Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

248: 2335: 202: 2408: 2419: 3540: 2881: 2280: 46: 1505: 215: 1850: 2089:(1690), he denied the thesis of the explicit or implicit contract between the prince and his subjects, which Jurieu supported, and formulated the famous sentence: "To condemn this state , it would not only be condemn the law of nations, where servitude is admitted, as it appears by all the laws; but that would be to condemn the Holy Spirit, who commands slaves, through the mouth of St. Paul, to remain in their state, and does not oblige their masters to free them. 240: 1995: 256: 3487: 4969: 2752: 2178: 1625: 1248: 3559: 3571: 2826:

states that "only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state." As far as the duties of royalty, the primary goal is the preservation of the state. Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved: by maintaining a good constitution, making good use of the state's resources, and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it.

2844: 3028: 3001: 1260: 2231: 1927:" ("the king, Jesus Christ, and the Church, God in His three names"), he says in a characteristic letter. The object of his books was to provide authority with a rational basis. Bossuet's worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason- what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself. 2104:

with a view to reunion, but negotiations broke down precisely at this point. Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines, but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today. We prefer, he said, a church eternally variable

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is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings. Bossuet's conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness

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Throughout his essay, Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred. In the third book, Bossuet asserts that "God establishes kings as his ministers, and reigns through them over the people." He also states that "the prince must be

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controversy interesting or even intelligible. His argument is simple enough. Without rules, an organized society cannot hold together, and rules require an authorized interpreter. The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that, the longer they

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was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine. The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war; the France of his adulthood, brought together under an absolute sovereign, had suddenly burgeoned into a splendour comparable only with ancient Rome. Why not, then,

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In Paris, the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste; if a preacher wished to catch their ear, he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well-bred. Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest, Bossuet refused to descend

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In books nine and ten, Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty (arms, wealth, and counsel) and how they should be used. In regards to arms, Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war. Unjust causes include ambitious conquest, pillage, and jealousy. As far as wealth is

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In books six and seven, Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty. For Bossuet, the prince was synonymous with the state, which is why, according to him, the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country. He also

1872:. The choice was scarcely fortunate. Bossuet unbent as far as he could, but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child; and the dauphin was a choleric, ungainly, sullen boy. Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to 1720:

became his dream, and for this purpose, he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit, an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born. His youthful imagination was unbridled, and his ideas ran easily into a kind of

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might refer to the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors' veins, Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes. It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before

1560:. Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life. On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet, during a dispute about extempore preaching, the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm. 1930:

The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple. Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs. History shows that this governance is, for the most part, indirect, exercised through certain venerable corporations, as well civil and

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obeyed on principle, as a matter of religion and of conscience." While he declares the absolute authority of rulers, he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above the law "for if he sins, he destroys the laws by his example."

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preaching. He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching. He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages, often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples. He preached, for example, on St.

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concerned, he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom. He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that it is important to improve the people's lot and that there would be no more poor.

1744:. (He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz, though: he continued to hold his benefice, and in 1664, when his widowed father was ordained as a priest and became a canon of the Metz cathedral chapter, Bossuet was named chapter's 2131:

like any other book. Bossuet denounced him again and again; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more. Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still. Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence, but

2276:, which condemned Mme Guyon's ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox, Catholic conception of prayer. Fénelon, who had been attracted to Mme Guyon's ideas, signed off on the Articles, and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment. 2817:

The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature, characteristics, duties, and resources of royalty. To justify his propositions, Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms.

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137 of Bossuet's sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant, and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost. Apart from state occasions, Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669.

2303:. He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object, with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God. King 1793:

Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator: voice, language, flexibility, and strength. He never needed to strain for effect; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought, the feeling, and the word. What he said of

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to the Israel of Solomon. Then, too, the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed, to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights.

1813:, as its name betokened, stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch. At least that was what Bossuet made it; for on this field, he stood not merely first, but alone. 2140:

in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor. These repeated checks soured Bossuet's temper.

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began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyon's opinions, an ecclesiastical commission of three members, including Bossuet, was appointed to report on the matter. The commission issued 34 articles known as the

1359:, where he honed his skills in oratory and politics, before returning to Paris and establishing his reputation as a great preacher. By the early 1660s, Bossuet was preaching regularly before the court of King 1721:

paradoxical subtlety, redolent of divinity faculties. Nevertheless, his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his study of Scripture and the

2022:; to oppose the Pope was to play into the hands of Louis XIV, who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State. Therefore, Bossuet attempted to steer a middle course. In 1682, before the 1879:

Bossuet's tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction, including not just handwriting samples, but also manuals of philosophy, history, and religion fit for a future

1489:, Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet d'Aiseray, a renowned scholar. At the Collège des Godrans, he gained a reputation for hard work: fellow students nicknamed him 1809:

Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas; besides, here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him from giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject. The

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applied peculiarly to himself: he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion. These qualities reached their highest point in the

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Because of his work on Biblical chronology, Bossuet has been described as one of the last great practicitioners of a biblically inspired view of history. Cited by Berthoud in his paper on

2127:, but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still. Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions, such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux, he claimed his right to interpret the 2006:

by the King on 2 May 1681, which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November. But before he could take possession of his see, he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and

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For the moment, the Protestants were pulverized; but before long, they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil. Between 1691 and 1701, Bossuet corresponded with

2054:("Exposition of the Catholic Faith"), so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste. 2034:, only published after his death. Throughout this controversy, unlike the court bishops, Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration. 1931:

ecclesiastical, all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God. Thus all revolt, whether civil or religious, is a direct defiance of the Almighty.

1774:. He would not write out his discourses in full, much less learn them off by heart: of the two hundred printed in his works, all but a fraction are rough drafts. Ladies such as 1986:

it. Bossuet, accordingly, made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes, and in this way, his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories.

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lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal sides, his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century. He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet, a judge of the

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within his Diocese of Meaux, but now his patience was waning. A dissertation by one Father Caffaro, an obscure Italian monk, became his excuse for writing certain, violent

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abrogated miracles altogether. It was blasphemous, he argued, to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established. Bossuet might scribble

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over the love of God. Fénelon, 24 years his junior, was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival; like Bossuet, Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor.

6899: 2395:. Bossuet's funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages, including English. Such was their power that even 1700:

He spent the next seven years at Metz, where he now had the office of archdeacon. He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy; nearly half of Metz was

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When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin, oldest child of Louis XIV, he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil, one of which was

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reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons' tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the

2805: 2563: 7118: 7108: 2265: 2047: 1775: 2097:, noted that in the 19th century, Catholic theology had varied to the point of expressing ideas on slavery diametrically opposed to those of Bossuet. 7158: 6852: 2026:, he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise. As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an 2326:

selected 23 specific passages for condemnation. Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Rome's determination of the matter.

7163: 2061:("History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches"), perhaps the most brilliant of all his works, appeared. Few writers could have made the 2030:, Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could, and when the Pope declared it null and void, he set to work on a gigantic 6911: 5006: 3468: 6892: 3623: 3579:

Oraison funèbre de Henriette-Anne d’Angleterre, duchesse d’Orléans. Oraison funèbre de Henriette-Marie de France, reine de la Grand’Bretagne.

