569:
336:
768:. They were initially on good terms, and al-Qassam's various official appointments required the mufti's prior consent. Lachman suggests that their cooperation increased after the 1929 riots, in which one source claims al-Qassam's men were active. The two fell out in the mid-1930s, perhaps due to al-Qassam's independent line of activism. In 1933, al-Qassam sent an emissary to al-Husseini, requesting the latter's participation in a revolt against the British. At the time, al-Husseini refused, preferring a political solution.
413:, who himself studied under Abduh, while others are skeptical of al-Qassam's relationships with either. However, the attitude al-Qassam later adopted toward the political issues in the Arab world suggests he was well acquainted with the ideas that Abduh and Rida espoused. At al-Azhar, al-Qassam developed the thinking that would guide his future activism. Critical of a stagnant Islam, he preached among the ranks of farmers and other locals about the necessity for a modern Islam, one capable of defending itself from Western
665:(religious endowment) administered by prominent Muslims from the city. Unlike other Muslim scholars, al-Qassam made himself easily accessible to the public and often arrived late to teach his classes because he was frequently stopped by passersby for advice. He resigned from his teaching career due to the school's insistence that he maintain consistent hours. As part of his Islamic revivalist teaching, he denounced and discouraged some local Palestinian traditions, including unorthodox funeral rituals, mothers'
887:
824:
disciplined and fearless fighters. The moral component of al-Qassam's teachings were especially geared towards the young men of Haifa's labour slums who lived away from their families and who were exposed to activities considered immoral in Islam. He viewed marriage as key to preventing the moral corruption of young men and managed to financially aid his more destitute supporters with their wedding expenses. He encouraged his men to grow beards as a sign of their commitment to
49:
325:
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from al-Istiqlal and the YMMA generally refrained from joining al-Qassam's cause, his association with them helped protect him from political figures who opposed his activism. His activities were also financed by several well-off businessmen associated with al-Istiqlal due to his spreading reputation.
620:. However, as the French tightened their control of the area, they were able to successfully pressure several of Jableh's major landowners to drop their financial support for al-Qassam and pay taxes to the French Mandate government. This further isolated al-Qassam, who decided to flee Mount Sahyun for
460:
as well as advocating an end to gambling and alcohol consumption. Al-Qassam's campaign highly influenced Jableh's residents who increasingly adopted his reforms. He developed amiable relations with the local
Ottoman police who he would call upon to enforce sharia on rare cases of major violations. In
852:
argued for immediate attacks against
British and Jewish targets, while the other faction, headed by al-Qassam, thought than an armed revolt was premature and risked exposing the group's preparations. According to Subhi Yasin, a comrade of al-Qassam, the group's attacks in the north were executed by
802:
In 1930 or 1931, al-Qassam had recruited numerous hand-picked followers and organised them into about a dozen different circles, each group of supporters unaware of the existence of the other groups. The majority of his men were peasants and urban labourers. The majority of al-Qassam's circles were
929:
Surrounded, he told his men to die as martyrs, and opened fire. His defiance and manner of his death (which stunned the traditional leadership) electrified the
Palestinian people. Thousands forced their way past police lines at the funeral in Haifa, and the secular Arab nationalist parties invoked
873:
and sabotage
British-built rail lines. Though striking a responsive chord among the rural poor and urban underclass, al-Qassam's movement deeply perturbed the Muslim urban elite as it threatened their political and patronage connections with the British Mandatory authorities. Following the October
787:
al-Istiqlal and al-Qassam was bridged by a convergence in the view that the struggle against
Zionist expansion in Palestine was inseparable from active opposition to British rule. This view separated al-Qassam and al-Istiqlal from the mainstream political forces in Palestine at the time. While men
718:
An individual deeply imbued with the
Islamic social gospel and who was struck by the plight of Palestinian peasants and migrants. Al-Qassam's pastoral concern was linked to his moral outrage as a Muslim at the ways in which the old implicit social compact was being violated in the circumstances of
520:
and composed a victory anthem. Jableh's district governor sought to gain control over the fundraiser, and when locals nevertheless continued to send their donations to al-Qassam, the governor attempted to have him jailed. The district governor alleged that al-Qassam was working against the
Ottoman
683:
Al-Qassam concentrated his activities on the lower classes, setting up a night school for casual labourers and preaching to them as an imam, first in the
Jurayneh Mosque, and later in the Istiqlal Mosque (both of which still exist in Haifa's Lower City). He would seek them out on the streets, in
465:
from some of his fellow alumni at al-Azhar and among Syrian notables, al-Qassam's loyalties at the time most likely laid with the
Ottoman Empire as his relationship with the authorities would indicate. He was well regarded among much of Jableh's population where he gained a reputation for piety,
823:
In training his men, al-Qassam stressed that maintaining good character was of paramount importance. As such, fighters should provide for the needy, aid people with illness, maintain good ties with their families and pray regularly to God. These virtues, he claimed, were prerequisites to being
532:
against the
Italians. Accepting only volunteers with prior Ottoman military training, al-Qassam enlisted dozens of volunteers and set up a fund for the expedition to Libya as well as a small pension for the families of volunteers while they were abroad. Although accounts vary, al-Qassam was
828:
and to carry a Qur'an with them wherever they went. Although many of his followers had been illiterate, he taught them how to read and write using the Qur'an as their basis for learning. Al-Qassam also asked his fighters to engage in the spiritual exercises practiced by the
811:
settlement while avoiding confrontation with the British authorities, al-Qassam saw it as a priority to fight against both. He also saw the brewing conflict in Palestine as a religious struggle, unlike most Palestinian leaders who advocated a secular and
860:
on 11 April 1931, a failed bomb attack on outlying Jewish homes in Haifa in early 1932, and several operations that killed or wounded four members of northern Jewish settlements. The campaign climaxed with the deaths of a Jewish father and son in
946:, the only three independent Arab countries at the time. In reaction to al-Qassam's death, strikes were held in Haifa and several Palestinian and Syrian cities. Al-Qassam is buried at the Muslim cemetery at the former Palestinian village of
902:. Al-Qassam and his followers were believed to have been responsible and search parties set out to capture him. In this context, al-Qassam and twelve of his men decided to go underground and, leaving Haifa, took to the hills between
868:
By 1935, al-Qassam had recruited several hundred men—the figures range from 200 to 800—organised in cells of five men, and arranged military training for peasants. The cells were equipped with bombs and firearms, which they used to
723:
He also took advantage of his travels to deliver fiery political and religious sermons in which he encouraged villagers to organise resistance units to attack the British and Jews. He intensified his agitation and obtained a
604:
militiamen who occupied areas around the city. The Alawites were eventually repelled, but French forces moved in soon after to consolidate their control. Consequently, al-Qassam and many of his disciples left Jableh for
960:
on 22 November, eulogizing him as a "martyr" with the following statement: "I heard you preaching from up in the pulpit, summoning to the sword ... Through your death you are more eloquent than ever you were in life."
