Japanese language and computers 5563: 5247:Gender in the Japanese language 4156:often means the subject is the 3358:Asagohan o tabete sugu dekakeru 2853:"elephant", and the subject is 2625:and either the first part of a 2534: 1613:The 1982 state constitution of 1336:standard Japanese had been the 869: 570:(794–1185), extensive waves of 11121:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 7801: 6779:The Japanese Language in Palau 6389:Hall, Kathleen Currie (2013). 6323: 6296: 6209: 6148:持統六年十二月辛酉朔甲戌。賜音博士続守言。薩弘恪水田人四町 6113: 5456: 5253:Gender differences in Japanese 5215:, like hiragana, constitute a 5073:which were developed based on 4571:Incorporating vocabulary from 4518:for physical sounds, and more 2152:Japanese has five vowels, and 1346:Japan's self-imposed isolation 1107:)); and the genitive particle 1056:before the end of the period. 707:a complex system of honorifics 612:Japan's self-imposed isolation 13: 1: 11604:Subject–object–verb languages 8137:Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). 8105:A History of Writing in Japan 8050:How to be polite in Japanese: 6718:Pulvers, Roger (2006-05-23). 6251:Frellesvig & Whitman 2008 6216:Wade, Nicholas (4 May 2011). 6173: 6089:History of writing in Vietnam 6055:, Knowledge's sibling project 6035:Japanese Sign Language family 5096:: hiragana and katakana. The 4315: 4175: 3781:. These include for example: 2202: 1397:Japanese emigrant communities 830: 535:and the variously classified 9885:Kunigami (Northern Okinawan) 9606:Kanji pronunciation sources 9380:Katakana Phonetic Extensions 8183:(pbk). Upper Level Textbooks 8125:. New York: Academic Press. 8121:Shibamoto, Janet S. (1985). 8103:Seeley, Christopher (1991). 8079:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 7974:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 7500:Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2007). 7462:Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2002). 7282:Koichi (13 September 2011). 6553:. 2.statcan.ca. 2010-06-10. 6178: 4975: 4228:) (respectful language) and 4182:Honorific speech in Japanese 3513:"it was hot"), or negative ( 3442:"to fly out, to flee", from 3419:" haven't got a good idea". 2020: 1931:Japanese is a member of the 1723:students who grew up in the 1621:, names Japanese along with 7: 10709:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 10655:Abolition of the han system 9715:Speculative fiction writers 9274:Transcription into Japanese 8332:. Oxford University Press. 8163:Tsujimura, Natsuko (1996). 7884:Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). 7506:(in Japanese). Shogakukan. 7468:(in Japanese). Shogakukan. 7103:Kindaichi & Hirano 1978 6867:Anthropological Linguistics 6581:United States Census Bureau 6059:Classical Japanese language 5953: 5930: 5922: 5914: 5906: 5898: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5866: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5509:Japanese language education 5480: 5463: 5430: 5413: 5396: 5375: 5358: 5341: 5324: 5280: 5263: 5205: 5179: 5044: 4635: 4620: 2685: 2585: 2579: 2558: 1574: 1556: 1529: 1174:, palatal consonants (e.g. 1079:("to be audible") retain a 1032: 921: 913: 903:was imported to Japan from 886: 795: 771: 769:, 'simple characters') and 751: 722: 486: 87: 65: 10: 11620: 8633:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka 8213:University of Hawaii Press 8011:. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press. 7714:. Japan Foundation. 2015. 7662:10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.225 5506: 5261:used by females is called 5250: 4811: 4581:borrowings from Portuguese 4319: 4179: 3958:, or nominalizing phrases. 3119:Inflection and conjugation 3036:, literally "private") or 2988:"that side, yonder"), and 2803:Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu 2700: 2696: 2024: 1924: 1870:(administratively part of 1637: 1320: 1197: 1118: 873: 823: 819: 555:, and the now-discredited 36: 29: 11536: 11304: 11182: 11173: 11116: 11107: 11042: 10919: 10915: 10906: 10819: 10810: 10778: 10721:Japan during World War II 10691: 10600: 10538:Mongol invasions of Japan 10513: 10438: 10365: 10356: 10338: 10268: 10252: 10162: 10084: 10061: 9963: 9932: 9911: 9902: 9877: 9834: 9825: 9816: 9803: 9777: 9690: 9630: 9582: 9424: 9282: 9224: 9166: 9101: 9092: 9001: 8976: 8967: 8919: 8892: 8815: 8689: 8517: 8508: 8477: 8386:(archived 2 January 2010) 8123:Japanese women's language 8054: 8006: 7607:Okamoto, Shigeko (2004). 7035:Vovin, Alexander (2008). 6916:Coulmas, Florian (1989). 6630:October 19, 2014, at the 6333:The Phonology of Japanese 6163: 6147: 6130: 5487: 5470: 5437: 5420: 5403: 5382: 5365: 5348: 5331: 5316: 5287: 5270: 5238: 5226: 5108: 5015:Table of Kana (including 5004: 4998: 4758: 4687: 4668: 4656:In the past few decades, 4642: 4627: 4498: 4486: 4460: 4448: 4426: 4418: 4402: 4394: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4235: 4223: 4207: 4083: 4059: 4033: 4013: 3985: 3965: 3945: 3919: 3882: 3850: 3830: 3808: 3788: 3761: 3731: 3669: 3657: 3624: 3607: 3592: 3563: 3548: 3535: 3516: 3505: 3494: 3486: 3475:adjectives, which have a 3463: 3349:) "I did not eat bread". 3344: 3328: 3316: 3306:) "(What's your) name?". 3301: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3242:means "They are eating". 3178: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3102: 3087: 3079: 3055: 3043: 3031: 2995: 2983: 2971: 2949: 2919: 2907: 2891: 2879: 2844: 2808: 2679: 2672:Japanese also includes a 2653: 2647: 2641:, represented as Q) or a 2637: 2631: 2527: 2042: 2004:Southeast Asian languages 1568: 1550: 1523: 1502: 1489: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 978: 972: 966: 960: 954: 800: 789:, 'partial characters'). 785: 779: 765: 759: 731: 653:. Word order is normally 480: 444: 430: 395: 379: 361: 343: 338: 307:Official language in 305: 300: 284: 236: 221: 179: 154: 144: 129: 119: 97: 73: 57: 53: 48: 10995:House of Representatives 10791:2019 imperial transition 10763:Great Hanshin earthquake 10731:Second Sino-Japanese War 10704:Japan during World War I 10163:Non-Indigenous languages 9500:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 8959:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese 7677:commencement address at 7502: 7464: 7313: 6661: 6096: 6064:Romanization of Japanese 5527:Japanese popular culture 4994:Emperor Shun of Liu Song 4992:presented a petition to 4326:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 4252:in honorific speech and 3872:It is also used for the 3650:sentences. For example, 3450:"to put out, to emit"). 3226:, similar to the suffix 3207:"we/us", while the word 3060:"oneself", "myself") or 3012:) grace") or Portuguese 2959:(grammatically correct) 2835:topic-prominent language 2720:This section includes a 2583:"Western-style tea" and 2172:succeeding the vowel in 1294:"congratulations", from 671:Sentence-final particles 620:words from English roots 572:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 30:Not to be confused with 27:Language spoken in Japan 11584:Agglutinative languages 10678:First Sino-Japanese War 9446:Godan and ichidan verbs 9264:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai 7845:Dalby, Andrew. (2004). 7257:"The Japanese Language" 5151:. The official list of 4814:Japanese writing system 4300:'friend,' would become 3364:"May I go out?"), etc. 3250:is added. For example, 2788:Indo-European languages 2749:more precise citations. 2199:, or simply unrounded. 1992:Indo-European languages 1365:Geographic distribution 1223:Arte da Lingoa de Iapam 812:, but also traditional 714:Japanese writing system 539:. There have been many 510:Japonic language family 150:120 million (2020) 11146:Science and technology 10585:Council of Five Elders 10580:Azuchi–Momoyama period 9810: 8198:. Readings/Anthologies 8139:The languages of Japan 7795:, 2006-05-13, p. WP14. 7049:10.1075/cilt.294.11vov 6396:. In Luo, Shan (ed.). 5927: 5919: 5911: 5903: 5895: 5887: 5879: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5584: 5028: 4982:Chinese writing system 4173: 4150: 3771: 3741: 3680: 3294:"(What about) this?"; 2962: 2936: 2060: 2039: 1677:mutual intelligibility 1649: 1562:, "literary language") 1140: 1075:("to be visible") and 1063:(superseded by modern 901:Chinese writing system 896: 446:This article contains 11091:Deputy Prime Minister 10476:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 10013:Early Modern Japanese 9996:Early Middle Japanese 9809: 9551:Court lady language ( 9021:Southern Amami Ōshima 8954:Yilan Creole Japanese 8028:The Japanese language 7970:Kuno, Susumu (1973). 7950:The Japanese Language 7538:Burlock, Ben (2017). 6979:. Tuttle Publishing. 6647:July 1, 2012, at the 6501:"American FactFinder" 6000:Japanese dictionaries 5583: 5305:first-person pronouns 5014: 4162: 4139: 3757: 3727: 3652: 3262:) "It is OK" becomes 2944: 2932: 2657:, represented as N). 