1291: 542: 1709: 1712:(1655). During the rest of his time at Metz he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants (and, less regularly, with 3676: 3578: 2860: 3508: 2769: 2295:

in greater depth. Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise, however, and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the

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to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology. His mentor there was the college's president,

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includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as

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The narrative element in Bossuet's sermons grew shorter with each year. He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival

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Next, Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Rome's own variations; and here, they were backed up by

2731: 1923:, with a Christian philosopher on the throne. That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms: " 7208: 7183: 6699: 6609: 2027: 924: 6724: 2148:, and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court. His approval of the revocation of the 7193: 6923: 4999: 1392: 3526: 7153: 3365:

Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne (1987), "Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture", in Baker, Keith Michael (ed.),

2791: 2217: 2010:. Here he found himself in a quandary: to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits, and he hated their supposed 1664: 1589: 1284: 428: 7003: 3058: 2346:. Two years later he was a hopeless invalid, and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly. His funeral oration was given by 1550:

For the time being, however, Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms. In 1643, Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the

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The Gallican storm a little abated, he turned back to a project very near his heart. Ever since the early days at

1493:, an "ox accustomed to the plough". His father's influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a 7173: 5625: 5476: 4661: 3924: 3642: 2717: 2253: 2003: 1376: 654: 72: 6826: 6679: 5565: 4586: 3637: 3564: 2773: 2551: 2199: 1892: 1646: 1430: 223: 1732:, mother of Louis XIV. As a result, he received the honorific title of "Counselor and Preacher to the King". 1585: 6866: 6739: 5961: 4992: 4606: 4286: 3683: 2500: 1415: 468: 116: 4702: 1751:

Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher, and by 1660, he was preaching regularly before the

1725:. He also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders. 1119: 315: 6764: 6759: 6453: 5491: 5124: 3661: 1919:, would bear them in mind. The tutor's imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into 1690: 1604: 1474: 1453: 1277: 1224: 3044: 2314:

Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the

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was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world. He totally ignores the history of

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The works of Bossuet best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of

1144: 7148: 6779: 6774: 6559: 4561: 964: 2046:, he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church. In 1668, he converted 1899:("Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture") (1679, published 1709). The three books fit into each other. The 7198: 7168: 7143: 7133: 5444: 5104: 4712: 4651: 3614: 1154: 300: 4455: 3532: 7138: 7128: 5808: 5751: 5336: 2892: 2662: 2491: 2392: 2388: 1407: 1049: 854: 1942:

strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time? Bossuet's own

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Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the "Ad usum Delphini" book series (commonly known as the

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in Paris, where he studied philosophy and theology. In 1652, he was ordained a priest and became a

1317: 569: 325: 295: 3385: 2814:, a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism. The work was published posthumously in 1709. 2515: 2079:

Avertissements aux protestants sur les lettres du ministre Jurieu contre l'Histoire des variations

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An edition of Bossuet's sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols. (Paris, 1890, 1896), as the

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Delamarre, Louis, and Ferdinand Brunetière. "Jacques-Benigne Bossuet." The Catholic Encyclopedia

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might have furnished an answer, for there the fall of many empires is detailed; but then the

1883:. Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics. First came the 1783: 1756: 1740:

In 1657, St. Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to

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Warnings to Protestants on the letters of Minister Jurieu against the History of Variations

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on 18 March 1652. A few weeks later, he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a

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Until he was over 70 years, Bossuet enjoyed good health, but in 1702 he developed chronic

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With the period of the Dauphin's formal education ending in 1681, Bossuet was appointed

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Jacoebee, W. Pierre (1982), "The Classical Sermon and the French Literary Tradition",

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Bossuet was quoted and mentioned in the song 'Un poison violent, c'est ça l'amour' by

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Edwards, O. C. Jr., "Varieties of Sermon: A Survey", in Eijnatten, Joris van (ed.),

2928: 1129: 934: 6947: 6789: 6719: 6489: 6408: 6403: 6328: 6303: 6248: 6238: 6228: 6198: 6178: 6168: 6035: 6030: 5988: 5931: 5728: 5411: 5406: 5381: 5326: 5301: 4812: 4807: 4732: 4717: 4697: 4485: 4410: 4271: 4155: 4140: 4120: 4065: 4045: 4032: 3977: 3869: 3701: 3544: 3409: 2954: 2950: 2936: 2620: 2467: 2384: 2371: 2261: 2113: 2090: 2007: 1826: 1779: 1771: 1607:, he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Saint 1204: 1199: 1194: 1169: 1099: 1024: 849: 759: 664: 639: 609: 377: 285: 51: 7051: 6393: 4928: 4817: 4556: 4355: 2992: 7011: 6955: 6846: 6519: 6438: 6398: 6368: 6353: 6318: 6313: 6283: 6258: 6243: 6218: 6203: 6138: 6115: 6100: 6085: 6070: 5941: 5896: 5881: 5871: 5693: 5688: 5545: 5540: 5520: 5508: 4938: 4827: 4762: 4752: 4676: 4571: 4566: 4470: 4445: 4276: 4256: 4229: 4224: 4194: 4135: 3879: 3706: 2912: 2482: 2427: 2412: 2351: 2279: 2149: 1934: 1729: 1717: 1608: 1561: 1536: 1463: 1396: 1333: 1312: 1189: 1149: 1094: 1029: 1019: 989: 984: 959: 914: 899: 879: 819: 764: 694: 629: 82: 45: 37: 4370: 2880: 2508:

Exposition de la doctrine de l'église catholique sur les matières de controverse

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H.L. Sidney Lear, 'Bossuet and His Contemporaries' (1874, Rivingtons), p.10

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Worcester, Thomas, "The Classical Sermon", in Eijnatten, Joris van (ed.),

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on 21 September 1670, but he resigned the see when he was elected to the

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The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of

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famously quipped: "I never heard anybody preach so early nor so late".

1379:, a position he held until his death. Bossuet was a strong advocate of 669: 382: 290: 181: 2709: 2161: 1554:, a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the 6529: 6468: 6025: 5668: 5595: 5580: 5501: 5421: 5416: 5341: 5296: 5276: 5255: 5240: 5220: 5205: 5069: 5029: 4489: 4175: 3769: 2304: 2011: 1887:("Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Oneself") (1677), then the 1741: 1544: 1458: 1400: 1360: 401: 305: 25: 3549: 2751: 2177: 1903:

is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man. The

1624: 1387:. Later in his life, he was also involved in the controversies over 6804: 6383: 6120: 5713: 5678: 5652: 5632: 5585: 5396: 5351: 5235: 5139: 5129: 5094: 5064: 4968: 4389: 3967: 3919: 3824: 3814: 3784: 3764: 3728: 3553: 3446:

Preaching, Sermon and Culture Change in the Long Eighteenth Century

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Preaching, Sermon and Culture Change in the Long Eighteenth Century

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

1704:, and Bossuet's first appearance in print was a refutation of the 6841: 6754: 5642: 5610: 5600: 5371: 5331: 5164: 5089: 5074: 5054: 4421: 4310: 4160: 3899: 3874: 3789: 3717: 3671: 3031:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Bossuet and His Contemporaries, Lear, H. L. Sidney, London, 1874.

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The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties, but his son,

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On 18 September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old

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came in 1649, after which he began to preach his first sermons.

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Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 August 2019

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Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential

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In his earlier controversies, he had borne himself with great

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lived, the more they varied on increasingly important points.

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is a history of God's dealings with humanity in the past. The

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In January 1652, Bossuet returned to public life, being named

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Discours sur l'Histoire universelle ( French text – 1681 PDF)

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Heinrich Bullinger and the Reformation. A comprehensive faith

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Bossuet: Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture

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Jacques Benigne Bossuet; a study, E.K. Sanders, London, 1921.

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Protestant minority. Bossuet died in 1704 at the age of 76.

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and the father of biblical criticism in France. He accused

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Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet: A Study by ... with Two Portraits

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Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730)

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any relevant information into other sections or articles.