938:, al-Qassam's funeral, which was held at the Jerini Mosque, attracted at least 3,000 mourners, mostly members of the peasant and working classes. His coffin and those of his slain comrades were draped in the flags of
547:
in the latter part of that year. Intending to gain sea transportation from the Ottomans, al-Qassam's request was rejected by the authorities, who ordered him and his men back to Jableh. A new Ottoman government in
878:, a Jewish paramilitary force, Palestinian Arab indignation broke out in two general strikes. The arms shipment to the Haganah served as the final impetus for al-Qassam to launch a revolt against the authorities.
1040:
Although al-Qassam's revolt was unsuccessful in his lifetime, militant organizations gained inspiration from his example. His funeral drew thousands, which turned into a mass demonstration of national unity. The
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played a crucial role in winning the populace away from the elite-brokered politics of compromise with the British, and in showing them the "correct" path of popular armed struggle against the British and the
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296:
peasants. He advocated a moral, political and military jihad as the solution to end British rule and Zionist aspirations in Palestine. In the 1930s, he formed bands of local fighters, including the
696:
excluding Arabs had dispossessed many of their traditional livelihoods. Al-Qassam grew increasingly popular with northern Palestine's poorer Muslims and was frequently sought out to preach at
3126:
775:(YMMA) in Haifa. While he focused his activism with the lower classes, his position in the YMMA afforded him access with the middle and educated classes of the city who were attracted to
853:
Abu Ibrahim's group in defiance of al-Qassam, though in 1969, Abu Ibrahim denied this allegation. The Black Hand's ensuing campaign began with the ambush and killing of three members of
2418:
910:. There they spent ten days on the move, during which they were fed by the residents of villages in the area. The British police manhunt eventually surrounded al-Qassam in a cave near
592:. His principal role in the local resistance was financing the acquisition of weapons for Jableh's militia. By 1919, French forces moved into the coastal area of northern Syria while
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in July. As a result of this French victory and the impending capitulation of Aleppo, al-Qassam and members of his unit fled past French Army lines with forged passports to
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British mandatory Palestine. This anger fueled a political radicalism that drove him eventually to take up arms and marks him off from the Palestinian notable politicians.
275:
occupation starting 1911, raising funds and fighters to aid the Libyans and penning an anthem for them. He would later lead his own group of rebels in alliance with
870:
710:, a role that allowed him to tour the northern villages, whose inhabitants he encouraged to set up agricultural cooperatives. According to the American historian
3664:
1609:
Mustafa Kabha. "The Palestinian Press and the General Strike, April–October 1936: "Filastin" as a Case Study." Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 3 (2003): 169–89.
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Following his return to Jableh, al-Qassam commenced a program of Islamic revival based on moral reforms which included the encouragement of maintaining regular
304:
targets. He was eventually killed in a manhunt by the British authorities in 1935, following his alleged role in the killing of a policeman. Israeli historian
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2201:
989:) led by the Qassamiyun played a significant role in commencing the countrywide revolt. At the start of the revolt, al-Qassam's close disciples al-Sa'di,
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some occasions, he would send disciples as vigilantes to intercept caravans transporting alcohol which would then be disposed of. Despite the support for
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588:. Returning to Jableh before the war's end, al-Qassam used funds from his planned expedition to Libya to organize a local defense force to fight the
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1061:, once stated that her organization began "where al-Qassam left off: his generation started the revolution, my generation intends to finish it."
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to give thanks for their children's well-being or achievements and tribal dances around religious sites, as superstitious innovations to Islam.
