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1664:, inflicting some 14,000 casualties. Then he surrounded and captured a second Austrian relief column near Mantua. Soon after, Mantua finally surrendered to the French, making it possible for the French to continue their advance eastwards towards Austria. After a brief campaign during which the Austrian army was commanded by the Emperor's brother, the
1477:. Josephine's letters claim Barras had promised the command to Bonaparte, before she'd consented to marry him. Barras is cited by his colleagues as saying of Bonaparte, "Advance this man or he will advance himself without you." Bonaparte had shown himself to be highly ambitious and had made a name for himself following
2045:
By the spring of 1800 Russia had withdrawn entirely from the
Coalition. The situation in Italy, however, was still very much on the side of the Coalition. Melas had some 100,000 men under his command, opposed by just 50,000 French troops who were thoroughly dispersed. The Allies prepared for a thrust
1590:
Wurmser was reinforced once again to compensate for some 20,000 losses sustained in the past two months and made an attempt to relieve the siege of Mantua. Some 45,000 Austrian troops were left behind to guard against any new French offensive whilst the main body of the
Austrian army moved on Mantua.
1509:
on 28 April, knocking it out of the war and the First
Coalition. It had taken Bonaparte just a month to defeat Sardinia (between his arrival and the armistice), a country which had resisted the French armies for over three years. Total losses during the lightning campaign were 6,000 French troops and
1413:
The main focus of the war then shifted north to the Rhine, until 29 June 1795, when the
Austrians launched an attack against the depleted and poorly supplied Army of Italy. Nominally 107,000-strong, the Army of Italy could only manage to field an effective force of about 30,000. Kellermann, who had
1485:
Bonaparte launched attacks almost immediately after he arrived on the front on 27 March. His 38,000 men and 60 guns were facing more than 50,000 Allied troops in the theatre. His only chance of support came from
Kellermann's Army of the Alps, which was faced by a further 20,000 Allied troops.
2100:
made a timely arrival with reinforcements and drove back Melas, thus turning a French rout into a French victory. In this counter-attack Desaix was killed, but
Bonaparte later honoured him with monuments commemorating his bravery and his name has the place of honour on the face of the
2041:
front. The respite thus given the reeling Army of Italy led to a turning point in the war. Melas, who resumed command of
Coalition forces in Italy, now almost exclusively Austrian, paused the offensive and consolidated his forces, now that the Russians had been removed from Italy.
1986:
The Army of the Alps engaged the Austro-Russian forces in a series of minor skirmishes, but did not come to the rescue of the Army of Italy. Suvorov overran a number of French garrisons and continued his relentless advance. Macdonald engaged
Suvorov in the
1481:
in 1795. By placing him in command of the Army of Italy, Bonaparte was being assigned to an obscure front: of the
Republic's thirteen principal field armies, the Italian force was the most neglected and was in terrible condition when Bonaparte arrived.
1888:
forces participated in the campaign. However, at the beginning of the conflict the
Russians were yet to arrive. Bonaparte, meanwhile, was away from the continent, as from May, 1798 to September, 1799 he was leading the
2087:
Genoa fell before the First Consul could reach it. He concentrated his army and struck at the Austrians in an attempt to beat them before they too concentrated their forces again. The Reserve Army fought a battle at
1595:
on 4 September, Bonaparte inflicted a heavy defeat on the Austrians and was then well-placed to strike at the rear of Wurmser's army. Reacting slowly to this new threat, the Austrians were again defeated at the
1752:
An apology was issued by the Pope on December 29, 1797, however it was rejected by the Republic soon after. Napoleon then declared war on the Papal States for a second time, sending 9,000 troops under General
1672:. Bonaparte's campaign, by threatening Vienna directly, was the trigger that led to Austria sending negotiators to Leoben to ask Bonaparte for peace with France. The peace treaty that resulted, the treaty of
1904:
and this halved their effective strength to face the Austrians. In order to avoid a completely untenable situation arising, Schérer attacked as soon as possible in an attempt to preempt Austrian attacks.
1525:
Bonaparte reorganised his newly enthused army following the short let-up in operations that followed Sardinia's defeat. Following this he manoeuvred his army into more opportune positions along the
1153:
773:
1386:, who was concerned about supply lines being cut by rebels behind the front. The commanders in the field were unhappy about this decision, but appeals were interrupted by the overthrow of the
2202:
Napoleon: A History of the Art of War. Volume 1: From the beginning of the French Revolution to the end of the eighteenth century, with a detailed account of the wars of the French Revolution
2018:
Suvorov, acting under orders from the Coalition high command, paused to gather his strength for an offensive in autumn. On 9 August, the French launched offensive of 38,000 men called the
1847:
assistance, the Parthenopeans collapsed soon after. A Neapolitan invasion in September led to the dissolution of the Roman Republic which was subsequently replaced by the Papacy until the
104:
1657:, Bonaparte, fighting outnumbered and faced with the failure of his repeated efforts to capture a pivotal bridge at Arcole, won an important and hard-fought victory against Alvinczy.