1580:) in theology on 25 January 1648, in the presence of the 1473:

The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans, a

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le roi, Jesus-Christ et l'Eglise, Dieu en ces trois noms

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A favourite of the court, in 1669 Bossuet was gazetted

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of all time. He is one of the preachers, along with

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Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture

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Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture

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Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture

1860:(1638–1715). Bossuet served as his tutor 1670–1681. 1767:

to the usual devices for arousing popular interest.

1603:) on 9 November 1650. Then, in preparation for the 3111:Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne; Bossuet, Jacques (1990). 2160:(1694), wherein he made an attack on the memory of 2037: 1820: 1418:(1670), and of the outstanding military commander 1316:; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French 3291: 2812:Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture 1584:. Later in 1648, he was ordained a subdeacon by 7090: 3613: 2628:Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes 2523:Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même 2059:Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes 1885:Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même 1481:of Dijon. When his father was appointed to the 3439:, Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio, p. 263 2241:Three years later, he was battling with Bishop 1981:is far more than a theological pamphlet. While 1833:without being obliged to reside there. He was 6907: 3110: 1856:(1661–1711), only surviving legitimate son of 6893: 5000: 3599: 3432: 3177: 2514:Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de 1989: 1395:, and supported the king's revocation of the 1285: 5506: 3536:, vol. 4 (9th ed.), pp. 70–72 3433:Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952), 2725:Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants 2422:20th-century statue of Bossuet, sculpted by 1950:was composed with a single purpose in mind. 1782:dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669, though 5442: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2670:Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères 2167: 7119:18th-century French Roman Catholic bishops 7109:17th-century French Roman Catholic bishops 6900: 6886: 5007: 4993: 3606: 3592: 3467:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3382: 2995:The Library of the World's Best Literature 2993:Cohn, Adolphe. "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet", 1895:") (1679, published 1682), and lastly the 1728:In 1657, in Metz, Bossuet preached before 1292: 1278: 200: 44: 3541:Works by or about Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 3497: 3204: 3098: 3054: 3052: 2792:Learn how and when to remove this message 2218:Learn how and when to remove this message 1665:Learn how and when to remove this message 1576:in 1643. He sustained his first thesis ( 7159:17th-century French Catholic theologians 5014: 3452: 3399: 3367:The Old Regime and the French Revolution 3333: 3285: 3011: 2879: 2417: 2406: 2333: 2278: 2229: 1993: 1848: 1735: 1716:). Reconciling the Protestants with the 1567: 1503: 1375:a year later. In 1681, he was appointed 16:French bishop and theologian (1627–1704) 6590:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3364: 3349: 2604:Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé d'Uxelles 1535:, the theologian whose denunciation of 50:Portrait of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet by 7091: 4607:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler 3419: 3049: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2959:Bossuet has a school named after him. 2454:Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby 2448:Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry 1452:. He came from a family of prosperous 6881: 4988: 3587: 3453:Voltaire (1957), Pomeau, Rene (ed.), 3443: 3337: 3321: 3309: 2387:as well as funeral orations on Queen 2024:general Assembly of the French Clergy 1311: 6972:Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu 3524:Connell, Archibald Browning (1878), 3402:Australian Journal of French Studies 3395:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3142: 2837: 2774:adding citations to reliable sources 2745: 2706:Instructions sur les états d'oraison 2688:Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie 2655:Défense de l'Histoire des variations 2588:Anne de Gonzague, princesse Palatine 2559:Politique tirée de l'Écriture sainte 2442:Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie 2289:Instructions sur les états d'oraison 2200:adding citations to reliable sources 2171: 2085:, 1689–1691). In the fifth of these 1897:Politique tirée de l'Écriture Sainte 1647:adding citations to reliable sources 1618: 1501:when the boy was just 13 years old. 1399:, which abolished the rights of the 6700:The End of History and the Last Man 6610:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 3498:Northcote, Stafford Henry (1911), " 3373: 3297: 2981: 2547:Discours sur l'histoire universelle 1944:Discours sur l'histoire universelle 1889:Discours sur l'histoire universelle 1543:in 1649 was a major episode in the 1426:Discours sur l'histoire universelle 1355:. He spent the next seven years at 13: 6924:Daniel Hay du Chastelet de Chambon 3216:I Cor, VII, 24; Ephes., VI, 7 seq. 2411:19th-century statue of Bossuet in 2301:Explication des Maximes des Saints 2237:(1651–1715), Bossuet's final rival 14: 7220: 7164:Members of the Académie Française 3517: 3383:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 3152:, www.elib.org.uk, archived from 2997:, (C.D. Warner et al. comp.) 1917 2854:list of miscellaneous information 2541:Conférence avec le pasteur Claude 2475:Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet 2338:Bossuet's tomb in Meaux cathedral 1953:To Bossuet, the establishment of 1939:revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1937:becomes a moral monster, and the 1614: 1523:In 1642, Bossuet enrolled in the 7189:17th-century French male writers 6670:The Open Society and Its Enemies 4967: 3569: 3557: 3550:Works by Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 3485: 3026: 2999: 2842: 2750: 2460:Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar 2374:, who began the transition from 2252:: her ideas were similar to the 2176: 1623: 1599:He sustained his second thesis ( 1367:. He was appointed tutor to the 1258: 1246: 254: 246: 238: 213: 7204:French male non-fiction writers 5477:Family as a model for the state 3925:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 3527:"Jacques Bénigne Bossuet" 3386:"Jacques-Benigne Bossuet" 3336:, pp. 10005–1006 cited in 3327: 3315: 3251: 3232: 3219: 3210: 2761:needs additional citations for 2735:(An English translation) (1900) 2537:(1677 – published only in 1828) 2187:needs additional citations for 2164:, dead more than twenty years. 