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779:(Independence Party), an Arab nationalist political party. In particular, he developed a strong relationship with leading local party member
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2622:
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433:(Islamic school) where he taught both the mystical practices of the Qadariyya Sufi order and the jurisprudence and commentary of the
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1992:
1911:
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844:), an anti-Zionist and anti-British militant organisation. The idea for such a group appeared to have crystallised after the
1021:, compared the glory that al-Qassam's actions aroused in the 1930s to the fame won in Zionist discourse by Zionist activist
874:
1935 discovery of a clandestine cache of arms in the port of Jaffa apparently originating from Belgium and destined for the
600:
in Damascus as an independent Arab state. During this period, al-Qassam's Jableh militia fought against local French-backed
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Al-Qassam's militia grew when it was joined by another militia based in the mountains following the death of its commander
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brothels and hashish dens. His greatest following came from the landless ex-tenant farmers drifting into Haifa from the
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3134:
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his memory as the symbol of resistance. It was the largest political gathering ever to assemble in mandatory Palestine.
657:, where his wife and daughters later joined him. During the early 1920s, al-Qassam taught at the Madrasa Islamiya, an
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1947:
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918:. In the long ensuing firefight, al-Qassam and three of his followers were killed, and five captured on 20 November.
772:
589:
142:
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front in October, abandoning the Libyan resistance. Part of the money that was raised was then used to establish a
297:
401:. Who he studied with is disputed by the sources; some accounts say he studied under the Muslim reformist scholar
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Leading members of Hizb al-Istiqlal, 1932. Al-Qassam was closely associated with the party, particularly with
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when World War I broke out, where he received military training and was attached as a chaplain to a base near
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2423:
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20:
1937:
1832:
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Five months after al-Qassam's death, members of his movement, known as "Qassamiyun" or "Qassamites", also
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1984:
Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab Nationalists and Popular Politics in Mandate Palestine
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state, but an official investigation found him not guilty, and the governor was consequently dismissed.
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1961:
517:
268:
1309:, citing Abdullah Schleifer's essay "Palestinian Peasant Resistance to Zionism before World War I" in
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According to Israeli historian Shai Lachman, between 1921 and 1935 al-Qassam often cooperated with
921:
The manner of his last stand galvanized Palestinians at the time, according to American historian
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On 8 November 1935 the body of a Palestine Police constable, Moshe Rosenfeld, was discovered near
3555:
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1921:
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813:
233:
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780:
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146:
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954:, a Jewish suburb of Haifa. An obituary for al-Qassam was published in the Egyptian newspaper
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1042:
990:
978:
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8:
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A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel
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based in northern Palestine, but he had disciples throughout the country, including in
573:
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Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad
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with many schools in Haifa and its periphery. It was funded by the Jamiat Islamiya, a
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2011:
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The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin Al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement
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In 1929, he was appointed the marriage registrar at the sharia court in Haifa by the
513:
309:
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preacher in his hometown. Following his return, he became an active supporter of the
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in the south. In contrast to traditional Palestinian leaders who campaigned against
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2086:
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1982:
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128:
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Lachman, Shai (1982). "Arab Rebellion and Terrorism in Palestine 1929–1939". In
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who emerged in the 1960s saw al-Qassam as their originator. The founders of the
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2101:(1993). "Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt". In Edmund Burke (ed.).
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Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict
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628:, who was leading attacks against the French Army until the latter captured
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and studied at the local Istambuli Mosque under the teaching of well-known
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as the solution to end British rule and Zionist aspirations in Palestine.
210:
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The Nation and Its New Women: The Palestinian Women's Movement, 1920–1948
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who died in a battle with Arab forces. Recalling this, Israeli historian
915:
414:
410:
381:
212:ʿIzz ad-Dīn ibn Abd al-Qāder ibn Mustafā ibn Yūsuf ibn Muhammad al-Qassām
88:
2148:
1332:
Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness,
848:. From the outset, a split occurred in the movement. One faction led by
3336:
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2052:(1997). "Shaykh Izz al-Din al-Qassam: A Reformist and a Rebel Leader".
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Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness
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1319:
Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question,
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to fight against French Mandatory forces in northern Syria in 1919–20.
48:
2075:"Teacher, Preacher, soldier, Martyr: Rethinking 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam"
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fighters, more recently, may also be likened to the terrorists that
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From 1928 until his death, al-Qassam served as the president of the
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People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Mandatory Palestine
2074:
1065:
956:
737:
670:
585:
549:
516:, al-Qassam began collecting funds in Jableh for the joint Ottoman-
406:
981:, acts that became major contributing factors in the start of the
292:(religious endowment) official and grew incensed at the plight of
3543:
2534:
2489:
2464:
1640:
875:
862:
854:
808:
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610:
601:
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The French Army occupying the Syrian coast in the lead up of the
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241:
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Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948
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From Tartus, al-Qassam travelled to Beirut by boat and then to
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had initially considered naming their group the "Qassamiyun".
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response. Al-Qassam advocated a moral, political and military
324:
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2363:
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2295:
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region, the Upper Galilee and Balad al-Sheikh, respectively.
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857:
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725:
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419:
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228:
Muslim preacher, and a leader in the local struggles against
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Islam and the Politics of Meaning in Palestinian Nationalism
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in Jableh while the remainder was saved for future efforts.
507:
Izz al-Din al-Qassam, Ottoman-Libyan resistance anthem, 1911
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has argued that "The terrorists that al-Qassam led and the
865:, from a bomb thrown into their home, on 22 December 1932.
748:
452:
438:
376:
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and moved to Jableh from Iraq. Al-Qassam also followed the
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in May 1920. There he and his fighters joined ranks with
301:
2031:
Steel and Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000
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order. His grandfather had been a leading sheikh of the
312:'. His campaign and death were factors that led to the
973:, (the Brothers of al-Qassam) under the leadership of
552:
had gained power and shifted the state's focus to the
222:عز الدين بن عبد القادر بن مصطفى بن يوسف بن محمد القسام
2216:
423:(holy struggle). He returned to Jableh in 1909 as an
319:
224:; 1881 or 19 December 1882 – 20 November 1935) was a
1577:
1575:
1573:
1080:, a short-range rocket the group produces and uses.