2050: 2037: 1952:Martine Irma Robbeets 1647: 1598:are still written in 1471:in Japan, but is the 1340:, especially that of 1139:from the 11th century 1128: 1121:Early Middle Japanese 1115:Early Middle Japanese 1105:Early Modern Japanese 1046:Early Middle Japanese 883: 824:Further information: 614:in 1853, the flow of 608:Early Modern Japanese 580:Early Middle Japanese 207:Early Modern Japanese 197:Early Middle Japanese 11000:House of Councillors 10894:World Heritage Sites 10085:Indigenous languages 10008:Late Middle Japanese 9989:Eastern Old Japanese 9370:Small Kana Extension 8981:Eastern Old Japanese 8620:Northern Izu Islands 8033:Miller, Roy (1980). 8026:Miller, Roy (1967). 7569:Ager, Simon (2017). 7434:Kagoshima University 7348:Asia Society Museum. 6379:, Weatherhill, 1998. 6069:Hepburn romanization 6025:Japanese punctuation 4455:Shinsen Kokugo Jiten 4312:to show politeness. 4072:and (in most cases) 3717:, by following with 3446:"to fly, to jump" + 1841:Eastern Old Japanese 1200:Late Middle Japanese 1194:Late Middle Japanese 1099:(all verbs with the 1052:, which merges with 663:grammatical function 584:Late Middle Japanese 202:Late Middle Japanese 11017:Self-Defense Forces 8921:Pidgins and creoles 8358:"Japanese Language" 7827:, pp. 200–248. 7675:Beate Sirota Gordon 7624:Gender and Language 7571:"Japanese Hiragana" 7420:Heinrich, Patrick. 7312:金田一京, ed. (2001). 7255:Miyagawa, Shigeru. 6919:Language Adaptation 6662:法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」 6377:English in Japanese 6015:Japanese literature 5520:of Japanese descent 4467:Japanese dictionary 3600:"a strange person". 3543:"it was not hot"). 3455:Japanese adjectives 2928:Japanese "pronouns" 2839:Zō wa hana ga nagai 2784:subject–object–verb 2604:lateral approximant 2064: 1837:Hachijō-jima island 1736: 1234:, in contrast with 703:Japanese adjectives 681:, and there are no 655:subject–object–verb 622:have proliferated. 590:. The basis of the 85:for Japanese (read 11599:Languages of Palau 11594:Languages of Japan 11151:Telecommunications 10683:Russo-Japanese War 10613:Tokugawa shogunate 10563:Nanboku-chō period 10558:Ashikaga shogunate 10531:Kamakura shogunate 10055:Languages of Japan 10001:Classical Japanese 9976:Peninsular Japonic 9811: 9722:Classical Japanese 9569:Gender differences 9405:Extended shinjitai 7853:2022-03-27 at the 7816:, pp. 97–130. 7768:. United Nations. 7743:. United Nations. 7689:2011-06-23 at the 7465:韓国人の日本偽史―日本人はビックリ! 7428:2011-05-16 at the 7407:2016-03-04 at the 7386:2009-05-01 at the 7365:2012-05-10 at the 7344:2016-03-03 at the 7195:. 8 January 2017. 7156:Ann Kumar (1996). 6612:2020-01-14 at the 6461:2008-02-16 at the 6450:2021-02-03 at the 6445:CIA World Factbook 6439:2007-10-01 at the 6223:The New York Times 6040:Japanesepod101.com 6030:Japanese profanity 5585: 5059:Chinese characters 5037:Ryukyuan languages 5029: 4651:classical compound 4573:European languages 4260:in humble speech. 3665:"The rice is hot." 3524:"it is not hot"). 3422:The verb "to do" ( 3111:. This is because 2778:Sentence structure 2722:list of references 2627:geminate consonant 2063: 2061: 2040: 2027:Japanese phonology 1937:Ryukyuan languages 1884:Classical Japanese 1843:. Dialects of the 1730: 1713:Okayama Prefecture 1681:Ryūkyūan languages 1650: 1627:South Seas Mandate 1457:Province of Laguna 1357:("internet"), and 1153:Classical Japanese 1141: 897: 840:Ryukyuan languages 741:, with two unique 718:Chinese characters 675:grammatical number 588:European loanwords 533:Ryukyuan languages 258:Chinese characters 11579:Japanese language 11566: 11565: 11532: 11531: 11281:Sexual minorities 11169: 11168: 11103: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11012:Political parties 10951:Foreign relations 10902: 10901: 10806: 10805: 10796:COVID-19 pandemic 10665:Satsuma Rebellion 10650:Meiji Restoration 10548:Kenmu Restoration 10408:Foreign relations 10294: 10293: 10281:Amami Oshima Sign 10062:National language 10021: 10020: 9959: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9898: 9897: 9790:Japanese dialects 9771:Japonic languages 9737: 9736: 9441:Verb conjugations 9420: 9419: 9088: 9087: 8969:Japonic languages 8915: 8914: 8907:Okinawan Japanese 8471:Japanese language 8349:978-0-19-938465-5 8307:Martin, Samuel E. 8222:978-0-8248-3278-0 8114:978-90-04-09081-1 8107:. Leiden: BRILL. 8086:978-3-447-05247-4 7987:Subject and topic 7963:978-0-8048-1579-6 7954:Tuttle Publishing 7929:978-90-272-4809-1 7897:978-0-521-65320-6 7871:978-0-231-11569-8 7867:978-0-231-11568-1 7832:Subject and topic 7513:978-4-09-387703-9 7475:978-4-09-402716-7 7411:JapanVisitor.com. 7193:Kuwashii Japanese 7105:, pp. 30–31. 7058:978-90-272-4809-1 6986:978-1-4629-0266-8 6933:978-0-521-36255-9 6351:978-0-19-954583-4 6281:, pp. 25–31. 6199:(27th ed., 2024) 5600: 5568:Article 1 of the 5116:("unification"). 5033:Classical Chinese 4973: 4972: 4597:Meiji Restoration 4160:of the sentence. 4095:sushi ga ii desu. 3739:"become strange", 3415:"There's a cat", 3339:Pan o tabenakatta 3288:Dōshite konai-no? 3004:(contracted from 2955:Transliteration: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2589:"social status". 2542: 2541: 2150: 2149: 2035: 1988:Malayo-Polynesian 1900:Okinawan Japanese 1829: 1828: 1705:Kagoshima dialect 1701:Toyama Prefecture 1693:Nagano Prefecture 1640:Japanese dialects 1518:Meiji Restoration 1476:national language 1451:(particularly in 1323:Japanese dialects 1164:Chinese loanwords 1149:literary standard 1136:The Tale of Genji 909:Classical Chinese 864:Japanese dialects 526:Japanese diaspora 524:, and within the 522:national language 495:[ɲihoŋɡo] 472: 471: 454:rendering support 450:phonetic symbols. 408: excluding 229:Japanese dialects 104:[ɲihoŋɡo] 32:Javanese language 18:Japanese Language 16:(Redirected from 11611: 11556: 11555: 11548:Japan portal 11546: 11545: 11544: 11461:National symbols 11180: 11179: 11114: 11113: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10817: 10816: 10751:Economic miracle 10553:Muromachi period 10363: 10362: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10298: 10297: 10253:Creole languages 10048: 10041: 10034: 10025: 10024: 9980: 9909: 9908: 9832: 9831: 9823: 9822: 9764: 9757: 9750: 9741: 9740: 9680:Polivanov system 9541:Honorific speech 9436:Japanese grammar 9099: 9098: 8974: 8973: 8515: 8514: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8431:Japanese edition 8427: 8426: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8353: 8341: 8324: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8203:Vovin, Alexander 8152: 8133:. Graduate Level 8118: 8099: 8090: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7967: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7796: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7720: 7713: 7705: 7694: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7645: 7632: 7631: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7604: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7459: 7453: 7418: 7412: 7401:History of Japan 7397: 7391: 7376: 7370: 7355: 7349: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7169: 7162: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6862: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6833: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6760: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6657: 6651: 6640: 6634: 6623: 6617: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6472: 6466: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6406: 6395: 6386: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6327: 6321: 6312: 6303: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6231: 6226:. Archived from 6213: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6188: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6107: 6005:Japanese exonyms 5995:Culture of Japan 5984: 5979: 5978: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5602: 5601: 5582: 5549:(38.7%) and the 5503:Non-native study 5494: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5266: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5049: 5007: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4845: 4822: 4821: 4818:Japanese Braille 4762: 4761: 4760: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4623: 4566:Anglo-Saxon word 4502: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4399:or infrequently 4398: 4397: 4396: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4169:yonjū-ni sai da. 4146:yonjū-ni sai da. 4109:is hidden under 4090: 4089: 4088: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4051:will (you) eat?" 4040: 4039: 4038: 4017: 4016: 4015: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3864:"Please give it 3857: 3856: 3855: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3743:and by changing 3735: 3734: 3733: 3698:"so-called" and 3677:"He's strange." 