652:. As both attempts failed after skirmishes with German border guards, Murzin crossed the border with a smaller group of 60 partisans on the night of 28–29 September. Some 300 partisans remained in Slovakia, their numbers daily augmented by newcomers. In early October, the border was reinforced by about 300 SS military policemen, making it more difficult for the Žižka partisans to cross back into Moravia. On 10 October, the Germans attacked Štiavnik. Fighting lasted for about three days with partisan losses estimated at 200 around Štiavnik and in skirmishes with border guards while attempting to cross into Moravia. Only 130-140 guerrillas managed to cross the border; those left behind included twelve of the fourteen Soviet-trained Slovaks.
374:
1206:, aimed to flush the partisans out of the dense forests on the east of the cordon area into the more open areas to the west, and there decisively destroy both Wolfram and the Žižka partisans. The Germans committed some 13,000 soldiers and police to the operation. However, due in part to inclement weather, the cordon was not as impervious as the Germans intended, and the local population helped partisans escape at night. Poor coordination between the Wehrmacht and police forces hampered the effectiveness of the operation. Georg Attenberger, an SS officer involved in the operation, also blamed the insufficient training of the Wehrmacht units and the laziness of the police.
188:
169:
73:
1296:
339:. For example, food rations in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were almost identical to those in Germany. The occupation influenced the daily life of ordinary Czechs by the militarisation of the economy, the elimination of political rights, and transportation to Germany for forced labour. More than 20,000 Czechs were executed, and thousands more were deported to concentration camps. While the general violence of the occupation was less severe than in Eastern Europe, it nevertheless caused many Czech people to hate the Germans living within the Protectorate, and support partisan groups.
1042:
1023:
1011:
978:
273:
851:
664:
555:
774:, a petty thief who had joined the partisans to avoid detention in a concentration camp. After murdering a Wolfram partisan, he turned himself in and offered to inform on the partisans in exchange for erasing his criminal record. At 4:30 on 23 October, he led 300 German soldiers to the base, but the partisans managed to escape. While German security forces burned buildings and terrorized civilians in the area around Trojačka, the Žižka partisans separated from the Wolfram group and established a new, more permanent base at
1092:
1083:
1055:
146:
988:
55:
756:
640:
4220:
1210:
cordon area, but increased outside of it. The Žižka brigade had lost its base, provisions, and radio communication with the Red Army. The German show of force discouraged the civilian population from providing food and intelligence to the partisans. To make matters even worse, the fate of the unit's commanders remained unknown. It took another two weeks to transport Murzin, the surviving commander, to the partisans' new operational area in the
699:
576:
914:
900:
872:
685:
590:
562:
886:
1284:. Most of the explosives were either seized from the German forces or from civilians. For example, 600 kg (1,300 lb) originally intended for a quarry was stolen in January. The explosives experts were mostly Czech civilians who joined the brigade. By March 1945 the brigade was conducting raids on daily basis. One of its most celebrated operations was the capture of Generalleutnant
858:
671:
826:, but was soon tracked down and committed suicide to avoid capture. Murzin was hidden for three weeks in a forest dugout, but the partisans did not know his whereabouts. Meanwhile, Germans captured another partisan who revealed names of civilians who had aided the partisans. In a raid on the base the next day, four partisans were killed and two others captured.
616:, a Slovak town near the border. Since the Štiavnik police and other Slovak forces in the area had defected to join the Slovak National Uprising, the unit, now grown to 150 members, established itself around Štiavnik, controlling a small area to the rear of the German forces. In Štiavnik more troops joined the unit, mostly Czechs crossing the border from the
31:
1320:
contact with the Red Army, using the radio of the Luč intelligence unit which had recently been parachuted to the area. However, the communications disruption also necessitated a period of confidence rebuilding; during the weeks of radio silence the Soviet commanders had believed the unit lost. By then, a rivalry had developed between the brigade and
804:. The groups gathered clothing and provisions for the winter and raided police stations (sometimes in cooperation with local Czech policemen) for firearms and ammunition. By the end of October, the unit had grown to over 200 men and women, divided into four sub-groups: one guarded the base while the other three operated in the surrounding area.
822:
on 2 November, in a location not far from the base. Unbeknownst to the
Gestapo, however, anti-partisan army units were also deployed in the area and by chance turned up at the meeting, spoiling the Gestapo's plans. Both Ušiak and Murzin were wounded in the ensuing gunfight, and fled in different directions. Ušiak was hidden by civilians in
1277:
operations gradually increasing from
January. During the early months of 1945, many retreating German and Hungarian units passed through or were stationed in the brigade's operational area. This led to the acquisition of a large number of guns from raids; demoralized Hungarian soldiers would often trade their weapons for food or drink.
539:, began on 29 August. Initially, the unit conducted reconnaissance on a German counter-offensive, but soon Ušiak received orders to redeploy to Moravia, and on 6 September they began to move north. The Ušiak-Murzin Unit was joined by many Czech fugitives who wanted to fight on their own territory. Other recruits were former
1223:
over a wider area, and avoided staying in one place for too long. Most command positions were taken by escaped Soviet POWs, who had more military experience. By the end of the war, the command structure was largely decentralized and the brigade was operating in a large area in eastern and central
Moravia.