833:
Sufi order and to recite Sufi chants before battle.
613:to launch guerrilla raids against the French Army.
393:Sometime between 1902 and 1905, al-Qassam left for
2126:
2003:
1860:
1691:
1671:
743:
563:
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1570:
528:sermons, he called for volunteers to engage in a
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1939:Right to Exist: A Moral Defense of Israel's Wars
1851:
609:where he established a base near the village of
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2104:Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East
1792:Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism
1726:. University of California Press. p. 292.
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1404:
1402:
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405:and came into contact with the prominent proto-
282:Following the rebels' defeat, he immigrated to
2001:
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1321:Verso, London 2001 ch. 11 pp. 207–234 p. 229.
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1059:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
1004:Al-Qassam, according to Palestinian-American
533:accompanied by 60 to 250 volunteers known as
1455:
1443:
1399:
1337:
1279:
1265:
688:where purchases of agricultural land by the
1903:Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel
1719:
1637:"Back to school: Ben-Gurion for beginners,"
1588:Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel
1232:
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1220:
1218:
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300:, and launched attacks against British and
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1698:. University of California Press. p.
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3743:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
3398:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242
3372:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194
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2097:
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362:rule and a local leader of the Qadariyya
3813:Resistance to the French colonial empire
2024:
1980:
1932:
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1584:"Qassamites in the Arab Revolt, 1936–39"
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1434:
1297:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, pp. 170–171.
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985:. Peasant and urban guerrilla factions (
885:
836:The guerrilla bands became known as the
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639:
567:
334:
323:
3748:Syrian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
2735:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
2072:
1920:
1895:
1830:
1809:
1785:
1473:
1420:
1384:
792:Organisation of armed resistance groups
427:and worked as a teacher at a Qadariyya
3705:
3680:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement
3670:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement
1956:
1871:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1334:Columbia University Press, 2009 p.115.
3217:
2644:
2618:
2190:
2152:
2121:
1761:
1064:The military wing of the Palestinian
489:O Most Merciful, O Most Compassionate
3675:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement
3414:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement
3091:Southern Israel cross-border attacks
3003:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
2934:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel
2048:
1678:. Indiana University Press. p.
1611:https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284312
1485:Beverly Milton-Edwards, 1999, p. 18.
476:
19:For the military wing of Hamas, see
3758:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
3733:Anti-Zionism in Mandatory Palestine
1831:Kayyali, Abdul-Wahhab Said (1978).
1515:
1494:Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 66.
1464:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 174.
1431:Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 65.
1417:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 176.
1408:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 175.
1348:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 172.
1288:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 171.
1276:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 170.
1236:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 169.
1224:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 168.
1208:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 167.
1178:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 166.
491:Make our Lord the Sultan victorious
221:
13:
3665:Israel–UAE normalization agreement
3556:Beirut Summit and peace initiative
2409:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
2107:. University of California Press.
1452:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993 p. 173.
1366:Schleifer, ed. Burke, 1993, p. 164
1017:The first Israeli prime minister,
983:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
437:. In addition, he preached as the
342:, where al-Qassam studied, in 1906
320:Early life and Islamic scholarship
314:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
16:Syrian Muslim preacher (1882–1935)
14:
3829:
2002:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (1999).
1863:The Palestinian People: A History
493:And defeat our enemy the Italian
441:of the Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque.
263:in Egypt and afterward became an
3808:Resistance to the British Empire
3594:Agreement on Movement and Access
524:In June 1912, during one of his
514:September 1911 invasion of Libya
390:(scholar) Sheikh Salim Tayarah.
3798:People of the Franco-Syrian War
3628:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
3622:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
3590:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
2795:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114
2676:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
2434:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1659:
1647:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1467:
1411:
1390:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1324:
1300:
1291:
1190:
1181:
744:Relationship with local leaders
659:Islamic educational institution
564:Anti-French resistance in Syria
466:simple manners and good humor.
3738:Anti-Zionism in the Arab world
3267:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
3083:Palestinian militancy campaign
1881:. Princeton University Press.
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
773:Young Men's Muslim Association
211:
143:Young Men's Muslim Association
1:
3355:American trusteeship proposal
2424:Popular Resistance Committees
2006:Islamic Politics in Palestine
1966:. Columbia University Press.
1928:. Vol. 2. Paris: Fayard.
1741:Bloomfield, Jonathan (2010).
1083:
1076:, bears his name as does the
1074:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
1057:, a well-known member of the
993:, and Attiyah Ahmad Awad led
730:Badr al-Din al-Taji al-Hasani
470:Support for Libyan resistance
240:, and a militant opponent of
21:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
1981:Matthews, Weldon C. (2006).
1942:. Random House. p. 78.
1747:. AuthorHouse. p. 149.
1528:Milton-Edwards, 1999, p. 19.
1375:Milton-Edwards, 1999, p. 18.
1196:Milton-Edwards, 1999, p. 17.
1187:Milton-Edwards, 1999, p. 14.
354:, to father Abd al-Qadar, a
7:
3753:Guerrillas killed in action
2952:Palestinian suicide attacks
1867:. Harvard University Press.
1837:. Croom Helm. p. 180.
1834:Palestine: A Modern History
1720:Fleischmann, Ellen (2003).
