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780:, where Black served as Chancellor from 1992 to 2006. His funeral was held on 29 March at St. Columba's Church, London. He is buried at the Ardclach cemetery, a parish established in 1655, near Nairn, Scotland. Upon hearing of Black's death, Professor Pete Downes, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee said Black "was a great scientist, but he was also a great man to know" while the
491:, which later became the world's best-selling drug. During this time Black pioneered a method of research whereby drug molecules were purposefully built instead of being synthesised first and then investigated for their potential medical uses. The discovery of propranolol was hailed as the greatest breakthrough in the treatment of heart disease since the discovery of
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intellect and insight he achieved a global impact and his discoveries continue to improve the lives of many.” The unveiling of a plaque was attended by Sir James Black’s wife, Professor Rona Mackie Black, Emeritus
Professor and Senior Research Fellow in Public Health within the University's Institute of Health and Wellbeing.
680:. Apart from its practical implications this work has considerable fundamental importance since it provided evidence for the existence of a new type of histamine receptor. This work has also provided experimental support for the hypothesis that endogenous histamine may be involved in the secretion of acid in the stomach.
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Has made outstanding contributions, based on fundamental considerations of receptor theory, to the development of new drugs of clinical importance. Introduced the first effective beta blockers and analysed their cardiovascular effects. These drugs have opened up new perspectives for the treatment of
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On 23 November 2018, the
University of Glasgow renamed the West Medical Building in honour of Black. Professor Sir Anton Muscatelli, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Glasgow, said: “Sir James was undoubtedly one of the greatest scientists of the modern age. Through his commitment,
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As
Chancellor, Sir James Black did much to promote the University of Dundee and was a popular figure within the University. He was awarded a second honorary degree, that of Doctor of Science, in 2005. He retired from his post the following year, and his association with the University of Dundee was
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of the
University of St Andrews, where Black had studied for his initial degree in medicine, announced that an honorary 'Sir James Black Chair of Medicine' would be created. In September 2010 the first Chair of Medicine at the University was given to Professor Stephen H Gillespie MD, DSc, FRCP
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angina pectoris, cardiac irregularities and hypertension. More recently, in a concerted drive carried out with great vision, he has developed a new type of histamine antagonist capable of inhibiting gastric acid secretion induced by
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After graduating, he stayed at
University College to join the physiology department as an assistant lecturer before taking a lecturer position at King Edward VII College of Medicine in Singapore that subsequently became part of the
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A portrait of Black in his chancellor's robes, by Helene Train, is held as part of the
University's fine art collection. The portrait is currently displayed in the foyer of the Sir James Black Centre.
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and has benefited millions of people. Black's method of research, his discoveries about adrenergic pharmacology, and his clarification of the mechanisms of cardiac action are all strengths of his work.
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Black met Hilary Joan
Vaughan (1924–1986) at a university ball in 1944 and the couple married in 1946 upon his graduation. He described her as the "mainspring" of his life until she died aged 61 in
616:, who had been responsible for his original appointment at University College Dundee. Sir James remarked at this ceremony that by returning to Dundee he was "in a real sense, coming home".
1153:"Sir James Black talks about his move from ICI to Smith Kline & French (part of a series of in-depth videos of Sir James Black telling his life story (http://webofstories.com)"
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was renewed when the institution recognised his many achievements by conferring him with the
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1992 he accepted an offer to succeed the
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Black had large debts upon his graduation from university, so he took a teaching job in
Singapore for three years, before moving to London in 1950 and then on to join the
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marked with launching of the ÂŁ20 million Sir James Black Centre. The centre, intended to promote interdisciplinary research in the life sciences, was opened by
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at the
Medical Futures Innovation Awards, accompanied by his wife Professor Rona Mackie Black, in front of a distinguished audience of one thousand guests.
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459:. Black had decided against a career as a medical practitioner as he objected to what he considered the insensitive treatment of patients at the time.
428:. His family had been too poor to send him to university and he had been persuaded to sit the St Andrews entrance exam by his maths teacher at Beath.
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of the 20th century. Propranolol has been described as the greatest breakthrough in heart disease treatments since the 18th century discovery of
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510:, which was launched under the brand name Tagamet in 1975 and soon outsold propranolol to become the world's largest-selling prescription drug.
