Duns Scotus - Knowledge

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existence were given in the latter fashion, the notion of the one is still not that of the other. It is not efficiency as a physical attribute, however, but efficiency as the metaphysician considers it that provides a more effective way of proving God's existence, for there are more attributes in metaphysics than in physics whereby the existence of God can be established. It can be shown, for example, from "composition and simplicity," from "act and potency," from "one and many," from those features which are properties of being. Wherefore, if you find one extreme of the disjunction imperfectly realized in a creature, you conclude that the alternate, the perfect extreme exists in God. Averroës, therefore, in attacking Avicenna at the end of Bk. I of the Physics, 14 is incorrect when he claims that to prove that God exists is the job of the physicist alone, because this can be established only by way of motion, and in no other way – as if metaphysics began with a conclusion which was not evident in itself, but needed to be proved in physics (For Averroës asserts this falsehood at the end of the first book of the Physics). In point of fact, however, can be shown more truly and in a greater variety of ways by means of those metaphysical attributes which characterize being. The proof lies in this that the first efficient cause imparts not merely this fluid existence but existence in an unqualified sense, which is still more perfect and widespread.

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possible existence – for instance, although "There exists a man" is contingent, nevertheless "It is possible that he exists" is necessary, because his existence does not include any contradiction. Therefore, "Something – different from God – is possible" is necessary, because being is divided into the contingent and the necessary. Just as necessity belongs to a necessary being in virtue of its condition or its quiddity, so possibility belongs to a possible being in virtue of its quiddity. If the first argument is alternatively qualified with the notion of ontological possibility, then we have necessary propositions as follows: It is possible that there is something different from God – it is not of itself (because then it would not be the case that it were possible), nor from nothing. Therefore, it is possible that it is from something else. Either it is possible that the other agent acts by virtue of itself – and not by virtue of something else, not being from something else – or it is not possible. If so, then it is possible that there is a first agent, and if it possible that it exists, then it exists, just as we have proved before. If not and if there is no infinite regress, then the argument at once comes to a standstill.

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are those which are predicable of God in relation to creation; absolute properties are those which belong to God whether or not He chose to create. Under the first heading of Relative Properties, Scotus argues for a triple primacy of efficiency, finality and pre-eminence. From there he shows that one primacy implies the others, and finally there can only be one nature that is the First Efficient Cause, Ultimate End, and the Most Perfect Nature. From there the Subtle Doctor discusses the Absolute Properties of God. The First Being is intellectual and volitional, and the intellect and will are identical with the essence of this supreme nature. The First Being is also infinite being. While discussing the infinity of God, Scotus resurrects Anselm's argument and responds to the criticism that Anselm makes an illicit leap from concept to reality. Finally, he gives a definite answer of "yes" to the question of whether there exists an actually infinite being. The very next question of the

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ordered series. Scotus explains the differences between the two and offers proofs for the conclusion that an infinity of essentially ordered causes in a series is impossible. Second, it is objected that his proof is not really a demonstration since it begins with a contingent premise. That something is produced is contingent and not necessary. Therefore, the proof proceeds from a contingent and not a necessary premise. Scotus says that while that is true, it is utterly manifest that things are produced or effected. But in order to respond, Scotus makes a modal move and reworks the argument. Now he argues from the possibility of production. "It is possible that something can be produced" is a necessary proposition. From there he is able to conclude that it is possible that the first efficient cause exists, and if it is possible that it exists, then it does exist. He asserts that the last claim will be proved later in the argument. In the

1231: 540: 4449: 2559:, given in advance, she was conceived without the stain of original sin. God could have brought it about (1) that she was never in original sin, (2) she was in sin only for an instant, (3) she was in sin for a period of time, being purged at the last instant. Whichever of these options was most excellent should probably be attributed to Mary. This apparently careful statement provoked a storm of opposition at Paris, and suggested the line 'fired France for Mary without spot' in the famous poem "Duns Scotus's Oxford," by 2300:'s rational theology and that of Scotus is that Scotus believed certain predicates may be applied univocally, with exactly the same meaning, to God and creatures, whereas Aquinas insisted that this is impossible and that only analogical predication can be employed, in which a word as applied to God has a meaning different from, although related to, the meaning of that same word as applied to creatures. Duns struggled throughout his works in demonstrating his univocity theory against Aquinas's analogy doctrine. 1198: 6481: 52: 6487: 1157:) feature existing in any number of individuals. For Scotus, the axiom stating that only the individual exists is a dominating principle of the understanding of reality. For the apprehension of individuals, an intuitive cognition is required, which gives us the present existence or the non-existence of an individual, as opposed to abstract cognition. Thus the human soul, in its separated state from the body, will be capable of knowing the spiritual intuitively. 1223: 9871: 8836: 869: 1239: 6493: 4856: 7150: 6358: 2231: 2835:

seen as a debate over the origins of 'modernity.' This line of argument first emerged in the 1960s among popular French philosophers who, in passing, singled out Duns Scotus as the figure whose theory of univocal being changed an earlier approach which Aquinas had shared with his predecessors. Then, in 1990, the historian of philosophy Jean-Francois Courtine argued that, between the time of Aquinas in the mid-thirteenth century and

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the Metaphysics or Physics should be interpreted: in terms of the ontological diversity of those things to which the concept is attributed, which is compatible with there being one concept that can be abstracted from them". Such a quotation seems to refer to epistemology, with abstracted concepts, rather than with ontology, which Scotus admits can be diverse.

857:'s original text was used as a starting point for highly original discussions on topics of theological or philosophical interest. For example, Book II Distinction 2, about the location of angels, is a starting point for a complex discussion about continuous motion, and whether the same thing can be in two different places at the same time ( 2646:

Owing to Scotus's early and unexpected death, he left behind a large body of work in an unfinished or unedited condition. His students and disciples extensively edited his papers, often confusing them with works by other writers, in many cases leading to misattribution and confused transmission. Most

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I 39 §1, Scotus asks, "whether God has determinate knowledge of things according to every aspect of their existence, as according to being in the future." He presents a counterview which claims that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. To support this counterview, he uses Aristotle's

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had argued that in all finite being (i.e. all except God) the essence of a thing is distinct from its existence. Scotus rejected the distinction. Scotus argued that we cannot conceive of what it is to be something, without conceiving it as existing. We should not make any distinction between whether

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Lectura I, d. 2, q. 2, 40 Now efficiency can be considered either as a metaphysical or as a physical property. The metaphysical property is more extensive than the physical for "to give existence to another" is of broader scope than "to give existence by way of movement or change." And even if all

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and Thomas Williams, both of whom claim that Scotus's doctrine of the univocity of being is a semantic, rather than an ontological theory. Both thinkers cite Ord. 1, d. 3, pars 1, q. 3, n. 163, in which Scotus claims that "This is how all the authoritative passages one might find on this topic in

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An important question since the 1960s has revolved over whether Scotus's thought heralded a change in thinking on the nature of 'being,' a change which marked a shift from Aquinas and other previous thinkers; this question has been particularly significant in recent years because it has come to be

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version will be followed here. Briefly, Scotus begins his proof by explaining that there are two angles we must take in arguing for the existence of an actually infinite being. First from the view of the Relative Properties of God and second from the Absolute Properties of God. Relative properties

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When one of those that come together is incompatible with certainty, then certainty cannot be achieved. For just as from one premise that is necessary and one that is contingent nothing follows but a contingent conclusion, so from something certain and something uncertain, coming together in some

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Scotus acknowledges two objections and deals with them accordingly. First is that he begs the question in assuming a first in the series. Here he argues that while many admit an infinite regress in an accidentally ordered series of causes, no philosopher admits infinite regress in an essentially

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Although beings different from God are actually contingent with respect to their factual existence, nevertheless, they are not with respect to their possible existence. Hence, those entities which are called contingent with respect to their factual existence are necessary with respect to their

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IX. In the following arguments, Scotus does not attempt to contradict Aristotle. He does not affirm or reject the ideas of Aristotle. The only issue he argues against is the proposition that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. Scotus appears to try to fully demonstrate that

2500:(I.3.1.4) he argued against the sceptical consequences that Henry claimed would follow from abandoning divine illumination. Scotus argued that if our thinking were fallible in the way Henry had believed, such illumination could not, even in principle, ensure "certain and pure knowledge". 547:

Little is known of Duns Scotus apart from his work. His date of birth is believed to have been sometime between 23 December 1265 and 17 March 1266. He was born into a leading family of the region. The reputed site of his birth, in front of the Pavilion Lodge, near the North Lodge of

2721:. His school was probably at the height of its popularity at the beginning of the seventeenth century; during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries there were special Scotist chairs, e.g. at Paris, Rome, Coimbra, Salamanca, Alcalá, Padua, and Pavia. New ideas were included 2839:

at the turn of the seventeenth, a fundamentally new approach to being was developed, with Scotus taking a major part in its development. During the 1990s, various scholars extended this argument to locate Scotus as the first thinker who succumbed to what

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of the Immaculate Conception, "at the first moment of Her conception, Mary was preserved free from the stain of original sin, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ." Scotus's position was hailed as "a correct expression of the faith of the Apostles."

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2, d. 12, q. un., n. 55), that is, that purely spiritual substances do exist, and 3) that one and the same substance can have more than one substantial form – for instance, humans have at least two substantial forms, the soul and the form of the body

3750:, t. 49, 1929, pp. 641–645. For a discussion of this article, see Abate, Giuseppe, “La tomba del ven. Giovanni Duns Scoto (…)”, Miscellanea francescana, Rome, 45 (1945), pp. 29–79, which refers to Collectanea Franciscana, t. 1, 1931, p. 121. 3540:

Histories of medieval philosophy often treat Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–74), John Duns Scotus (c. 1265–1308) and William of Ockham (c. 1287–1347) as the "big three" figures in the later medieval period; a few add Bonaventure (1221–74) as a

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had existed in the East (though in the East, the feast is just of the Conception of Mary) since the seventh century and had been introduced in several dioceses in the West as well, even though the philosophical basis was lacking. Citing

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Narratur de Doctori Subtili qui in Prato clericorum, visa Generalis Ministri obedentia, dum actu Regens esse in scholis Parisiensibus, aut pauca aut nulla de rebus habita dispositione, Parisis exivit ut Coloniam iret, secundum ministri

2315:); second, to consider how God's certain knowledge is compatible with the contingency of things. Scotus tries to defend the validity of Christian theology against the attack of ancient philosophers. The main argument is unpacked in 2374:

Duns Scotus argued that it is better to construct a metaphysical argument for the existence of God, rather than the more common physical argument from motion favoured by Aquinas, following Aristotle. Though the version in

1031:) in that he treated universals as real, but he held that they exist both in particular things and as concepts in the mind (as opposed to a Platonic "third realm"). He attacks a position close to that later defended by 2578:

Another of Scotus's positions also gained official approval of the Catholic Church: his doctrine on the universal primacy of Christ became the underlying rationale for the feast of Christ the King instituted in 1925.

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in Italian. It centers on the debate at the Paris University with glimpses of his infancy and Franciscan vocation. Adriano Braidotti played the adult Scotus and Emanuele Maria Gamboni played Scotus as a child.

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I 39, §§49–53. Scotus argues that a necessary being (God) is able to have contingent knowledge, and that although this knowledge is contingent, it is not necessarily mutable and temporal by that very fact. In

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A number of works once believed to have been written by Scotus are now known to have been misattributed. There were already concerns about this within two centuries of his death, when the 16th-century logician

2831:." Critics of Scotus' work described his followers as "dunces". The 'dunce cap' was used as a form of punishment in schools and the word 'dunce' has come to be used as a term to describe someone dull-witted. 494:, the property supposed to be in each individual thing that makes it an individual (i.e. a certain “thisness”). Duns Scotus also developed a complex argument for the existence of God, and argued for the 3257:, translation, commentary and introduction by A. Vos Jaczn, H. Veldhuis, A.H. Looman-Graaskamp, E. Dekker and N.W. den Bok. The New Synthese Historical Library 4. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer, 1994. 3416:

alumnus, but there is no contemporary evidence to support this claim and as a Franciscan, he would have been ineligible for fellowships at Merton (see Martin, G. H. & Highfield, J. R. L. (1997).