1357:Milton-Edwards, 1999, p.16.
286:, where he became a Muslim
10:
3834:
3768:People from Beirut vilayet
3728:Al-Azhar University alumni
3528:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum
3516:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement
3510:Israel–Jordan peace treaty
3442:Palestinian autonomy talks
2091:10.1163/15685152-5334p0002
2054:Journal of Islamic Studies
1900:; Haim, Sylvie G. (eds.).
1131:Fleischmann, 2003, p. 292.
795:
518:Libyan resistance movement
485:Wa ksur aadana al-Italiyan
18:
3642:
3485:
3438:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
3363:
3295:Faisal–Weizmann agreement
3252:
3213:
2986:
2849:
2694:
2652:
2614:
2589:
2568:
2512:
2442:
2329:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
2311:
2304:
2234:
2186:
1816:. Routledge. p. 43.
1158:Segev, 2001, pp. 362–363.
1122:Bloomfield, 2010, p. 149.
964:
756:, seated second from left
580:He later enlisted in the
308:has called him 'the Arab
203:
191:
181:
171:
161:
156:
152:
138:
123:
113:
103:
77:
55:
46:
37:
30:
3477:Israel–Lebanon agreement
3289:Anglo-French Declaration
3285:Declaration to the Seven
2858:Misgav Am hostage crisis
1926:La Question de Palestine
1558:Benvenisti, 2000, p. 97.
881:
766:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
708:authorities in Jerusalem
244:in the 1920s and 1930s.
38:
3169:Israel–Palestine crisis
3020:Bringing Home the Goods
2359:Guardians of the Cedars
2129:One Palestine, Complete
1582:Kedourie, Elie (2015),
1549:Moubayed, 2006, p. 392.
1503:Matthews, 2006, p. 237.
1262:Segev, 1999, pp.360–362
1047:Palestinian nationalist
934:To the surprise of the
871:raid Jewish settlements
483:Unsur Maulana as-Sultan
259:in 1882. He studied at
3586:Sharm El Sheikh Summit
3506:Gaza–Jericho Agreement
3388:Tripartite Declaration
3011:Ain es Saheb airstrike
2892:South Lebanon conflict
2133:. Metropolitan Books.
2073:Sanagan, Mark (2013).
1810:Johnson, Nels (2013).
1540:Laurens, 2002, p. 298.
1149:Lozowick, 2004, p. 78.
1140:Kayyali, 1978, p. 180.
1095:Abū ʻAmr, 1994, p. 98.
1015:
936:Palestine Police Force
932:
895:
781:Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim
757:
754:Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim
721:
694:Hebrew labour policies
645:Establishment in Haifa
577:
504:
358:court official during
346:Al-Qassam was born in
343:
332:
328:Al-Qassam was born in
3793:World War I chaplains
3763:Palestinian militants
3634:John Kerry Parameters
3307:Churchill White Paper
3273:Sykes–Picot Agreement
2829:Coastal Road massacre
2450:Arab Higher Committee
2339:Arab Liberation Front
2282:Palestinian Authority
2180:Arab–Israeli conflict
1567:Johnson, 2013, p. 45.
1113:Guidère, 2012, p. 173
1010:
927:
890:Al-Qassam's grave in
889:
762:Hajj Amin al-Husseini
751:
716:
640:Activism in Palestine
571:
543:) when he arrived in
539:(those who engage in
474:
338:
327:
131:, preacher, teacher,
3803:Syrian Sunni Muslims
3616:Annapolis Conference
3610:UNSC Resolution 1701
3600:UNSC Resolution 1850
3582:UNSC Resolution 1583
3576:UNSC Resolution 1566
3572:UNSC Resolution 1559
3522:Wye River Memorandum
3378:Armistice agreements
3135:Gaza border protests
3057:Gaza–Israel conflict
2769:Lod Airport massacre
2602:United Arab Republic
2545:United Arab Emirates
2455:Arab Liberation Army
1440:Judis, 2014, p. 108.
1396:Mattar, 1992, p. 67.
1315:Christopher Hitchens
1104:Krämer, 2011, p. 260
1043:Palestinian fedayeen
991:Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir
979:1936 Anabta shooting
942:, Saudi Arabia, and
914:, in the village of
850:Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir
690:Jewish National Fund
32:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
3459:UNSC Resolution 497
3453:UNSC Resolution 478
3447:UNSC Resolution 452
3434:UNSC Resolution 446
3424:UNSC Resolution 425
3418:UNSC Resolution 350
3408:UNSC Resolution 339
3404:UNSC Resolution 338
3394:Khartoum Resolution
3382:Lausanne Conference
3331:Morrison–Grady Plan
3301:San Remo conference
3279:Balfour Declaration
3151:Gaza–Israel clashes
3143:Gaza–Israel clashes
2918:Mothers' Bus attack
2495:Revolutionary Cells
2079:Die Welt des Islams
2066:10.1093/jis/8.2.185
1795:. Scarecrow Press.
1653:Swedenberg, p. 105.