3673: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3632:"that mountain". 3628: 3627: 3626: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3417:Ii kangae-ga nai 3375:(polite) is the 3348: 3347: 3346: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3197:Tanaka-san-tachi 3182: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3084:, more formally 3083: 3082: 3081: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3035: 3034: 3033: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2896:) " jealous !". 2895: 2894: 2893: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2745:this section by 2736:inline citations 2715: 2714: 2707: 2703:Japanese grammar 2692: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2624: 2613: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2551: 2537: 2531: 2516: 2509: 2479: 2463: 2451: 2442: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2369: 2348: 2342: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2295: 2286: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2207: 2206: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2144: 2128: 2119: 2105: 2096: 2065: 2062: 2036: 1945:language isolate 1933:Japonic language 1833:language islands 1737: 1729: 1581: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1534: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1467:Japanese has no 1288:o-hayō gozaimasu 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1210:Muromachi period 1184:closed syllables 1055: 1051: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1004: 999: 998: 993: 992: 987: 986: 981: 980: 975: 974: 969: 968: 963: 962: 957: 956: 926: 918: 891: 884:A page from the 814:Chinese numerals 803: 802: 798: 788: 787: 782: 781: 776: 768: 767: 762: 761: 756: 740: 734: 733: 727: 689:, primarily for 592:standard dialect 537:Hachijō language 507: 505: 504: 503: 497: 491: 483: 482: 440: 426: Japanesic 425: 407: 391: 384: 375: 374: 366: 357: 356: 348: 290: 276:Japanese Braille 242: 160: 115: 114: 113: 112: 106: 90: 78: 68: 62: 61: 60: 59: 46: 45: 21: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11562: 11542: 11540: 11528: 11348:Class S (genre) 11300: 11276:Sex trafficking 11251:Life expectancy 11187:Anti-monarchism 11165: 11095: 11038: 11005:List of members 10985:Law enforcement 10898: 10802: 10774: 10726:Mukden Incident 10687: 10645:Meiji oligarchy 10625:Empire of Japan 10596: 10526:Kamakura period 10509: 10434: 10352: 10334: 10325: 10295: 10290: 10264: 10248: 10232:Zainichi Korean 10158: 10080: 10057: 10052: 10022: 10017: 9951: 9928: 9894: 9873: 9812: 9801: 9773: 9768: 9738: 9733: 9686: 9631:Transliteration 9626: 9602:Sound symbolism 9578: 9560:Role language ( 9519:from Portuguese 9451:Irregular verbs 9429: 9427: 9416: 9365:Kana Supplement 9360:Kana Extended-B 9355:Kana Extended-A 9278: 9254:Historical kana 9220: 9162: 9141:by stroke count 9132:Kanji radicals 9126:by stroke count 9084: 8997: 8963: 8939:Hawaiian Creole 8911: 8888: 8811: 8685: 8504: 8473: 8468: 8438: 8428: 8423: 8421: 8417:from Wiktionary 8411: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8397:sister projects 8394:at Knowledge's 8375: 8363: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8321: 8296: 8294: 8277: 8275: 8258: 8256: 8245: 8243:Further reading 8240: 8232: 8230: 8223: 8149: 8115: 8087: 8061:The Japan Times 8052: 8004: 7964: 7939: 7937: 7930: 7907: 7905: 7898: 7855:Wayback Machine 7804: 7799: 7788: 7784: 7775: 7773: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7750: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7697: 7691:Wayback Machine 7681:, 14 May 2011. 7673: 7669: 7646: 7635: 7620: 7616: 7605: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7567: 7563: 7553: 7551: 7536: 7532: 7523: 7521: 7514: 7504: 7498: 7494: 7485: 7483: 7476: 7466: 7460: 7456: 7452:), Vols. 26/27. 7430:Wayback Machine 7419: 7415: 7409:Wayback Machine 7398: 7394: 7388:Wayback Machine 7377: 7373: 7369:JapanGuide.com. 7367:Wayback Machine 7356: 7352: 7346:Wayback Machine 7335: 7331: 7324: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7297: 7295: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7253: 7249: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7141: 7139: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7076: 7074: 7059: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6996: 6994: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6958: 6956: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6891:The Daily Beast 6882: 6878: 6863: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6758: 6756: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6731: 6724:The Japan Times 6716: 6712: 6702: 6700: 6695:. Ben Bullock. 6689: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6649:Wayback Machine 6641: 6637: 6632:Wayback Machine 6624: 6620: 6614:Wayback Machine 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6560: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6535: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6510: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6463:Wayback Machine 6452:Wayback Machine 6441:Wayback Machine 6423: 6419: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6374: 6370: 6361: 6359: 6352: 6328: 6324: 6315:Frellesvig 2010 6313: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6291:Frellesvig 2010 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6267:Frellesvig 2010 6265: 6261: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6158: 6154: 6141: 6137: 6124: 6120: 6108: 6104: 6099: 5982:Language portal 5980: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5869: 5861: 5853: 5845: 5837: 5829: 5821: 5813: 5805: 5797: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5733: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5629: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5596: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5566: 5511: 5505: 5484: 5467: 5459: 5434: 5417: 5400: 5379: 5362: 5345: 5328: 5284: 5267: 5255: 5249: 5236: 5224: 5208: 5182: 5106: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4853: 4820: 4812:Main articles: 4810: 4756: 4685: 4666: 4639: 4624: 4587:during Japan's 4512:sound symbolism 4496: 4484: 4457: 4446: 4424: 4416: 4400: 4392: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4332: 4320:Main articles: 4318: 4233: 4221: 4205: 4184: 4178: 4081: 4057: 4031: 4024:accusative case 4011: 3983: 3963: 3943: 3917: 3880: 3848: 3828: 3806: 3799:nominative case 3786: 3759: 3751:in the case of 3729: 3721:in the case of 3679: 3675:Kare wa hen da. 3667: 3666: 3663:Gohan ga atsui. 3655: 3622: 3605: 3590: 3583:. For example, 3561: 3546: 3533: 3514: 3503: 3492: 3484: 3461: 3362:Dekakete-mo ii? 3342: 3326: 3314: 3299: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3121: 3100: 3085: 3077: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3010:majestic plural 2993: 2981: 2969: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2917: 2905: 2902:oshiete moratta 2889: 2877: 2842: 2831:Tanaka-san desu 2806: 2801:. For example, 2780: 2771: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2740: 2726:related reading 2716: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2689: 2677: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2224: 2205: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2055:. Adapted from 2045: 2038:Spoken Japanese 2031: 2029: 2023: 2015:creole language 1929: 1923: 1831:There are some 1774:Maniwa, Okayama 1769:Kanagi, Shimane 1721:Keio University 1685:Tōhoku dialects 1656:, inflectional 1642: 1636: 1565: 1547: 1520: 1499: 1486: 1469:official status 1465: 1463:Official status 1431:(especially in 1391:those countries 1367: 1326: 1319: 1317:Modern Japanese 1206:Kamakura period 1202: 1196: 1129:A 12th-century 1123: 1117: 1043: 1039: 894:Japanese poetry 878: 872: 833: 828: 822: 810:Arabic numerals 728: 625:Japanese is an 602:region (modern 594:moved from the 514:Japanese people 499: 498: 477: 452:Without proper 436: 421: 420: 403: 387: 380: 370: 369: 362: 352: 351: 344: 334: 326: 308: 301:Official status 295:Signed Japanese 291: 286: 280: 243: 238: 217: 182: 175: 161: 158:Language family 156: 147: 146:Native speakers 108: 107: 101: 93: 92: 55: 54: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11617: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11560: 11550: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11479: 11470: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11405: 11403:Henohenomoheji 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11316: 11310: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11236: 11235: 11234: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11079:Prime Minister 11076: 11071: 11069:Foreign policy 11066: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11048: 