2152:stopped far short of approving 2052:Exposition de la foi catholique 2038:Efforts to combat Protestantism 1821:Tutor to the Dauphin, 1670–1681 1634:needs additional citations for 1466:for their fifth son, so he was 1347:school before enrolling in the 7124:18th-century Christian mystics 7114:17th-century Christian mystics 7004:Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol 6827:Separation of church and state 6725:Collectivism and individualism 6680:The Origins of Totalitarianism 3638:History of the Catholic Church 3131: 3104: 3038: 2649:Avertissements aux Protestants 2643:Avertissements aux Protestants 2571:Sermon sur l'unité de l'Église 2552:Discourse on Universal History 1893:Discourse on Universal History 1443: 1431:Discourse on Universal History 1305:Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet 1: 6867:Category:Political philosophy 6740:Critique of political economy 4287:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 3684:History of Christian theology 3358: 2105:and forever moving forwards. 1416:Henriette, Duchess of Orléans 117:Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy 6765:Institutional discrimination 6760:History of political thought 5492:Negative and positive rights 3615:History of Catholic theology 3457:, Paris, pp. 10005–1006 2357: 2291:, a work that explained the 2057:Finally, in 1688, his great 1438: 1343:, Bossuet was educated at a 1332:and literary stylist of the 7: 6775:Justification for the state 6560:Two Treatises of Government 3556:(public domain audiobooks) 2962: 2700:Élévations sur les mystères 2435:Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet 2050:; in 1670, he published an 1515:, where Bossuet was made a 1371:in 1670 and elected to the 10: 7225: 7209:Deaths from kidney disease 7184:University of Paris alumni 5445:Bellum omnium contra omnes 4713:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 4703:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange 3988:Transubstantiation dispute 2803: 2676:Traité de la concupiscence 2567:) (1679 – published 1709) 1990:Bishop of Meaux, 1681–1704 1611:at Saint Lazare in Paris. 301:Principle of Double Effect 83:Cathedral of Saint Stephen 7194:17th-century French poets 6918: 6862: 6712: 6481: 6129: 5862: 5742: 5661: 5573: 5564: 5430: 5264: 5193: 5022: 4962: 4881: 4690: 4549: 4419: 4295: 4174: 4031: 3938: 3798: 3692: 3630: 3621: 3577:Livre audio mp3 gratuit: 3238:Extracts from Flaubert's 3178:Ritzler & Sefrin 1952 2942:Bossuet was the uncle of 2939:) of the Latin classics. 2893:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2833: 2694:Méditation sur l'Evangile 2492:Henriette Marie de France 2393:Henrietta Anne of England 2389:Henrietta Maria of France 2260:, which was condemned by 2123:Bossuet set to work on a 1424:(1687). He published his 196: 180: 172: 152: 127: 122: 112: 104: 96: 88: 78: 68: 58: 43: 36: 23: 7154:French religious writers 6650:The Revolt of the Masses 4627:Matthias Joseph Scheeben 3820:Athanasius of Alexandria 3712:First Epistle of Clement 3242:in the Folio edition of 2975: 2851:This article contains a 2402: 2329: 2168:Controversy with Fénelon 2077:, Bossuet published the 2073:having responded to the 2069:The Protestant Minister 2032:Defensio Cleri Gallicani 1414:(1669), of her daughter 6932:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 6630:The Communist Manifesto 5556:Tyranny of the majority 5467:Consent of the governed 4738:Dietrich von Hildebrand 4602:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi 4476:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 4456:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda 3998:Paulinus II of Aquileia 3993:Predestination disputes 3533:Encyclopædia Britannica 3509:Encyclopædia Britannica 3500:Bossuet, Jaques Bénigne 3422:Jacques-Benigne Bossuet 2732:The Sermon on the Mount 2543:(1678 – published 1682) 2529:Traité du libre arbitre 2350:, SJ. He was buried at 2125:Defense de la tradition 2075:Histoire des variations 1592:. His ordination as a 1509:St. Etienne's Cathedral 417:Theological determinism 31:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 7174:Roman Catholic mystics 6980:Mathieu de Montmorency 6964:Antoine-Marin Lemierre 5507: 5457:Clash of civilizations 5443: 4974:Catholicism portal 4823:Hans Urs von Balthasar 4622:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 4562:Félicité de La Mennais 4241:The Cloud of Unknowing 3742:The Shepherd of Hermas 2888: 2651:(IV, V, VI) (1690–91) 2501:Henriette d'Angleterre 2430: 2415: 2339: 2318:finally condemned the 2284: 2238: 2158:Maximes sur la comédie 2028:anti-papal declaration 1999: 1975:Praeparatio Evangelica 1861: 1520: 1253:Catholicism portal 605:Gregory (of Nazianzus) 469:Christian Neoplatonism 5472:Divine right of kings 4748:Marie-Dominique Chenu 4667:Marie-Joseph Lagrange 4652:Désiré-Joseph Mercier 4536:Clement Mary Hofbauer 4531:Johann Michael Sailer 3958:Maximus the Confessor 3650:History of the papacy 3414:10.3828/AJFS.19.3.227 3392:Catholic Encyclopedia 3227:Warngs to Protestants 3143:Berthoud, Jean-Marc, 2883: 2804:Further information: 2421: 2410: 2337: 2287:Bossuet now composed 2282: 2233: 1997: 1852: 1736:Early career in Paris 1568:Early clerical career 1507: 1408:Queen Henrietta Maria 1385:divine right of kings 1265:Philosophy portal 176:Bishop, writer, tutor 63:Roman Catholic Church 7060:Ambroise-Marie Carré 6940:Melchior de Polignac 6620:Democracy in America 5999:political philosophy 5982:political philosophy 5797:political philosophy 5626:political philosophy 5536:Separation of powers 5497:Night-watchman state 5482:Monopoly on violence 5016:Political philosophy 4924:Raniero Cantalamessa 4894:Alice von Hildebrand 4843:Edward Schillebeeckx 4521:Maria Gaetana Agnesi 4406:Lawrence of Brindisi 4336:Francisco de Vitoria 4126:Beatrice of Nazareth 4101:Hugh of Saint Victor 4081:Bernard of Clairvaux 4061:Anselm of Canterbury 4023:John Scotus Eriugena 4018:Paschasius Radbertus 3865:Gregory of Nazianzus 3759:Epistle to Diognetus 3263:www.geographicus.com 2770:improve this article 2682:Lettre au P. Caffaro 2661:Correspondence avec 2645:(I, II, III) (1689) 2196:improve this article 1643:improve this article 1552:Hôtel de Rambouillet 1448:Bossuet was born at 1412:Charles I of England 1381:political absolutism 501:Second scholasticism 7020:Paul Thureau-Dangin 6996:Jean-Jacques Ampère 6810:Right-wing politics 6690:A Theory of Justice 6660:The Road to Serfdom 6580:The Social Contract 5287:Christian democracy 4899:Carlo Maria Martini 4863:Johann Baptist Metz 4833:Frederick Copleston 4657:Friedrich von Hügel 4617:Joseph Hergenröther 4597:Gaetano Sanseverino 4577:Ignaz von Döllinger 4501:Nicolas Malebranche 4341:Thomas of Villanova 4302:Counter-Reformation 4282:Girolamo Savonarola 4096:Hildegard of Bingen 3905:Cyril of Alexandria 3748:Aristides of Athens 3735:Epistle of Barnabas 3724:Ignatius of Antioch 3662:Ecumenical councils 3455:Oeuvres historiques 3448:, pp. 134, 154 3288:, pp. 227–242. 3245:Bouvard et Pécuchet 2610:Oraison funèbre du 2595:Oraison funèbre de 2586:Oraison funèbre d' 2577:Oraison funèbre de 2424:Ernest Henri Dubois 1874:a Bavarian princess 1324:. Renowned for his 331:Liberation Theology 232:Catholic philosophy 7149:French monarchists 7036:Maurice de Broglie 7028:Pierre de La Gorce 6909:Académie française 6822:Political violence 6817:Political theology 6800:Left-wing politics 6795:Political spectrum 4914:Alasdair MacIntyre 4793:Nouvelle théologie 4682:Thérèse of Lisieux 4526:Alfonso Muzzarelli 4466:Jean-Jacques Olier 4436:Tommaso Campanella 4351:Francisco de Osuna 4346:Ignatius of Loyola 4215:Catherine of Siena 4111:Robert Grosseteste 4008:Benedict of Aniane 3948:Isidore of Seville 3890:Augustine of Hippo 3855:Cyril of Jerusalem 3850:Hilary of Poitiers 3139:Heinrich Bullinger 2923:, and Chrysostom. 