481:Ya Rahim, Ya Rahman
380:(jurisprudence) of
261:Al-Azhar University
247:Qassam was born in
118:Al-Azhar University
104:Cause of death
97:Mandatory Palestine
3778:People from Jableh
3723:20th-century imams
3604:Quartet Principles
3538:Clinton Parameters
3428:Camp David Accords
2811:Savoy Hotel attack
2661:1948 Palestine war
2500:South Lebanon Army
2389:Muslim Brotherhood
923:Abdallah Schleifer
896:
758:
578:
574:Battle of Maysalun
512:Following Italy's
344:
333:
265:Islamic revivalist
127:Guerrilla leader,
3773:People from Haifa
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3566:Geneva Initiative
3534:Camp David Summit
3494:Madrid Conference
3471:Reagan peace plan
3444:
3349:UN Partition Plan
3343:London Conference
3325:London Conference
3261:Damascus Protocol
3209:
3208:
3110:Pillar of Defense
2761:Sabena Flight 571
2727:Battle of Karameh
2646:Armed engagements
2610:
2609:
2508:
2507:
2480:Japanese Red Army
2235:Primary countries
1994:978-1-84511-173-1
1913:978-0-714-63169-1
1597:978-1-317-44272-1
1387:, pp. 75–76.
1023:Joseph Trumpeldor
653:, then under the
590:French occupation
502:
501:
456:(fasting) during
450:(prayer) and the
310:Joseph Trumpeldor
269:Libyan resistance
207:
206:
129:Muslim revivalist
93:Jenin Subdistrict
3825:
3654:Trump peace plan
3646:
3440:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3200:
3197:Israel–Hamas war
3192:
3188:Shield and Arrow
3182:
3172:
3164:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3127:Wave of violence
3122:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2947:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2861:
2842:
2832:
2824:
2814:
2806:
2803:Ma'alot massacre
2798:
2790:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2719:War of Attrition
2714:
2706:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2668:Arab–Israeli War
2663:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2513:Other countries
2309:
2308:
2249:Egyptian Kingdom
2211:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2118:
2094:
2085:(3–4): 315–352.
2069:
2045:
2021:
2009:
1998:
1977:
1953:
1929:
1917:
1892:
1868:
1866:
1848:
1827:
1806:
1782:
1758:
1737:
1716:
1697:
1683:
1677:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1633:
1627:
1622:Rashid Khalidi,
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1579:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1476:, pp. 65–66
1471:
1465:
1462:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1335:
1330:Rashid Khalidi,
1328:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1263:
1260:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1222:
1209:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1019:David Ben-Gurion
971:Ikhwan al-Qassam
842:al-kaff al-aswad
777:Hizb al-Istiqlal
598:Kingdom of Syria
596:established the
508:
477:
463:Arab nationalism
397:to study at the
294:Palestinian Arab
234:French Mandatory
223:
214:
213:
84:
81:20 November 1935
59:19 December 1882
51:
41:
28:
27:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3660:Abraham Accords
3644:
3638:
3481:
3463:1981–1982
3359:
3313:Peel Commission
3248:
3246:peace proposals
3242:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3175:
3167:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2995:Second Intifada
2993:
2982:
2975:Grapes of Wrath
2972:
2962:
2950:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2864:
2856:
2845:
2835:
2827:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2783:
2777:Munich massacre
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2659:
2648:
2643:
2606:
2585:
2564:
2504:
2460:Black September
2438:
2379:Lebanese Forces
2300:
2296:Ba'athist Syria
2292:Syrian Republic
2237:and authorities
2236:
2230:
2229:
2215:
2182:
2177:
2147:
2141:
2115:
2042:
2018:
2010:. I.B. Tauris.
1995:
1974:
1950:
1914:
1889:
1845:
1824:
1803:
1779:
1755:
1734:
1710:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:, 22 June 2012.
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1580:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1516:
1512:Johnson, p. 44.
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1266:
1261:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1068:armed movement
1049:armed movement
975:Farhan al-Sa'di
967:
948:Balad al-Sheikh
892:Balad al-Sheikh
884:
800:
798:Cement Incident
794:
746:
714:, al-Qassam was
655:British Mandate
647:
642:
630:Jisr ash-Shugur
566:
510:
506:
503:
492:
490:
484:
482:
472:
399:al-Azhar Mosque
368:Qadariyya order
350:, northwestern
340:Al-Azhar Mosque
322:
253:Syrian province
139:Organization(s)
114:Alma mater
99:
86:
82:
73:
60:
42:
40:عز الدين القسام
39:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3596:
3578:
3568:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3430:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3384:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3244:Diplomacy and
3241:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3183:
3173:
3165:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3105:
3100:Returning Echo
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3053:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2965:Accountability
2960:
2948:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2910:First Intifada
2906:
2896:
2888:
2884:Bus 300 affair
2880:
2872:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2825:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2753:Yom Kippur War
2749:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2581:United Nations
2578:
2576:European Union
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:United Kingdom
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:al-Mourabitoun
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Ba'athist Iraq
2260:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2095:
2070:
2060:(2): 185–215.
2046:
2040:
2034:. Cune Press.
2022:
2016:
1999:
1993:
1987:. I B Tauris.
1978:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1930:
1918:
1912:
1906:. Frank Cass.
1898:Kedourie, Elie
1893:
1888:978-0691150079
1887:
1869:
1853:Kimmerling, B.
1849:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1783:
1777:
1759:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1717:
1708:
1688:Benvenisti, M.
1684:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1596:
1569:
1560:
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1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1466:
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1442:
1433:
1419:
1410:
1398:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1336:
1323:
1307:Rashid Khalidi
1299:
1290:
1278:
1264:
1238:
1226:
1210:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1035:Menachem Begin
1006:Rashid Khalidi
966:
963:
883:
880:
793:
790:
745:
742:
700:celebrations.