11046: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11014: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10953: 10948: 10946:Imperial House 10943: 10942: 10941: 10931: 10926: 10920: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10854:Extreme points 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10695: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10575:Sengoku period 10572: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10560: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10523: 10517: 10515: 10514:Post-Classical 10511: 10510: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10442: 10440: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10369: 10367: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10324: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10301: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10272: 10270: 10269:Sign languages 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10172: 10166: 10164: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10099: 10094: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10028: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10004: 10003: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9981: 9973: 9967: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9938: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9892: 9887: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9849:Southern Amami 9846: 9840: 9838: 9829: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9744: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9707: 9702: 9696: 9694: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9557: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9502: 9497: 9491:Native words ( 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9432: 9430: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9172: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9138: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9096: 9094:Writing system 9090: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9007: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8949:Pseudo-Chinese 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8929:Bamboo English 8925: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8902:Amami Japanese 8898: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8886: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8823: 8821: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8713: 8697: 8695: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8531: 8525: 8523: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8467: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8437: 8436: 8419: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8381: 8374: 8373:External links 8371: 8370: 8369: 8354: 8348: 8325: 8319: 8303: 8284: 8265: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8221: 8199: 8184: 8161: 8147: 8134: 8119: 8113: 8100: 8091: 8085: 8072: 8046: 8031: 8024: 7998: 7983: 7968: 7962: 7945: 7928: 7913: 7896: 7881: 7843: 7828: 7817: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7782: 7757: 7732: 7695: 7667: 7656:(2): 225–247. 7633: 7614: 7592: 7561: 7544:sci.lang.japan 7530: 7512: 7492: 7474: 7454: 7413: 7392: 7371: 7350: 7329: 7322: 7304: 7274: 7247: 7234:10.2307/489122 7210: 7180: 7148: 7119: 7115:Shibatani 1990 7107: 7095: 7083: 7057: 7041:Proto-Japanese 7027: 7015: 7003: 6985: 6965: 6939: 6932: 6908: 6876: 6873:(1): 4, 5, 18. 6852: 6820: 6795: 6769: 6740: 6710: 6691:Bullock, Ben. 6680: 6652: 6635: 6618: 6599: 6567: 6542: 6517: 6492: 6467: 6417: 6381: 6375:Miura, Akira, 6368: 6350: 6322: 6304: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6243: 6208: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6152: 6135: 6118: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6056: 6045:Japanese words 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5971: 5955: 5952: 5934: 5926: 5918: 5910: 5902: 5894: 5886: 5878: 5870: 5862: 5854: 5846: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5814: 5806: 5798: 5790: 5782: 5774: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5662: 5654: 5646: 5638: 5630: 5622: 5621: 5610: 5604: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5565: 5562: 5507:Main article: 5504: 5501: 5458: 5455: 5322:for women and 5251:Main article: 5248: 5245: 5207: 5204: 5181: 5178: 5174:jinmeiyō kanji 5165:jinmeiyō kanji 4977: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4809: 4808:Writing system 4806: 4646:, "chemistry") 4589:long isolation 4317: 4314: 4180:Main article: 4177: 4174: 4115: 4114: 4078: 4077: 4053: 4052: 4028: 4027: 4007: 4006: 3981: 3960: 3959: 3939: 3938: 3933:"Won't you go 3914: 3913: 3902: 3901: 3896:"I want to go 3870: 3869: 3845: 3844: 3824: 3823: 3803: 3802: 3777:, also called 3653: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3541:atsuku nakatta 3426:, polite form 3352:The so-called 3187:usually means 3120: 3117: 3006:vuestra merced 2950:驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 2945: 2786:. Unlike many 2779: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2730:external links 2719: 2717: 2710: 2701:Main article: 2698: 2695: 2540: 2539: 2526: 2525:Special moras 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2437:) ( 2429: 2416: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2385:) ( 2377: 2370:) ( 2362: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2319: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2044: 2041: 2025:Main article: 2022: 2019: 1941:Ryukyu Islands 1939:spoken in the 1925:Main article: 1922: 1921:Classification 1919: 1904:Ryukyu Islands 1853:Kansai dialect 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1779:Kagoshima City 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1754:Tatsuta, Aichi 1751: 1746: 1741: 1638:Main article: 1635: 1632: 1464: 1461: 1366: 1363: 1338:Kansai dialect 1318: 1315: 1305:("bread") and 1198:Main article: 1195: 1192: 1119:Main article: 1116: 1113: 1041: 1037: 874:Main article: 871: 868: 832: 829: 821: 818: 806:numeral system 643:phonemic vowel 598:region to the 512:spoken by the 470: 469: 456:, you may see 442: 441: 434: 428: 427: 401: 393: 392: 385: 377: 376: 367: 359: 358: 349: 341: 340: 339:Language codes 336: 335: 333: 332: 321: 311: 309: 306: 303: 302: 298: 297: 292: 285: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 246: 244: 240:Writing system 237: 234: 233: 232: 231: 223: 219: 218: 216: 215: 214: 213: 212: 211: 210: 209: 185: 183: 180: 177: 176: 174: 173: 164: 162: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 131: 127: 126: 121: 120:Native to 117: 116: 99: 95: 94: 80: 79: 71: 70: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11616: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11559: 11551: 11549: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11480: 11478: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11136:Manufacturing 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11092: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11064:Fiscal policy 11062: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10990:National Diet 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10974: 10973:Supreme Court 10971: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10777: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10482: 10481:Hakuhō period 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10437: 10429: 10428:Imperial Navy 10426: 10424: 10423:Imperial Army 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10317: 10315: 10310: 10308: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10287: 10286:Miyakubo Sign 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10260:Bonin English 10258: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10237:Sakhalin Ainu 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10092:Hokkaido Ainu 10090: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10044: 10042: 10037: 10035: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9982: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9971:Proto-Japonic 9969: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9934:Macro-Yaeyama 9931: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9808: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9765: 9760: 9758: 9753: 9751: 9746: 9745: 9742: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9675:Cyrillization 9673: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9663:Wāpuro rōmaji 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9493:yamato kotoba 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9481:Counter words 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9423: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9216:Kana ligature 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111:Script reform 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8934:Bonin English 