531:, Slovakia in two groups, on the night of 21–22 August 1944 and the night of 30–31 August. The day before the first group arrived, a local partisan group which controlled the area had publicly announced the restoration of the Czechoslovak state. The original orders had been for the unit to cross the
1367:
as a security force searching for German soldiers hiding in the
Moravian mountains and forests. According to Murzin's post-war report, the brigade consisted of 1,232 people on 5 May 1945. 1,533 persons had been members, of which 304 were killed and 208 wounded. A significant number of partisans and
1350:
from previous experience in
Yugoslavia, and was also known for its brutality towards Czech civilians. German forces murdered civilians suspected of supporting the partisans, sometimes beating pregnant women to death as well as burning suspects alive. German counter-intelligence also employed a fake
1319:
Apart from disruption of the German rear, the brigade's other strategic objective was gathering intelligence. Effectiveness of intelligence support to the Soviet war effort was much reduced with the loss of radio communication on 12 November. By the end of
December, the brigade's staff were back in
1276:
The extent of brigade operations was constrained by availability of armaments. Following
Operation Grouse, the brigade was scattered and had lost most of their ammunition and explosives. Therefore, in December the partisans were forced to focus on consolidation and acquiring weapons, with offensive
1222:
Stěpanov's and Ševcov-Grekovskij's groups had established themselves outside the area blockaded by
Operation Grouse. After being transported to the new base, Murzin assumed command. The unit was restructured and its tactical approach transformed. It was divided into smaller groups which were spread
1209:
For their extensive manpower deployment, the
Germans had little to show: only eight partisans killed and between 13 and 40 suspected civilian supporters captured and executed, at the cost of six German soldiers killed and three wounded. After the operation, no guerrilla activity was reported in the
821:
attempted to lure the unit's leaders into a meeting with agents who presented themselves as leaders of communist resistance groups. Ušiak was unaware that almost all resistance organizations had been infiltrated by the
Gestapo and their members caught and executed. Therefore, he agreed to a meeting
1226:
With brigade membership rising, Murzin decided to restrict the number of partisans accepted into the forest units due to the limited supply of food and weapons. Preference was given to escaped POWs and to Czech resistance members who had been exposed and were evading arrest. Those turned away were
1153:
of suspected partisans along with those suspected of helping them. The bodies of executed suspects were to be hanged in public for 48 hours. A wave of arrests and executions decimated the civilian supporters of the partisans. Although the Czech police forces often supported the partisans, they
1375:
including the Jan Žižka brigade. Partisans were frequently described as drunkards, adventurers, and bandits, who were more of a threat than the German occupiers. The partisans did steal from locals who were unwilling to feed them, executed German prisoners, and conducted summary executions of
1327:
The partisans gathered information on the positions, armaments and strength of German units, the locations of armories and warehouses, the position of fortifications, and status reports concerning airfields, movements and transportation of German units. Information was also provided on ethnic
1391:
Max Hrdliczka, shareholder of Impregna AG in Bystrice pod Hostynem supported Jan Ziska financially via his bookkeeper Oldrich Dolak, Karel Bubenicek from Impregna AG, production manager, was active member of Jan Ziska, source: Karel Bubenicek; Partyzani na domaci Front, 1982, Lipnik n
361:
in place prior to the occupation. The Protectorate was highly urbanized, which made the establishment of partisan field camps in woods or mountains impractical, and the excellent transport and communications infrastructure was at the disposal of the Nazi security apparatus. Also, the
647:
In order to stem the flow of Czechs joining the Slovak National Uprising, the Germans closed the border and made unauthorized crossing punishable by death on 16 September. Attempts to cross the border as a unit were made on the nights of 21-22 and 24–25 September near
732:
and made contact with the British-trained Wolfram partisan group. Concerned that an attack by American bombers on 14 October had drawn unwanted attention from German security forces, the Murzin partisans took refuge in the Wolfram group's base at
752:. Because the Wolfram group was expecting an airdrop of supplies from Britain, twenty-one partisans were transferred from the Murzin group to Wolfram. In exchange, Murzin received a significant amount of money necessary to fund his operations.
1154:
undermined the public approval for them by stealing from Czechs, and some civilians did inform on the partisans. Due to the increasing partisan activity in the area, the Germans posted guards at railway bridges to prevent sabotage.
1332:
policemen, some of whom actively assisted the partisans by causing diversions for raids or fighting alongside the partisans. However, the brigade's most valuable intelligence source was the commander of the German barracks in
432:. Such partisan groups depended on the support of the local population and acted by cutting power lines and sabotaging railways. Beginning in April 1944, several paratrooper groups trained in Britain were dropped in
1192:, and Chata Bečvice. The 55-kilometer cordon was carefully monitored and no one was allowed entry or exit; a system of passwords was employed to prevent guerrillas from impersonating German soldiers. The commander,
1571:
927 Czechs and Slovaks, 257 Soviet citizens, and 48 partisans of other nationalities, including German anti-fascists, an Austrian deserter, Hungarians, and Romanians. More than 20 nationalities were represented.
1345:
The German occupation forces redeployed a Waffen-SS platoon, the 31st Special Operations Group, along with their 20th SS Police Regiment, to Moravia. The 31st Special Operations Group was experienced in
1280:
Avoiding direct encounters with larger German units, the partisans sabotaged railways, bridges, telecommunications and factory power-lines. The brigade's most important operations relied on the use of
4249:
4046:
3710:
1474:
4051:
482:
The partisan group that would become known as the Jan Žižka brigade was formed during training in Sviatoshyn. Most of its initial twenty-one members, including the commander, Lieutenant
1311:
on 26 April, the partisans took part in front-line operations. Many then joined the army units in their campaigning further west, being used mostly as armed intelligence personnel.
404:. Some former members of the resistance evaded arrest by fleeing into the Moravian mountains and forming partisan groups. The first documented partisan group was the Green Cadre (
304:
that no additional lands would be annexed. No Czechoslovak representatives were present at the negotiations. Five months later, when the Slovak Diet declared the independence of
3722:
357:
Although there was wide popular support for the resistance, in other ways the Protectorate was ill-suited to partisan activity. There were very few guns, despite the relatively
1328:
Germans, Czech collaborators and informers, as well as on the fighting operations of the brigade itself and on its civilian supporters. Much important intelligence came from
4279:
800:
were sent further southwest, under the command of Ivan Petrovič Stěpanov and Viktor Ševcov-Grekovskij. They made contact with other groups already established in and around
514:
174:
4274:
3734:
3515:
3391:
4054:
3221:
1337:, Major Josef Hübner. Hübner used his personal driver, anti-fascist Hans Kocher, to pass information on planned raids and the uncovering of resistance members.