646:
643:
641:
638:
626:Ibrahim Hananu
565:
562:
500:
499:
494:
487:
475:
473:
471:
468:
403:Muhammad Abduh
321:
318:
277:Ibrahim Hananu
257:Ottoman Empire
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
183:
179:
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159:
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154:
153:
150:
149:
147:The Black Hand
140:
136:
135:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
108:Gunshot wounds
105:
101:
100:
87:
85:(aged 52)
79:
75:
74:
71:Ottoman Empire
67:Beirut Vilayet
61:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3830:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
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3648:
3641:
3635:
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3623:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3607:
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3597:
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3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
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3573:
3569:
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3563:
3561:
3557:
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3513:
3511:
3507:
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3497:
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3431:
3429:
3425:
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3419:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:1946–47
3340:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3178:Breaking Dawn
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3040:Autumn Clouds
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
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2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:Samu incident
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:Former states
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:Transnational
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:United States
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
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2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Holy War Army
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
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2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Army of Islam
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:Organizations
2303:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:Iraqi Kingdom
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:All-Palestine
2242:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2226:Organizations
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2142:
2140:0-8050-4848-0
2136:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:0-520-07988-4
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:Schleifer, A.
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2041:9781885942418
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:9781860644757
2013:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1973:9780231064637
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:9781400032433
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1857:Migdal, J. S.
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1823:9781134608584
1819:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1802:9780810879652
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1778:9781429949101
1774:
1771:. Macmillan.
1770:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:9781452067841
1750:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1714:Balad Sheikh.
1711:
1709:9780520211544
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1590:, Routledge,
1589:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1078:Qassam rocket
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
962:
959:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
926:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
888:
879:
877:
872:
866:
864:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
827:
821:
819:
815:
810:
806:
799:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
755:
750:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
715:
713:
709:
707:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Upper Galilee
681:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Umar al-Bitar
614:
612:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
575:
570:
561:
559:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
537:
531:
527:
526:Friday prayer
522:
519:
515:
509:
498:
495:
488:
486:
479:
478:
467:
464:
459:
455:
454:
449:
448:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
388:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
341:
337:
331:
326:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
215:
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
184:
182:Jurisprudence
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
124:Occupation(s)
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
50:
45:
36:
29:
26:
22:
3788:Syrian Sufis
3783:Syrian imams
3602: /
3592: /
3588: /
3584: /
3574: /
3558: /
3536: /
3508: /
3500:Oslo Accords
3445: /
3436: /
3426: /
3416: /
3406: /
3396: /
3380: /
3287: /
3187:
3177:
3159:
3109:
3099:
3065:
3039:
3030:Summer Rains
3029:
3019:
2974:
2964:
2954:(1993–2008;
2943:Bramble Bush
2942:
2900:
2866:
2837:
2819:
2785:
2743:
2597:Soviet Union
2287:Saudi Arabia
2128:
2103:
2082:
2078:
2057:
2053:
2030:
2026:Moubayed, S.
2005:
1983:
1962:
1938:
1934:Lozowick, Y.
1925:
1902:
1877:
1862:
1833:
1812:
1791:
1767:
1743:
1722:
1713:
1693:
1673:
1668:Abū ʻAmr, Z.
1660:Bibliography
1649:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1605:
1587:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1474:Lachman 1982
1469:
1436:
1413:
1392:
1385:Lachman 1982
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1302:
1293:
1192:
1183:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1063:
1055:Leila Khaled
1039:
1016:
1011:
1003:
994:
986:
970:
968:
955:
933:
928:
920:
897:
867:
841:
835:
825:
822:
817:
801:
770:
759:
728:from Shaykh
722:
717:
712:Edmund Burke
705:
702:
682:
678:Mount Carmel
662:
648:
615:
607:Mount Sahyun
582:Ottoman army
579:
557:
545:Alexandretta
540:
534:
529:
523:
511:
505:
496:
480:
451:
445:
443:
428:
424:
418:
392:
385:
375:
345:
287:
281:
246:
236:rule in the
209:
208:
172:Denomination
83:(1935-11-20)
25:
3718:1935 deaths
3713:1882 births
3550:Taba Summit
3319:White Paper
3199:(2023–2024)
3129:(2015–2016)
3077:(2008–2009)
3069:(2007–2008)
3049:Lebanon War
2997:(2000–2005)
2912:(1987–1993)
2876:Lebanon War
2789:(1972–1979)
2737:(1968–1982)
2721:(1967–1970)
2711:Six-Day War
2684:Suez Crisis
2678:(1949–1956)
2670:(1948–1949)
2540:North Korea
2334:Arab League
2223:Authorities
1922:Laurens, H.
1787:Guidère, M.
1635:Tom Segev,
1311:Edward Said
916:Sheikh Zeid
814:nationalist
415:colonialism
411:Rashid Rida
382:Sunni Islam
89:Sheikh Zeid
3707:Categories
3686:2022
3658:2020
3652:2019
3632:2016
3626:2013
3620:2010
3614:2007
3608:2006
3598:2006
3580:2005
3570:2004
3564:2003
3554:2002
3548:2001
3542:2000
3532:2000
3526:1999
3520:1998
3514:1995
3504:1994
3498:1993
3492:1991
3475:1983
3469:1982
3457:1981
3451:1980
3432:1979
3422:1978
3412:1974
3402:1973
3392:1967
3386:1950
3376:1949
3370:1948
3353:1948
3347:1947
3337:Bevin Plan
3335:1947
3329:1946
3323:1939
3317:1939
3311:1937
3305:1922
3299:1920
3293:1919
3283:1918
3277:1917
3271:1916
3265:1915
3259:1914
3253:Background
3160:Black Belt
3066:Hot Winter
2926:Tunis raid
2901:Wooden Leg
2258:Hamas Gaza
1958:Mattar, P.