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but he became frustrated by the lack of funding for research and accepted the post of director of therapeutic research at the
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in 2006. Sir James Black himself visited the centre in October 2006 and was reportedly excited and pleased by what he saw.
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773:. Black was a very private man who was averse to publicity and was horrified to discover he had won the Nobel Prize.
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471:(Veterinary School) where he established the Veterinary Physiology Department and developed an interest in the way
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medical school, where he remained until 1992. He established the James Black Foundation in 1988 with funding from
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Black JW, Crowther AF, Shanks RG, Smith LH, Dornhorst AC (1964). "A new adrenergic betareceptor antagonist".
483:. Having formulated a theory of an approach by which the effects of adrenaline might be annulled, he joined
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Black died, aged 85, on the morning of 22 March 2010 after a long illness. His death was announced by the
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in 1988 for pioneering strategies for rational drug-design, which, in his case, led to the development of
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said he was "hailed as one of the great Scottish scientists of the 20th Century". He was described by
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through his drug development, though he received little personal financial gain from his work.
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where he worked for nine years until 1973. While there, Black developed his second major drug,
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on 10 February 1981 for services to medical research, receiving the honour from the Queen at
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769:. The couple had a daughter, Stephanie, born in 1951. Black remarried in 1994, to Professor
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At the same time, Black was developing a similar method of inventing drugs for treatment of
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used for the treatment of heart disease. Black was also responsible for the development of
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1967:
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560:, is considered to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and
416:, Perthshire. His father was a mining engineer. He was brought up in Fife, educated at
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of the University and was installed as Chancellor at the award ceremony held in
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on 29 April 1992. Appropriately the first degree he conferred was to Professor
502:, but ICI did not wish to pursue the idea so Black resigned in 1964 and joined
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in 1958, remaining with the company until 1964, during which time he invented
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1018:. Archives, Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee. 23 March 2010
802:(Edin), FRC Path, who left his post as Professor of Medical Microbiology at
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Black was appointed professor, and head of department, of pharmacology at
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with an MB ChB in 1946. During his time at St Andrews, Black lived in
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1256:"Sir James Black (1924–2010), Chancellor of the University of Dundee"
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673:
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and led a team of 25 scientists in drugs research, including work on
526:
439:. He matriculated at University College (which eventually became the
337:
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1486:
1330:
1399:"1976 winners: Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research"
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1008:
1006:
1004:
548:, both as a physician and as a basic scientist. His invention of
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in 1978. However he did not agree with his immediate boss there,
4038:
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
544:
Black contributed to basic scientific and clinical knowledge in
868:"Sir James W. Black: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
766:
364:. Black established a Veterinary Physiology department at the
99:
51:
1001:
690:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
190:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
983:"Scottish Nobel prize winner Sir James Black dies at age 85"
712:
for their work on drug development. In 1994 he received the
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in 1973 where he established a new undergraduate course in
826:"Certificate of election EC/1976/05 Sir James Whyte Black"
1491:
1336:
781:
648:, of which there are only 24 members at any one time, by
591:
1409:
910:
580:. Cimetidine was the first of a new class of drugs, the
1401:. Lasker Medical Research Network. 1976. Archived from
435:
was the site for all clinical medical activity for the
3938:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1359:"Sir James Whyte Black OM. 14 June 1924—22 March 2010"
1165:
1482:"Nobel Prize-winning scientist Sir James Black dies"
1363:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
541:inhibitors which can prevent some stomach cancers.
1090:"Heart disease treatment pioneer James Black dies"
424:, and, at the age of 15, won a scholarship to the
392:, an H2 receptor antagonist, a drug used to treat
1357:McGrath, John Christie; Bond, Richard A. (2021).
743:, there is a street called Sir James Black Gait.
3864:
856:stv.tv 22 March 2010 Link accessed 22 March 2010
368:, where he became interested in the effects of
3625:
865:
556:that revolutionised the medical management of
336:(14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010) was a Scottish
16:Scottish doctor and pharmacologist (1924–2010)
3611:
2068:
1627:
1514:"Alumnus Sir James Black passes away aged 85"
1550:History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group
1055:
1053:
572:He was greatly involved in the synthesis of
408:, Lanarkshire, the fourth of five sons of a
1356:
1248:
1228:
1159:
1051:
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1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
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1035:
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445:University of St Andrews School of Medicine
399:
3923:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
3618:
3604:
2075:
2061:
1634:
1620:
1568:
1294:
1274:
50:
3958:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
3933:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1431:"An acute talent for innovation - ft.com"
1374:
1319:
1317:
1290:(Supplement). 3 March 1981. p. 3087.