3913:
3192:
764:
775:
1461:
1435:
4269:
3225:
1448:
1418:
780:
722:
3778:
1581:
3929:
390:
1494:
The Wolfram group's purpose, unlike the other British-supported groups, was to incite a Czechoslovak guerrilla movement among the local population.
483:
151:
1096:
3140:
1227:
instructed to start their own partisan units in the urban areas. Some members lived a double life, joining the partisans only for night raids.
1196:
1027:
850:
663:
554:
1059:
734:
3645:
3489:
3384:
3739:
1586:
743:
501:, in accordance with the initial plans to deploy in Slovakia. Before the training at Sviatoshyn, some of them had fought as partisans in
1371:
The brigade has a controversial legacy in Moravia, partly due to its Soviet affiliation; the Communist regime was accused of glorifying
3786:
3311:
3110:
1252:
military control and protection of military and industrial premises, roads, railway stations, bridges and administrative institutions
3773:
296:
and other Western political leaders negotiated with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and ultimately acquiesced to his demands at the
4223:
4176:
4102:
3793:
3727:
3377:
1368:
many who aided them were women. 1,126 members were decorated by the Czechoslovak government, more than any other partisan unit.
366:
tended to cooperate with the occupiers and some local Germans joined the security forces, which benefited from their fluency in
3836:
358:
4142:
3344:
3256:
413:
4244:
4081:
3998:
3964:
4107:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
3480:
838:
712:
617:
603:
321:
317:
267:
234:
226:
3844:
1355:
soldiers led by an ethnic German bilingual in Czech, but failed to infiltrate the brigade when the ruse was discovered.
3660:
612:
Although the partisans had intended to reach the border undetected, there were two skirmishes before the unit reached
4264:
4086:
3276:
3181:
3157:
3092:
3071:
385:
as Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia in order to enforce policy more harshly. His brutality led to the Allies
4289:
4147:
4135:
3993:
3419:
1289:
1185:
416:
along the Czech-Slovak border from early 1942. There were also urban resistance groups, such as the White Lioness (
373:
636:, whose fight for religious freedom and use of innovative military techniques had made him a Czech national hero.
4259:
4254:
4152:
3592:
540:
324:. Although France had a defensive alliance with Czechoslovakia, neither Paris nor London intervened militarily.
3956:
3921:
1600:
In order to counter such perceptions, surviving members commissioned a history of the brigade by Marie Hrošová.
3868:
1364:
440:, the emergence of the Žižka brigade was the beginning of effective guerilla resistance in the Protectorate.
4181:
789:. They benefited from supplies and information provided by friendly Czech civilians, some of the members of
1554:
Most guns were taken from German security forces during raids. In February 1945, eleven Belgian members of
1281:
1263:
1211:
1180:) started on the morning of 16 November, when the Germans sealed off a cordon area defined by the towns of
460:
1266:, and field gendarmes in the mountains and woods, in areas known to contain partisan bases and battalions
1181:
519:
292:
had shown, the governments of both France and Britain were intent on avoiding war. British Prime Minister
179:
3900:
3043:
1143:
628:
and crossed Bohemia and Moravia with the help of the local population. The unit was formally named after
4013:
332:
4041:
3766:
4294:
4124:
4003:
1562:, deserted and joined the brigade, bringing with them a significant stockpile of arms and ammunition.
1308:
950:
535:
mountain range and begin operations in northwest Slovakia. However, the plans were disrupted by the
4008:
3860:
3852:
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3103:
536:
454:
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4018:
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464:
289:
238:
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3892:
3463:
1168:
475:. To support advancing Soviet troops, paratroopers were deployed in advance, initially in
8:
3230:
1555:
1479:
1363:
The brigade was demobilized on 26 May 1945, having been deployed in the days immediately
1321:
476:
293:
222:
1385:
1347:
513:
region. The unit also included Hungarian defectors and seven Soviets, including Captain
3523:
3362:
3327:
1466:
1440:
1146:
1101:
1015:
425:
3934:
1242:
Specific aspects of waging partisan warfare in Moravia involved the following factors:
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3251:(1st ed.), Nové Město u Chlumce nad Cidlinou: Český svaz bojovníků za svobodu,
3173:
National Cleansing: Retribution Against Nazi Collaborators in Postwar Czechoslovakia
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asked the Soviet government to organize a partisan movement in the Protectorate and
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3715:
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3167:
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a diversified Gestapo network supported by spies in towns, settlements and villages
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297:
288:, a region of Czechoslovakia with a high ethnic German population. As the previous
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88:
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3063:Češi pod německým protektorátem: okupační politika, kolaborace a odboj 1939-1945
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civilians suspected of collaboration, some of whom turned out to be innocent.
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400:, more than a thousand Czechs were murdered, including the entire village of
237:. After its core membership of Soviet-trained paratroopers were dropped into
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in May 1942. In the violent crackdown that followed, known in Czech as the
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78:
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467:. Partisan units for deployment in Czechoslovakia received training in
335:. As a consequence, the German occupation was less harsh than in other
313:
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1. československá partizánská brigáda Jana Žižky (srpen-listopad 1944)
1334:
312:
to Berlin and forced him to accept the German occupation of the Czech
1559:
755:
620:
in order to join the Uprising, but they also included escaped Soviet
801:
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in order to gather intelligence. However, according to historian
245:
and began operations in earnest at the end of 1944. Its focus was
1580:
203 partisans of the Jan Kozina Brigade and 155 partisans of the
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In Moravia, the unit settled in a hunting lodge on the slopes of
502:
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429:
242:
3290:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Devon: University of Exeter Press.