2889: 2499:Oraison funèbre d' 2490:Oraison funèbre d' 2481:Oraison funèbre d' 2431: 2416: 2340: 2322:on 12 March 1699. 2320:Maximes des Saints 2309:Maximes des Saints 2285: 2239: 2112:, a priest of the 2018:almost as much as 2000: 1868:, eldest child of 1862: 1843:Académie française 1695:Doctor of Divinity 1525:Collège de Navarre 1521: 1373:Académie Française 1353:Doctor of Divinity 1349:College of Navarre 610:Gregory (of Nyssa) 338:Christian Humanism 187:College of Navarre 108:Dominique de Ligny 7199:French male poets 7169:Clergy from Dijon 7144:Bishops of Troyes 7134:Bishops of Condom 7086: 7085: 6988:Alexandre Guiraud 6875: 6874: 6785:Philosophy of law 6730:Conflict theories 6570:The Spirit of Law 6477: 6476: 5526:Original position 4982: 4981: 4909:Gustavo Gutiérrez 4904:Pope Benedict XVI 4889:Pope John Paul II 4788:Josemaría Escrivá 4778:Henri Daniel-Rops 4662:Vladimir Solovyov 4642:Neo-scholasticism 4582:John Henry Newman 4516:Louis de Montfort 4511:Alphonsus Liguori 4506:Giambattista Vico 4441:Pierre de Bérulle 4427:French Revolution 4396:Robert Bellarmine 4376:John of the Cross 4262:Julian of Norwich 4220:Bridget of Sweden 4210:John of Ruusbroec 4200:William of Ockham 4116:Francis of Assisi 4106:Dominic de Guzmán 4076:Decretum Gratiani 4051:Berengar of Tours 3940:Early Middle Ages 3910:Peter Chrysologus 3860:Basil of Caesarea 3845:Ephrem the Syrian 3785:Antipope Novatian 3352:, pp. 31–47. 3124:978-0-521-36807-0 2878: 2877: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2634:Explication de l' 2597:Michel Le Tellier 2348:Charles de la Rue 2324:Pope Innocent XII 2228: 2227: 2220: 2138:nova, mira, falsa 1917:the Petit Dauphin 1854:The Grand Dauphin 1800:Oraisons funèbres 1778:forsook him when 1675: 1674: 1667: 1590:Bishop of Langres 1572:Bossuet became a 1519:at age 13 in 1640 1499:cathedral of Metz 1491:Bos suetus aratro 1302: 1301: 1235: 1234: 1120:Garrigou-Lagrange 429:Divine Attributes 208: 207: 138:27 September 1627 7216: 7139:Bishops of Meaux 7129:Canons (priests) 7079: 7071: 7063: 7055: 7047: 7044:Eugène Tisserant 7039: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7007: 6999: 6991: 6983: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6951: 6948:Odet-Joseph Giry 6943: 6935: 6927: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6790:Political ethics 6780:Machiavellianism 6720:Authoritarianism 6705: 6695: 6685: 6675: 6665: 6655: 6645: 6635: 6625: 6615: 6605: 6595: 6585: 6575: 6565: 6555: 6545: 6535: 6525: 6515: 6505: 6495: 5571: 5570: 5512: 5448: 5438:Balance of power 5412:Social democracy 5407:Social Darwinism 5382:Multiculturalism 5327:Environmentalism 5302:Communitarianism 5009: 5002: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4972: 4971: 4813:Emmanuel Mounier 4808:Bernard Lonergan 4733:Georges Bernanos 4718:Jacques Maritain 4698:G. K. Chesterton 4587:Henri Lacordaire 4486:Cornelius Jansen 4481:François Fénelon 4411:Francis de Sales 4401:Francisco Suárez 4272:Nicholas of Cusa 4156:Siger of Brabant 4141:Boetius of Dacia 4121:Anthony of Padua 4066:Joachim of Fiore 4046:Gregory of Narek 4033:High Middle Ages 3978:John of Damascus 3870:Gregory of Nyssa 3608: 3601: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3573: 3561: 3560: 3545:Internet Archive 3537: 3529: 3513: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3429: 3416: 3396: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3255: 3249: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3020: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2990: 2955:Anna (1967 film) 2951:Serge Gainsbourg 2937:Delphin Classics 2907:The exterior of 2873: 2870: 2864: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2754: 2746: 2716:Relation sur le 2621:diocèse de Meaux 2426:, on display in 2385:Francis de Sales 2372:Louis Bourdaloue 2266:Mme de Maintenon 2262:Pope Innocent XI 2243:François Fénelon 2223: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2180: 2172: 2008:Pope Innocent XI 1827:bishop of Condom 1804:Funeral Orations 1772:Louis Bourdaloue 1670: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1627: 1619: 1475:classical school 1315: 1310: 1294: 1287: 1280: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1251: 1250: 640:John of Damascus 548: 547: 378:Moderate realism 286:Cardinal virtues 258: 257: 253: 250: 249: 245: 242: 241: 217: 210: 209: 204: 159: 137: 135: 123:Personal details 92:17 November 1681 52:Hyacinthe Rigaud 48: 21: 20: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7074: 7066: 7058: 7050: 7042: 7034: 7026: 7018: 7012:Camille Rousset 7010: 7002: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6956:Charles Batteux 6954: 6946: 6938: 6930: 6922: 6914: 6906: 6876: 6871: 6858: 6847:Totalitarianism 6708: 6703: 6693: 6683: 6673: 6663: 6653: 6643: 6633: 6623: 6613: 6603: 6593: 6583: 6573: 6563: 6553: 6543: 6533: 6523: 6520:Treatise on Law 6513: 6503: 6493: 6473: 6131: 6125: 5864: 5858: 5744: 5738: 5657: 5560: 5546:State of nature 5541:Social contract 5521:Ordered liberty 5509:Noblesse oblige 5426: 5260: 5189: 5018: 5013: 4983: 4978: 4966: 4958: 4939:Jean-Luc Marion 4877: 4828:Marcel Lefebvre 4753:Romano Guardini 4708:Joseph Maréchal 4686: 4677:Maurice Blondel 4572:Antonio Rosmini 4567:Luigi Taparelli 4545: 4471:Louis Thomassin 4446:Pierre Gassendi 4429: 4425: 4415: 4366:Teresa of Ávila 4304: 4300: 4291: 4277:Marsilio Ficino 4267:Thomas à Kempis 4257:Devotio Moderna 4230:Johannes Tauler 4225:Meister Eckhart 4195:Dante Alighieri 4170: 4136:Albertus Magnus 4027: 3934: 3880:John Chrysostom 3808: 3804: 3794: 3707:Clement of Rome 3688: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3574: 3558: 3523: 3520: 3486: 3484: 3460: 3459: 3361: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3248:, 2006, p. 468. 3237: 3233: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3068: 3059:Sanders, E.K., 3057: 3050: 3043: 3039: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2965: 2926:A character in 2913:Sanders Theater 2874: 2868: 2865: 2858: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2808: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2767: 2755: 2744: 2612:prince de Condé 2483:Anne d'Autriche 2466:Panégyrique de 2428:Meaux Cathedral 2413:Meaux Cathedral 2405: 2360: 2352:Meaux Cathedral 2332: 2297:Articles d'Issy 2293:Articles d'Issy 2283:Bossuet in 1702 2264:in 1687. When 2224: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2193: 2181: 2170: 2150:Edict of Nantes 2040: 2004:Bishop of Meaux 1992: 1935:Oliver Cromwell 1823: 1738: 1730:Anne of Austria 1718:Catholic Church 1671: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1640: 1628: 1617: 1609:Vincent de Paul 1586:Sébastien Zamet 1582:Prince de Condé 1570: 1562:Vincent Voiture 1537:Antoine Arnauld 1446: 1441: 1397:Edict of Nantes 1377:Bishop of Meaux 1334:French language 1313:[bɔsɥɛ] 1308: 1298: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1054: 874: 866: 865: 864: 684: 676: 675: 674: 554: 545: 535: 534: 442: 434: 433: 363: 353: 352: 