1222:
1183:
954:
952:
950:
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944:
657:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1976
644:. On 26 May 2000 he was appointed to the
1300:
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1030:
3913:Chancellors of the University of Dundee
1200:
790:as the man who earned the most for the
692:in 1980. In 1982 Black was awarded the
479:, particularly in those suffering from
4043:Deaths from prostate cancer in England
3903:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
3893:Academics of University College London
3888:Academics of the University of Glasgow
3865:
1594:Chancellor of the University of Dundee
1391:
1323:
1314:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
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596:In 1980, Black's association with the
592:Chancellor of the University of Dundee
4028:21st-century Scottish medical doctors
3993:20th-century Scottish medical doctors
3599:
2088:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2056:
1615:
1084:
1082:
975:
820:
818:
663:. His certificate of election to the
659:and the same year he was awarded the
631:
4033:People educated at Beath High School
1456:"Deaths England and Wales 1984–2006"
1448:
859:
847:"Nobel Prize winning scientist dies"
380:in 1958 and, while there, developed
3943:Imperial Chemical Industries people
1474:
1324:Diffin, Elizabeth (24 March 2010).
1145:
1104:
554:beta adrenergic receptor antagonist
412:family which traced its origins to
13:
3898:Alumni of the University of Dundee
3883:Academics of King's College London
1079:
815:
686:Artois-Baillet Latour Health Prize
404:Black was born on 14 June 1924 in
182:Artois-Baillet Latour Health Prize
14:
4054:
1539:
1210:. American Chemical Society. 2005
1168:"Sir James Black and Propranolol"
1092:. Associated Press. 22 March 2010
958:
4023:21st-century Scottish scientists
4018:20th-century Scottish scientists
4013:Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
3918:Fellows of King's College London
1121:"Led the way in heart drug find"
893:James Black tells his life story
760:
3988:20th-century Scottish inventors
1520:. 23 March 2010. Archived from
1506:
1423:
1417:"1988 Nobel Prize for Medicine"
1350:
1231:"Or is this our national hero?"
1229:Alan Taylor (25 January 2004).
1208:""anTAGonist" and "ciMETidine""
1166:Stapleton, Melanie P. (1997).
886:
523:Wellcome Research Laboratories
1:
3953:Members of the Order of Merit
1419:. Karolinska Institute. 1988.
1326:"What is the Order of Merit?"
1262:. Public Catalogue Foundation
1172:Texas Heart Institute Journal
927:10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91275-9
809:
443:) in 1943 and graduated from
3928:Fellows of the Royal Society
1310:. 26 May 2000. p. 5821.
797:Shortly after his death the
728:. In 2008, he was Awarded a
684:In 1979, he was awarded the
7:
3700:United Nations peacekeeping
3180:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
10:
4059:
1016:"Death of Sir James Black"
730:Lifetime Achievement Award
700:. He was awarded the 1988
433:University College, Dundee
3790:
3771:
3740:
3709:
3690:
3666:
3635:
3253:
2918:
2579:
2377:Charles Scott Sherrington
2353:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2315:
2094:
1999:
1916:
1847:
1780:
1689:
1650:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1578:
718:Royal Society of Medicine
696:, and the year after the
515:University College London
462:
284:
280:
257:University College London
234:
224:
217:
150:
135:
125:
117:
107:
88:
58:
49:
23:
4008:Scottish pharmacologists
3998:Scottish Nobel laureates
3367:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1518:University of St Andrews
852:29 February 2012 at the
757:is named in his honour.
688:. Black was awarded the
610:Dundee Repertory Theatre
437:University of St Andrews
426:University of St Andrews
400:Early life and education
354:Nobel Prize for Medicine
262:University of St Andrews
198:Nobel Prize for Medicine
139:work towards the use of
130:University of St Andrews
4003:British Nobel laureates
3963:People from Cowdenbeath
866:Tore Frängsmyr (1989).