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In 1944, the British dropped the following groups into Moravia:
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Military units and formations of Czechoslovakia in World War II
3310:. United States Congress Senate Committee on Military Affairs:
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Nazism 1919–1945: Foreign Policy War, and Racial Extermination
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Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
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invaded and occupied the remaining Czech territories
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1299:Memorial to fallen members of the brigade's group
1136:13-40 civilian suspects were arrested and executed
316:and its re-organisation into the German-dominated
249:, especially sabotage and intelligence gathering.
4275:Military units and formations established in 1944
3337:Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 2—Enigma
4236:
3356:"Konfident brněnského gestapa Stanislav Kotačka"
3268:A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival
3150:Poteri narodonaselenii︠a︡ v XX veke: spravochnik
3084:Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism
479:, then in Slovakia and finally also in Moravia.
377:Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains, base of the Green Cadre
211:1. československá partizánská brigáda Jana Žižky
24:1. československá partizánská brigáda Jana Žižky
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203:1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka
19:1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka
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3321:"Protipartyzánská operace Tetřev v roce 1944"
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35:Lieutenant Ján Ušiak, unit's first commander
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3139:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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3111:Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic
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308:, Hitler summoned Czechoslovak President
241:in August 1944, the brigade crossed into
215:Partyzánská brigáda Jana Žižky z Trocnova
3334:
3042:
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1708:
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527:The "Ušiak-Murzin Unit" parachuted near
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424:) active in the areas of Silesia around
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4177:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
3307:Elimination of German resources for war
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1537:Forces committed included units of the
624:who had fled from camps as far away as
575:
327:The Nazis considered many Czechs to be
4237:
3353:
3219:
3190:
3101:
3080:
3015:
2998:
2592:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2092:
2044:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1795:
1783:
1732:
1684:
1672:
1648:
1545:, as well as regular Wehrmacht troops.
1309:reached the brigade's operational area
1288:, the commanding officer of Germany's
546:
370:and knowledge of the local geography.
284:announced his intentions to annex the
4270:Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
3373:
3339:. Church Stretton: Ulric Publishing.
1247:a dense network of military garrisons
913:
643:View of Štiavnik from Doktorovec hill
342:
257:
4108:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
1157:
899:
839:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
381:The Nazi administration brought in
318:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
268:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
235:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
227:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
13:
3127:Úryvky z válečných let 1939 - 1945
1388:joined the brigade in August 1944.
1379:
1340:
461:Czechoslovak Communist politicians
300:, in exchange for guarantees from
14:
4306:
3286:Noakes, J.; Pridham, G. (2010) .
3265:Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (2016).
1217:
632:, the 15th-century leader of the
192:Lieutenant Ivan Petrovič Stěpanov
4219:
4218:
1594:
1574:
1565:
1090:
1081:
1053:
1040:
1021:
1009:
986:
976:
912:
898:
884:
871:
870:
856:
849:
697:
684:
683:
669:
662:
589:
588:
574:
561:
560:
553:
186:
167:
144:
71:
53:
3299:(1st ed.), Ostrava: Profil
3191:Gazdík, Jan (14 January 2008).
3152:. Moskva: Russkai︠a︡ panorama.
3036:
1548:
1531:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1408:
1351:partisan unit consisting of 16
1314:
885:
812:
108:1,232 partisans (on 5 May 1945)
3176:. Cambridge University Press.
1503:A mountain 0.4 km from Magurka
857:
670:
1:
3319:Suchánková, Kateřina (2013).
3220:Gazdík, Jan (5 August 2013).
1396:
1230:
763:One of those transferred was
331:, and therefore suitable for
252:
3087:. Harvard University Press.
1607:
1282:improvised explosive devices
961:Dispersal of partisan forces
656:Consolidation at Čertův Mlýn
7:
4245:Communism in Czechoslovakia
4103:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
3304:Staff, US Congress (1945).
1262:special penal units of SS,
1235:
1144:Higher SS and Police Leader
607:Movement through 10 October
280:In 1938, German Chancellor
10:
4311:
3767:Slovak Insurgent Air Force
3747:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
3081:Bryant, Chad Carl (2007).
1324:'s intelligence officers.
1087:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
716:Operations in October 1944
452:
443:
387:ordering his assassination
346:
261:
44:21 August 1944–26 May 1945
4214:
4169:
4125:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
4116:
4095:
4047:1st Czechoslovak Division
4034:
4027:
3984:
3912:
3869:Bratislava–Brno Offensive
3813:
3806:
3703:
3653:
3644:
3591:
3539:
3488:
3479:
3418:
3411:
3148:Ėrlikhman, Vadim (2004).
1661:Noakes & Pridham 2010
1637:Noakes & Pridham 2010
1358:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1072:
999:
969:
951:Moravian-Silesian Beskids
933:
844:
836:
831:
359:liberal firearms policies
139:
134:
128:Battle of Velké Karlovice
122:
112:
104:
94:
84:
66:
48:
40:
28:
23:
18:
4265:Slovak National Uprising
4014:Sereď concentration camp
3735:Jan Hus partisan brigade
3677:Slovak National Uprising
1401:
537:Slovak National Uprising
455:Slovak National Uprising
4290:Czech resistance groups
4082:11th Infantry Battalion
3354:Ziková, Renáta (2011).
3295:Přikryl, Josef (1976),
3247:Hrošová, Marie (2012),
3125:Černota, Josef (1990),
3102:Burian, Michal (2002).
1697:Staff, US Congress 1945
1524:, the Lipták Group and
1353:Russian Liberation Army
1303:, which captured Müller
1212:Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains
414:Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains
4260:1945 in Czechoslovakia
4255:1944 in Czechoslovakia
3723:Czech National Council
3498:Konstantin von Neurath
3335:Williams, Max (2003).
3271:. St. Martin's Press.
2286:, pp. 79, 81, 82.
1304:
1177:
1167:
1000:Commanders and leaders
808:German countermeasures
760:
644:
515:Dajan Bajanovič Murzin
421:
409:
378:
364:ethnic German minority
277:
217:), initially known as
210:
175:Dajan Bajanovič Murzin
4019:Theresienstadt Ghetto
3965:Kremnička and Nemecká
3469:Chief of Intelligence
3066:(in Czech). Prostor.