326:Social teaching 281: 271: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 161: 157: 148: 139: 133: 131: 54: 38:Bishop of Meaux 32: 29: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7222: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7179:Sermon writers 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7072: 7064: 7056: 7048: 7040: 7032: 7024: 7016: 7008: 7000: 6992: 6984: 6976: 6968: 6960: 6952: 6944: 6936: 6928: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6837:Social justice 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6745:Egalitarianism 6742: 6737: 6735:Contractualism 6732: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6696: 6686: 6676: 6666: 6656: 6646: 6636: 6626: 6616: 6606: 6596: 6586: 6576: 6566: 6556: 6546: 6536: 6526: 6516: 6506: 6496: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5531:Overton window 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5362:Libertarianism 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4768:Henri de Lubac 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4743:Gabriel Marcel 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4723:Étienne Gilson 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4672:George Tyrrell 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4632:Émile Boutroux 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4612:Giuseppe Pecci 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4461:António Vieira 4458: 4453: 4451:René Descartes 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4422:Baroque period 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4386:Luis de Molina 4383: 4381:Peter Canisius 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4361:Francis Xavier 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4316:Thomas Cajetan 4313: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4247:Heinrich Seuse 4244: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4151:Thomas Aquinas 4148: 4146:Henry of Ghent 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4091:Anselm of Laon 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4013:Rabanus Maurus 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3930:Pope Gregory I 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3806:Pope Gregory I 3799: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3677:Biblical canon 3674: 3667:Catholic Bible 3664: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3567: 3562: 3547: 3538: 3519: 3518:External links 3516: 3515: 3514: 3504:Chisholm, Hugh 3476: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3441: 3430: 3417: 3408:(3): 227–242, 3397: 3380: 3371: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3340:, p. 151. 3326: 3314: 3312:, p. 134. 3302: 3290: 3275: 3250: 3231: 3218: 3209: 3207:, p. 289. 3205:Northcote 1911 3182: 3180:, p. 263. 3170: 3159:on 16 May 2005 3130: 3123: 3103: 3101:, p. 288. 3099:Northcote 1911 3066: 3048: 3037: 3010: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2929:Les Misérables 2876: 2875: 2850: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2800: 2799: 2758: 2756: 2749: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2728: 2722: 2713: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2631: 2625: 2619:Catéchisme du 2616: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2404: 2401: 2368:John Tillotson 2359: 2356: 2331: 2328: 2226: 2225: 2208:September 2016 2184: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2087:Avertissements 2039: 2036: 2016:dévotion aisée 1998:Bishop Bossuet 1991: 1988: 1881:King of France 1822: 1819: 1776:Mme de Sévigné 1737: 1734: 1723:Church Fathers 1673: 1672: 1655:September 2016 1631: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1615:Priest at Metz 1613: 1574:Master of Arts 1569: 1566: 1533:Nicolas Cornet 1470:at age eight. 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1421:le Grand Condé 1300: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1255: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 531: 530: 525: 515: 510: 509: 508: 503: 493: 488: 483: 478: 477: 476: 474:Friends of God 466: 461: 456: 455: 454: 447:Augustinianism 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 426: 425: 424: 419: 412:Predestination 409: 404: 399: 385: 380: 375: 370: 364: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 348:Works of mercy 345: 340: 335: 334: 333: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 277: 276: 273: 272: 259: 235: 234: 228: 227: 219: 218: 206: 205: 198: 194: 193: 184: 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 160:(aged 76) 154: 150: 149: 140: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 49: 41: 40: 34: 33: 30: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7221: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7052:Jean Daniélou 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6903: 6898: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6770:Jurisprudence 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6600:Rights of Man 6597: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510:De re publica 6507: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130:20th and 21st 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863:18th and 19th 5861: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5719:Nizam al-Mulk 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402:Republicanism 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 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4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848:Thomas Merton 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818:Jean Daniélou 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:Joseph Görres 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4541:Bruno Lanteri 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4496:Blaise Pascal 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:John of Ávila 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4235:Walter Hilton 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205:Richard Rolle 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4086:Peter Lombard 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071:Peter Abelard 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3963:Monothelitism 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3953:John Climacus 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840:Monophysitism 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3753:Justin Martyr 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3655:Papal primacy 3653: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3494:public domain 3483: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3470: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3335: 3334:Voltaire 1957 3330: 3324:, p. 152 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3300:, p. 11. 