792:pharmaceutical industry
702:Nobel Prize in Medicine
504:Smith, Kline and French
3968:People from Uddingston
3796:Nobel Prize recipients
3742:Physiology or Medicine
2148:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2021:Lynne Elizabeth Maquat
2007:Emmanuelle Charpentier
1644:Wolf Prize in Medicine
1376:10.1098/rsbm.2019.0047
963:. The Nobel Foundation
694:Wolf Prize in Medicine
682:
602:16th Earl of Dalhousie
376:. He went to work for
3908:British cardiologists
2649:Dickinson W. Richards
2333:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1061:"Sir James Black, OM"
669:
614:Robert Campbell Garry
586:-receptor antagonists
535:Johnson & Johnson
531:King's College London
469:University of Glasgow
366:University of Glasgow
317:Sir James Whyte Black
272:King's College London
247:University of Glasgow
3072:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2433:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1859:Alexander Varshavsky
1761:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1721:Jean-Pierre Changeux
1715:Stanley Norman Cohen
959:Black, Sir James W.
778:University of Dundee
714:Ellison-Cliffe Medal
655:Black was elected a
598:University of Dundee
457:University of Malaya
441:University of Dundee
267:University of Dundee
242:University of Malaya
3983:Scottish biologists
3973:Royal Medal winners
3762:George H. Hitchings
3464:William C. Campbell
3375:Elizabeth Blackburn
3212:Robert F. Furchgott
3204:Stanley B. Prusiner
3196:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3096:George H. Hitchings
3060:Joseph L. Goldstein
3020:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2849:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1990:Jeffrey M. Friedman
1816:Stanley B. Prusiner
921:(7342): 1080–1081.
799:Bute Medical School
787:The Daily Telegraph
710:George H. Hitchings
519:medicinal chemistry
485:ICI Pharmaceuticals
378:ICI Pharmaceuticals
350:George H. Hitchings
252:ICI Pharmaceuticals
3645:Johann Deisenhofer
3524:William Kaelin Jr.
3520:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3263:Leland H. Hartwell
3152:Richard J. Roberts
3032:Barbara McClintock
2976:Godfrey Hounsfield
2877:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2809:Marshall Nirenberg
2777:Charles B. Huggins
2566:Tadeusz Reichstein
2554:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
2349:Christiaan Eijkman
1968:Jeffrey V. Ravetch
1889:Alexander Levitzki
1810:Yasutomi Nishizuka
1711:Barbara McClintock
1567:on Nobelprize.org
1565:Sir James W. Black
1462:on 4 November 2015
1435:medpdfarticles.com
1405:on 9 January 2006.
1307:The London Gazette
1287:The London Gazette
874:. Nobel Foundation
755:Ninewells Hospital
650:Queen Elizabeth II
632:Honours and awards
449:St Salvator's Hall
3978:Scottish Baptists
3860:
3859:
3773:Economic Sciences
3756:Gertrude B. Elion
3593:
3592:
3558:Ardem Patapoutian
3407:Ralph M. Steinman
3403:Jules A. Hoffmann
3391:Robert G. Edwards
3359:Harald zur Hausen
3283:H. Robert Horvitz
3184:Eric F. Wieschaus
3120:E. Donnall Thomas
3104:J. Michael Bishop
3092:Gertrude B. Elion
2964:Hamilton O. Smith
2889:Christian de Duve
2625:Frederick Robbins
2502:Alexander Fleming
2441:Corneille Heymans
2287:Frederick Banting
2192:Allvar Gullstrand
2050:
2049:
2031:Daniel J. Drucker
1893:Anthony R. Hunter
1865:Ralph L. Brinster
1747:Pedro Cuatrecasas
1735:Donald F. Steiner
1725:Solomon H. Snyder
1680:Oleh Hornykiewicz
1642:Laureates of the
1610:
1609:
1601:Succeeded by
1587:Earl of Dalhousie
1579:Academic offices
1524:on 3 October 2015
1155:. Web of Stories.