2555:" (He could do it, it was appropriate, therefore He did it), Duns Scotus devised the following argument: Mary was in need of redemption like all other human beings, but through the merits of Jesus' 676:

Duns Scotus was back in Paris before the end of 1304, probably returning in May. He continued lecturing there until, for reasons that are still mysterious, he was dispatched to the Franciscan

815:), a revised version of lectures he gave as a bachelor at Oxford. The initial revision was probably begun in the summer of 1300 – see the remarks in the Prologue, question 2, alluding to the 2526:(i.e., that Mary herself was conceived without sin). At the time, there was a great deal of argument about the subject. The general opinion was that it was appropriately deferential to the 861:). In the same book, Distinction 3, he uses the question of how angels can be different from one another, given that they have no material bodies, to investigate the difficult question of 3225:. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press 1982. A Latin text and English translation of the De Primo Principio. Second edition, revised, with a commentary by Allan Wolter, (First edition 1966). 4966: 750:, in the absence of his servant who alone knew of his susceptibility to coma, is probably a myth. The first known attestation of this theme dates from around 1400. Among many authors, 2655:) spread in the fourteenth century. Franciscan theologians in the late Middle Ages were thus divided between so-called Scotists and Ockhamists. Fourteenth century followers included 2403:

The proof for the conclusion that "some efficient cause is simply first such that neither can it be an effect nor can it, by virtue of something other than itself, cause an effect"

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version is fascinating and worth looking into for a wider understanding of the argument as well as Scotus's metaphysical underpinnings for his argument for God's existence, but the

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Johannes Duns Scotus 1308-2008: Die philosophischen Perspektiven seines Werkes/Investigations into his Philosophy. Proceedings of "The Quadruple Congress" on John Duns Scotus

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was probably written in stages, the first version having started around 1297, with significant additions and amendments possibly after the completion of the main body of the

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The Examined Report of the Paris Lecture, Reportatio I-A, Volume 2, edited and translated by Allan B. Wolter, OFM and Oleg Bychkov. Franciscan Institute Publications, 2008.

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The Examined Report of the Paris Lecture, Reportatio I-A, Volume 1, edited and translated by Allan B. Wolter, OFM and Oleg Bychkov. Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004

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Giorgio Pini, "Duns Scotus' Literal Commentary on the "Metaphysics" and the "Notabilia Scoti super Metaphysicam" (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, C 62 Sup, ff. 51r–98r)",

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of a thing is intermediate between a real and a conceptual distinction. There is also a formal distinction between the divine attributes and the powers of the soul.

1177:), which holds between entities which are inseparable and indistinct in reality but whose definitions are not identical. For example, the personal properties of the 665:

at the prestigious University of Paris towards the end of 1302. Later in that academic year, however, he was expelled from the University of Paris for siding with

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commentary edited by Thomas Penketh (died 1487) and Bartolomeo Bellati (died 1479), printed by Johannes de Colonia and Johannes Manthen, Venice in 1477. It reads

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In recent years, this criticism of Scotus has become disseminated in particular through the writings of the 'Radical Orthodox' group of theologians, drawing on

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Despite this, Scotism grew in Catholic Europe. Scotus's works were collected into many editions, particularly in the late fifteenth century with the advent of

2603: 9942: 9937: 1169:) Scotus recognised the need for an intermediate distinction that was not merely conceptual but not fully real or mind-dependent either. Scotus argued for a 2621:, i.e., one of ancient standing. On 27 July 1920, a committee of theologians was convened to evaluate his spiritual writings for orthodoxy. He was declared 6395: 3861: 3791: 531:"; the "dunce cap" was later used as a form of punishment in schools and the word "dunce" has come to be used as a term to describe someone dull-witted. 4359:(Paris, 1968), pp. 52–8, cited in John Marenbon, "Aquinas, Radical Orthodoxy, and the Importance of Truth", in Wayne J. Hankey and Douglas Hedley, eds, 10012: 8369: 4215: 10057: 10022: 6971: 4237: 8122: 2342:. God can simultaneously will one thing at time 1 and the opposite thing at time 2. There are various possible interpretations of Aristotle's 842:

is a student report or transcription of the original lecture of a master. A version that has been checked by the master himself is known as a

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which was erected in 1966 by the Franciscan friars of the United Kingdom to mark the 700th anniversary of his birth. Duns Scotus received the

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I 39, during 1297–1299 to refute the view that everything is necessary and immutable. He claims that the aim of this lecture has two points (

2274: 1525: 10032: 3307:, Translated with Introduction and Commentary by Edward Buckner and Jack Zupko, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014. 2366:

I 39 §§51, 54; (4) Scotus introduces the diachronic feature of God's volition to his contingency theory as well as the synchronic feature.

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Duns Scotus died unexpectedly in Cologne in November 1308; the date of his death is traditionally given as 8 November. He is buried in the

3250:, edited By Allan B. Wolter and Marilyn McCord Adams, Franciscan Studies 42, 1982, pp. 248–321. (Latin text and English translation). 9947: 9927: 5065: 4956: 4535:

John Duns Scotus: Renewal of Philosophy. Acts of the Third Symposium organized by the Dutch Society for Medieval Philosophy Medium Aevum

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For one thing, Scotus has received interest from secular philosophers such as Peter King, Gyula Klima, Paul Vincent Spade, and others.

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described the Oxford Greyfriar's library in 1538 (just prior to its dissolution) as an accumulation of "cobwebs, moths and bookworms."

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Although Vos (2006, p. 23) contends that 'Duns' was actually his family name, as someone from Duns would have been known as 'de Duns'.

2816:(died c. 1300) and others belonged. He was known as "Doctor Subtilis" because of the subtle distinctions and nuances of his thinking. 595:, after the medieval practice of calling people by their Christian name followed by their place of origin, suggests that he came from 8300: 7874: 7772: 4961: 3553: 3155:

Vol. II: Quaestiones super Peri hermeneias et Sophistici Elenchis (along with) Theoremata, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004,

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is 25 and it is generally assumed that he would have been ordained as soon as it was permitted. That his contemporaries called him

3294:, Introduction with Latin text and English translation and notes by Allan B. Wolter, OFM, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2005. 3281:, Introduction with Latin text and English translation and notes by Allan B. Wolter, OFM, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2001. 3275:, Introduction with Latin text and English translation and notes by Allan B. Wolter, OFM, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2000. 3269:, Introduction with Latin text and English translation and notes by Allan B. Wolter, OFM, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2000. 819:

in 1299, news of which probably reached Oxford in the summer of 1300. It was still incomplete when Scotus left for Paris in 1302.

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Aristotle's text is not contradictory to the Christian doctrine of God. Scotus argues that God wills with one single volition (

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Scotus wrote purely philosophical and logical works at an early stage of his career, consisting of commentaries on Aristotle's

2827:," which developed from the name "Dunse" given to his followers in the 1500s, becoming used for "somebody who is incapable of 455:, university professor, philosopher and theologian. He is one of the four most important Christian philosopher-theologians of 9716: 8884: 4980: 4800: 4779: 4753: 4710: 4688: 4670: 4644: 4620: 4598: 4577: 4561: 4543: 4327: 3641: 3209: 3199: 3186: 3175: 3160: 3150: 3232:, Translated by Wolter, Allan B., OFM, and Felix Alluntis, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1975. 10052: 9816: 9736: 8423: 2687:

described how he saw the court of New College full of pages from Scotus's work, "the wind blowing them into every corner."

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and his renowned argument for the existence of God. His commentary exists in several versions. The standard version is the

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I 39 §§49–53; (3) Scotus, rather, tries to formulate his contingency theory with the help of other works of Aristotle in

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The two other versions of the work are Scotus's notes for the Oxford lectures, recently transcribed and published as the

10067: 10047: 9967: 9957: 9922: 8784: 3263:, Translated by Etzkorn, Girard J., and Allan B. Wolter, OFM, St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute, 1997–1998. 2978:(Oxford Lectures: a revision of the lectures given at Oxford, books 1 and 2 summer 1300–1302, books 3 and 4, 1303–1304) 2543: 628:

in 1229–30. At that time there would have been about 270 people living there, of whom about 80 would have been friars.

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John Marenbon, "Aquinas, Radical Orthodoxy, and the Importance of Truth", in Wayne J. Hankey and Douglas Hedley, eds,

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was able to reconcile his religious calling and his vocation as a poet thanks to his reading of Duns Scotus. His poem

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IX, 19a23-25 can be interpreted like the Scotistic contingency theory; (2) Scotus himself does not refute Aristotle's

9982: 9917: 8458: 7192: 4395: 3440: 3360: 2267: 1411: 424: 4872: 9992: 8339: 7985: 6025: 3323: 2452:. The ascending series will either continue infinitely or we finally reach something which has nothing prior to it. 2293: 351: 268: 3367:

Scotus is a good Aristotelian, in the sense that he believes that cognition always has an empirical starting point

2296:, the tendency to emphasize God's will and human freedom in all philosophical issues. The main difference between 10017: 9666: 8364: 7253: 6926: 6745: 6050: 5313: 5031: 3145:

Vol. I: Quaestiones super Porphyrius Isagoge et Aristoteles Categoriae, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1999.

1637: 625: 9997: 9987: 9932: 8704: 7954: 7492: 7426: 5975: 5026: 3876: 3806: 1206: 4486: 4138: 4126: 4113: 2477: 9522: 9432: 9407: 9318: 8816: 8729: 7980: 7867: 6835: 5995: 5675: 5072: 1451: 701: 434: 251: 7451: 6445: 6091: 4094:"We shall first set forth the arguments by which Aristotle proceeds to prove that God exists." SCG I, 13.2 2102: 1298: 791:, which contains nearly all the philosophical views and arguments for which he is well known, including the 9851: 8957: 8821: 8202: 7185: 5050: 3531: 2260: 2207: 1112:

that has no form whatsoever, or prime matter, as the stuff underlying all change, against Aquinas (cf. his

572: 3287:, translated by A. Vos, H. Veldhuis, E. Dekker, N.W. den Bok and A.J. Beck (ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate 2003. 2763:

The twentieth century saw a resurgence of interest in Scotus, with a range of assessments of his thought.

2127: 9977: 9726: 5950: 2733:. Scotism flourished well into the seventeenth century, and its influence can be seen in such writers as 2538:

be removed. The great philosophers and theologians of the West were divided on the subject (indeed, even

1947: 816: 613: 584: 10027: 9831: 9297: 8912: 8443: 8062: 7660: 7134: 7011: 6101: 6040: 5003: 2137: 1283: 5864: 5844: 3238:, Translated by Wolter, Allan B., OFM, Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1986. 2819:

Later philosophers in the sixteenth century were less complimentary about his work and accused him of

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The Opera Theologica of John Duns Scotus. Proceedings of "The Quadruple Congress" on John Duns Scotus

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are formally distinct from the Divine essence. Similarly, the distinction between the 'thisness' or

9841: 9776: 8385: 7860: 7797: 7610: 6638: 6460: 6435: 6015: 5208: 5100: 5043: 3513: 3317: 1552: 1308: 1278: 1096:) for we never know whether something exists unless we have some concept of what we know to exist. 3273:

John Duns Scotus. A Treatise on Potency and Act. Questions on the Metaphysics of Aristotle Book IX

2741:. Interest dwindled in the eighteenth century, and the revival of scholastic philosophy, known as 881:

Explicit Scriptum super Primum Sententiarum: editum a fratre Johanne Duns: ordinis fratrum minorum

486:", that existence is the most abstract concept we have, applicable to everything that exists; the 9706: 9636: 9517: 9302: 8982: 8266: 8207: 8174: 7700: 7338: 7313: 6412: 6126: 6070: 5990: 5386: 4679:

Honnefelder Ludger, Möhle Hannes, Speer Andreas, Kobusch Theo, Bullido del Barrio Susana (eds.),

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Duns Scoti Quaestiones in librum Porphyrii Isagoge et Quaestiones super Praedicamenta Aristotelis

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Vol. V: Quaestiones super Secundum et Tertium de Anima. Franciscan Institute Publications, 2006.