3299: 3294: 3287: 3286:Jacoebee 1982 3282: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3174: 3155: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3033:public domain 3024: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3007: 3006:public domain 2998: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2944:Louis Bossuet 2940: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2869:December 2019 2862: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2796: 2793: 2785: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2759:This section 2757: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2708:(replying to 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579:Marie Thérèse 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:kidney stones 2336: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2219: 2211: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2185:This section 2183: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114:Paris Oratory 2111: 2110:Richard Simon 2106: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:Pierre Jurieu 2067: 2064: 2063:Justification 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:Martin Luther 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1632:This section 1630: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1547:controversy. 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1306: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 925:Chateaubriand 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 870: 869: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 790:Gundissalinus 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 680: 679: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 550: 549: 544: 539: 538: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 519: 516: 514: 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 498: 497: 496:Scholasticism 494: 492: 489: 487: 486:Ressourcement 484: 482: 479: 475: 472: 471: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 453: 450: 449: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 430: 427: 423: 422:Compatibilism 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 397: 393: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 368:Conceptualism 366: 365: 362: 357: 356: 349: 346: 344: 343:Virtue ethics 341: 339: 336: 332: 329: 328: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 280: 275: 274: 270: 266: 262: 237: 236: 233: 230: 229: 225: 221: 220: 216: 212: 211: 203: 199: 195: 192: 188: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 156:12 April 1704 155: 151: 147: 143: 130: 126: 121: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100:12 April 1704 99: 95: 91: 87: 84: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 64: 61: 57: 53: 47: 42: 39: 35: 27: 22: 19: 6931: 6851: 6750:Elite theory 6698: 6688: 6678: 6668: 6658: 6648: 6638: 6628: 6618: 6608: 6598: 6588: 6578: 6568: 6558: 6548: 6538: 6528: 6518: 6508: 6498: 6488: 5787:Guicciardini 5761: 5743:Early modern 5566:Philosophers 5516:Open society 5452:Body politic 5322:Distributism 5312:Conservatism 5307:Confucianism 5226:Gerontocracy 5216:Dictatorship 5170:Sovereignty‎ 5160:Ruling class 5050:Emancipation 5035:Citizenship‎ 4934:Peter Kreeft 4882:21st century 4873:Henri Nouwen 4783:Jean Guitton 4763:Fulton Sheen 4691:20th century 4592:Jaime Balmes 4550:19th century 4475: 4371:Luis de León 4252:Geert Groote 4239: 4056:Peter Damian 3895:John Cassian 3835:Nestorianism 3757: 3740: 3733: 3716: 3694:Early Church 3531: 3507: 3479:Attribution: 3478: 3477: 3454: 3445: 3435: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3390: 3378:, p. 11 3375: 3366: 3350:Bossuet 1987 3345: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3266:. Retrieved 3262: 3253: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3226: 3221: 3212: 3173: 3161:, retrieved 3154:the original 3145: 3133: 3113: 3106: 3060: 3040: 2994: 2958: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2906: 2891: 2890: 2884: 2866: 2852: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2788: 2779: 2768:Please help 2763:verification 2760: 2740: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2474: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2380:Neoclassical 2361: 2341: 2319: 2313: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2270: 2250:Jeanne Guyon 2247: 2240: 2214: 2205: 2194:Please help 2189:verification 2186: 2157: 2143: 2137: 2124: 2122: 2118:St Augustine 2107: 2099: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2041: 2031: 2015: 2001: 1978: 1955:Christianity 1952: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1863: 1841: 1824: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1769: 1765: 1757:Chapel Royal 1750: 1739: 1727: 1699: 1676: 1661: 1652: 1641:Please help 1636:verification 1633: 1600: 1598: 1577: 1571: 1555: 1549: 1522: 1490: 1482: 1472: 1457: 1447: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1405: 1339:A native of 1338: 1304: 1303: 1165:John Paul II 1090:Benedict XVI 1063:Contemporary 904: 543:Philosophers 464:Cartesianism 407:Quinque Viae 158:(1704-04-12) 18: 7104:1704 deaths 7099:1627 births 7076:Michel Zink 7068:René Girard 6624:(1835–1840) 6504:(c. 350 BC) 6494:(c. 375 BC) 6111:Tocqueville 6076:Saint-Simon 6041:Montesquieu 5892:Bolingbroke 5824:Machiavelli 5704:Ibn Khaldun 5669:Alpharabius 5662:Middle Ages 5487:Natural law 5462:Common good 5387:Nationalism 5347:Imperialism 5317:Corporatism 5292:Colonialism 5272:Agrarianism 5251:Technocracy 5231:Meritocracy 5211:Bureaucracy 5201:Aristocracy 4944:Tomáš Halík 4868:Jean Vanier 4853:René Girard 4838:Alfred Delp 4803:Yves Congar 4798:Karl Rahner 4773:Dorothy Day 4758:Edith Stein 4728:Ronald Knox 4326:John Fisher 4321:Thomas More 4298:Reformation 4190:Duns Scotus 4185:Ramon Llull 4178:and reforms 4166:Roger Bacon 4131:Bonaventure 4041:Roscellinus 3830:Pelagianism 3801:Constantine 3624:Key figures 3575:(in French) 2917:Demosthenes 2516:La Vallière 2316:Inquisition 2271:Articles d' 2154:dragonnades 2146:magnanimity 2134:Malebranche 1835:consecrated 1477:run by the 1444:Early years 1410:, widow of 1389:Gallicanism 980:Malebranche 840:Roscellinus 785:Grosseteste 745:Bonaventure 565:Athenagoras 361:Metaphysics 321:Personalism 316:Natural law 311:Probabilism 105:Predecessor 7093:Categories 6832:Separatism 6640:On Liberty 6540:The Prince 6269:Huntington 5772:Campanella 5699:al-Ghazali 5648:Thucydides 5606:Lactantius 5551:Statolatry 5377:Monarchism 5357:Liberalism 5282:Capitalism 5265:Ideologies 5246:Plutocracy 5194:Government 5150:Revolution 5135:Propaganda 5085:Legitimacy 5060:Government 4954:Scott Hahn 4331:Johann Eck 3983:Iconoclasm 3915:Pope Leo I 3775:Tertullian 3427:New Advent 3359:References 2902:Chrysostom 2636:Apocalypse 2468:saint Paul 1977:. Yet his 1788:La Bruyère 1780:Bourdaloue 1710:Paul Ferry 1702:Protestant 1683:Sarrebourg 1679:Archdeacon 1605:priesthood 1557:Précieuses 1464:the Church 1454:Burgundian 1365:Versailles 1322:theologian 1160:Hildebrand 1100:Chesterton 965:La Mennais 895:Bellarmine 890:Azpilcueta 835:Paschasius 715:Autrecourt 670:Tertullian 630:Chrysostom 570:Athanasius 452:Victorines 383:Nominalism 291:Just price 182:Alma mater 173:Occupation 134:1627-09-27 97:Term ended 6550:Leviathan 6530:Monarchia 6524:(c. 1274) 6359:Oakeshott 6304:Mansfield 6299:Luxemburg 6284:Kropotkin 6179:Bernstein 6132:centuries 6046:Nietzsche 5989:Jefferson 5917:Condorcet 5865:centuries 5844:Pufendorf 5709:Marsilius 5596:Confucius 5581:Aristotle 5574:Antiquity 5502:Noble lie 5422:Third Way 5417:Socialism 5342:Feudalism 5297:Communism 5277:Anarchism 5256:Theocracy 5241:Oligarchy 5221:Democracy 5206:Autocracy 5120:Pluralism 5105:Obedience 5070:Hierarchy 5030:Authority 4858:Hans Küng 4647:Léon Bloy 4637:Modernism 4490:Jansenism 4176:Mysticism 3770:Montanism 3338:Worcester 3322:Worcester 3310:Worcester 3240:Sottisier 3225:Bossuet, 2898:Augustine 2782:July 2017 2718:quiétisme 2712:) (1697) 2702:(1694–95) 2696:(1694–95) 2690:(1694–95) 2684:(1694–95) 2678:(1691–93) 2672:(1691–93) 2666:(1691–93) 2657:(1690–91) 2555:) (1681) 2364:homilists 2358:Preaching 2305:Louis XIV 2095:Sottisier 2093:, in his 2012:casuistry 1909:Politique 1870:Louis XIV 1858:Louis XIV 1846:in 1671. 