751:James Black Place
706:Gertrude B. Elion
642:Buckingham Palace
636:Black was made a
418:Beath High School
346:Gertrude B. Elion
314:
313:
219:Scientific career
63:James Whyte Black
4050:
3948:Knights Bachelor
3798:
3731:Jack Steinberger
3719:Leon M. Lederman
3702:(United Nations)
3620:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3571:
3560:
3545:
3539:Michael Houghton
3526:
3516:Gregg L. Semenza
3510:
3504:James P. Allison
3498:
3496:Michael W. Young
3482:
3480:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3474:
3458:
3442:
3440:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
3426:
3414:
3393:
3385:
3379:Carol W. Greider
3369:
3353:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3273:
3246:
3230:
3222:
3206:
3198:
3192:Peter C. Doherty
3186:
3170:
3164:Alfred G. Gilman
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3108:Harold E. Varmus
3098:
3082:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3034:
3026:
3010:
2994:
2984:Baruj Benacerraf
2978:
2966:
2950:
2934:
2911:
2895:
2879:
2863:
2851:
2843:
2827:
2811:
2801:Robert W. Holley
2795:
2779:
2767:
2751:
2739:
2723:
2707:
2705:Georg von Békésy
2699:
2687:
2675:
2673:Joshua Lederberg
2659:
2651:
2645:Werner Forssmann
2635:
2627:
2611:
2599:
2591:
2572:
2556:
2544:
2536:
2534:Bernardo Houssay
2520:
2512:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2415:
2407:
2391:
2383:
2371:
2363:
2361:Karl Landsteiner
2355:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2325:Johannes Fibiger
2308:
2307:
2301:
2299:Willem Einthoven
2293:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2225:
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2218:
2210:
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2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2164:Élie Metchnikoff
2158:
2156:Alphonse Laveran
2150:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2041:José-Alain Sahel
1984:James P. Allison
1974:Lewis C. Cantley
1964:Philippa Marrack
1806:Michael Berridge
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1584:Preceded by
1576:
1575:
1572:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1389:
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1023:
1012:
999:
998:
996:
994:
987:The Daily Record
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
956:
939:
938:
908:
899:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
863:
857:
844:
838:
837:
832:. Archived from
822:
720:and in 2004 the
352:, he shared the
344:. Together with
335:
310:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
293:
291:
210:
202:
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
95:
72:
70:
54:
44:
21:
20:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3794:
3786:
3767:
3764:(United States)
3758:(United States)
3752:(Great Britain)
3736:
3733:(United States)
3727:(United States)
3725:Melvin Schwartz
3721:(United States)
3705:
3686:
3662:
3631:
3624:
3594:
3589:
3574:
3563:
3548:
3543:Charles M. Rice
3535:Harvey J. Alter
3529:
3513:
3501:
3492:Michael Rosbash
3488:Jeffrey C. Hall
3485:
3477:
3461:
3452:May-Britt Moser
3445:
3429:
3424:Shinya Yamanaka
3417:
3396:
3388:
3383:Jack W. Szostak
3372:
3356:
3351:Oliver Smithies
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3299:Peter Mansfield
3292:
3287:John E. Sulston
3276:
3260:
3249:
3233:
3225:
3209:
3201:
3189:
3176:Edward B. Lewis
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3085:
3080:Susumu Tonegawa
3077:
3065:
3053:
3037:
3029:
3013:
2997:
2981:
2969:
2953:
2940:Roger Guillemin
2937:
2932:Daniel Gajdusek
2928:Baruch Blumberg
2925:
2914:
2905:Renato Dulbecco
2901:David Baltimore
2898:
2882:
2869:Karl von Frisch
2866:
2854:
2846:
2830:
2814:
2798:
2789:Haldan Hartline
2782:
2770:
2754:
2742:
2726:
2721:Maurice Wilkins
2710:
2702:
2690:
2685:Arthur Kornberg
2678:
2662:
2654:
2638:
2630:
2614:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2575:
2559:
2547:
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2523:
2515:
2499:
2490:Joseph Erlanger
2487:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2418:
2410:
2394:
2386:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2346:
2341:Charles Nicolle
2338:
2330:
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2311:
2305:
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2296:
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2257:
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2236:
2235:
2229:
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2222:
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2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2184:Albrecht Kossel
2181:
2173:
2161:
2153:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2090:
2081:
2051:
2046:
2011:Jennifer Doudna
1995:
1946:Nahum Sonenberg
1940:Ronald M. Evans
1934:Rudolf Jaenisch
1930:Shinya Yamanaka
1912:
1879:Robert Weinberg
1873:Oliver Smithies
1843:
1776:
1771:Edward B. Lewis
1705:James L. Gowans
1685:
1666:Jon J. van Rood
1646:
1640:
1606:
1597:
1589:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1494:. 22 March 2010
1480:
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1146:
1136:
1134:
1133:. 25 March 2010
1131:Fairfax Digital
1119:
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1087:
1080:
1070:
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1067:. 23 March 2010
1059:
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1013:
1002:
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989:. 23 March 2010
981:
980:
976:
966:
964:
961:"Autobiography"
957:
942:
909:
902:
891:
887:
877:
875:
864:
860:
854:Wayback Machine
845:
841:
836:on 8 July 2019.