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I, De Ordinatione Ioannis Duns Scoti disquisitio historico critica. Prologus totius operis, 1950.

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Duns Scotus's age is based on the first certain date for his life, that of his ordination to the

7343: 4216:"Ceremonia de Reconocimiento del Culto Litúrgico a Duns Escoto y Beatificación de Dina Bélanger" 3975: 2350:. Buridan's judgment is all the more possible because of at least four reasons: (1) Aristotle's 1872: 1006:

thesis on Scotus is only half true, as the second part is actually based on the work by Erfurt.

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IX. For example, John Buridan (ca. 1300–1362) thought the Scotistic contingency theory was an

539: 9907: 9766: 9676: 9547: 9237: 9182: 9177: 9135: 9063: 8997: 8927: 8473: 8468: 8448: 8250: 7963: 7741: 7670: 6981: 6916: 6730: 6589: 6425: 6136: 6055: 5924: 5919: 5869: 5346: 5189: 5038: 3992: 3674: 3383: 2813: 2805: 2748: 2560: 2519: 1927: 1632: 1572: 1547: 1355: 1120:

2, d. 12, q. un.), 2) that not all created substances are composites of form and matter (cf.

1024: 872: 762: 648: 495: 388: 367: 272: 42: 6181: 4833:"The Difference between Scotus and Turretin in Their Formulation of the Doctrine of Freedom" 4045:"The Difference between Scotus and Turretin in Their Formulation of the Doctrine of Freedom" 4021: 3625: 3583: 3301:, Translated by Lloyd A. Newton, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014. 1937: 1912: 1468: 1071:), as a univocal notion, was for him the first object of the intellect. The doctrine of the 9912: 9874: 9811: 9272: 9247: 9172: 8870: 8562: 8463: 8453: 8418: 8316: 8295: 8184: 7807: 7777: 7441: 7308: 7293: 7263: 7216: 7119: 7114: 7051: 6996: 6800: 6755: 6690: 6450: 6440: 6404: 6312: 6282: 6231: 5909: 5794: 5724: 5514: 5489: 5469: 5449: 5411: 5406: 5371: 5253: 5147: 2695: 2548: 2027: 1817: 1782: 1752: 1722: 1692: 1587: 1483: 1303: 1293: 1214: 1108:, with three important strong theses that differentiate him. He held: 1) that there exists 688:, his departure was sudden and unexpected. He was relaxing or talking with students in the 565: 510: 490:, a way of distinguishing between different formalities of the same thing; and the idea of 217: 20: 6297: 5829: 4703:

John Duns Scotus, Philosopher. Proceedings of "The Quadruple Congress" on John Duns Scotus

4696:

Postmodernity and Univocity - A Critical Account of Radical Orthodoxy and John Duns Scotus

3561: 2122: 8: 9656: 9492: 9457: 9437: 9392: 9207: 9197: 9167: 8759: 8532: 8321: 8276: 8240: 8192: 8164: 7792: 7561: 7482: 7333: 7208: 7021: 6941: 6810: 6554: 6508: 6465: 6287: 6251: 6221: 5985: 5889: 5729: 5690: 5670: 5598: 5484: 5293: 5136: 5123: 5112: 4962:

Local history site of Blessed John Duns Scotus's birthplace, Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland

4388:

Postmodernity and Univocity: A Critical Account of Radical Orthodoxy and John Duns Scotus

2852: 2794: 2676: 2523: 2489: 2092: 1962: 1842: 1777: 1582: 1510: 1389: 1378: 1313: 1150: 804: 670: 636: 621: 609: 234: 220: 91: 9372: 6865: 6332: 5789: 4448: 3285:

Duns Scotus on Divine Love: Texts and Commentary on Goodness and Freedom, God and Humans

2836: 2017: 1977: 1932: 883:

Printed versions of scholastic manuscripts became popular in the late fifteenth century.

9846: 9836: 9606: 9596: 9100: 9012: 8839: 8749: 8576: 8499: 8285: 8230: 8169: 8132: 8033: 7907: 7645: 7517: 7497: 7366: 7328: 7258: 7238: 7154: 7109: 7068: 7063: 6956: 6790: 6770: 6700: 6579: 6559: 6362: 6302: 5914: 5854: 5824: 5739: 5734: 5603: 5499: 5396: 5376: 5336: 5278: 5243: 5238: 5082: 4608: 4257: 2786: 2782: 2664: 2656: 2235: 2162: 1787: 1767: 1737: 1687: 1562: 1557: 1505: 1320: 1170: 1072: 915: 796: 792: 666: 487: 483: 347: 343: 244: 183:

Books, a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the moon on the chest of a Franciscan friar

168: 6096: 5754: 5655: 3244:, Translated by Wolter, Allan B., OFM, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987. 3142:

OPERA PHILOSOPHICA (= OP). St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute:, 1997–2006:

2667:(died 1333), and John of Bassolis (died 1347), supposedly Scotus's favourite student. 2610:. In the 19th century, the process was started seeking his recognition as such by the 1867: 620:

to the castle, the bailey and the old wall, where the Friars Minor had moved when the

9886: 9616: 9532: 9487: 9073: 9042: 8851: 8811: 8739: 8724: 8699: 8522: 8512: 8154: 8097: 8003: 7942: 7630: 7536: 7461: 7166: 7089: 7056: 7036: 7006: 7001: 6870: 6845: 6825: 6820: 6795: 6685: 6670: 6617: 6574: 6546: 6292: 6277: 6166: 6030: 5970: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5815: 5784: 5764: 5650: 5608: 5588: 5504: 5464: 5439: 5328: 5298: 5248: 5233: 4796: 4775: 4749: 4706: 4684: 4666: 4659: 4640: 4616: 4594: 4573: 4557: 4539: 4443: 4424: 4391: 4306: 4261: 4095: 4076: 3637: 3626: 3436: 3356: 3205: 3195: 3182: 3171: 3156: 3146: 2742: 2652: 2626: 2247: 2147: 2072: 2057: 2052: 2022: 1992: 1957: 1952: 1877: 1807: 1717: 1488: 1251: 1032: 1020: 644: 521: 472: 363: 303: 280: 138: 111: 9377: 6740: 6111: 6020: 5849: 5839: 4922: 3305:

Duns Scotus on Time and Existence: The Questions on Aristotle's "De interpretatione"

3013: 2518:

Perhaps the most influential point of Duns Scotus's theology was his defense of the

2112: 1917: 826:, the first book of which was probably written in Oxford in the late 1290s, and the 9512: 9497: 9477: 9277: 9089: 9032: 8694: 8552: 8395: 8235: 8067: 8028: 8022: 7923: 7640: 7625: 7571: 7502: 7421: 7416: 6991: 6976: 6921: 6911: 6805: 6735: 6725: 6612: 6597: 6420: 6201: 6196: 6121: 6106: 6086: 5874: 5799: 5660: 5544: 5529: 5509: 5454: 5434: 5421: 5366: 5258: 5090: 4957:

Article by Parthenius Minges on Scotists and Scotism at the Jacques Maritain Center

4731: 4420: 4249: 2841: 2828: 2711: 2660: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2152: 2082: 2007: 1832: 1742: 1647: 1622: 1592: 1360: 1268: 999: 991: 747: 685: 604: 460: 452: 395: 288: 276: 6317: 6206: 5945: 5744: 4967:

Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries

4900: 4152: 9626: 9557: 9542: 9462: 9442: 9417: 9227: 9037: 8972: 8764: 8660: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8331: 8290: 8159: 8050: 7883: 7456: 7431: 7376: 7099: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6675: 6643: 6633: 6327: 6216: 6151: 6141: 6065: 5960: 5955: 5859: 5834: 5665: 5645: 5618: 5613: 5583: 5524: 5268: 5095: 4929: 4904: 4790: 4743: 4725:

The Harmony of Goodness: Mutuality and Moral Living According to John Duns Scotus

4634: 4588: 4533: 4344: 4102: 4083: 3902: 3330: 2790: 2722: 2680: 2583: 2347: 2172: 2132: 2077: 2012: 2002: 1972: 1967: 1942: 1897: 1882: 1862: 1802: 1747: 1677: 1612: 983: 967: 943:

was lost for centuries but was recently rediscovered and edited by Giorgio Pini.

557: 479: 293: 264: 178: 121: 57: 5759: 4202:

Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum

3862:"Univocity in Scotus's Quaestiones super Metaphysicam: The Solution to a Riddle" 3792:"Univocity in Scotus's Quaestiones super Metaphysicam: The Solution to a Riddle" 3122:

XVI, Lectura in Librum Primum Sententiarum. Prologus et Distinctiones 1–7, 1960.

1035:, arguing that things have a common nature – for example the humanity common to 9756: 9537: 9527: 9382: 9367: 9312: 9083: 8942: 8754: 8734: 8689: 8665: 8542: 8197: 7929: 7690: 7591: 7512: 7507: 7396: 7381: 7348: 7303: 7232: 6961: 6906: 6695: 6516: 6156: 6131: 6060: 6000: 5774: 5769: 5749: 5704: 5539: 5534: 5479: 5401: 5381: 5318: 5194: 5055: 4972: 4945: 4352: 2684: 2586:

recommended the reading of Duns Scotus's theology to modern theology students.

2539: 2493: 2292:

Scotus was an Augustinian-Franciscan theologian. He is usually associated with

2167: 2157: 1982: 1902: 1892: 1762: 1702: 1456: 1429: 1394: 1330: 1243: 1166: 516:("the subtle doctor") for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought. He was 464: 456: 440: 6241: 4187: 2117: 9901: 9826: 9552: 9502: 9467: 9447: 9427: 8992: 8744: 8655: 8647: 8537: 8478: 8117: 8112: 7767: 7487: 7436: 7323: 7298: 7287: 7031: 6886: 6830: 6785: 6665: 6607: 6521: 6470: 6455: 6337: 6307: 6236: 5929: 5884: 5623: 5593: 5494: 5474: 5459: 5351: 5341: 5228: 5141: 4935: 4735: 4654: 4630: 4301: 4276:

History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction

3943: 3669: 3482: 3379: 2778: 2738: 2630: 2595: 2527: 2067: 1997: 1812: 1797: 1757: 1672: 1627: 1617: 1478: 1404: 1350: 1325: 1134: 862: 854: 788: 751: 656: 517: 359: 256: 128: 32: 4705:, Part 1. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 3, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2010, 4556:, Part 2. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 4, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2012, 4461: 3046:(Of the Beginning of Things). An inauthentic work once attributed to Scotus. 9806: 9572: 9507: 9397: 9307: 9157: 9027: 8937: 8917: 8801: 8527: 8072: 8015: 7997: 7822: 7812: 7566: 7477: 7406: 7371: 7104: 6946: 6891: 6564: 6322: 6261: 6171: 5980: 5640: 5444: 5283: 5223: 4941:

Site about Duns Scotus of the Research Group John Duns Scotus (Utrecht, NL)

4683:, Part 3. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 5, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2011, 4411:

Williams, Thomas (2005). "The Doctrine of Univocity is True and Salutary".