1873:Krämer, G.
1844:0856646350
1733:0520237900
1084:References
846:1929 riots
838:Black Hand
796:See also:
785:secularist
676:on nearby
667:visitation
536:mujahideen
374:school of
298:Black Hand
3486:1991–2016
3465:Fahd Plan
3364:1948–1983
2987:2000–2021
2850:1980–1999
2695:1960–1979
2653:1947–1959
2429:as-Sa'iqa
2369:Hezbollah
2319:Abu Nidal
2220:Countries
2123:Segev, T.
1763:Judis, J.
1744:Palestine
1626:, p. 195.
1027:Tom Segev
1013:Zionists.
900:Ein Harod
831:Qadiriyya
306:Tom Segev
284:Palestine
198:Qadariyya
3560:Road map
3119:Gaza War
3075:Gaza War
2253:Republic
2125:(1999).
2050:Nafi, B.
2028:(2006).
1960:(1992).
1936:(2004).
1924:(2002).
1875:(2011).
1859:(2003).
1789:(2012).
1765:(2014).
1690:(2000).
1670:(1994).
1066:Islamist
1031:intifada
957:Al-Ahram
738:Damascus
671:al-Khidr
611:Zanqufeh
594:Faisal I
586:Damascus
550:Istanbul
417:through
407:Salafist
162:Religion
157:Personal
3645:present
3544:Isratin
3059:(2006–)
3005:(2001–)
2820:Entebbe
2786:Bayonet
2535:Morocco
2490:Palmach
2465:Haganah
2419:PFLP-GC
1641:Haaretz
1317:(eds.)
997:in the
995:fasa'il
987:fasa'il
876:Haganah
863:Nahalal
855:Kibbutz
809:Zionist
669:to the
602:Alawite
558:madrasa
458:Ramadan
430:madrasa
360:Ottoman
273:Italian
271:to the
255:of the
242:Zionism
230:British
3191:(2023)
3181:(2022)
3171:(2021)
3163:(2019)
3153:(2019)
3145:(2018)
3137:(2018)
3121:(2014)
3113:(2012)
3103:(2012)
3093:(2011)
3085:(2010)
3051:(2006)
3043:(2006)
3033:(2006)
3023:(2006)
3013:(2003)
2978:(1996)
2968:(1993)
2946:(1992)
2936:(1991)
2928:(1988)
2920:(1988)
2904:(1985)
2894:(1985)
2886:(1984)
2878:(1982)
2870:(1981)
2860:(1980)
2841:(1978)
2838:Litani
2831:(1978)
2823:(1976)
2813:(1975)
2805:(1974)
2797:(1973)
2779:(1972)
2771:(1972)
2763:(1972)
2755:(1973)
2747:(1968)
2729:(1968)
2713:(1967)
2705:(1966)
2686:(1956)
2525:Kuwait
2520:France
2443:Former
2374:Kataeb
2312:Active
2277:Jordan
2272:Israel
2137:
2111:
2038:
2014:
1991:
1970:
1946:
1910:
1885:
1841:
1820:
1799:
1775:
1751:
1730:
1706:
1594:
1072:, the
1037:led."
965:Legacy
952:Nesher
950:, now
912:Ya'bad
908:Nablus
894:, 2010
764:, the
732:, the
698:Mawlid
674:shrine
634:Tartus
622:Aleppo
554:Balkan
497:
447:salaah
435:Qur'an
372:Hanafi
356:sharia
348:Jableh
330:Jableh
302:Jewish
249:Jableh
238:Levant
226:Syrian
218:Arabic
193:Tariqa
186:Hanafi
63:Jableh
3643:2019–
2867:Opera
2560:Yemen
2530:Libya
2475:Irgun
2364:Hamas
2354:Fatah
1070:Hamas
1051:Fatah
999:Jenin
940:Yemen
904:Jenin
882:Death
858:Yagur
826:jihad
818:jihad
734:Mufti
726:fatwa
651:Haifa
541:jihad
530:jihad
425:′alim
420:jihad
395:Cairo
387:′alim
352:Syria
176:Sunni
166:Islam
2956:list
2744:Gift
2485:Lehi
2414:PFLP
2349:DFLP
2324:Amal
2294:and
2265:and
2251:and
2135:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1313:and
944:Iraq
906:and
805:Gaza
706:waqf
692:and
663:waqf
576:1920
453:sawm
439:imam
377:fiqh
364:Sufi
289:waqf
232:and
133:imam
78:Died
56:Born
2404:PLO
2399:PLF
2394:PIJ
2087:doi
2062:doi
1700:297
736:of
3709::
2083:53
2081:.
2077:.
2056:.
1855:;
1712:.
1702:.
1680:98
1586:,
1572:^
1533:^
1517:^
1457:^
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1422:^
1401:^
1339:^
1281:^
1267:^
1241:^
1229:^
1213:^
1201:^
1163:^
1008:,
925::
636:.
409:,
316:.
251:,
220::
145:,
95:,
91:,
69:,
65:,
3237:e
3230:t
3223:v
2958:)
2638:e
2631:t
2624:v
2210:e
2203:t
2196:v
2172:e
2165:t
2158:v
2143:.
2117:.
2093:.
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2058:8
2044:.
2020:.
1997:.
1976:.
1952:.
1916:.
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216:(
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