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8721: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478:Earlier forms 8476: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8453: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8433: 8432: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8393: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8320:0-300-01813-4 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8292: 8291: 8285: 8273: 8272: 8266: 8254: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8196:0-631-20504-7 8193: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8181:0-631-19856-3 8178: 8174: 8173:0-631-19855-5 8170: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8158:0-521-36918-5 8155: 8150: 8148:0-521-36070-6 8144: 8140: 8135: 8132: 8131:0-12-640030-X 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8078: 8073: 8070: 8069:4-7890-0338-8 8066: 8062: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043:0-295-95766-2 8040: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8021:0-89346-149-0 8018: 8017:4-590-00570-0 8014: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7995:0-12-447350-4 7992: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7980:0-262-11049-0 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7914: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7840:0-12-447350-4 7837: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7794: 7793: 7792:National Post 7786: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7717: 7710: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7679:Mills College 7676: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7610: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7505: 7496: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7467: 7458: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7438:Shiro Hattori 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7325: 7323:4-09-501407-5 7319: 7308: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7116: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7087: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7023:Robbeets 2005 7019: 7013:, p. 20. 7012: 7011:Robbeets 2005 7007: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6969: 6955:on 2019-01-07 6954: 6950: 6943: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6912: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6837: 6830: 6824: 6805: 6799: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6507:on 2020-02-12 6506: 6502: 6496: 6482:on 2012-11-19 6481: 6477: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6372: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6299: 6293:, p. 24. 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6269:, p. 11. 6268: 6263: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6232:on 2022-01-03 6230: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6161: 6160:Shoku Nihongi 6156: 6144: 6139: 6127: 6122: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6020:Japanese name 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5972: 5969: 5958: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5921: 5916: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5841: 5836: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5809: 5804: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5716: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5692: 5689: 5684: 5681: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5652: 5649: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5618: 5616: 5592: 5575: 5574:in Japanese: 5573: 5572: 5561: 5559: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5482: 5473: 5465: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5423: 5415: 5406: 5398: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5368: 5360: 5351: 5343: 5334: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5282: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5115: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5009: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4637: 4631:, "politics") 4622: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4579:, began with 4578: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524:Ainu language 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4494: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4414: 4410: 4390: 4389: 4388:yamato kotoba 4383: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4336:yamato kotoba 4331: 4327: 4323: 4322:Yamato kotoba 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284:as a prefix. 4283: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244:"go" becomes 4243: 4231: 4219: 4215: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097:(literally) " 4096: 4094: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4009: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3956:genitive case 3953: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3862:agete kudasai 3861: 3860:Tanaka-san ni 3853: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3775:postpositions 3770: 3769:"become hot". 3768: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3738: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3664: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3599: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3555: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3501: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3340: 3336: 3324: 3323:Pan o tabenai 3312: 3307: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3203:"people" and 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3098: 3093: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2943: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2914:oshiete ageta 2903: 2897: 2887: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:hana ga nagai 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2804: 2800: 2799:topic–comment 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2769: 2766: 2758: 2755:November 2013 2748: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2687: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2645:in the coda ( 2644: 2628: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2571: 2560: 2555: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2006:, especially 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Tibeto-Burman 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950:According to 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868:Amami Islands 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845:Kansai region 1842: 1838: 1834: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1759:Kumamoto City 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1646: 1641: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1577: 1560: 1559: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1498: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:United States 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409:United States 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1047: 1034: 951: 947: 942: 940: 939: 935:, which uses 934: 930: 925: 924: 917: 916: 910: 906: 902: 895: 890: 889: 882: 877: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 852:Ainu language 849: 845: 841: 837: 836:Proto-Japonic 827: 817: 815: 811: 807: 797: 792: 775: 774: 755: 754: 748: 744: 738: 726: 725: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 667:topic–comment 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627:agglutinative 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 502: 496: 490: 489: 476: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 449: 443: 439: 435: 433: 429: 424: 419: 415: 411: 406: 402: 400: 399: 394: 390: 386: 383: 378: 373: 368: 365: 360: 355: 350: 347: 342: 337: 330: 329:Angaur Island 325: 322: 319: 318: 313: 312: 310: 304: 299: 296: 293: 289: 283: 277: 274: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:Mixed scripts 248: 247: 245: 241: 235: 230: 226: 225: 224: 220: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 195: 194: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187:Proto-Japonic 184: 178: 172: 169: 168: 167: 163: 159: 153: 149: 143: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 111: 105: 100: 98:Pronunciation 96: 89: 84: 77: 72: 67: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 11504:Tea ceremony 11481: 11475: / 11467:No-pan kissa 11465: 11436:Martial arts 11426:LGBT culture 11328:Architecture 11321: / 11266:Prostitution 11243: 11232:Homelessness 11202:Demographics 11126:Central bank 10956:Human rights 10924:Constitution 10779:Contemporary 10601:Early Modern 10505:Heian period 10493:Monmu period 10488:Taika Reform 10466:Asuka period 10461:Kofun period 10456:Yayoi period 10451:Jōmon period 10107:Amami Ōshima 10068: 9984:Old Japanese 9784: 9668:In Esperanto 9638:Romanization 9592:Pitch accent 9574:Dictionaries 9561: 9553:nyōbō kotoba 9552: 9506: 9505:Loan words ( 9492: 9476:Topic marker 9390:ARIB STD B24 9136:by frequency 9016:Amami Ōshima 8893: 8882: 8841: 8827: 8817: 8805: 8792:East San'in 8776: 8752: 8723: 8701: 8691: 8627: 8578: 8534: 8519: 8500:Early Modern 8490:Early Middle 8470: 8434:of Knowledge 8429: 8412: 8391: 8362:. Retrieved 8329: 8310: 8295:. Retrieved 8289: 8276:. Retrieved 8270: 8257:. Retrieved 8251: 8231:. Retrieved 8207: 8187: 8164: 8138: 8122: 8104: 8095: 8076: 8049: 8034: 8027: 8001: 7986: 7971: 7949: 7938:. Retrieved 7918: 7906:. Retrieved 7886: 7858: 7831: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7809: 7790: 7785: 7774:. Retrieved 7760: 7749:. Retrieved 7735: 7723:. Retrieved 7670: 7653: 7649: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7608: 7583:. Retrieved 7574: 7564: 7552:. Retrieved 7543: 7533: 7522:. Retrieved 7503:韓vs日「偽史ワールド」 7495: 7484:. Retrieved 7457: 7449: 7446:Gengo kenkyu 7445: 7441: 7416: 7395: 7390:MSN Encarta. 