1348:anti-partisan warfare
1298:
1123:Casualties and losses
759:Woods around Trojačka
758:
705:Magurka / Čertův Mlýn
642:
524:, second-in-command.
449:Formation of the unit
376:
290:appeasement of Hitler
275:
4087:1st Armoured Brigade
2919:, pp. 195, 200.
2796:, pp. 180, 196.
2784:, pp. 171, 176.
1307:When the front-line
1290:16th Panzer Division
1131:8 killed, 4 captured
713:class=notpageimage|
604:class=notpageimage|
459:At the end of 1943,
4136:Emergency Divisions
4042:Czechoslovak Legion
4009:Carpathian Ruthenia
3669:Vrba–Wetzler report
3630:Minister of Defence
3420:Government-in-exile
3249:Na každém kroku boj
3049:The Prague Uprising
2907:, pp. 165–166.
2859:, pp. 230–231.
2808:, pp. 176–177.
1627:, pp. 156–157.
1556:Technische Nothilfe
1322:1st Ukrainian Front
1286:Dietrich von Müller
1128:6 killed, 3 wounded
941:16–22 November 1944
547:Transfer to Moravia
477:Carpathian Ruthenia
320:. Germany promptly
294:Neville Chamberlain
3845:Čajánek's barracks
3524:Karl Hermann Frank
3363:Masaryk University
3328:Masaryk University
2895:, p. 260-261.
2532:, pp. 38, 42.
1909:, pp. 19, 26.
1475:Operation Tungsten
1305:
1162:Operation Grouse (
1151:summary executions
1147:Karl Hermann Frank
1016:Karl Hermann Frank
929:German cordon area
761:
645:
379:
343:Military situation
278:
221:, was the largest
126:Battle of Štiavnik
4232:
4231:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3941:
3926:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3802:
3801:
3731:
3719:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3640:
3639:
3587:
3586:
3502:Reinhard Heydrich
3464:František Moravec
3346:978-0-9537577-6-3
3258:978-80-260-2483-5
3168:Frommer, Benjamin
2667:, pp. 76–77.
2619:, pp. 68–69.
2544:, pp. 38–41.
2505:, pp. 34–37.
2450:, pp. 96–99.
2396:, pp. 28–30.
2259:, pp. 23–24.
2163:, pp. 48–49.
2020:, pp. 46–50.
2008:, pp. 38–46.
1993:, pp. 35–36.
1981:, pp. 30–34.
1945:, pp. 20–23.
1897:, pp. 19–21.
1885:, pp. 19–20.
1858:, pp. 18–19.
1810:, pp. 5, 18.
1483:
1462:Operation Wolfram
1436:Operation Spelter
1140:
1139:
1046:Georg Attenberger
965:
964:
765:Stanislav Kotačka
412:), active in the
383:Reinhard Heydrich
258:German occupation
247:guerrilla warfare
219:Ušiak-Murzin Unit
196:
195:
99:Guerrilla warfare
4302:
4295:Soviet partisans
4222:
4221:
4206:Western betrayal
4189:Munich Agreement
4148:Slovak Air Force
4032:
4031:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3939:
3938:
3924:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3877:Prague Offensive
3871:
3863:
3855:
3853:Slovak–Hungarian
3847:
3839:
3837:Carpatho-Ukraine
3831:
3823:
3811:
3810:
3790:
3762:Slovak partisans
3743:
3725:
3713:
3711:Council of Three
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3625:Ferdinand Čatloš
3486:
3485:
3457:foreign minister
3416:
3415:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3350:
3331:
3325:
3315:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3261:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3187:
3163:
3144:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3098:
3077:
3053:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1528:'s organization.
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1470:
1457:
1449:Operation Potash
1444:
1427:
1419:Operation Carbon
1412:
1386:Alexander Dubček
1373:Soviet partisans
1205:
1158:Operation Grouse
1105:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1014:
1013:
992:
990:
989:
981:
980:
935:
934:
916:
915:
902:
901:
888:
887:
874:
873:
860:
859:
853:
832:Operation Grouse
829:
828:
788:
773:
751:
731:
723:Magurka Mountain
701:
700:
687:
686:
673:
672:
666:
622:prisoners of war
592:
591:
578:
577:
564:
563:
557:
523:
496:
399:
353:Czech resistance
329:ethnically Aryan
298:Munich Agreement
264:Munich Agreement
191:
190:
183:
172:
171:
164:
149:
148:
130:Operation Grouse
89:Partisan brigade
77:
75:
74:
59:
57:
56:
33:
16:
15:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4210:
4199:Sudeten Germans
4157:
4143:Government Army
4112:
4091:
4023:
3980:
3932:
3908:
3798:
3776:
3737:
3699:
3685:Prague uprising
3636:
3593:Slovak Republic
3583:
3579:Emanuel Moravec
3567:Richard Bienert
3563:Jaroslav Krejčí
3535:
3529:Chief of Police
3516:Reichsprotektor
3475:
3407:
3398:
3358:
3347:
3323:
3279:
3259:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3184:
3160:
3132:
3131:
3115:
3113:
3106:
3095:
3074:
3058:Brandes, Detlef
3044:Bartošek, Karel
3039:
3034:
3028:Kirschbaum 2016
3026:
3022:
3014:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2980:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2689:Suchánková 2013
2687:
2683:
2677:Suchánková 2013
2675:
2671:
2665:Suchánková 2013
2663:
2659:
2653:Suchánková 2013
2651:
2647:
2641:Suchánková 2013
2639:
2635:
2629:Suchánková 2013
2627:
2623:
2617:Suchánková 2013
2615:
2611:
2605:Suchánková 2013
2603:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2578:Suchánková 2013
2576:
2572:
2566:Suchánková 2013
2564:
2560:
2554:Suchánková 2013
2552:
2548:
2542:Suchánková 2013
2540:
2536:
2530:Suchánková 2013
2528:
2521:
2515:Suchánková 2013
2513:
2509:
2503:Suchánková 2013
2501:
2497:
2491:Suchánková 2013
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2454:
2446:
2439:
2433:Suchánková 2013
2431:
2424:
2418:Suchánková 2013
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2394:Suchánková 2013
2392:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2367:Suchánková 2013
2365:
2361:
2355:Suchánková 2013
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2263:
2257:Suchánková 2013
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2233:Suchánková 2013
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2137:Suchánková 2013
2135:
2131:
2125:Suchánková 2013
2123:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2069:Suchánková 2013
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2030:Suchánková 2013
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1967:Suchánková 2013
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1868:Suchánková 2013
1866:
1862:
1856:Suchánková 2013
1854:
1850:
1844:Suchánková 2013
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1808:Suchánková 2013
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:were decorated.