3961: 3719: 3061: 2856: 2848: 2809: 2567: 2535: 2192: 1732: 1607: 1446: 1105: 1003: 327: 188: 134: 87: 6246: 6035: 4950: 4253: 3064:) Lyon, 1639; reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1968. 1197: 700:

used by scholars for recreation – when orders arrived from the Franciscan

9562: 9482: 9412: 9140: 9068: 9047: 9002: 8967: 8922: 8893: 8517: 8507: 8212: 8009: 7975: 7827: 7665: 7596: 7581: 7556: 7522: 7411: 7391: 7386: 7318: 7248: 7124: 6936: 6931: 6896: 6860: 6850: 6840: 6815: 6780: 6715: 6705: 6256: 6226: 6191: 6186: 6161: 6146: 6116: 5714: 5709: 5686: 5573: 5554: 5519: 5429: 5218: 4739: 4374:

Deconstructing Radical Orthodoxy: Postmodern Theology, Rhetoric and Truth

4361:

Deconstructing Radical Orthodoxy: Postmodern Theology, Rhetoric and Truth

3723: 2798: 2648: 2599: 2556: 2202: 2197: 2107: 2097: 2087: 1987: 1822: 1792: 1727: 1707: 1343: 1060: 712: 697: 652: 616:, in a triangular area enclosed by Pennyfarthing Street and running from 588: 580: 549: 468: 315: 7177: 4969:

High resolution images of works by Duns Scotus in .jpg and .tiff format.

4437: 3128:

XVIII, Lectura in Librum Secundum Sententiarum. Distinctiones 1–6, 1982.

2706:

became, in the mouths of humanists and reformers, a term of abuse and a

2396:

deals with the unicity of the nature thus proved to exist. However, the

974:, leading him to doubt whether he had written any logical works at all. 9696: 9422: 9387: 9337: 9222: 9120: 9007: 8932: 8633: 8599: 7969: 7902: 7746: 7726: 7586: 7576: 7129: 6951: 6602: 6430: 6342: 5719: 5635: 5303: 5163: 4316:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 671. 3722:(1866). "St. Bonaventure, Cardinal, Bishop, and Doctor of the Church". 3387: 3386:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved September 27, 2019 from 3137:

XXI, Lectura in Librum Tertium Sententiarum. Distinctiones 18–40, 2004.

3131:

XIX, Lectura in Librum Secundum Sententiarum. Distinctiones 7–44, 1993.

2770: 2679:, probably due to its association with the Franciscans. In a letter to 1652: 1365: 1273: 1028: 959: 868: 858: 482:

and secular thought. The doctrines for which he is best known are the "

6373: 3125:

XVII, Lectura in Librum Primum Sententiarum. Distinctiones 8–45, 1966.

9856: 9821: 9801: 9347: 9232: 9162: 9115: 9078: 9017: 8947: 8794: 8611: 8589: 8547: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8354: 8344: 8107: 8085: 8056: 7948: 7897: 7787: 7695: 7685: 7655: 7094: 6966: 5878: 5564: 5158: 3134:

XX, Lectura in Librum Tertium Sententiarum. Distinctiones 1–17, 2003.

2734: 2622: 2530:, but it could not be seen how to resolve the problem that only with 1384: 1288: 1142: 1080: 1056: 800: 783: 770: 661: 491: 355: 51: 4832: 4636:

The Named God and the Question of Being: A Trinitarian Theo-ontology

4044: 3327:– early depictions of the Immaculate Conception in three generations 2629:

in 1991, who officially recognized his liturgical cult, effectively

970:

noted inconsistencies between these texts and his commentary on the

9796: 9357: 9212: 8987: 8952: 8606: 8594: 8584: 8557: 8349: 8102: 7751: 7736: 7721: 7716: 7635: 7243: 7149: 7046: 7016: 6710: 6569: 6536: 6357: 5778: 5356: 5308: 5213: 5203: 5173: 5153: 5117: 4889: 4204:(in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 116. 2718: 2611: 2478:

Authors/Duns Scotus/Ordinatio/Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B – The Logic Museum

2230: 1597: 1567: 1473: 1463: 1441: 1370: 1165:

Like other realist philosophers of the period (such as Aquinas and

1044: 1036: 995: 651:. He took part in a disputation under the regent master, Philip of 561: 319: 7852: 4855: 9646: 9352: 9282: 9252: 9217: 9152: 9110: 9095: 8962: 8682: 8670: 8141: 7959: 7401: 6750: 6531: 6526: 5810: 5699: 5549: 5288: 5263: 5178: 5106: 5060: 4878: 4867: 3456: 2820: 2774: 2707: 2651:, but the influence of Scotus (as well as that of his arch-rival 2369: 2297: 1922: 1577: 1542: 1500: 1495: 1374: 1178: 1084: 1076: 950:, probably dating from 1300 to 1305; a work in natural theology ( 903: 889: 704:; Scotus left immediately, taking few or no personal belongings. 684:, probably in October 1307. According to the 15th-century writer 681: 602:

According to tradition, Duns Scotus was educated at a Franciscan

543:

Plaque commemorating Duns Scotus in the University Church, Oxford

503: 502:. The intellectual tradition derived from Scotus' work is called 260: 198: 194: 161: 157: 107: 925:, probably dating to around 1295. His commentary on Aristotle's 9242: 9192: 9105: 8977: 8039: 7268: 7073: 6680: 5391: 5273: 5168: 4287:

Catto, Jeremy, "Franciscan Learning in England, 1450–1540", in

2338:, but this one volition can be related to many opposite things 1682: 1642: 1602: 1133:

4, d. 11, q. 3, n. 54). He argued for an original principle of

1109: 632: 331: 147: 8862: 3962:"Scotus, John Duns | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 799:, less than numerical unity, individual nature or "thisness" ( 635:

by 1300, as he is listed among a group of friars for whom the

9747:

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

9342: 9292: 8789: 8091: 8078: 7991: 7936: 6901: 3725:

The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints

3261:

Questions on the Metaphysics of Aristotle by John Duns Scotus

2943:(a set of notes concerning books II–X and XII of Aristotle's 2824: 2571: 2531: 1040: 982:) were also discovered to be mistakenly attributed. In 1922, 553: 528: 323: 4940: 4918:

Site of the International Scotistic Commission (Rome, Italy)

4305: 3595:

Brampton, C. K. (1964). "Duns Scotus at Oxford, 1288–1301".

3071:= VE) Civitas Vaticana: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1950–. 451: – 8 November 1308) was a Scottish Catholic priest and 201:, apologies, scholars, student, theologians and philosophers 9287: 9267: 9262: 9187: 9145: 9130: 5361: 2311:

I 39, §31): first, to consider the contingency in what is (

1712: 413: 407: 16:

Scottish Franciscan friar and philosopher (c. 1265/66–1308)

4730: 3113:

XIII, Ordinatio. Liber Quartus, Distinctiones 14–42, 2011.

3098:

VIII, Ordinatio. Liber Secundus. Distinctiones 4–44, 2001.

2874:

Blessed Duns Scotus: Defender of the Immaculate Conception

2694:

When in the sixteenth century the Scotists argued against

3116:

XIV, Ordinatio. Liber Quartus, Distinctiones 43–49, 2013.

962:

disputation probably dating to Advent 1306 or Lent 1307.

4917: 3776:

The Examined Report of the Paris Lecture, Reportatio I-A

3110:

XII, Ordinatio. Liber Quartus. Distinctiones 8–13, 2010.

3095:

VII, Ordinatio. Liber Secundus. Distinctiones 1–3, 1973.

9687:

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

4718:

Scotus for Dunces: An Introduction to the Subtle Doctor

3104:

X, Ordinatio. Liber Tertius. Distinctiones 26–40, 2007.

3101:

IX, Ordinatio. Liber Tertius. Distinctiones 1–17, 2006.

3092:

VI, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctiones 26–48, 1963.

834:), consisting of transcriptions of the lectures on the 643:(which included Scotland) requested faculties from the 3107:

XI, Ordinatio. Liber Quartus. Distinctiones 1–7, 2008.

3089:

V, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctiones 11–25, 1959.

3086:

IV, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctiones 4–10, 1956.

980:

In Librum Priorum Analyticorum Aristotelis Quaestiones

3432:

The Sheed & Ward Anthology of Catholic Philosophy

3080:

II, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctiones 1–2, 1950.

2781:. He came out of the Old Franciscan School, to which 2414:

It is produced either by itself, nothing, or another.

425: 416: 404: 401: 3248:

Duns Scotus' Parisian Proof for the Existence of God

2855:. The Radical Orthodox model has been questioned by 2769:

For some today, Scotus is one of the most important

2670: 1149:, an entity's 'thisness'), as opposed to the common 946:

In addition, there are 46 short disputations called

527:

Critics of Scotus' work described his followers as "

410: 4328:"The Duns philosopher who was the original 'dunce'" 3928:

Die Kategorien- und Bedeutungslehre des Duns Scotus

3502:, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2002, p. 109. 3279:

John Duns Scotus. Political and Economic Philosophy

3168:

Quaestiones super libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis

2935:

