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of
January 1856, which opened the city and port of Nagasaki to Dutch traders, who were no longer to be confined to their prison-like location in Dejima. However, the treaty was severely condemned in the Dutch Parliament and by the Minister of Colonies for its lack of a paragraph confirming trading
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rights. Curtius was forced to negotiate a follow-on agreement called the 'Additional
Articles' in October 1857. Among the Japanese concessions to the Dutch in the "Additional Articles" was a pledge that the Dutch may practice
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However, during this time
Curtius was also plagued with administrative problems, and issues with his staff led him to dismiss most of his employees and order them back to Batavia. In 1858 Curtius made a ceremonial visit to
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Jan
Hendrik also stayed in Japan and died at Yokohama, 22 February 1912; he married a Japanese, Koyama Okin, and had 6 children, per Dr. H.J. Moeshart, A list of Names of Foreigners in Japan (Amsterdam
176:, and urged that Japan conclude a treaty of friendship and commerce with the Dutch government before a more onerous one was forced upon them by the Americans. In early August 1853, Russian vice admiral
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and the
Netherlands, after which he returned to Amsterdam. In 1864, he remarried to Geertruida Margaretha Constance Balck. He subsequently was employed by the Internationale Crediet Maatschappij at
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sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside. The Dutch had also warned the
Japanese of the
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and was conducted exclusively at
Nagasaki. By the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, King
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412:"Part 1: Tracing the History 4. Opening of Japan and Japan-Netherlands Relations | Japan-Netherlands Exchange in the Edo Period"
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led a fleet of
British warships to Nagasaki on September 7, 1854. Stirling requested the assistance of Curtius to reaffirm Japanâs
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in the conflict, but through a series of miscommunications and misunderstandings, the negotiations ended with the signing of the
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in the
Netherlands, as the son of Hendrik Herman Donker Curtius, a theologian. He grew up in Arnhem and studied law at
111:. To negotiate with the Japanese government for a treaty, he received the title "Dutch Commissioner in Japan" in 1855.
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in Japan; this constituted the first allowance of
Christianity of any kind in Japan since the beginning of the
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269:) which was corrected and enlarged by J.J. Hoffman, Professor of Japanese and Chinese at Leiden University.
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285:, who left a description of the voyage to Edo in his diary. In Edo, Curtius found that the American Consul
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Herman J. Moeshart:'The conclusion of the first Dutch treaty with Japan' in Crossroads, No.5, Autumn 1997
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135:. He married a relative (Cornelia Hendrika Donker Curtius, died 8 November 1860) while on home leave in
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Archive of the Ministry of the Colonies in the National Archive at The Hague, Dutch Factory in Japan.
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in an attempt to force the opening of Japan. At the time, Russia was at war with Great Britain (the
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156:) trading post in Nagasaki, Japan. Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the ruling
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arrived at Nagasaki with a fleet of four vessels, just one month after the visit to Perry to
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Library. Curtius left Japan in 1860 for Batavia. In 1861 he concluded a treaty between
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from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the
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to pay tribute to Shogun Tokugawa Iesada. He was accompanied by his secretary
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based on the American treaty, with the additional clause that the use of
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During his stay in Japan Curtius acquired a collection of 111 books on
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Boudewijn stayed in Japan and died at Yokohama, 24 September 1911.
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The Language Problem in the Anglo-Japanese Negotiations of 1854
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of the Dutch trading post in Japan (1852-1855), located at
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Dr. H.J. Moeshart, Een miskend geneesheer (Amsterdam 2003)
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444:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 83â87.
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was assigned to be a training ship to the newly formed
99:(21 April 1813 – 27 November 1879) was the last
259:policy. In 1857 Curtius published a little book on
211:In 1855 Curtius organized the transfer of the HM
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219:to the Japanese government as a gift from Dutch
146:In July 1852, he was appointed to the post of
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32:Photograph of Donker Curtius 1862, The Hague
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475:Journaal van Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek
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295:treaty between the Netherlands and Japan
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554:Ambassadors of the Netherlands to Japan
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107:an artificial island in the harbor of
359:"Boudewyn Donker Curtius (1845-1911)"
320:, which are today preserved at the
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441:The Invention of Religion in Japan
266:Proeve eener Japansche spraakkunst
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206:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty
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279:William III of the Netherlands
277:as representative of the King
239:Nagasaki Naval Training Center
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198:East Indies and China Station
170:William II of the Netherlands
160:of Japan pursued a policy of
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283:Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek
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119:Donker Curtius was born in
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539:People of Edo-period Japan
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154:Dutch East India Company
241:with 22 Dutch sailors.
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217:Royal Netherlands Navy
506:at Wikimedia Commons
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303:to check for illegal
162:isolating the country
311:would be abolished.
309:Nagasaki magistrate
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73:Arnhem, Netherlands
544:People from Arnhem
363:www.findagrave.com
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68:(1879-11-27)
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186:Crimean War
79:Nationality
56:Netherlands
513:Categories
336:References
305:Kirishitan
235:KankÅ Maru
230:KankÅ Maru
227:. Renamed
223:to Shogun
202:neutrality
190:Royal Navy
149:Opperhoofd
101:Opperhoofd
87:Occupation
44:1813-04-21
389:, p.74-77
330:Rotterdam
208:of 1854.
143:in 1849.
137:Amsterdam
115:Biography
213:Soembing
129:Semarang
109:Nagasaki
90:Diplomat
485:Sources
317:Rangaku
307:at the
166:Chinese
141:Batavia
131:in the
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300:Fumi-e
256:Sakoku
121:Arnhem
105:Dejima
52:Arnhem
376:2010)
215:from
182:Uraga
82:Dutch
446:ISBN
326:Siam
63:Died
38:Born
275:Edo
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