1742:preaching 1685:. He was 1601:sorbonica 1578:tentativa 1545:Jansenist 1483:parlement 1459:parlement 1439:Biography 1435:in 1681. 1361:Louis XIV 1180:MacIntyre 1140:Gutiérrez 1110:Copleston 1080:Balthasar 935:Descartes 795:Hildegard 780:Gregory I 755:Catherine 705:Alexander 655:Dionysius 575:Augustine 528:Salamanca 402:Haecceity 306:Casuistry 197:Signature 113:Successor 89:Installed 26:His Grace 6805:Centrism 6500:Politics 6490:Republic 6459:Voegelin 6439:Spengler 6424:Shariati 6399:Rothbard 6354:Nussbaum 6254:Habermas 6229:Fukuyama 6219:Foucault 6144:Ambedkar 6121:Voltaire 6091:de Staël 6066:Rousseau 5947:Franklin 5922:Constant 5882:Beccaria 5714:Muhammad 5694:Gelasius 5679:Averroes 5653:Xenophon 5633:Polybius 5586:Chanakya 5431:Concepts 5397:Populism 5367:Localism 5352:Islamism 5337:Feminism 5236:Monarchy 5140:Property 5130:Progress 5095:Monopoly 5065:Hegemony 4390:Molinism 3968:Ecthesis 3920:Boethius 3825:Arianism 3815:Eusebius 3765:Irenaeus 3729:Polycarp 3643:Timeline 3554:LibriVox 3463:citation 3268:27 March 2963:See also 2861:relocate 2397:Voltaire 2254:Quietism 2091:Flaubert 1979:Discours 1948:Discours 1905:Discours 1706:Huguenot 1687:ordained 1541:Sorbonne 1468:tonsured 1401:Huguenot 1393:Quietism 1383:and the 1195:Maritain 1170:Lonergan 1150:Guardini 1075:Anscombe 1050:Caramuel 960:Krasicki 955:Kołłątaj 910:Brentano 770:Eriugena 735:Berengar 683:Medieval 635:Climacus 615:Irenaeus 585:Boethius 580:Benedict 523:Analytic 491:Occamism 481:Molinism 459:Llullism 388:Quiddity 296:Just war 224:a series 222:Part of 6912:seat 37 6842:Statism 6755:Elitism 6713:Related 6514:(51 BC) 6444:Strauss 6419:Scruton 6414:Schmitt 6404:Russell 6324:Michels 6319:Maurras 6314:Marcuse 6274:Kautsky 6244:Gramsci 6239:Gentile 6209:Dworkin 6199:Du Bois 6194:Dmowski 6189:Chomsky 6184:Burnham 6169:Benoist 6139:Agamben 6106:Thoreau 6096:Stirner 6086:Spencer 6031:Mazzini 6021:Maistre 6016:Madison 6011:Le Play 5942:Fourier 5907:Carlyle 5887:Bentham 5877:Bastiat 5872:Bakunin 5849:Spinoza 5839:Müntzer 5809:Leibniz 5782:Grotius 5762:Bossuet 5729:Plethon 5674:Aquinas 5643:Sun Tzu 5611:Mencius 5601:Han Fei 5372:Marxism 5332:Fascism 5165:Society 5090:Liberty 5075:Justice 5055:Freedom 4311:Erasmus 4161:Thomism 3900:Orosius 3875:Ambrose 3790:Cyprian 3718:Didache 3672:Vulgate 3631:General 3543:at the 3506:(ed.), 3496:: 3298:Edwards 3163:11 July 2909:Harvard 2885:Oeuvres 2859:Please 2710:Fénelon 2663:Leibniz 2535:Logique 2376:Baroque 2258:Molinos 2235:Fénelon 2162:Molière 2102:Leibniz 2048:Turenne 1866:Dauphin 1831:Gascony 1811:Oraison 1784:Fénelon 1755:in the 1708:pastor 1539:at the 1497:in the 1495:canonry 1479:Jesuits 1369:Dauphin 1326:sermons 1309:French: 1205:Mounier 1200:McLuhan 1155:Haldane 1095:Blondel 1045:Vitoria 1020:Rosmini 995:Mercado 990:Meinong 985:Mariana 975:Maistre 970:Liguori 950:Gracián 945:Fénelon 940:Erasmus 920:Cajetan 905:Bossuet 880:Arnauld 860:Thierry 815:Lombard 805:Isidore 765:Eckhart 750:Buridan 740:Bernard 720:Aquinas 690:Abelard 650:Maximus 625:Cassian 595:Cyprian 590:Clement 560:Ambrose 553:Ancient 518:Thomism 513:Scotism 441:Schools 392:essence 373:Realism 261:Aquinas 69:Diocese 7078:(2017) 7070:(2005) 7062:(1975) 7054:(1972) 7046:(1961) 7038:(1934) 7030:(1914) 7022:(1893) 7014:(1871) 7006:(1865) 6998:(1847) 6990:(1826) 6982:(1825) 6974:(1803) 6966:(1780) 6958:(1761) 6950:(1741) 6942:(1704) 6934:(1671) 6926:(1635) 6704:(1992) 6694:(1971) 6684:(1951) 6674:(1945) 6664:(1944) 6654:(1929) 6644:(1859) 6634:(1848) 6614:(1820) 6604:(1791) 6594:(1790) 6584:(1762) 6574:(1748) 6564:(1689) 6554:(1651) 6544:(1532) 6534:(1313) 6464:Walzer 6454:Taylor 6409:Sartre 6374:Popper 6369:Pareto 6364:Ortega 6349:Nozick 6339:Mouffe 6289:Laclau 6249:Guénon 6234:Gandhi 6174:Berlin 6164:Bauman 6159:Badiou 6149:Arendt 6116:Tucker 6006:Le Bon 5967:Herder 5957:Haller 5952:Godwin 5937:Fichte 5932:Engels 5927:Cortés 5897:Bonald 5854:Suárez 5829:Milton 5819:Luther 5792:Hobbes 5777:Filmer 5767:Calvin 5752:Boétie 5745:period 5724:Ockham 5591:Cicero 5392:Nazism 5180:Utopia 5155:Rights 5145:Regime 5115:People 5100:Nation 4003:Alcuin 3885:Jerome 3780:Origen 3502:", in 3490: 3121: 2921:Cicero 2887:, 1852 2834:Trivia 2721:(1698) 2639:(1689) 2630:(1688) 2624:(1687) 2615:(1687) 2606:(1686) 2600:(1686) 2591:(1685) 2582:(1683) 2573:(1682) 2531:(1677) 2525:(1677) 2519:(1675) 2510:(1671) 2504:(1670) 2495:(1669) 2486:(1667) 2477:(1663) 2471:(1659) 2462:(1657) 2456:(1656) 2450:(1655) 2444:(1648) 2299:, his 2020:Pascal 1983:Pascal 1967:Greece 1921:Utopia 1901:Traité 1838:bishop 1761:Louvre 1691:priest 1594:deacon 1345:Jesuit 1330:orator 1318:bishop 1225:Taylor 1215:Rahner 1210:Pieper 1190:Marion 1185:Marcel 1145:Dávila 1135:Girard 1130:Gilson 1115:Finnis 1105:Congar 1085:Barron 1035:Suárez 1015:Pascal 1010:Newman 1000:Molina 930:Cortés 915:Botero 900:Bonald 873:Modern 855:Symeon 845:Scotus 830:Oresme 825:Ockham 820:Martin 710:Anselm 700:Alcuin 695:Albert 660:Origen 645:Justin 620:Jerome 396:nature 279:Ethics 269:Ockham 267:, and 265:Scotus 252: 244: 167:France 146:France 59:Church 6853:Index 6482:Works 6469:Weber 6434:Spann 6429:Sorel 6394:Röpke 6389:Rawls 6344:Negri 6334:Mosca 6329:Mises 6294:Lenin 6264:Hoppe 6259:Hayek 6224:Fromm 6214:Evola 6204:Dugin 6101:Taine 6081:Smith 6061:Renan 6056:Paine 5977:Iqbal 5962:Hegel 5912:Comte 5902:Burke 5814:Locke 5804:James 5757:Bodin 5689:Dante 5684:Bruni 5638:Shang 5621:Plato 5175:State 5125:Power 5110:Peace 5045:Elite 5023:Terms 3157:(PDF) 3150:(PDF) 2976:Notes 2403:Works 2330:Death 2129:Bible 1965:; on 1959:Islam 1753:court 1529:Paris 1517:canon 1450:Dijon 1341:Dijon 1220:Stein 1175:Lubac 1125:Geach 1070:Adler 1025:Sales 885:Ávila 850:Siger 810:Llull 775:Giles 725:Bacon 600:Cyril 191:Paris 163:Paris 142:Dijon 73:Meaux 6384:Rand 6379:Qutb 6279:Kirk 6154:Aron 6071:Sade 6051:Owen 6036:Mill 6026:Marx 5994:Kant 5972:Hume 5834:More 5734:Wang 5616:Mozi 5040:Duty 3973:Bede 3702:Paul 3469:link 3270:2022 3165:2006 3119:ISBN 2900:and 2391:and 2370:and 2273:Issy 2044:Metz 2014:and 1971:Rome 1969:and 1963:Asia 1961:and 1786:and 1746:dean 1714:Jews 1513:Metz 1487:Metz 1391:and 1357:Metz 1320:and 1040:Vico 1030:Soto 1005:More 800:Hugh 760:Cusa 730:Bede 665:Paul 153:Died 128:Born 6449:Sun 6309:Mao 5185:War 5080:Law 3552:at 3410:doi 3141:, ( 2953:in 2911:'s 2772:by 2378:to 2256:of 2198:by 1829:in 1806:). 1748:.) 1681:of 1645:by 1527:in 1511:in 1485:at 1363:at 506:Neo 165:, 79:See 7095:: 4424:to 3803:to 3530:, 3465:}} 3461:{{ 3425:, 3406:19 3404:, 3389:. 3278:^ 3261:. 3185:^ 3168:). 3069:^ 3051:^ 3013:^ 2983:^ 2946:. 2919:, 2904:. 2354:. 2311:. 1891:(" 1763:. 1697:. 1689:a 1588:, 1336:. 394:/ 263:, 226:on 189:, 144:, 6901:e 6894:t 6887:v 5008:e 5001:t 4994:v 4492:) 4488:( 4392:) 4388:( 3607:e 3600:t 3593:v 3471:) 3412:: 3272:. 3127:. 3035:. 3008:. 2871:) 2867:( 2856:. 2795:) 2789:( 2784:) 2780:( 2766:. 2561:( 2549:( 2221:) 2215:( 2210:) 2206:( 2192:. 2081:( 1802:( 1668:) 1662:( 1657:) 1653:( 1639:. 1433:) 1429:( 1307:( 1293:e 1286:t 1279:v 398:) 390:( 136:) 132:(

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