824:
823:
816:
812:
763:
735:In the town of
638:Knight Bachelor
634:
594:
585:
558:angina pectoris
465:
402:
319:
288:
276:
213:
208:
200:
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176:
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126:Alma mater
103:
97:
93:
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68:
66:
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64:
45:
28:
26:
25:Sir James Black
17:
12:
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3787:
3785:
3784:
3781:Maurice Allais
3777:
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3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3759:
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3750:James W. Black
3746:
3744:
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3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
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3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3681:Naguib Mahfouz
3677:
3675:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3657:Hartmut Michel
3654:
3648:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3580:Katalin KarikĂł
3572:
3561:
3546:
3527:
3511:
3499:
3483:
3475:
3459:
3443:
3436:Randy Schekman
3427:
3415:
3394:
3386:
3370:
3363:Luc Montagnier
3354:
3343:Mario Capecchi
3338:
3326:
3319:Barry Marshall
3314:
3302:
3295:Paul Lauterbur
3290:
3279:Sydney Brenner
3274:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:Paul Greengard
3236:Arvid Carlsson
3231:
3223:
3207:
3199:
3187:
3171:
3168:Martin Rodbell
3159:
3147:
3144:Edwin G. Krebs
3140:Edmond Fischer
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3088:James W. Black
3083:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3048:CĂ©sar Milstein
3044:Georges Köhler
3035:
3027:
3016:Sune Bergström
3011:
3008:Torsten Wiesel
3004:David H. Hubel
2995:
2979:
2967:
2960:Daniel Nathans
2951:
2944:Andrew Schally
2935:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2896:
2880:
2864:
2857:Gerald Edelman
2852:
2844:
2841:Julius Axelrod
2828:
2825:Salvador Luria
2821:Alfred Hershey
2812:
2796:
2780:
2768:
2757:François Jacob
2752:
2740:
2724:
2708:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2660:
2652:
2641:André Cournand
2636:
2628:
2612:
2600:
2597:Selman Waksman
2592:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2562:Edward Kendall
2557:
2545:
2537:
2521:
2518:Hermann Muller
2513:
2497:
2494:Herbert Gasser
2485:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2449:Gerhard Domagk
2444:
2436:
2428:
2416:
2408:
2405:William Murphy
2397:George Whipple
2392:
2384:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2282:
2275:Archibald Hill
2270:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2208:Charles Richet
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2159:
2151:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2025:Adrian Krainer
2014:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
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1993:
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1981:
1978:C. Ronald Kahn
1971:
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1937:
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1920:
1918:
1914:
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1910:
1900:
1886:
1883:Roger Y. Tsien
1876:
1869:Mario Capecchi
1862:
1851:
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1729:James W. Black
1718:
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1697:CĂ©sar Milstein
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1540:External links
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897:Web of Stories
885:
872:Les Prix Nobel
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646:Order of Merit
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3569:Svante Pääbo
3554:David Julius
3508:Tasuku Honjo
3456:Edvard Moser
3448:John O'Keefe
3411:posthumously
3410:
3347:Martin Evans
3323:Robin Warren
3307:Richard Axel
3254:2001–present
3132:Bert Sakmann
3087:
3000:Roger Sperry
2992:George Snell
2988:Jean Dausset
2956:Werner Arber