Quaestiones super libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis

2745:, was essentially a revival of Thomistic thinking. 2441:is not first, but also an effect, we return to 2). 1075:implies the denial of any real distinction between 849:By the time of Scotus, these 'commentaries' on the 478:Duns Scotus has had considerable influence on both 398: 8370:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 4745:The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy 4658: 4096:http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles1.htm#13 4077:http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles1.htm#13 2868:In 2012 Fernando Muraca directed for TVCO and the 2445:is produced either by itself, nothing, or another. 8575: 8498: 4936:Catholic Encyclopedia article on John Duns Scotus 4701:Ingham, Mary Beth CSJ, and Bychkof, OLef (eds.), 3746:K. J. Heilig, “Zum Tode des Johannes Duns Scot”, 3083:III, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctio 3, 1954. 3006:, Madrid, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1963) 2636: 2505:cognition, no cognition that is certain follows ( 2492:that had been defended earlier in the century by 2420:Not by itself, for an effect never causes itself. 9899: 5002: 4006: 3978:. 6 September 1308 – via Internet Archive. 3932:Duns Scotus's Doctrine of Categories and Meaning 3628:A history of Franciscan education (c. 1210–1517) 2953:(Early Oxford Lectures on the four books of the 2598:by the Order of Friars Minor, as well as in the 1145:" as the ultimate unity of a unique individual ( 4289:The Religious Orders in Pre-Reformation England 2542:sided with those who denied the doctrine). The 4818:The Philosophical Theology of John Duns Scotus 4487:"FiNews – FIs Producing John Duns Scotus Film" 3842:See the introduction to the critical edition: 2915:Octo quaestiones in duos libros Perihermeneias 2755:expresses Duns Scotus's ideas on "haecceity". 2434:is first, then we have reached the conclusion. 2370:Metaphysical argument for the existence of God 853:were no longer literal commentaries. Instead, 8878: 7868: 7193: 6389: 4988: 3728:. Vol. VII. Dublin: James Duffy. note 15 2268: 781:Scotus's great work is his commentary on the 9943:13th-century Scottish Roman Catholic priests 9938:14th-century Scottish Roman Catholic priests 8646: 4809:Wolter, Allan B. OFM and O'Neil, Blane OFM, 4613:A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages 4587:Frank, William A.; Wolter, Allan B. (1995). 4238:"Early Scotists at Paris: A Reconsideration" 3785: 3783: 3230:God and Creatures. The Quodlibetal Questions 2910:Quaestiones in I et II librum Perihermeneias 2379:is the most complete and final version, the 4639:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. 4607: 4593:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. 4586: 2963:Book 3 (probably written in Paris, 1303–04) 2725:in later editions of his work, such as the 2455:An infinite ascending series is impossible. 2417:Not by nothing, for nothing causes nothing. 8885: 8871: 7875: 7861: 7200: 7186: 6396: 6382: 4995: 4981: 4827:, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2003. 4820:, IUthaca, Cornell University Press, 1990. 4813:, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1993. 4766:, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1995. 4727:, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1997. 4720:, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2003. 4447: 3420:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 53). 2476:For more on this argument, see especially 2334:) whatever he wills. God has one volition 2275: 2261: 50: 10013:Academic staff of the University of Paris 7773:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi 7207: 4795:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4774:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4748:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4653: 4235: 3976:"John Duns Scotus Philosophical Writings" 3780: 3692:. Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 3. 3403:. Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 2. 3170:Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004. 1023:. Scotus is generally considered to be a 583:, England, on 17 March 1291. The minimum 10058:Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II 4951:The Realist Ontology of John Duns Scotus 4788: 4410: 4300: 3594: 3511: 3267:John Duns Scotus. Four Questions on Mary 3004:Obras del Doctor Sutil, Juan Duns Escoto 2812:, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1292), 2641: 2513: 1059:in asserting that the subject matter of 867: 838:given by Scotus when he was in Paris. A 538: 10023:13th-century Roman Catholic theologians 7544: 6403: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4157:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3536:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3518:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3355:. Oxford University Press. p. 18. 2467:proof, Scotus argues the following way: 2383:proof is usually offered. However, the 1019:Scotus' view of universals is known as 9900: 5996:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler 4792:The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus 4764:The Ethical Theory of John Duns Scotus 4479: 4188:"The Life of Blessed John Duns Scotus" 4150: 3718: 3690:The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus 3401:The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus 2905:Quaestiones in librum Praedicamentorum 2400:version concludes with this argument. 673:over the taxation of church property. 9717:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 8866: 8717: 8626: 7856: 7181: 6377: 4976: 4923:Bibliography on Duns Scotus from 1950 4629: 4567: 4385: 4194: 3895: 3759: 3664: 3662: 3623: 3529: 3500:Signification in language and culture 3348: 3292:Early Oxford Lecture on Individuation 3255:Contingency and Freedom. Lectura I 39 3074:ORDINATIO (complete critical edition) 2488:Scotus argued against the version of 1160: 1104:Scotus elaborates a distinct view on 1050: 439: 9817:Interpretations of quantum mechanics 9737:The World as Will and Representation 8424:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias 7646:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity) 4898: 4431: 4175: 3859: 3789: 3236:Duns Scotus on the Will and Morality 3223:A Treatise on God as First Principle 2900:Quaestiones super Porphyrii Isagogem 2758: 976:The Questions on the Prior Analytics 631:Duns Scotus appears to have been in 10033:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II 7882: 4910:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4894:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4884:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4830: 4769: 4665:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4572:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4531: 4495:Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate 4236:Courtenay, William (January 2012). 4042: 3949:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3907:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3492: 3462:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3455: 3299:Questions on Aristotle's Categories 3242:Duns Scotus: Philosophical Writings 2870:Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate 2863: 2683:about his visit to Oxford in 1535, 2675:His reputation suffered during the 564:, where his uncle, Elias Duns, was 13: 9948:Alumni of the University of Oxford 9928:People from Duns, Scottish Borders 8785:Transmission of the Greek Classics 4825:Scotus and Ockham. Selected Essays 4811:John Duns Scotus: Mary's Architect 4772:The Philosophy of John Duns Scotus 4661:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 4525: 4141:(See paragraph 56) logicmuseum.com 3659: 3554:"People of Note: John Duns Scotus" 3457:"Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109)" 3435:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2005. 3012:(Treatise on the First Principle) 2941:Notabilia Scoti super Metaphysicam 2886:Works in rough chronological order 2647:13th-century Franciscans followed 2594:Duns Scotus was long honored as a 2483: 746:The story about Duns Scotus being 655:in 1300–01. He began lecturing on 14: 10084: 10043:14th-century venerated Christians 10038:13th-century venerated Christians 8459:The Situations and Names of Winds 4946:Thomas Williams's pages on Scotus 4848: 4570:Duns Scotus's Theory of Cognition 4517:Bulletin de philosophie médiévale 3991:I iii 1–2, quoted in Grenz 2005, 3707:Opus super IV libros Sententiarum 3352:Duns Scotus's Theory of Cognition 2929:Quaestiones super libros De anima 2671:Sixteenth to nineteenth centuries 994:, a 14th-century logician of the 9880: 9870: 9869: 8845: 8835: 8834: 7160: 7148: 7042:Stratification of emotional life 6491: 6485: 6479: 6356: 4866: 4854: 4425:10.1111/j.1468-0025.2005.00298.x 4139:Duns Scotus – Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B 4127:Duns Scotus – Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B 4114:Duns Scotus – Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B 3830:See e.g. Wolter 1995, p. 76 and 3324:Virgin and Child with Saint Anne 2920:Quaestiones in libros Elenchorum 2448:From 3) and 4), we say another, 2241: 2229: 1237: 1229: 1221: 1196: 1141:2, d. 3, pars 1, qq. 1–6), the " 1099: 560:of the Order of Friars Minor at 552:in Scotland, is now marked by a 394: 10003:Scottish scholars and academics 9973:Latin commentators on Aristotle 9667:Meditations on First Philosophy 8892: 8365:On Length and Shortness of Life 7254:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 5314:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 4892:entry by Alexander Hall in the 4837:Westminster Theological Journal 4509: 4454: 4404: 4379: 4366: 4338: 4320: 4294: 4281: 4268: 4229: 4208: 4163: 4144: 4132: 4119: 4107: 4088: 4069: 4059: 4049:Westminster Theological Journal 4036: 3997: 3982: 3968: 3954: 3937: 3921: 3912: 3853: 3836: 3824: 3768: 3753: 3740: 3712: 3695: 3682: 3650: 3616: 3607: 3588: 3576: 3546: 3523: 3489:, Oxford UP, 1986, p. 35 n. 13. 2880: 2773:theologians and the founder of 2423:Therefore, by another; call it 1175:distinctio formalis a parte rei 769:, says that Scotus was also at 7955:Correspondence theory of truth 7427:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt 5027:History of the Catholic Church 4953:with an annotated bibliography 4881:entry by Jeffrey Hause in the 3892:, although this is speculative 3505: 3476: 3449: 3423: 3412:He has long been claimed as a 3406: 3393: 3372: 3342: 2637:Later reputation and influence 2287: 1009: 1: 10008:Medieval Scottish theologians 9963:14th-century writers in Latin 9953:13th-century writers in Latin 8301:Constitution of the Athenians 5676:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 5073:History of Christian theology 4075:Summa Contra Gentiles, I, 13 3060:, so-called after its editor 3002:(edited by Felix Alluntis in 2589: 2566:Scotus's argument appears in 986:showed that the logical work 875:from the edition of Scotus's 599:, in Berwickshire, Scotland. 445: 76: 61: 9852:Philosophy of space and time 8203:On Generation and Corruption 5004:History of Catholic theology 4879:John Duns Scotus (1266–1308) 4615:. Cambridge: Blackwell Pub. 4611:; Noone, Timothy B. (2003). 3946:entry by Jack Zupko in the 3530:Spade, Paul Vincent (2018), 3010:Tractatus de Primo Principio 2534:'s death would the stain of 7: 10053:Franciscan beatified people 9727:The Phenomenology of Spirit 6634:Theological intellectualism 4349:L'Écriture et la différence 3850:, I), xxix–xxxiv, xli–xlii. 3774:See the Bibliography under 3418:A History of Merton College 3311: 2937:(1298–1300?; revised later) 2570:'s 1854 declaration of the 1188: 1114:Quaestiones in Metaphysicam 817:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar 733:(Scotland brought me forth. 10: 10089: 10073:University of Paris alumni 10063:British critics of atheism 8444:On Marvellous Things Heard 8063:Potentiality and actuality 7012:Principle of double effect 6102:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 6092:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange 5377:Transubstantiation dispute 4742:; Stump, Eleonore (1982). 4590:Duns Scotus, Metaphysician 4014:"Blessed John Duns Scotus" 3622:Vos 2006, p. 27. See also 2947:, discovered only in 1996) 2553:potuit, decuit, ergo fecit 2411:Something can be produced. 2313:de contingentia in entibus 1284:Principle of Double Effect 1014: 709:Church of the Friars Minor 509:Duns Scotus was given the 18: 10068:Scottish writers in Latin 10048:Scottish beatified people 9968:14th-century philosophers 9958:13th-century philosophers 9923:Aristotelian philosophers 9865: 9789: 9588: 9328: 9056: 8900: 8830: 8807:Commentaries on Aristotle 8777: 8491: 8394: 8378: 8330: 8309: 8275: 8259: 8221: 8183: 8140: 8131: 7916: 7890: 7840: 7760: 7732:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi 7709: 7681:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani 7641:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes) 7618: 7609: 7552:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon 7535: 7470: 7357: 7277: 7224: 7215: 7143: 7082: 6879: 6656: 6626: 6588: 6545: 6507: 6500: 6477: 6411: 6351: 6270: 6079: 5938: 5808: 5684: 5563: 5420: 5327: 5187: 5081: 5019: 5010: 4789:Williams, Thomas (2002). 