7374: 7353: 7332: 7307: 7296:. Retrieved 7287: 7277: 7265:. Retrieved 7250: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7201:. Retrieved 7192: 7183: 7172:. Retrieved 7151: 7140:. Retrieved 7132:ResearchGate 7131: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7075:. Retrieved 7040: 7030: 7018: 7006: 6995:. Retrieved 6975: 6968: 6957:. Retrieved 6953:the original 6942: 6918: 6911: 6899:. Retrieved 6890: 6879: 6870: 6866: 6843:. Retrieved 6823: 6811:. Retrieved 6798: 6786:. Retrieved 6772: 6764: 6757:. Retrieved 6743: 6732:. Retrieved 6723: 6713: 6701:. Retrieved 6671:. Retrieved 6655: 6638: 6621: 6602: 6590:. Retrieved 6579: 6570: 6559:. Retrieved 6545: 6534:. Retrieved 6520: 6509:. Retrieved 6505:the original 6495: 6484:. Retrieved 6480:the original 6470: 6420: 6409:. Retrieved 6397: 6384: 6376: 6371: 6360:. Retrieved 6332: 6325: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6246: 6234:. Retrieved 6229:the original 6221: 6211: 6194: 6186: 6155: 6138: 6121: 6110:Book of Song 6105: 5968:Japan portal 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5843:sazukerarete 5612: 5569: 5567: 5564:Example text 5555: 5524: 5516:World War II 5512: 5496: 5460: 5450: 5446: 5391: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5256: 5232: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5184: 5183: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5138:kyōiku kanji 5136: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5101: 5098:Latin script 5083: 5079: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5030: 4984:, by way of 4979: 4767: 4763: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4613: 4576: 4570: 4560: 4554: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4516:onomatopoeia 4505: 4492: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4454: 4440: 4431:, i.e. the " 4412: 4386: 4384: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4333: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4214:inflectional 4201: 4199: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4084: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4056: 4048: 4045:tabemasu ka? 4042: 4041: 4034: 4018: 4010: 4002: 4001:"(I) like go 3999:ga suki desu 3996: 3995:Sukī-ni iku 3994: 3987: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3950: 3942: 3935:to the party 3934: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3871: 3866:to Mx Tanaka 3865: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3835: 3827: 3822:"He did it." 3817: 3816: 3809: 3793: 3785: 3772: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3674: 3662: 3654: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3629: 3616: 3612: 3597: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3556:"a hot day". 3553: 3540: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3510: 3499: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3351: 3338: 3334: 3322: 3311:Pan o taberu 3310: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3172: 3161:counter word 3148: 3136: 3124: 3122: 3112: 3108: 3096: 3094: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2963: 2956: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2913: 2901: 2898: 2886:Urayamashii! 2885: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2838: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2802: 2796: 2781: 2761: 2752: 2741:Please help 2733: 2674:pitch accent 2671: 2659: 2643:moraic nasal 2619:phonotactics 2616: 2591: 2543: 2423: 2343: 2326: 2313: 2154:vowel length 2151: 2012: 2008:Austronesian 1994:, including 1949: 1930: 1908: 1892:Meiji period 1888:Heian period 1881: 1861: 1830: 1789:Himi, Toyama 1784:Kiso, Nagano 1749:Ōgata, Kōchi 1733:Kanto region 1725:Kanto region 1711:dialect (in 1699:dialect (in 1675:In terms of 1674: 1654:pitch accent 1651: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596:World War II 1591: 1587: 1583: 1545: 1540: 1513: 1509: 1496: 1483: 1472: 1466: 1453:Davao Region 1439:(notably in 1395: 1371:World War II 1368: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1333: 1327: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:for earlier 1263: 1259: 1258:for earlier 1255: 1251: 1246:merges with 1221: 1203: 1179: 1175: 1160:phonological 1157: 1145:Heian period 1142: 1134: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081:mediopassive 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1058: 949: 943: 936: 928: 898: 876:Old Japanese 870:Old Japanese 856:Old Japanese 844:Yayoi period 834: 808:uses mostly 791:Latin script 739:characters') 711: 685:. Verbs are 661:marking the 651:pitch-accent 635:phonotactics 624: 568:Heian period 564:Old Japanese 561: 549:Austronesian 530: 528:worldwide. 487: 474: 473: 445: 432:Linguasphere 396: 315: 288:Signed forms 192:Old Japanese 170: 43: 11519:Video games 11261:Pornography 10869:Prefectures 10849:Environment 10844:Earthquakes 10829:Archipelago 10736:Pacific War 10692:Late Modern 10500:Nara period 10446:Paleolithic 10137:Tokunoshima 9859:Tokunoshima 9648:Nihon-shiki 9531:Wasei-kango 9466:Possessives 9426:Grammar and 9259:Modern kana 9244:Punctuation 9225:Orthography 9046:Tokunoshima 8658:Gifu-Aichi 8628:Tōkai–Tōsan 8495:Late Middle 8414:Definitions 7802:Works cited 7267:January 16, 7228:(1): 3–33. 6528:. Mla.org. 6456:2005 census 6279:Seeley 1991 6145:Chapter 30: 6143:Nihon shoki 6128:Chapter 30: 6126:Nihon shoki 5923:shinakereba 5659:umarenagara 5551:Philippines 5535:video games 5457:Kogal slang 5094:syllabaries 4835:Calligraphy 4683:sukinshippu 4616:wasei kango 4595:. With the 4308:'water' as 4302:o-tomodachi 4152:Absence of 3841:dative case 3767:atsuku naru 3737:hen ni naru 3702:"amazing". 3598:hen na hito 3528:is also an 3491:) (such as 3477:conjugating 3436:benkyō suru 3434:"to cook", 3413:Neko ga iru 3296:O-namae wa? 3018:vossa mercê 2821:. The verb 2747:introducing 2669:consonant. 2662:assimilates 2554:palatalized 2057:Okada (1999 2053:vowel chart 1980:Ural-Altaic 1795:Percentage 1530:meiji ishin 1449:Philippines 1447:), and the 1387:Philippines 1101:shimo-nidan 1030:(ro). (The 743:syllabaries 720:, known as 460:instead of 181:Early forms 11573:Categories 11509:Television 11431:Literature 11393:Hikikomori 11314:Aesthetics 11192:Censorship 11074:Ministries 11044:Government 10758:Heisei era 10741:Occupation 10699:Taishō era 10660:Boshin War 10640:Government 10608:Edo period 10521:Genpei War 10471:Taihō Code 10243:Kuril Ainu 10227:Vietnamese 10222:Indonesian 10170:Portuguese 10132:Okinoerabu 9864:Okinoerabu 9692:Literature 9562:yakuwarigo 9546:Honorifics 9526:Wasei-eigo 9514:from Dutch 9461:Adjectives 9428:vocabulary 9206:Hentaigana 9201:Man'yōgana 9041:Okinoerabu 8745:Okuyoshino 8364:2009-05-13 8233:2015-10-18 7940:2022-03-26 7908:2021-11-17 7847:"Japanese" 7776:2022-01-07 7751:2022-01-07 7630:(2): 277–. 7524:2020-08-23 7486:2020-08-23 7298:2016-03-26 7174:2017-09-28 7142:2019-03-28 7091:Vovin 2010 7077:2017-12-20 6997:2020-11-12 6959:2019-10-24 6734:2020-06-17 6673:9 November 6561:2012-11-20 6536:2012-11-20 6511:2013-02-01 6486:2012-11-20 6411:2019-06-01 6362:2021-10-14 6317:, p. 6253:, p. 6196:Ethnologue 6174:References 6081:Yojijukugo 6053:Wiktionary 5615:media help 5221:Ōsutoraria 5192:conjugated 5170:jōyō kanji 5160:Jōyō kanji 5153:jōyō kanji 5149:jōyō kanji 5144:jōyō kanji 5129:tōyō kanji 5123:jōyō kanji 5092:; and two 5052:man'yōgana 4945:Vietnamese 4804:for more. 4764:jinrikisha 4659:wasei-eigo 4593:Edo period 4423:or rarely 4316:Vocabulary 4176:Politeness 4165:Ikeda-san 4142:Ikeda-san 4093:Watashi wa 3974:watashi no 3931:ikanai ka? 3723:keiyōdōshi 3707:keiyōdōshi 3644:keiyōdōshi 3587:(strange) 3579:, usually 3569:keiyōdōshi 3522:atsuku nai 3432:ryōri suru 3407:(negative 3399:(negative 3345:パンを食べなかった。 3264:ii desu-ka 3240:tabete iru 3216:conjugated 3214:Verbs are 3185:Tanaka-san 2809:こちらは田中さんです 2667:homorganic 2546:allophones 2203:Consonants 1915:mass media 1764:Osaka City 1744:Kyoto City 1662:vocabulary 1658:morphology 1445:California 1330:Edo period 1311:Portuguese 1230:merges to 1218:Franciscan 1190:language. 