1584:
1582:Jan Hus Brigade
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1541:, Gestapo, and
1536:
1532:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1382:
1380:Notable members
1361:
1343:
1341:Countermeasures
1330:Government Army
1317:
1292:, on 19 April.
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:—Murzin's notes
1238:
1233:
1220:
1199:
1194:Generalleutnant
1160:
1142:On 3 November,
1099:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1039:
1030:
1020:
1008:
987:
985:
975:
953:
928:
927:
926:
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
917:
909:
908:
907:
903:
895:
894:
893:
889:
881:
880:
879:
875:
867:
866:
865:
861:
815:
810:
778:
767:
737:
725:
719:
718:
717:
715:
709:
708:
707:
706:
702:
694:
693:
692:
688:
680:
679:
678:
674:
658:
650:Velké Karlovice
610:
609:
608:
606:
600:
599:
598:
597:
593:
585:
584:
583:
582:Velké Karlovice
579:
571:
570:
569:
565:
549:
517:
486:
457:
451:
446:
393:
355:
349:Bandit fighting
345:
270:
260:
255:
199:
185:
184:
177:
166:
165:
154:
143:
129:
127:
72:
70:
54:
52:
36:
12:
11:
5:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4191:
4186:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3618:Prime Minister
3610:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3572:Prime minister
3556:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:Prime Minister
3437:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3401:Czechoslovakia
3397:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3351:
3345:
3332:
3316:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3262:
3257:
3244:
3217:
3188:
3182:
3164:
3158:
3145:
3122:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3054:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3030:, p. 239.
3020:
3003:
2986:
2984:, p. 158.
2969:
2967:, p. 126.
2957:
2955:, p. 192.
2945:
2943:, p. 191.
2933:
2931:, p. 187.
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2883:, p. 255.
2873:
2871:, p. 257.
2861:
2849:
2847:, p. 217.
2837:
2835:, p. 209.
2825:
2823:, p. 210.
2810:
2798:
2786:
2771:
2769:, p. 164.
2759:
2757:, p. 133.
2744:
2742:, p. 156.
2732:
2730:, p. 117.
2717:
2715:, p. 107.
2705:
2703:, p. 105.
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2469:, p. 100.
2452:
2437:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2384:, p. 108.
2371:
2359:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2305:
2288:
2276:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2112:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1933:, p. 425.
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1721:Ėrlikhman 2004
1713:
1701:
1699:, p. 908.
1689:
1687:, p. 126.
1677:
1665:
1663:, p. 119.
1653:
1641:
1639:, p. 102.
1629:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1573:
1564:
1547:
1530:
1526:Josef Sousedík
1505:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1430:Operation Clay
1406:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1360:
1357:
1342:
1339:
1316:
1313:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1219:
1218:Reorganization
1216:
1159:
1156:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:Units involved
1070:
1069:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1018:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
994:Czechoslovakia
983:
972:
971:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
955:
954:
949:
947:
943:
942:
939:
931:
930:
919:
918:
911:
910:
905:
904:
897:
896:
891:
890:
883:
882:
877:
876:
869:
868:
863:
862:
855:
854:
848:
847:
846:
845:
842:
841:
834:
833:
814:
811:
809:
806:
711:
710:
704:
703:
696:
695:
690:
689:
682:
681:
676:
675:
668:
667:
661:
660:
659:
657:
654:
602:
601:
595:
594:
587:
586:
581:
580:
573:
572:
567:
566:
559:
558:
552:
551:
550:
548:
545:
497:, were ethnic
471:, a suburb of
450:
447:
445:
442:
438:Detlef Brandes
344:
341:
337:Slavic nations
259:
256:
254:
251:
231:Czech Republic
197:
194:
193:
141:
137:
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
61:Czechoslovakia
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4307:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3794:Working Group
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Obrana národa
3750:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:Wilhelm Frick
3507:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3278:9781250114754
3274:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3183:9780521008969
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3159:5-93165-107-1
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3094:9780674024519
3090:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3073:9788072600281
3069:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2691:, p. 76.
2690:
2685:
2679:, p. 77.
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2655:, p. 74.
2654:
2649:
2643:, p. 72.
2642:
2637:
2631:, p. 69.
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2607:, p. 51.
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2580:, p. 52.
2579:
2574:
2568:, p. 50.
2567:
2562:
2556:, p. 42.
2555:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2517:, p. 38.
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2493:, p. 33.
2492:
2487:
2481:, p. 93.
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2435:, p. 49.
2434:
2429:
2427:
2420:, p. 31.
2419:
2414:
2408:, p. 92.
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2369:, p. 28.
2368:
2363:
2357:, p. 27.
2356:
2351:
2349:
2342:, p. 88.
2341:
2336:
2330:, p. 83.
2329:
2324:
2318:, p. 82.
2317:
2312:
2310:
2303:, p. 81.
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2274:, p. 79.
2273:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2247:, p. 74.
2246:
2241:
2235:, p. 24.
2234:
2229:
2223:, p. 58.
2222:
2217:
2211:, p. 56.