4357:Différence et répétition, 4351:, (Paris, 1967), p. 216; 3709:II, d. 44, q. 1 f. 161va. 3512:Williams, Thomas (2019), 3000:Quaestiones Quodlibetales 2996:(Paris Lectures, 1302–07) 2960:Books 1 and 2 (1300–1301) 2753:As Kingfishers Catch Fire 2303:Scotus gave the lecture, 956:Quaestiones Quodlibetales 378: 374: 337: 309: 299: 287: 250: 240: 230: 226: 213: 205: 187: 177: 167: 144: 127: 117: 97: 72: 49: 30: 9983:Philosophers of language 9918:Augustinian philosophers 9842:Philosophy of psychology 9777:Simulacra and Simulation 7798:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 7691:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) 7626:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) 6016:Matthias Joseph Scheeben 5209:Athanasius of Alexandria 5101:First Epistle of Clement 4928:17 February 2023 at the 4890:Scotus: Knowledge of God 4125:See paragraphs 46–55 at 3901:Thomas Williams (2009). 3875:: 69–110. Archived from 3805:: 69–110. Archived from 3762:Historia Vitae et Mortis 3688:Williams, Thomas (ed.). 3399:Williams, Thomas (ed.). 3336: 3318:Oxford Franciscan school 2844:termed 'onto-theology'. 2823:. This led to the word " 2582:During his pontificate, 756:Historia vitae et mortis 614:St Ebbe's Church, Oxford 19:Not to be confused with 9993:Scholastic philosophers 9707:Critique of Pure Reason 8175:Sophistical Refutations 7661:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 7656:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) 7339:Dominicus Gundissalinus 7314:Richard of Saint Victor 6639:Theological voluntarism 6127:Dietrich von Hildebrand 5991:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi 5865:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 5845:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda 5387:Paulinus II of Aquileia 5382:Predestination disputes 4723:Ingham, Mary Beth CSJ, 4716:Ingham, Mary Beth CSJ, 4698:, Fortress press, 2014. 4657:(1995). "Duns Scotus". 4568:Cross, Richard (2014). 4532:Bos, Egbert P. (1998). 4376:(Ashgate, 2005), p. 56. 4363:(Ashgate, 2005), p. 56. 4313:Encyclopædia Britannica 4151:Pasnau, Robert (2011). 4101:20 October 2012 at the 4082:20 October 2012 at the 3760:Bacon, Francis (1638). 3349:Cross, Richard (2014). 2988:Collationes parisienses 2407:I.2.43 runs like this: 2294:theological voluntarism 1400:Theological determinism 922:De sophisticis elenchis 776: 641:ecclesiastical province 534: 352:Theological voluntarism 269:Theological voluntarism 10018:Franciscan theologians 9298:Type–token distinction 9126:Hypostatic abstraction 8908:Abstract object theory 8360:On Divination in Sleep 8046:Horror vacui (physics) 7844:Renaissance philosophy 7818:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 7803:Athir al-Din al-Abhari 7155:Catholicism portal 6363:Catholicism portal 6212:Hans Urs von Balthasar 6011:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 5951:Félicité de La Mennais 5630:The Cloud of Unknowing 5131:The Shepherd of Hermas 4871:Quotations related to 4823:Wolter, Allan B. OFM, 4816:Wolter, Allan B. OFM, 4694:Horan, Daniel P. OFM, 4552:Cross, Richard (ed.), 4386:Horan, Daniel (2014). 3860:Pini, Giorgio (2005). 3790:Pini, Giorgio (2005). 2994:Reportatio parisiensis 2982:Collationes oxonienses 2727:principle of explosion 2633:him on 20 March 1993. 2474: 2236:Catholicism portal 1588:Gregory (of Nazianzus) 1452:Christian Neoplatonism 1063:is "being qua being" ( 998:. Thus the claim that 884: 828:Reportatio parisiensis 767:Merton College, Oxford 715:bears the Latin poem: 696:– an open area of the 669:in his feud with King 544: 9998:Scottish philosophers 9988:Catholic philosophers 9933:Scottish Friars Minor 9887:Philosophy portal 9767:Being and Nothingness 9183:Mental representation 8852:Philosophy portal 8474:Rhetoric to Alexander 7742:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani 7737:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) 7209:Medieval philosophers 7167:Philosophy portal 6982:Infused righteousness 6137:Marie-Dominique Chenu 6056:Marie-Joseph Lagrange 6041:Désiré-Joseph Mercier 5925:Clement Mary Hofbauer 5920:Johann Michael Sailer 5347:Maximus the Confessor 5039:History of the papacy 4831:Woo, B. Hoon (2016). 4770:Vos, Antonie (2006). 4538:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 4519:, 38 (1996), 141–142. 4254:10.1353/frc.2012.0009 4153:"Divine Illumination" 4043:Woo, B. Hoon (2016). 3748:Historisches Jahrbuch 3675:Catholic Encyclopedia 3532:"Medieval Philosophy" 3384:Catholic Encyclopedia 2814:Richard of Middletown 2806:Matthew of Aquasparta 2749:Gerard Manley Hopkins 2710:for one incapable of 2642:Later medieval period 2561:Gerard Manley Hopkins 2520:Immaculate Conception 2514:Immaculate Conception 2469: 2248:Philosophy portal 1067:). Being in general ( 988:De modis significandi 871: 736:England sustained me. 542: 496:Immaculate Conception 441:[dunsˈskɔtus] 368:Immaculate Conception 273:Philosophical realism 9812:Feminist metaphysics 8563:Andronicus of Rhodes 8464:On Virtues and Vices 8419:On Indivisible Lines 8340:Sense and Sensibilia 8310:Rhetoric and poetics 8123:mathematical realism 7808:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 7778:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 7752:Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 7727:Al-Ghazali (Algazel) 7442:Godfrey of Fontaines 7344:Gilbert de la Porrée 7309:Hugh of Saint Victor 7294:Anselm of Canterbury 7264:John Scotus Eriugena 7115:Doctor of the Church 6997:Ontological argument 6313:Raniero Cantalamessa 6283:Alice von Hildebrand 6232:Edward Schillebeeckx 5910:Maria Gaetana Agnesi 5795:Lawrence of Brindisi 5725:Francisco de Vitoria 5515:Beatrice of Nazareth 5490:Hugh of Saint Victor 5470:Bernard of Clairvaux 5450:Anselm of Canterbury 5412:John Scotus Eriugena 5407:Paschasius Radbertus 5254:Gregory of Nazianzus 5148:Epistle to Diognetus 4220:Vatican News Service 3705:. William Vorilong, 3624:Roest, Bert (2000). 3564:on 27 September 2007 3498:Harjeet Singh Gill, 3216:English translations 2984:(1303–04 or 1305–08) 2777:, a special form of 2729:, now attributed to 2696:Renaissance humanism 2614:, on the basis of a 2549:Anselm of Canterbury 1484:Second scholasticism 844:reportatio examinata 435:Ecclesiastical Latin 218:University of Oxford 21:John Scotus Eriugena 9657:Daneshnameh-ye Alai 9168:Linguistic modality 8533:Strato of Lampsacus 8165:Posterior Analytics 7917:Ideas and interests 7717:Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 7636:Al-Kindi (Alkindus) 7562:Solomon ibn Gabirol 7483:Marsilius of Inghen 7334:Bernard of Chartres 6942:Divine illumination 6598:Augustinian realism 6466:Theological virtues 6405:Catholic philosophy 6288:Carlo Maria Martini 6252:Johann Baptist Metz 6222:Frederick Copleston 6046:Friedrich von Hügel 6006:Joseph Hergenröther 5986:Gaetano Sanseverino 5966:Ignaz von Döllinger 5890:Nicolas Malebranche 5730:Thomas of Villanova 5691:Counter-Reformation 5671:Girolamo Savonarola 5485:Hildegard of Bingen 5294:Cyril of Alexandria 5137:Aristides of Athens 5124:Epistle of Barnabas 5113:Ignatius of Antioch 5051:Ecumenical councils 4609:Gracia, Jorge J. E. 3882:on 28 December 2014 3812:on 28 December 2014 3487:Wyclif in His Times 3378:Walker, L. (1912). 3014:English Translation 2966:Book 4 (not extant) 2853:Catherine Pickstock 2795:William of Melitona 2677:English reformation 1314:Liberation Theology 1215:Catholic philosophy 811:(also known as the 803:), his critique of 754:reported it in his 722:Anglia me suscepit. 671:Philip IV of France 647:for the hearing of 637:provincial superior 622:University of Paris 610:medieval university 511:scholastic accolade 444:, "Duns the Scot"; 235:Medieval philosophy 221:University of Paris 9978:Scottish logicians 9847:Philosophy of self 9837:Philosophy of mind 9101:Embodied cognition 9013:Scientific realism 8577:Islamic Golden Age 8500:Peripatetic school 8286:Nicomachean Ethics 7981:Future contingents 7518:Lambertus de Monte 7498:Francesc Eiximenis 7367:Robert Grosseteste 7329:Alexander of Hales 7259:Isidore of Seville 7239:Augustine of Hippo 7110:Islamic philosophy 7064:Trademark argument 6957:Formal distinction 6907:Augustinian values 6580:Analytical Thomism 6560:Christian humanism 6303:Alasdair MacIntyre 6182:Nouvelle théologie 6071:Thérèse of Lisieux 5915:Alfonso Muzzarelli 5855:Jean-Jacques Olier 5825:Tommaso Campanella 5740:Francisco de Osuna 5735:Ignatius of Loyola 5604:Catherine of Siena 5500:Robert Grosseteste 5397:Benedict of Aniane 5337:Isidore of Seville 5279:Augustine of Hippo 5244:Cyril of Jerusalem 5239:Hilary of Poitiers 4932:by Tobias Hoffmann 4901:"John Duns Scotus" 4899:Williams, Thomas. 4390:. Fortress Press. 4242:Franciscan Studies 3944:"Thomas of Erfurt" 3903:"John Duns Scotus" 3848:Opera philosophica 3670:"John Duns Scotus" 3632:. Brill. pp. 3603:(Annual II): 5–20. 3597:Franciscan Studies 3514:"John Duns Scotus" 3297:John Duns Scotus. 3290:John Duns Scotus. 3253:John Duns Scotus, 3228:John Duns Scotus, 3221:John Duns Scotus, 3044:De Rerum Principio 2957:of Peter Lombard) 2787:Alexander of Hales 2783:Haymo of Faversham 2665:William of Alnwick 2657:Francis of Mayrone 2398:De Primo Principio 2377:De Primo Principio 2356:De Interpretatione 2352:De Interpretatione 2344:De Interpretatione 2327:De Interpretatione 1593:Gregory (of Nyssa) 1321:Christian Humanism 1171:formal distinction 1161:Formal distinction 1092:) and what it is ( 1073:univocity of being 1051:Univocity of being 952:De primo principio 885: 797:formal distinction 793:univocity of being 742:Cologne holds me.) 728:Colonia me tenet." 719:"Scotia me genuit. 667:Pope Boniface VIII 612:), a house behind 587:age for receiving 545: 488:formal distinction 484:univocity of being 370:of the Virgin Mary 358:as a principle of 348:Formal distinction 344:Univocity of being 245:Western philosophy 10028:Premature burials 9895: 9894: 9074:Category of being 9043:Truthmaker theory 8860: 8859: 8812:Metabasis paradox 8773: 8772: 8713: 8712: 8700:Pietro Pomponazzi 8642: 8641: 8622: 8621: 8571: 8570: 8523:Eudemus of Rhodes 8513:Clearchus of Soli 8487: 8486: 8155:On Interpretation 8098:Temporal finitism 7986:Genus–differentia 7943:Category of being 7850: 7849: 7836: 7835: 7605: 7604: 7531: 7530: 7462:William of Ockham 7175: 7174: 7090:Catholic theology 7037:Seven deadly sins 7007:Peripatetic axiom 6917:Cartesian dualism 6652: 6651: 6618:Scotistic realism 6575:Neo-scholasticism 6371: 6370: 6298:Gustavo Gutiérrez 6293:Pope Benedict XVI 6278:Pope John Paul II 6177:Josemaría Escrivá 6167:Henri Daniel-Rops 6051:Vladimir Solovyov 6031:Neo-scholasticism 5971:John Henry Newman 5905:Louis de Montfort 5900:Alphonsus Liguori 5895:Giambattista Vico 5830:Pierre de Bérulle 5816:French Revolution 5785:Robert Bellarmine 5765:John of the Cross 5651:Julian of Norwich 5609:Bridget of Sweden 5599:John of Ruusbroec 5589:William of Ockham 5505:Francis of Assisi 5495:Dominic de Guzmán 5465:Decretum Gratiani 5440:Berengar of Tours 5329:Early Middle Ages 5299:Peter Chrysologus 5249:Basil of Caesarea 5234:Ephrem the Syrian 5174:Antipope Novatian 4859:Works related to 4802:978-0-521-63563-9 4781:978-0-7486-2462-1 4755:978-0-521-36933-6 4732:Kretzmann, Norman 4711:978-3-402-10213-8 4689:978-3-402-10215-2 4672:978-0-19-866132-0 4646:978-0-664-22204-8 4622:978-0-631-21672-8 4600:978-1-55753-072-1 4579:978-0-19-968488-5 4562:978-3-402-10214-5 4545:978-90-420-0081-0 4291:, ed. Clarke 2002 3643:978-90-04-11739-6 3210:978-1-57659-150-5 3200:978-1-57659-193-2 3187:978-0-8132-1422-1 3176:978-1-57659-124-6 3161:978-1-57659-122-2 3151:978-1-57659-121-5 2797:(died 1260), St. 2759:Twentieth century 2743:neo-Scholasticism 2723:pseudographically 2653:William of Ockham 2627:Pope John Paul II 2348:Aristotelian view 2285: 2284: 2218: 2217: 2103:Garrigou-Lagrange 1412:Divine Attributes 1127:forma corporeitas 1065:ens inquantum ens 1027:(as opposed to a 1021:Scotistic realism 739:France taught me. 725:Gallia me docuit. 645:Bishop of Lincoln 522:Pope John Paul II 473:William of Ockham 382: 381: 364:Scotistic realism 304:William of Ockham 300:Doctoral students 281:Scotistic realism 208:Philosophy career 154:Franciscan Church 139:Pope John Paul II 118:Venerated in 112:Holy Roman Empire 105:(aged 41–42) 10080: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9873: 9872: 9782: 9772: 9762: 9752: 9742: 9732: 9722: 9712: 9702: 9692: 9682: 9672: 9662: 9652: 9642: 9632: 9622: 9612: 9602: 9278:Substantial form 9090:Cogito, ergo sum 9033:Substance theory 8887: 8880: 8873: 8864: 8863: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8838: 8837: 8715: 8714: 8695:Jacopo Zabarella 8644: 8643: 8624: 8623: 8573: 8572: 8553:Diodorus of Tyre 8496: 8495: 8138: 8137: 8068:Substance theory 8029:Moderate realism 8023:Minima naturalia 7924:Active intellect 7877: 7870: 7863: 7854: 7853: 7616: 7615: 7572:Abraham ibn Daud 7542: 7541: 7503:Nicholas of Cusa 7493:Albert of Saxony 7422:Boetius of Dacia 7417:Siger of Brabant 7222: 7221: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7153: 7152: 6977:Homo unius libri 6922:Cogito, ergo sum 6912:Cardinal virtues 6613:Moderate realism 6505: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6482: 6421:Cardinal virtues 6398: 6391: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6361: 6360: 6202:Emmanuel Mounier 6197:Bernard Lonergan 6122:Georges Bernanos 6107:Jacques Maritain 6087:G. K. Chesterton 5976:Henri Lacordaire 5875:Cornelius Jansen 5870:François Fénelon 5800:Francis de Sales 5790:Francisco Suárez 5661:Nicholas of Cusa 5545:Siger of Brabant 5530:Boetius of Dacia 5510:Anthony of Padua 5455:Joachim of Fiore 5435:Gregory of Narek 5422:High Middle Ages 5367:John of Damascus 5259:Gregory of Nyssa 4997: 4990: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4914: 4905:Zalta, Edward N. 4870: 4858: 4844: 4806: 4785: 4762:Shannon, Thomas 4759: 4676: 4664: 4650: 4626: 4604: 4583: 4549: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4364: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4309: 4298: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222:. 