1188:mora-timed 1168:consonants 1133:scroll of 933:Man'yōgana 860:comparison 831:Prehistory 697:, but not 687:conjugated 639:pure vowel 11483:Otokonoko 11451:Mythology 11363:Festivals 11286:Sexuality 11239:Languages 11212:Etiquette 11207:Education 11156:Transport 10968:Judiciary 10929:Elections 10839:Districts 10824:Addresses 10812:Geography 10786:Reiwa era 10716:Shōwa era 10630:Meiji era 10620:Bakumatsu 10543:Genkō War 10403:Education 10366:Overviews 10212:Esperanto 10180:Cantonese 9584:Phonology 9471:Particles 9410:Half/Full 9340:Shift JIS 9269:Yotsugana 9249:Kanazukai 9191:Okurigana 9103:Logograms 8715:Shiramine 8560:Southern 8540:Northern 8059:. Tokyo: 7879:474656178 7725:6 January 7440:. (1954) 7067:0304-0763 6901:4 October 6434:Ethnologe 6179:Citations 5553:(54.4%). 5545:(34.1%), 5541:(20.5%), 5539:Australia 5529:(such as 5307:(such as 5217:syllabary 5196:okurigana 5090:morphemes 5086:loanwords 5075:Manyogana 4964:Mongolian 4852:By script 4557:registers 4540:sea otter 4298:tomodachi 4250:irassharu 4194:uchi-soto 4099:As for me 3905:However, 3779:particles 3684:rentaishi 3648:predicate 3613:rentaishi 3511:atsukatta 3387:(plain), 3371:(plain), 3367:The word 3209:tomodachi 3189:Mx Tanaka 3038:watakushi 3008:, "your ( 2976:"lord"), 2792:particles 2495:Semivowel 2405:Fricative 2358:Affricate 2021:Phonology 1998:, and to 1984:Mon–Khmer 1911:education 1872:Kagoshima 1670:consonant 1433:Vancouver 1425:Australia 1421:Argentina 1355:intānetto 1024:(yo) and 888:Man'yōshū 716:combines 659:particles 647:consonant 616:loanwords 606:) in the 576:phonology 418:Kagoshima 398:Glottolog 382:ISO 639-3 364:ISO 639-2 346:ISO 639-1 130:Ethnicity 11558:Category 11373:Folklore 11271:Religion 11244:Japanese 11217:Gambling 11027:Maritime 10908:Politics 10889:Villages 10570:Ōnin War 10413:Military 10398:Economic 10332:articles 10276:Nihonshu 10195:Mandarin 10147:Yonaguni 10127:Okinawan 10117:Kunigami 10102:Ryukyuan 10074:Variants 10069:Japanese 9947:Yonaguni 9919:Miyakoan 9912:Miyakoan 9904:Southern 9890:Okinawan 9878:Okinawan 9827:Northern 9818:Ryukyuan 9785:Japanese 9778:Japanese 9507:gairaigo 9486:Numerals 9456:Pronouns 9395:Enclosed 9375:Katakana 9350:Hiragana 9346:Unicode 9301:ISO/IEC 9283:Encoding 9186:Furigana 9181:Katakana 9176:Hiragana 9078:Yonaguni 9058:Southern 9036:Okinawan 9031:Kunigami 9011:Northern 9003:Ryukyuan 8944:Kyowa-go 8875:Tsushima 8865:Nagasaki 8860:Kumamoto 8848:Chikuzen 8712:Kanazawa 8702:Hokuriku 8637:Shizuoka 8604:Eastern 8593:Kanagawa 8584:Western 8529:Hokkaidō 8510:Dialects 8392:Japanese 8309:(1975). 8227:Archived 8205:(2010). 8007:口語日本文法便覧 7934:Archived 7902:Archived 7851:Archived 7821:Language 7770:Archived 7745:Archived 7716:Archived 7687:Archived 7579:Archived 7575:Omniglot 7548:Archived 7518:Archived 7480:Archived 7426:Archived 7405:Archived 7384:Archived 7363:Archived 7342:Archived 7292:Archived 7261:Archived 7197:Archived 7165:Archived 7136:Archived 7071:Archived 6991:Archived 6895:Archived 6845:4 August 6836:Archived 6813:22 March 6788:July 11, 6759:4 August 6753:Archived 6728:Archived 6697:Archived 6667:Archived 6645:Archived 6628:Archived 6610:Archived 6586:Archived 6555:Archived 6530:Archived 6459:Archived 6448:Archived 6437:Archived 6402:Archived 6356:Archived 6191:Japanese 5954:See also 5946:naranai. 5931:naranai. 5543:Thailand 5447:danseigo 5301:danseigo 5281:danseigo 5212:Katakana 5206:Katakana 5200:furigana 5186:Hiragana 5180:Hiragana 5071:katakana 5067:hiragana 5025:Katakana 5021:Hiragana 4940:Japanese 4919:Georgian 4902:Cyrillic 4827:a series 4825:Part of 4773:sayonara 4752:rickshaw 4732:kamikaze 4702:skinship 4664:wanpatān 4577:gairaigo 4545:shishamo 4532:reindeer 4520:abstract 4493:konshugo 4480:gairaigo 4407:, i.e. " 4372:gairaigo 4330:Gairaigo 4218:sonkeigo 4216:system, 4202:teineigo 4200:Whereas 4087:寿司がいいです。 4022:for the 4005:skiing." 3976:kamera " 3954:for the 3898:to Japan 3892:Nihon ni 3839:for the 3797:for the 3753:keiyōshi 3711:keiyōshi 3700:taishita 3694:"this", 3640:keiyōshi 3630:ano yama 3554:atsui hi 3469:keiyōshi 3440:tobidasu 3329:パンを食べない。 3292:Kore wa? 3236:kite iru 3205:wareware 3201:hitobito 3173:hitobito 2938:But one 2862:pronouns 2857:"nose". 2223:Alveolo- 2218:Alveolar 2213:Bilabial 2174:katakana 2166:hiragana 1866:and the 1740:Dialect 1717:phonemes 1707:and the 1541:Hyōjungo 1537:Yamanote 1514:kyōtsūgo 1510:Hyōjungo 1497:kyōtsūgo 1484:hyōjungo 1480:standard 1473:de facto 1455:and the 1334:de facto 1296:medetaku 1292:o-medetō 1208:and the 1093:kikoyuru 1083:suffix - 773:katakana 753:hiragana 683:articles 641:system, 553:Koreanic 475:Japanese 466:Help:IPA 438:45-CAA-a 423:japa1256 405:nucl1643 317:de facto 270:Katakana 266:Hiragana 222:Dialects 171:Japanese 134:Japanese 49:Japanese 11514:Theatre 11489:Origami 11416:Irezumi 11411:Ikebana 11378:Gardens 11353:Cuisine 11306:Culture 11291:Smoking 11227:Housing 11175:Society 11109:Economy 11052:Cabinet 10934:Emperor 10874:Regions 10859:Islands 10746:Postwar 10674:(noble) 10439:Ancient 10386:Shoguns 10358:History 10348:Outline 10217:Turkish 10207:Russian 10202:English 10190:Hoochew 10185:Hokkien 10175:Chinese 10142:Yaeyama 10097:Hachijō 9964:History 9942:Yaeyama 9797:Hachijō 9710:Writers 9643:Hepburn 9597:Rendaku 9536:Engrish 9232:Braille 9153:Ryakuji 9073:Yaeyama 8991:grammar 8986:Hachijō 8883:Satsugū 8842:Hichiku 8828:Hōnichi 8782:San'yō 8777:Chūgoku 8753:Shikoku 8692:Western 8652:Nagaoka 8648:Echigo 8613:Tochigi 8608:Ibaraki 8569:Nairiku 8549:Tsugaru 8520:Eastern 8297:1 March 8278:1 March 8259:1 March 8175:(hbk); 7585:26 July 7554:26 July 7380:Pottery 7316:. 小学館. 6703:17 July 6428:state, 6085:Other: 6076:Rendaku 5990:Aizuchi 5891:seishin 5819:ryōshin 5547:Vietnam 5497:kogyaru 5481:ganguro 5464:kogyaru 5451:joseigo 5392:joseigo 5376:kashira 5309:watashi 5297:Joseigo 5264:joseigo 5227:オーストラリア 4999:続守言/薩弘恪 4976:History 4957:Western 4930:Chinese 4926:-based 4907:Serbian 4895:Tibetan 4885:Brahmic 4878:Persian 4873:Turkish 4868:Islamic 4793:tsunami 4769:samurai 4748:origami 4736:karaoke 4706:rimokon 4679:pattern 4609:English 4591:of the 4528:Tonakai 4514:, both 4508:mimetic 4437:Chinese 4370:); and 4246:ikimasu 4230:kenjōgo 4107:watashi 3980:camera" 3854:あげて下さい。 3818:Kare ga 3715:adverbs 3696:iwayuru 3690:"big", 3619:"that" 3479:ending 3428:shimasu 3389:deshita 3317:パンを食べる。 3252:ii desu 3232:-te iru 3220:-te iru 3026:watashi 2980:"you" ( 2968:"you" ( 2908:教えてもらった 2815:kochira 2743:improve 2697:Grammar 2597:central 2245:Glottal 2230:Palatal 2225:palatal 2170:chōonpu 2168:, or a 2076:Central 1964:Chinese 1876:Japonic 1864:Okinawa 1735:(1967) 1703:), the 1695:), the 1623:Palauan 1533:, 1868) 1351:pasokon 1268:shiroki 1182:), and 1097:kikoeru 1077:kikoeru 1069:matsuge 820:History 488:Nihongo 462:Unicode 414:Tsugaru 410:Hachijo 314:Japan ( 166:Japonic 88:nihongo 66:Nihongo 39:Nihonga 11499:Shinto 11421:Kawaii 11398:Hanami 11383:Geisha 11343:Cinema 11338:Bonsai 11256:People 11222:Health 11141:Energy 11022:Ground 10879:Rivers 10834:Cities 10672:Kazoku 10372:Lists 10330: 10122:Miyako 9924:Tarama 9705:Poetry 9653:Kunrei 9615:Kan-on 9386:Other 9295:EUC-JP 9211:Sōgana 9196:Gojūon 9148:Kokuji 9116:Kanbun 9068:Tarama 9063:Miyako 8853:Hakata 8818:Kyūshū 8806:Umpaku 8769:Sanuki 8735:Banshū 8724:Kansai 8667:Mikawa 8662:Nagoya 8642:Narada 8535:Tōhoku 8346: 8317: 8219: 8194: 8179: 8171: 8160:(pbk). 8156: 8145: 8129: 8111: 8083: 8067: 8055:日本語の敬語 8041: 8015: 7993: 7978: 7960: 7926: 7894: 7877: 7865: 7838: 7510: 7472: 7320: 7314:新選国語辞典 7288:Tofugu 7242:489122 7240: 7203:28 May 7065: 7055: 6983: 6930: 6592:8 July 6426:Angaur 6348: 5938: 5787:Ningen 5755:tsuite 5715:songen 5707:katsu, 5656:生まれながら 5643:ningen 5627:Subete 5313:atashi 5114:tōitsu 5102:rōmaji 5046:Kojiki 4986:Baekje 4935:Korean 4890:Indian 4863:Arabic 4858:Arabic 4800:. See 4797:tycoon 4777:Sudoku 4755:(from 4740:karate 4692:(< 4688:スキンシップ 4673:(< 4669:ワンパターン 4636:kagaku 4633:, and 4607:, and 4605:French 4601:German 4542:) and 4461:新選国語辞典 4409:Yamato 4328:, and 4310:o-mizu 4254:ukagau 4105:after 4043:Nani o 4037:食べますか。 3990:が好きです。 3986:スキーに行く 3929:pātī e 3923:行かないか。 3921:パーティーへ 3894:ikitai 3874:lative 3820:yatta. 3688:ookina 3658:ご飯が熱い。 3577:copula 3536:暑くなかった 3403:) and 3377:copula 3270:いいですか。 3224:aspect 3193:-tachi 3097:sensei 3072:, and 3040:(also 3016:(from 2920:教えてあげた 2874:Yatta! 2845:象は鼻が長い 2827:copula 2602:and a 2594:apical 2569:listen 2469:Liquid 2240:Uvular 2187:listen 2162:rōmaji 2158:macron 2059::117). 