2210:
2205:
2199:, p. 50.
2198:
2193:
2187:, p. 44.
2186:
2181:
2175:, p. 48.
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2151:, p. 47.
2150:
2145:
2139:, p. 20.
2138:
2133:
2127:, p. 23.
2126:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2110:, p. 61.
2109:
2104:
2102:
2095:, p. 46.
2094:
2089:
2083:, p. 99.
2082:
2077:
2071:, p. 16.
2070:
2065:
2059:, p. 58.
2058:
2053:
2047:, p. 45.
2046:
2041:
2039:
2032:, p. 15.
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1969:, p. 21.
1968:
1963:
1957:, p. 24.
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1921:, p. 19.
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1870:, p. 19.
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1846:, p. 18.
1845:
1840:
1834:, p. 18.
1833:
1828:
1822:, p. 16.
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1798:, p. 90.
1797:
1792:
1786:, p. 31.
1785:
1780:
1774:, p. 82.
1773:
1772:Williams 2003
1768:
1762:, p. 17.
1761:
1756:
1754:
1747:, p. 42.
1746:
1741:
1735:, p. 62.
1734:
1729:
1723:, p. 54.
1722:
1717:
1711:, p. 96.
1710:
1709:Bartošek 1965
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1675:, p. 28.
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1651:, p. 24.
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1597:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1539:Allgemeine SS
1534:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1365:after the war
1356:
1354:
1349:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1267:
1265:
1264:Schutzpolizei
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:Wolfram group
1093:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
984:
979:
974:
973:
968:
960:
957:
956:
952:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
936:
932:
920:Chata Bečvice
852:
843:
840:
835:
830:
827:
825:
820:
805:
803:
799:
794:
792:
791:Obrana Národa
786:
782:
777:
771:
766:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
729:
724:
714:
665:
653:
651:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
605:
556:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
490:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
456:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Frýdek-Místek
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
397:
392:
388:
384:
375:
371:
369:
365:
360:
354:
350:
340:
338:
334:
333:Germanisation
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
269:
265:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:) during the
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
198:Military unit
189:
181:
176:
170:
162:
158:
153:
147:
142:
138:
133:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
69:
65:
62:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
17:
4182:
4131:Hlinka Guard
4123:
3999:Protectorate
3930:Heydrichiáda
3757:Out Distance
3746:
3629:
3617:
3613:Vojtech Tuka
3605:
3571:
3551:
3528:
3514:
3506:Kurt Daluege
3481:Protectorate
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3428:Edvard Beneš
3405:World War II
3336:
3306:
3296:
3287:
3267:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3224:(in Czech).
3209:. Retrieved
3196:
3172:
3149:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3083:
3062:
3048:
3037:Bibliography
3023:
2982:Hrošová 2012
2965:Hrošová 2012
2960:
2953:Hrošová 2012
2948:
2941:Hrošová 2012
2936:
2929:Hrošová 2012
2924:
2917:Hrošová 2012
2912:
2905:Hrošová 2012
2900:
2893:Hrošová 2012
2888:
2881:Hrošová 2012
2876:
2869:Hrošová 2012
2864:
2857:Hrošová 2012
2852:
2845:Hrošová 2012
2840:
2833:Hrošová 2012
2828:
2821:Hrošová 2012
2806:Hrošová 2012
2801:
2794:Hrošová 2012
2789:
2782:Hrošová 2012
2767:Hrošová 2012
2762:
2755:Hrošová 2012
2740:Hrošová 2012
2735:
2728:Hrošová 2012
2713:Hrošová 2012
2708:
2701:Hrošová 2012
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2595:, p. 7.
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2479:Hrošová 2012
2474:
2467:Hrošová 2012
2448:Hrošová 2012
2413:
2406:Hrošová 2012
2401:
2389:
2382:Hrošová 2012
2362:
2340:Hrošová 2012
2335:
2328:Hrošová 2012
2323:
2316:Hrošová 2012
2301:Hrošová 2012
2284:Hrošová 2012
2279:
2272:Hrošová 2012
2252:
2245:Hrošová 2012
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2108:Černota 1990
2088:
2081:Přikryl 1976
2076:
2064:
2057:Hrošová 2012
2052:
2025:
2018:Hrošová 2012
2013:
2006:Hrošová 2012
1991:Hrošová 2012
1986:
1979:Hrošová 2012
1974:
1962:
1955:Hrošová 2012
1950:
1943:Hrošová 2012
1938:
1931:Brandes 1999
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1832:Hrošová 2012
1827:
1820:Hrošová 2012
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1760:Hrošová 2012
1745:Frommer 2005
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1625:Hrošová 2012
1596:
1576:
1567:
1550:
1533:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1410:
1370:
1362:
1344:
1326:
1318:
1315:Intelligence
1306:
1300:
1279:
1275:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1197:Hans Windeck
1161:
1149:ordered the
1141:
1028:Hans Windeck
982:Nazi Germany
970:Belligerents
816:
813:Gestapo ruse
795:
762:
720:
646:
634:Hussite army
618:Protectorate
611:
526:
481:
458:
391:Heydrichiáda
380:
356:
326:
302:Nazi Germany
282:Adolf Hitler
279:
229:(modern day
225:unit in the
218:
214:
202:
200:
79:Soviet Union
4194:Sudetenland
4153:Slovak Army
3994:Sudetenland
3933: [
3922:17 November
3901:Operation B
3777: [
3738: [
3693:Czech Radio
3559:Alois Eliáš
3452:Jan Masaryk
3229: [
3226:Aktuálně.cz
3201: [
3016:Gazdík 2013
2999:Gazdík 2008
2593:Ziková 2011
2221:Ziková 2011
2209:Ziková 2011
2197:Ziková 2011
2185:Ziková 2011
2173:Ziková 2011
2161:Ziková 2011
2149:Ziková 2011
2093:Ziková 2011
2045:Ziková 2011
1919:Ziková 2011
1907:Ziková 2011
1895:Ziková 2011
1883:Ziková 2011
1796:Burian 2002
1784:Burian 2002
1733:Bryant 2007
1685:Bryant 2007
1673:Bryant 2007
1649:Bryant 2007
1585: [
1520:partisans,
1465: [
1460:September:
1452: [
1439: [
1422: [
1200: [
1190:Staré Hamry
1188:, Čeladná,
1100: [
1063: [
1060:Josef Otisk
1031: [
906:Staré Hamry
779: [
776:Čertův Mlýn
768: [
738: [
726: [
541:Slovak Army
518: [
487: [
410:Zelený kádr
394: [
286:Sudetenland
178: [
155: [
150:Lieutenant
123:Engagements
4239:Categories
3914:War crimes
3861:Dukla Pass
3661:Anthropoid
3646:Resistance
3601:Jozef Tiso
3547:Emil Hácha
3440:Jan Šrámek
3412:Government
1512:Including
1473:December:
1397:References
1231:Operations
543:soldiers.