20 March 1993. 4212: 4206: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4092: 4086: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4020:. Archived from 4018:Franciscan Media 4010: 4004: 4003:Honderich p. 209 4001: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3941: 3935: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3716: 3710: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3666: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3631: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3560:. 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These are the 702:Minister General 690:Prato clericorum 686:William Vorilong 605:studium generale 463:, together with 461:High Middle Ages 453:Franciscan friar 450: 447: 443: 438: 428: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 391: 385:John Duns Scotus 289:Doctoral advisor 277:Medieval realism 150: 104: 81: 78: 66: 63: 54: 38:John Duns Scotus 28: 27: 10088: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10077: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9881: 9879: 9861: 9785: 9780: 9770: 9760: 9750: 9740: 9730: 9720: 9710: 9700: 9690: 9680: 9670: 9660: 9650: 9640: 9630: 9627:De rerum natura 9620: 9610: 9600: 9584: 9324: 9228:Physical object 9064:Abstract object 9052: 9038:Theory of forms 8973:Meaning of life 8896: 8891: 8861: 8856: 8846: 8844: 8826: 8769: 8709: 8705:Cesar Cremonini 8661:Albertus Magnus 8638: 8618: 8567: 8483: 8439:Physiognomonics 8434:On Things Heard 8429:On the Universe 8390: 8374: 8332:Parva Naturalia 8326: 8305: 8291:Eudemian Ethics 8271: 8255: 8217: 8179: 8160:Prior Analytics 8127: 8051:Rational animal 7912: 7886: 7884:Aristotelianism 7881: 7851: 7846: 7832: 7756: 7705: 7651:Matta ibn Yunus 7601: 7527: 7466: 7457:Petrus Aureolus 7432:Meister Eckhart 7377:Albertus Magnus 7359: 7353: 7279: 7273: 7211: 7206: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7147: 7139: 7100:Aristotelianism 7078: 6927:Dehellenization 6875: 6648: 6644:Foundationalism 6622: 6584: 6541: 6496: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6461:Social teaching 6407: 6402: 6372: 6367: 6355: 6347: 6328:Jean-Luc Marion 6266: 6217:Marcel Lefebvre 6142:Romano Guardini 6097:Joseph Maréchal 6075: 6066:Maurice Blondel 5961:Antonio Rosmini 5956:Luigi Taparelli 5934: 5860:Louis Thomassin 5835:Pierre Gassendi 5818: 5814: 5804: 5755:Teresa of Ávila 5693: 5689: 5680: 5666:Marsilio Ficino 5656:Thomas à Kempis 5646:Devotio Moderna 5619:Johannes Tauler 5614:Meister Eckhart 5584:Dante Alighieri 5559: 5525:Albertus Magnus 5416: 5323: 5269:John Chrysostom 5197: 5193: 5183: 5096:Clement of Rome 5077: 5015: 5006: 5001: 4930:Wayback Machine 4851: 4803: 4782: 4756: 4673: 4647: 4623: 4601: 4580: 4546: 4528: 4526:Further reading 4523: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4497:. 15 March 2010 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4436: 4432: 4413:Modern Theology 4409: 4405: 4398: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4367: 4345:Jacques Derrida 4343: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4269: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4129:logicmuseum.com 4124: 4120: 4116:logicmuseum.com 4112: 4108: 4103:Wayback Machine 4093: 4089: 4084:Wayback Machine 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4024:on 30 July 2020 4012: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3942: 3938: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3900: 3896: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3717: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3683: 3668: 3667: 3660: 3656:Vos 2006, p. 27 3655: 3651: 3644: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3593: 3589: 3582:Williams 2002, 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3528: 3524: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3466: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3394: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3331:William of Ware 3314: 3069:Vatican Edition 3058:Wadding Edition 2895:Parva logicalia 2883: 2866: 2791:John of Rupella 2761: 2681:Thomas Cromwell 2673: 2644: 2639: 2592: 2584:Pope John XXIII 2551:'s principle, " 2516: 2509:I.3.1.4 n.221). 2490:illuminationism 2486: 2484:Illuminationism 2458:Therefore, etc. 2372: 2332:unica volitione 2290: 2281: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2037: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1537: 1528: 1518: 1517: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1346: 1336: 1335: 1309:Social teaching 1264: 1254: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1191: 1163: 1155:natura communis 1102: 1053: 1017: 1012: 968:Jacobus Naveros 916:Peri hermeneias 832:Opus parisiense 805:illuminationism 779: 765:of Codex 66 of 639:of the English 558:religious habit 537: 514:Doctor Subtilis 448: 433: 426: 397: 393: 387: 366: 362: 354: 350: 346: 340: 312: 294:William of Ware 275: 271: 267: 265:Aristotelianism 263: 259: 206: 145: 133:20 March 1993, 122:Catholic Church 106: 102: 101:8 November 1308 82: 79: 68: 64: 58:Justus van Gent 45: 40: 39: 36: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10086: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9877: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9793: 9791: 9790:Related topics 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9773: 9763: 9757:Being and Time 9753: 9743: 9733: 9723: 9713: 9703: 9693: 9683: 9673: 9663: 9653: 9643: 9633: 9623: 9613: 9603: 9592: 9590: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 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8824: 8819: 8817:Views on women 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8787: 8781: 8779: 8778:Related topics 8775: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8721: 8719: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8690:Peter of Spain 8687: 8686: 8685: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8666:Thomas Aquinas 8663: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8579: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543:Aristo of Ceos 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8502: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8396:Pseudepigrapha 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8336: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8198:On the Heavens 8195: 8189: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8088: 8083: 8065: 8060: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8007: 8000: 7995: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7940: 7933: 7930:Antiperistasis 7926: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7857: 7848: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7622: 7620: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7592:Hasdai Crescas 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7548: 7546: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7513:Paul of Venice 7510: 7508:Vincent Ferrer 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7397:Thomas Aquinas 7394: 7389: 7384: 7382:Henry of Ghent 7379: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7349:Alain de Lille 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7304:Anselm of Laon 7301: 7296: 7291: 7283: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7233:Church Fathers 7228: 7226: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7182: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7157: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 7002:Pascal's wager 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6962:Guardian angel 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 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6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6157:Henri de Lubac 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6132:Gabriel Marcel 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6112:Étienne Gilson 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6061:George Tyrrell 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6021:Émile Boutroux 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6001:Giuseppe Pecci 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5850:António Vieira 5847: 5842: 5840:René Descartes 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5811:Baroque period 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5775:Luis de Molina 5772: 5770:Peter Canisius 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5750:Francis Xavier 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5705:Thomas Cajetan 5702: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5636:Heinrich Seuse 5633: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5540:Thomas Aquinas 5537: 5535:Henry of Ghent 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5480:Anselm of Laon 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5402:Rabanus Maurus 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5319:Pope Gregory I 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5195:Pope Gregory I 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5066:Biblical canon 5063: 5056:Catholic Bible 5053: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4920: 4915: 4896: 4887: 4876: 4864: 4850: 4849:External links 4847: 4846: 4845: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4786: 4780: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4736:Kenny, Anthony 4728: 4721: 4714: 4699: 4692: 4677: 4671: 4655:Honderich, Ted 4651: 4645: 4631:Grenz, Stanley 4627: 4621: 4605: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4550: 4544: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4508: 4478: 4453: 4430: 4419:(4): 575–585. 4403: 4396: 4378: 4365: 4353:Gilles Deleuze 4337: 4319: 4304:, ed. (1911). 4302:Chisholm, Hugh 4293: 4280: 4267: 4248:(1): 175–229. 4228: 4207: 4193: 4174: 4162: 4143: 4131: 4118: 4106: 4087: 4068: 4058: 4035: 4005: 3996: 3989:Opus Oxoniense 3981: 3967: 3953: 3936: 3920: 3911: 3894: 3852: 3835: 3823: 3779: 3767: 3752: 3739: 3711: 3694: 3681: 3658: 3649: 3642: 3615: 3606: 3587: 3575: 3558:Duns, Scotland 3545: 3522: 3504: 3491: 3475: 3448: 3441: 3422: 3405: 3392: 3371: 3361: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3179: 3164: 3153: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3067:OPERA OMNIA. ( 3065: 3056:OPERA OMNIA. ( 3053: 3052: 3051:Latin editions 3048: 3047: 3040: 3039: 3038:Spurious works 3035: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3007: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2976:Opus Oxoniense 2969: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2948: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2865: 2862: 2760: 2757: 2685:Richard Layton 2672: 2669: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2591: 2588: 2540:Thomas Aquinas 2515: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2494:Henry of Ghent 2485: 2482: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2446: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2371: 2368: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2238: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1457:Friends of God 1449: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1430:Augustinianism 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1395:Predestination 1392: 1387: 1382: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1331:Works of mercy 1328: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1242: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1190: 1187: 1167:Henry of Ghent 1162: 1159: 1101: 1098: 1069:ens in communi 1052: 1049: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 813:Opus oxoniense 778: 775: 744: 743: 740: 737: 734: 730: 729: 726: 723: 720: 694:Pré-aux-Clercs 536: 533: 465:Thomas Aquinas 457:Western Europe 449: 1265/66 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 341: 338: 335: 334: 313: 311:Main interests 310: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 291: 285: 284: 254: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 224: 223: 215: 211: 210: 203: 202: 191: 185: 184: 181: 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 151: 142: 141: 131: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 99: 95: 94: 80: 1265/66 74: 70: 69: 55: 47: 46: 41: 37: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10085: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9888: 9878: 9876: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9832:Phenomenology 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9759: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9748: 9744: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9718: 9714: 