2043:Vowels 2000:Lepcha 1976:Altaic 1972:Uralic 1960:Korean 1896:UNESCO 1709:Maniwa 1615:Angaur 1441:Hawaii 1429:Canada 1413:Hawaii 1401:Brazil 1385:, the 1375:Taiwan 1359:kamera 1307:tabako 1284:hayaku 1272:hayaku 1264:shiroi 1260:yomite 1214:Jesuit 1172:vowels 1089:kikoyu 1085:yu(ru) 1040:and mo 1033:Kojiki 1018:(mo), 1012:(no), 1006:(to), 1000:(so), 994:(ko), 988:(me), 982:(he), 976:(ke), 970:(mi), 964:(hi), 958:(ki), 929:kanbun 923:Kojiki 915:kanbun 905:Baekje 796:rōmaji 747:moraic 699:person 679:gender 596:Kansai 557:Altaic 416:, and 260:) and 138:Yamato 11494:Sport 11477:Sentō 11473:Onsen 11456:Names 11446:Music 11441:Media 11407:Icons 11388:Games 11323:Manga 11319:Anime 11296:Women 11197:Crime 11131:Labor 10884:Towns 10864:Lakes 10418:Naval 10381:Clans 10343:Index 10328:Japan 10152:Yoron 10112:Kikai 9869:Yoron 9854:Kikai 9844:Amami 9836:Amami 9727:texts 9700:Books 9620:Tō-on 9610:Go-on 9237:Kanji 9158:Ateji 9121:Kanji 9051:Yoron 9026:Kikai 8894:Other 8796:Inshū 8786:Bingo 8740:Kishū 8730:Awaji 8598:Tokyo 8588:Gunma 8579:Kantō 8564:Kesen 8554:Akita 8544:Nanbu 8360:. MIT 7719:(PDF) 7712:(PDF) 7359:Kanji 7238:JSTOR 7168:(PDF) 7161:(PDF) 6839:(PDF) 6832:(PDF) 6807:(PDF) 6782:(PDF) 6430:Palau 6405:(PDF) 6394:(PDF) 6236:7 May 6097:Notes 5928:ならない。 5920:しなければ 5907:motte 5859:tagai 5840:授けられて 5803:risei 5763:byōdō 5731:kenri 5675:shite 5531:anime 5428:, or 5394:, or 5373:, or 5359:na no 5063:kanji 5023:top, 5017:Youon 4952:Latin 4924:Hanzi 4785:sushi 4744:ninja 4724:haiku 4720:futon 4714:emoji 4698:-ship 4621:seiji 4585:Dutch 4561:kango 4550:smelt 4536:rakko 4471:kango 4442:kango 4360:kango 4346:) or 4294:gohan 4274:nouns 4272:Most 4258:mairu 4158:focus 3886:行きたい。 3852:田中さんに 3713:form 3705:Both 3670:彼は変だ。 3638:Both 3571:, or 3500:atsui 3471:, or 3385:datta 3302:お名前は？ 3113:anata 3109:anata 3066:anata 3002:usted 2992:"I" ( 2978:anata 2892:羨ましい! 2870:nagai 2825:is a 2728:, or 2686:hashi 2612:] 2608:[ 2252:Nasal 2235:Velar 2160:) in 2088:Close 2071:Front 1996:Greek 1857:Kantō 1849:Osaka 1825:4.1% 1822:13.3% 1819:17.6% 1816:24.7% 1813:24.8% 1810:26.4% 1807:38.6% 1804:44.5% 1801:45.5% 1798:67.1% 1666:vowel 1619:Palau 1608:bungo 1600:bungo 1592:Bungo 1584:Bungo 1558:bungo 1383:China 1379:Korea 1342:Kyoto 1280:hayɔɔ 1278:> 1276:hayau 1274:> 1256:yonde 1131:emaki 1073:mieru 950:kanji 946:morae 938:kanji 858:, or 848:Jōmon 724:kanji 695:voice 691:tense 657:with 604:Tokyo 518:Japan 324:Palau 254:Kanji 124:Japan 83:kanji 11368:Flag 11357:wine 11084:list 11057:list 10961:LGBT 10939:list 10391:Wars 10376:Eras 9335:0213 9330:0212 9325:0211 9320:0208 9315:0201 9311:JIS 9305:2022 9168:Kana 8870:Saga 8834:Ōita 8764:Tosa 8708:Kaga 8677:Hida 8672:Mino 8344:ISBN 8315:ISBN 8299:2012 8280:2012 8261:2012 8217:ISBN 8192:ISBN 8177:ISBN 8169:ISBN 8154:ISBN 8143:ISBN 8127:ISBN 8109:ISBN 8081:ISBN 8065:ISBN 8039:ISBN 8013:ISBN 7991:ISBN 7976:ISBN 7958:ISBN 7924:ISBN 7892:ISBN 7875:OCLC 7863:ISBN 7836:ISBN 7727:2019 7587:2017 7556:2017 7508:ISBN 7470:ISBN 7318:ISBN 7269:2011 7205:2021 7063:ISSN 7053:ISBN 6981:ISBN 6928:ISBN 6903:2015 6847:2014 6815:2024 6790:2022 6761:2014 6705:2017 6675:2012 6594:2018 6346:ISBN 6238:2011 6047:and 5915:kōdō 5875:dōhō 5851:ori, 5779:aru. 5699:ari, 5683:jiyū 5533:and 5489:ガングロ 5472:コギャル 5445:for 5390:for 5325:boku 5299:and 5259:lect 5239:スーパー 5233:sūpā 5162:and 5100:(or 5069:and 4912:Vyaz 4816:and 4789:tofu 4781:sumo 4728:judo 4704:and 4694:skin 4475:wago 4413:wago 4395:大和言葉 4348:wago 4342:大和言葉 4306:mizu 4266:-san 4192:See 4123:and 4049:What 3969:カメラ。 3812:やった。 3762:熱くなる 3732:変になる 3709:and 3692:kono 3646:may 3642:and 3564:形容動詞 3517:暑くない 3506:暑かった 3448:dasu 3444:tobu 3424:suru 3409:inai 3373:desu 3258:いいです 3137:hito 3074:omae 3070:kimi 3062:boku 3014:você 2990:boku 2966:kimi 2880:やった! 2855:hana 2823:desu 2617:The 2586:chii 2552:was 2550:/ti/ 2304:Stop 2134:Open 2081:Back 1986:and 1978:(or 1956:Ainu 1697:Himi 1689:Kiso 1683:and 1668:and 1604:Kōgo 1588:kōgo 1576:kōgo 1524:明治維新 1417:Peru 1405:IBGE 1377:and 1248:/je/ 1244:/we/ 1236:/oː/ 1232:/ɔː/ 1228:/au/ 1216:and 1170:and 1050:/je/ 899:The 801:ローマ字 780:カタカナ 760:ひらがな 745:(or 712:The 693:and 645:and 637:, a 631:mora 545:Ainu 327:(on 262:Kana 227:See 81:The 11524:Zen 11333:Art 11161:Yen 11032:Air 10980:Law 9658:JSL 9400:EIS 9290:EUC 8759:Iyo 8485:Old 8334:doi 7857:in 7658:doi 7403:", 7382:", 7361:", 7340:", 7230:doi 7045:doi 6924:106 6338:doi 6319:184 6193:at 6051:at 5904:もって 5848:おり、 5795:wa, 5776:ある。 5752:ついて 5704:かつ、 5696:あり、 5651:wa, 5624:すべて 5384:かしら 5311:or 5289:男性語 5272:女性語 5243:). 5019:): 5005:袁晋卿 4766:), 4759:人力車 4675:one 4534:), 4499:混種語 4487:外来語 4403:大和詞 4382:). 4378:外来語 4358:); 4290:go- 4282:go- 4280:or 4256:or 4242:iku 4236:謙譲語 4224:尊敬語 4208:丁寧語 4003:ing 3884:日本に 3747:to 3625:あの山 3617:ano 3608:連体詞 3593:変な人 3585:hen 3549:暑い日 3526:nai 3464:形容詞 3457:): 3405:iru 3401:nai 3397:aru 3354:-te 3276:-no 3248:-ka 3228:ing 3125:hon 3050:ore 2984:あなた 2940:can 2813:). 2623:/j/ 2600:tap 2559:chi 2536:/Q/ 2530:/N/ 2388:d͡ʑ 2382:t͡ɕ 2373:d͡z 2367:t͡s 2195:is 2178:/u/ 2111:Mid 1982:), 1539:). 1512:or 1503:共通語 1490:標準語 1459:). 1303:pan 1298:). 1240:/p/ 1180:kwa 1176:kya 1151:of 1061:tsu 1054:/e/ 786:片仮名 783:or 766:平仮名 763:or 737:Han 735:, ' 677:or 600:Edo 578:of 481:日本語 448:IPA 389:jpn 372:jpn 252:of 58:日本語 11575:: 8342:. 8225:. 8215:. 8211:. 8063:. 8019:, 7956:. 7952:. 7932:. 7900:. 7873:; 7869:, 7849:, 7825:22 7823:, 7814:66 7812:, 7698:^ 7685:, 7654:14 7652:. 7636:^ 7628:15 7626:. 7595:^ 7577:. 7573:. 7546:. 7542:. 7516:. 7478:. 7424:, 7290:. 7286:. 7236:. 7226:27 7224:. 7191:. 7163:. 7134:. 7130:. 7069:. 7061:. 7051:. 7039:. 6989:. 6926:. 6893:. 6889:. 6869:. 6855:^ 6763:. 6726:. 6722:. 6683:^ 6584:. 6578:. 6443:, 6400:. 6354:. 6344:. 6307:^ 6220:. 5912:行動 5888:精神 5883:no 5872:同胞 5867:ni 5856:互い 5827:to 5816:良心 5811:to 5800:理性 5792:は、 5784:人間 5771:de 5760:平等 5747:ni 5739:to 5728:権利 5723:to 5712:尊厳 5691:de 5680:自由 5672:して 5667:ni 5648:は、 5640:人間 5635:no 5431:yo 5414:da 5411:, 5397:zo 5367:なの 5356:, 5342:wa 5295:. 5109:統一 5039:. 4990:Bu 4829:on 4795:, 4791:, 4787:, 4783:, 4779:, 4775:, 4771:, 4750:, 4746:, 4742:, 4738:, 4734:, 4730:, 4726:, 4722:, 4717:, 4696:+ 4677:+ 4653:. 4643:化学 4628:政治 4603:, 4575:, 4526:. 4469:, 4449:漢語 4433:Wa 4427:倭語 4419:和語 4366:漢語 4354:和語 4324:, 4286:o- 4278:o- 4197:. 4167:ga 4154:wa 4144:wa 4135:wa 4131:wa 4126:ga 4120:wa 4111:wa 4103:ga 4085:私は 4070:ga 4065:wa 4035:何を 3997:no 3978:my 3967:私の 3951:no 3937:?" 3907:へ 3900:." 3868:." 3836:ni 3810:彼が 3794:ga 3755:: 3749:ku 3725:: 3719:ni 3581:na 3573:na 3495:暑い 3381:be 3369:da 3179:人々 3171:, 3167:人人 3149:ki 3103:先生 3088:御前 3080:お前 3068:, 2851:zō 2819:wa 2732:, 2724:, 2680:はし 2580:tī 2533:, 2452:) 2443:) 2415:) 2391:) 2376:) 2296:) 2287:) 2276:) 2176:. 1974:, 1970:, 1966:, 1962:, 1958:, 1947:. 1913:, 1906:. 1727:. 1660:, 1617:, 1572:, 1569:口語 1554:, 1551:文語 1527:, 1482:: 1423:, 1419:, 1313:. 1252:te 1238:; 1109:ga 1091:→ 1065:no 866:. 816:. 732:漢字 701:. 669:. 629:, 582:. 551:, 547:, 492:, 484:, 412:, 354:ja 268:, 11359:) 11355:( 10320:e 10313:t 10306:v 10245:† 10239:† 10047:e 10040:t 10033:v 9979:† 9763:e 9756:t 9749:v 9564:) 9555:) 9509:) 9495:) 8463:e 8456:t 8449:v 8400:: 8367:. 8352:. 8336:: 8323:. 8301:. 8282:. 8263:. 8236:. 8151:. 8117:. 8089:. 8071:. 8045:. 8023:. 7997:. 7982:. 7966:. 7943:. 7911:. 7842:. 7779:. 7754:. 7729:. 7664:. 7660:: 7589:. 7558:. 7527:. 7489:. 7448:( 7399:" 7378:" 7357:" 7336:" 7326:. 7301:. 7271:. 7244:. 7232:: 7207:. 7177:. 7145:. 7117:. 7093:. 7080:. 7047:: 7025:. 7000:. 6962:. 6936:. 6905:. 6871:9 6849:. 6817:. 6792:. 6737:. 6707:. 6677:. 6596:. 6564:. 6539:. 6514:. 6489:. 6465:. 6432:( 6414:. 6365:. 6340:: 6257:. 6255:1 6240:. 5899:o 5896:を 5880:の 5864:に 5835:o 5832:を 5824:と 5808:と 5768:で 5744:に 5736:と 5720:と 5688:で 5664:に 5632:の 5617:. 5493:) 5485:( 5476:) 5468:( 5443:) 5439:よ 5435:( 5426:) 5422:だ 5418:( 5409:) 5405:ぞ 5401:( 5388:) 5380:( 5371:) 5363:( 5354:) 5350:わ 5346:( 5337:) 5333:僕 5329:( 5318:私 5293:) 5285:( 5276:) 5268:( 5235:( 5223:( 5061:( 5002:/ 4640:( 4625:( 4548:( 4538:( 4530:( 4495:( 4483:( 4464:) 4458:( 4445:( 4415:( 4391:( 4374:( 4362:( 4350:( 4338:( 4232:( 4220:( 4204:( 4113:. 4076:. 4074:o 4060:は 4047:" 4026:. 4019:o 4014:を 3988:の 3946:の 3909:e 3843:. 3831:に 3801:. 3789:が 3745:i 3530:i 3487:い 3483:( 3481:i 3473:i 3393:i 3341:( 3335:i 3325:( 3313:( 3298:( 3282:の 3278:( 3266:( 3254:( 3155:木 3151:( 3143:人 3139:( 3131:本 3127:( 3099:( 3076:( 3056:俺 3052:( 3044:私 3032:私 3028:( 2996:僕 2972:君 2916:( 2904:( 2888:( 2876:( 2841:( 2805:( 2768:) 2762:( 2757:) 2753:( 2739:. 2690:) 2683:( 2654:ン 2651:/ 2648:ん 2638:ッ 2635:/ 2632:っ 2629:( 2610:ŋ 2575:) 2563:( 2514:w 2507:j 2477:r 2461:h 2449:ç 2446:( 2440:ʑ 2434:ɕ 2431:( 2426:z 2420:s 2412:ɸ 2409:( 2379:( 2364:( 2346:ɡ 2340:k 2329:d 2323:t 2316:b 2310:p 2293:ɴ 2290:( 2284:ŋ 2281:( 2273:ɲ 2270:( 2265:n 2258:m 2193:) 2181:( 2142:a 2126:o 2117:e 2103:ɯ 2094:i 1580:) 1566:( 1548:( 1521:( 1506:) 1500:( 1493:) 1487:( 1325:. 1087:( 1042:2 1038:1 1027:ろ 1021:よ 1015:も 1009:の 1003:と 997:そ 991:こ 985:め 979:へ 973:け 967:み 961:ひ 955:き 793:( 777:( 757:( 729:( 506:) 478:( 468:. 331:) 320:) 272:) 264:( 256:( 140:) 136:( 91:) 69:) 63:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.