505:or in the
469:Sviatoshyn
453:See also:
422:Bílá lvice
347:See also:
314:rump state
310:Emil Hácha
262:See also:
253:Background
140:Commanders
135:Commanders
67:Allegiance
4285:Jan Žižka
4183:Fall Grün
4055:Squadrons
3986:Holocaust
3968:(1944–45)
3606:President
3552:President
3433:President
1608:Citations
1560:Jablunkov
1518:Štramberk
1514:Pro vlast
630:Jan Žižka
484:Ján Ušiak
152:Ján Ušiak
117:Jan Žižka
4224:Category
4004:Slovakia
3973:Ploština
3957:Životice
3945:Kobylisy
3893:Racibórz
3807:Military
3198:iDNES.cz
3170:(2005).
3135:citation
3060:(1999).
3052:. Artia.
3046:(1965).
1236:Sabotage
1186:Frenštát
1178:Auerhuhn
1110:Strength
946:Location
878:Frenštát
837:Part of
735:Trojačka
691:Trojačka
614:Štiavnik
596:Sklabiňa
568:Štiavnik
529:Sklabiňa
465:Slovakia
306:Slovakia
239:Slovakia
223:partisan
173:Captain
4035:Western
3885:Slivice
3821:Sudeten
3814:Battles
3654:Actions
3238:15 July
3211:15 July
1417:April:
1335:Holešov
892:Čeladná
824:Čeladná
819:Gestapo
503:Belarus
499:Slovaks
444:History
434:Moravia
430:Ostrava
243:Moravia
49:Country
4170:Topics
4096:Soviet
3976:(1945)
3960:(1944)
3950:Lidice
3940:(1942)
3925:(1939)
3904:(1945)
3896:(1945)
3888:(1945)
3880:(1945)
3872:(1945)
3864:(1944)
3856:(1939)
3848:(1939)
3840:(1939)
3832:(1938)
3829:Liptaň
3824:(1938)
3704:Groups
3688:(1945)
3680:(1944)
3672:(1944)
3664:(1942)
3343:
3275:
3255:
3180:
3156:
3129:, Brno
3116:20 May
3091:
3070:
1516:, the
1447:July:
1359:Legacy
1182:Rožnov
1174:German
1169:Tetřev
1115:13,059
991:
958:Result
864:Rožnov
802:Vsetín
798:groups
677:Vsetín
626:Saxony
511:Odessa
507:Crimea
402:Lidice
113:Patron
76:
58:
41:Active
4028:Units
3937:]
3789:]
3742:]
3540:Czech
3359:(PDF)
3324:(PDF)
3233:]
3205:]
3107:(PDF)
1589:]
1543:Kripo
1469:]
1456:]
1443:]
1434:May:
1426:]
1402:Notes
1204:]
1164:Czech
1118:~ 200
1104:]
1067:]
1035:]
787:]
772:]
750:]
730:]
533:Fatra
522:]
495:]
418:Czech
406:Czech
398:]
368:Czech
207:Czech
182:]
163:]
4117:Axis
3774:ÚVOD
3490:Nazi
3341:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3253:ISBN
3240:2018
3213:2018
3178:ISBN
3154:ISBN
3141:link
3118:2010
3089:ISBN
3068:ISBN
1522:Clay
1428:and
1301:Olga
938:Date
817:The
796:Two
473:Kiev
428:and
351:and
266:and
201:The
105:Size
95:Role
85:Type
4075:313
4070:312
4065:311
4060:310
4052:RAF
3403:in
1392:Bec
213:or
4241::
3935:cs
3787:pl
3785:;
3783:de
3781:;
3779:cs
3740:cs
3728:cs
3716:cs
3565:,
3561:,
3508:,
3504:,
3500:,
3361:.
3326:.
3231:cs
3203:cs
3195:.
3137:}}
3133:{{
3109:.
3006:^
2989:^
2972:^
2813:^
2774:^
2747:^
2720:^
2585:^
2522:^
2455:^
2440:^
2425:^
2374:^
2347:^
2308:^
2291:^
2264:^
2115:^
2100:^
2037:^
1998:^
1875:^
1752:^
1615:^
1587:cs
1480:cs
1467:cs
1454:cs
1441:cs
1424:cs
1214:.
1202:de
1184:,
1176::
1172:,
1166::
1102:cs
1065:cs
1033:de
793:.
785:pl
783:;
781:cs
770:cs
748:sv
746:;
744:sk
742:;
740:cs
728:cs
520:cs
493:sk
491:;
489:cs
420::
408::
396:cs
209::
180:cs
161:sk
159:;
157:cs
3730:)
3726:(
3718:)
3714:(
3393:e
3386:t
3379:v
3365:.
3349:.
3330:.
3314:.
3281:.
3242:.
3215:.
3186:.
3162:.
3143:)
3120:.
3097:.
3076:.
3018:.
3001:.
1482:)
1478:(
509:/
205:(
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