9709: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9688: 9684: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9669: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9638: 9634: 9629: 9628: 9624: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9599: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589:Notable works 9587: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993:Phenomenalism 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8913:Action theory 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8881: 8876: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8853: 8843: 8841: 8833: 8832: 8829: 8823: 8822:Wheel paradox 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8730:Trendelenburg 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8656:Peter Lombard 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8648:Scholasticism 8645: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538:Lyco of Troas 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8480: 8479:Magna Moralia 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118:Virtue ethics 8116: 8114: 8113:Unmoved mover 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7864: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7845: 7839: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7783:Rashid al-Din 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7671:Abd al-Jabbar 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7488:Nicole Oresme 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7437:Giles of Rome 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7324:Peter Lombard 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7299:Peter Abelard 7297: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7288:Scholasticism 7285: 7284: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7196: 7191: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7168: 7158: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7136: 7135:Phenomenology 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7032:Rota Fortunae 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6992:Occam's razor 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6972:Head of a pin 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6887:Actus Essendi 6885: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721:Chateaubriand 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:Conceptualism 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6522:Scholasticism 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6472: 6471:Virtue ethics 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456:Seven virtues 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6338:Aidan Nichols 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318:Michał Heller 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Walter Kasper 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6237:Thomas Merton 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6207:Jean Daniélou 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Joseph Görres 5944: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5930:Bruno Lanteri 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5885:Blaise Pascal 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5745:John of Ávila 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5624:Walter Hilton 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594:Richard Rolle 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Peter Lombard 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:Peter Abelard 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5352:Monothelitism 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342:John Climacus 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5229:Monophysitism 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5142:Justin Martyr 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5044:Papal primacy 5042: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4863:at Wikisource 4862: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4397:9781451465723 4393: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4307:"Dunce" 4303: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4274:R. W. Dixon, 4271: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4197: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4172:III, d.3, q.1 4171: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3977: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3918:Ashworth 1987 3915: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3720:Butler, Alban 3715: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3484: 3483:Anthony Kenny 3479: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3444: 3442:9780742531987 3438: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3368: 3364: 3362:9780199684885 3358: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166:Vol. III-IV: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3026:Dubious works 3025: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891:Before 1295: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2808:(died 1289), 2807: 2804: 2801:(died 1274), 2800: 2796: 2793:(died 1245), 2792: 2789:(died 1245), 2788: 2785:(died 1244), 2784: 2780: 2779:Scholasticism 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731:Pseudo-Scotus 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2663:(died 1320), 2662: 2659:(died 1325), 2658: 2654: 2650: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619:immemorabilis 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528:Mother of God 2525: 2521: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 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1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405:Compatibilism 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1351:Conceptualism 1349: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326:Virtue ethics 1324: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:individuation 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1100:Individuation 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:modist school 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 929: 924: 923: 918: 917: 912: 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6658:Philosophers 6565:Cartesianism 6323:Peter Kreeft 6271:21st century 6262:Henri Nouwen 6172:Jean Guitton 6152:Fulton Sheen 6080:20th century 5981:Jaime Balmes 5939:19th century 5760:Luis de León 5641:Geert Groote 5628: 5578: 5445:Peter Damian 5284:John Cassian 5224:Nestorianism 5146: 5129: 5122: 5105: 5083:Early Church 4908: 4893: 4882: 4875:at Wikiquote 4840: 4836: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4791: 4771: 4763: 4744: 4740:Pinborg, Jan 4724: 4717: 4702: 4695: 4680: 4660: 4635: 4612: 4589: 4569: 4553: 4534: 4516: 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4491:AirMaria.com 4490: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4465: 4462:"Duns Scoto" 4456: 4438: 4433: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4311: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4225:(in Spanish) 4219: 4210: 4201: 4196: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4146: 4134: 4121: 4109: 4090: 4071: 4061: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4026:. Retrieved 4022:the original 4017: 4008: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3970: 3956: 3947: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3906: 3897: 3884:. Retrieved 3877:the original 3872: 3868: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3814:. Retrieved 3807:the original 3802: 3798: 3775: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3747: 3742: 3730:. Retrieved 3724: 3714: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3684: 3673: 3652: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3578: 3566:. 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His 698:Rive Gauche 653:Bridlington 649:confessions 618:St Aldate's 589:holy orders 581:Northampton 577:St Andrew's 550:Duns Castle 469:Bonaventure 316:Metaphysics 193:Academics, 65: 1476 9902:Categories 9697:Monadology 9631:(c. 80 BC) 9338:Parmenides 9223:Perception 9121:Experience 9008:Relativism 8983:Naturalism 8933:Enactivism 8760:Hursthouse 8634:Maimonides 8600:Avicennism 8251:Generation 8223:On Animals 8150:Categories 7970:Eudaimonia 7793:al-Qazwini 7768:Ibn Sab'in 7747:Ibn Tufayl 7701:al-Kirmani 7587:Gersonides 7577:Maimonides 7130:Empiricism 6952:Evil demon 6726:Chesterton 6603:Nominalism 6590:Universals 6431:Just price 6343:Scott Hahn 5720:Johann Eck 5372:Iconoclasm 5304:Pope Leo I 5164:Tertullian 3703:sententiam 3568:18 January 3388:New Advent 3032:Theoremata 3019:Theoremata 2771:Franciscan 2631:beatifying 2590:Veneration 2143:Hildebrand 2083:Chesterton 1948:La Mennais 1878:Bellarmine 1873:Azpilcueta 1818:Paschasius 1698:Autrecourt 1653:Tertullian 1613:Chrysostom 1553:Athanasius 1435:Victorines 1366:Nominalism 1274:Just price 1147:haecceitas 1029:nominalist 1002:wrote his 910:Categories 859:bilocation 840:reportatio 573:priesthood 179:Attributes 173:8 November 9857:Teleology 9822:Mereology 9802:Cosmology 9661:(c. 1000) 9558:Plantinga 9548:Armstrong 9498:Heidegger 9473:Whitehead 9458:Nietzsche 9378:Descartes 9348:Aristotle 9303:Universal 9233:Principle 9203:Necessity 9163:Intention 9116:Existence 9079:Causality 9018:Solipsism 8948:Free will 8795:Platonism 8750:MacIntyre 8612:Averroism 8590:Al-Farabi 8548:Critolaus 8492:Followers 8469:Economics 8449:Mechanics 8414:On Plants 8409:On Colors 8404:On Breath 8355:On Dreams 8345:On Memory 8108:Haecceity 8086:Syllogism 8057:Phronesis 7949:Catharsis 7898:Aristotle 7842:See also 7788:Ibn Arabi 7696:al-Biruni 7686:Miskawayh 7631:al-Nazzam 7217:Christian 7095:Platonism 7069:Univocity 6967:Haecceity 6846:Ratzinger 6811:Montaigne 6791:MacIntyre 6746:Dionysius 6741:Descartes 6701:Augustine 6555:Salamanca 6247:Hans Küng 6036:Léon Bloy 6026:Modernism 5879:Jansenism 5565:Mysticism 5159:Montanism 4843:: 249–69. 4262:162137015 4170:Ordinatio 4055:: 258–62. 3909:(online). 3382:. In The 2990:(1302–07) 2972:Ordinatio 2955:Sentences 2842:Heidegger 2821:sophistry 2735:Descartes 2623:Venerable 2604:Edinburgh 2544:feast day 2507:Ordinatio 2498:Ordinatio 2496:. In his 2405:Ordinatio 2394:Ordinatio 2389:Ordinatio 2381:Ordinatio 2163:MacIntyre 2123:Gutiérrez 2093:Copleston 2063:Balthasar 1918:Descartes 1778:Hildegard 1763:Gregory I 1738:Catherine 1688:Alexander 1638:Dionysius 1558:Augustine 1511:Salamanca 1385:Haecceity 1289:Casuistry 1183:haecceity 1143:haecceity 1139:Ordinatio 1131:Ordinatio 1116:7, q. 5; 1081:existence 1057:Aristotle 972:Sentences 937:Expositio 933:Ordinatio 895:Questions 877:Sentences 851:Sentences 836:Sentences 809:Ordinatio 801:haecceity 784:Sentences 771:Cambridge 662:Sentences 626:dispersed 585:canonical 524:in 1993. 518:beatified 492:haecceity 356:Haecceity 214:Education 189:Patronage 129:Beatified 9875:Category 9797:Axiology 9651:(c. 270) 9579:more ... 9533:Anscombe 9528:Strawson 9523:Davidson 9418:Berkeley 9358:Plotinus 9319:more ... 9258:Relation 9238:Property 9213:Ontology 9136:Identity 9057:Concepts 8988:Nihilism 8953:Idealism 8901:Theories 8840:Category 8765:Nussbaum 8735:Brentano 8607:Averroes 8595:Avicenna 8585:Al-Kindi 8558:Erymneus 8454:Problems 8350:On Sleep 8317:Rhetoric 8296:Politics 8241:Movement 8103:Quiddity 7964:accident 7891:Overview 7722:Ibn Hazm 7676:Al-Amiri 7545:Medieval 7452:Durandus 7319:Roscelin 7244:Boethius 7057:Irenaean 7047:Theodicy 7017:Quiddity 6880:Concepts 6806:Maritain 6776:Krasicki 6766:Gassendi 6756:Eriugena 6711:Boethius 6686:Anscombe 6676:Albertus 6570:Molinism 6537:Occamism 6509:Medieval 6436:Just war 5779:Molinism 5357:Ecthesis 5309:Boethius 5214:Arianism 5204:Eusebius 5154:Irenaeus 5118:Polycarp 5032:Timeline 4926:Archived 4633:(2005). 4501:10 April 4471:10 April 4099:Archived 4080:Archived 3869:Medioevo 3799:Medioevo 3312:See also 2803:Cardinal 2739:Bramhall 2719:printing 2612:Holy See 2385:De Primo 2340:ad extra 2336:ad intra 2178:Maritain 2153:Lonergan 2133:Guardini 2058:Anscombe 2033:Caramuel 1943:Krasicki 1938:Kołłątaj 1893:Brentano 1753:Eriugena 1718:Berengar 1666:Medieval 1618:Climacus 1598:Irenaeus 1568:Boethius 1563:Benedict 1506:Analytic 1474:Occamism 1464:Molinism 1442:Llullism 1371:Quiddity 1279:Just war 1207:a series 1205:Part of 1189:Theology 1094:quid est 1045:Plutarch 1037:Socrates 984:Grabmann 899:Porphyry 873:Colophon 763:colophon 566:guardian 562:Dumfries 480:Catholic 320:theology 92:Scotland 9647:Enneads 9641:(c. 50) 9607:Timaeus 9597:Sophist 9543:Dummett 9538:Deleuze 9478:Russell 9468:Bergson 9463:Meinong 9443:Bolzano 9403:Leibniz 9383:Spinoza 9368:Aquinas 9353:Proclus 9283:Thought 9273:Subject 9253:Reality 9248:Quality 9218:Pattern 9178:Meaning 9153:Insight 9111:Essence 9096:Concept 8998:Realism 8963:Liberty 8928:Dualism 8683:Scotism 8671:Thomism 8322:Poetics 8231:History 8193:Physics 8185:Physics 8142:Organon 8070: ( 8016:Mimesis 7960:Essence 7611:Islamic 7402:Vitello 7360:century 7358:13–14th 7280:century 7278:11–12th 7083:Related 6871:Wojtyła 6851:Scheler 6796:Maistre 6786:Lombard 6771:Isidore 6751:Erasmus 6731:Clement 6696:Aquinas 6666:Abelard 6532:Scotism 6527:Thomism 6501:Schools 5700:Erasmus 5550:Thomism 5289:Orosius 5264:Ambrose 5179:Cyprian 5107:Didache 5061:Vulgate 5020:General 4907:(ed.). 4334:. 2016. 4332:ITV.com 4278:, 1:303 4190:. 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