2909:Howard Temin
2833:Bernard Katz
2817:Max DelbrĂĽck
2773:Francis Rous
2749:Feodor Lynen
2745:Konrad Bloch
2733:Alan Hodgkin
2717:James Watson
2693:Frank Burnet
2681:Severo Ochoa
2669:Edward Tatum
2657:Daniel Bovet
2570:Philip Hench
2482:Edward Doisy
2413:Hans Spemann
2401:George Minot
2381:Edgar Adrian
2369:Otto Warburg
2291:John Macleod
2260:August Krogh
2252:Jules Bordet
2168:Paul Ehrlich
2120:Niels Finsen
2104:Emil Behring
2037:Botond Roska
1960:John Kappler
1924:Axel Ullrich
1907:Aharon Razin
1903:Howard Cedar
1828:Michael Sela
1822:Mary F. Lyon
1751:Meir Wilchek
1728:
1672:Roger Sperry
1662:Jean Dausset
1658:George Snell
1592:
1560:Find a Grave
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1517:
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1496:. Retrieved
1485:
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1460:the original
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
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1403:the original
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991:. Retrieved
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571:
562:pharmacology
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475:affects the
466:
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431:Until 1967,
430:
403:
386:beta blocker
316:
315:
235:Institutions
229:Pharmacology
218:
158:Lasker Award
94:(2010-03-22)
73:14 June 1924
18:
3878:2010 deaths
3873:1924 births
3628:Nobel Prize
3420:John Gurdon
3335:Craig Mello
3331:Andrew Fire
3244:Eric Kandel
3220:Ferid Murad
3128:Erwin Neher
3040:Niels Jerne
2805:Har Khorana
2793:George Wald
2761:André Lwoff
2729:John Eccles
2617:John Enders
2589:Max Theiler
2550:Walter Hess
2542:Paul MĂĽller
2506:Ernst Chain
2176:Emil Kocher
2136:Robert Koch
2128:Ivan Pavlov
2112:Ronald Ross
2017:Joan Steitz
1950:Gary Ruvkun
1897:Tony Pawson
1838:Eric Kandel
1767:John Gurdon
1604:Baron Patel
1556:James Black
1546:James Black
1302:"No. 55859"
1282:"No. 48542"
1266:23 December
1214:25 December
771:Rona MacKie
722:Royal Medal
704:along with
550:propranolol
489:propranolol
477:human heart
422:Cowdenbeath
414:Balquhidder
382:propranolol
374:human heart
358:propranolol
292:.nobelprize
206:Royal Medal
141:propranolol
118:Citizenship
108:Nationality
81:Lanarkshire
3867:Categories
3668:Literature
3271:Paul Nurse
2605:Hans Krebs
2530:Gerty Cori
2478:Henrik Dam
2425:Otto Loewi
2421:Henry Dale
1832:Ruth Arnon
1598:1992–2006
1240:25 January
914:The Lancet
828:. London:
810:References
606:Chancellor
574:cimetidine
546:cardiology
508:cimetidine
473:adrenaline
406:Uddingston
390:cimetidine
370:adrenaline
362:cimetidine
306:/black-bio
302:/laureates
145:cimetidine
83:, Scotland
77:Uddingston
69:1924-06-14
3659:(Germany)
3653:(Germany)
3647:(Germany)
3637:Chemistry
3630:laureates
3472:Tu Youyou
3024:John Vane
2919:1976–2000
2580:1951–1975
2526:Carl Cori
2316:1926–1950
2095:1901–1925
2084:Laureates
1701:Leo Sachs
1440:20 August
1385:226291156
1369:: 23–40.
878:25 August
737:Lochgelly
724:from the
716:from the
674:histamine
566:digitalis
493:digitalis
338:physician
300:/medicine
102:, England
3783:(France)
3267:Tim Hunt
1875:(2002/3)
1824:(1996/7)
1818:(1995/6)
1812:(1994/5)
1737:(1984/5)
1528:20 March
1498:25 March
1487:BBC News
1342:25 March
1333:Magazine
1331:BBC News
1137:25 March
1096:25 March
1071:25 March
1022:20 March
993:25 March
967:23 March
935:14132613
850:Archived
3711:Physics
3683:(Egypt)
2086:of the
1552:website
1548:on the
1466:2 April
1194:9456487
1126:The Age
667:reads:
539:gastrin
410:Baptist
372:on the
298:_prizes
285:Website
112:British
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481:angina
463:Career
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151:Awards
100:London
3827:1988
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741:Fife
708:and
384:, a
360:and
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333:FRCP
329:FRSE
294:.org
143:and
89:Died
59:Born
42:FRCP
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1558:at
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