2137:
1971:
An initial Allied attack across the Po failed on 11 May. Moreau's army was in tatters with just 9,000 men remaining. An attempted counter-attack was beaten back by Russian General
1513:
1109:
1544:
The Army of Italy was now reinforced to almost 50,000 men and Bonaparte continued on the offensive, striking at Austrian forces mobilising in the vicinity of the fortress of
1801:
1618:
Additional Austrian forces arrived whilst Bonaparte's army was weakened by disease and his supply lines threatened by rebellion. Government political commissars, especially
1345:
1341:
1641:, arrived and made another attempt to relieve Mantua. Bonaparte halted and drove Alvinczy back across the Brenta river, but his counter-offensive was seriously hampered by
766:
1414:
resumed command, appealed to Carnot for reinforcements. Instead, General Bonaparte was appointed to the general staff where he devised a third plan for an attack towards
1457:
Bonaparte was appointed commander-in-chief on 2 March 1796. The motives for Bonaparte's appointment were most likely political. On 9 March, Bonaparte had married
1379:. This two-pronged French offensive drove back the Allied force, despite their strong positions, and firmly captured the mountain passes that led into Piedmont.
1900:
faced off against an equal number of Austrians. An additional 50,000 Russians were expected to arrive shortly. The French were occupied with the pacification of
759:
151:
2000:
123:
1793:
1797:
1166:
1680:, as Austria was the main combatant remaining in continental Europe still fighting the French at that time. On 5 December 1797 Napoleon arrived in Paris.
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Bonaparte had no chance of gaining reinforcements as the Republican war effort was being concentrated on the massive offensives planned on the Rhine.
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into southern France and across the Rhine, much further north. Melas moved forward slowly, laying siege to Genoa and halting his advance elsewhere.
137:
2339:
1781:
2308:
1329:
1095:
119:
1945:, was slow to pursue the retreating French and was soon replaced as overall Coalition commander in the theatre by the brilliant Field Marshal
2344:
1565:
2084:, who was threatened by severe food shortages resulting from the combination of encirclement on land and naval blockade by the British.
1382:
A further offensive, also designed by General Bonaparte to exploit the victory at Saorgio, was called off under orders from war minister
1600:, where their army was reduced to just 12,000. The remaining troops marched rapidly towards Mantua, but became trapped there by General
1965:
1941:
in late March and early April. Schérer retreated back and left a small detachment of 8,000 in several forts. The Austrian commander,
1860:
202:
1363:. The Allied forces were bolstered by some 45,000 Austrians, Piedmontese, and Neapolitans, with additional support from the British
2097:
2299:
2022:. The offensive was thoroughly defeated by Suvorov, and resulted in the death of Joubert. Moreau, who had yet to depart for the
1300:, a young, largely unknown commander, who led French forces to victory over numerically superior Austrian and Sardinian armies.
144:
1660:
Both sides were reinforced before Alvinczy launched another attack in January. Bonaparte defeated this renewed assault at the
1290:
2268:
2254:
2240:
2157:
1897:
744:
733:
1908:
1622:, brutally put down the uprisings, but the French position was weakened. To stabilise the situation Bonaparte created the
1286:
406:
2334:
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652:
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1665:
1201:
170:
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1328:) by 30,000 French troops. This was reversed in mid-1793, when the Republican forces were withdrawn to deal with a
431:
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1549:
1518:
1372:
1000:
819:
722:
1612:
983:
946:
664:
108:
1773:
1689:
1548:. A series of minor Coalition defeats resulted in the garrison at Mantua being reinforced to 12,000. Placing
1435:
921:
372:
367:
355:
1995:
ordered a halt to Allied offensives whilst the French garrisons of Mantua and Alessandria were overrun (see
1991:
and was crushed. Macdonald retreated with the remnant of his army to Genoa whilst Suvorov reached Novi. The
2004:
1572:
1422:. Kellermann was replaced by General Schérer soon after and he carried out the attacks, gaining victory at
1325:
1022:
675:
289:
2329:
2089:
1881:
1187:
1059:
1032:
978:
1780:. However, shortly after, coalition forces intervened, causing internal struggles within the so-called "
1458:
1742:
1677:
1533:
led to a retreat by Coalition forces across the Adda River. At the river, the Austrian army of General
1445:
1387:
1309:
1141:
931:
1746:
2263:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
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Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
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Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
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and he was forced to retreat to Verona. Alvinczy, following Bonaparte, held off a French attack at
751:
1957:
1953:
1754:
994:
973:
896:
804:
589:
33:
1394:(28 July 1794). During the political chaos that ensued in the French army, the Allies launched an
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1934:
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1176:
988:
958:
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The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.
1996:
1673:
1553:
1462:
1399:
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50:
1332:, triggering a counter-invasion of Savoy by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (a member of the
263:
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1992:
1821:
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Refusing to renounce his temporal authority, Pius VI was exiled from Rome, and later died in
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1645:’ defeat over five days in the villages of Cembra and Calliano under Alvinczy's lieutenant,
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Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.
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of 17,000 soldiers and reinstated the Monarchy, initiating a siege of Naples in June. With
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1407:
1406:, launched a counter-offensive and secured supply routes to Genoa following victory at the
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forces being mobilised for an invasion of southern France to recover Nice and strike into
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defended the city with a small army of 9,000 troops on 19 November, and the Battles of
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were recognized as sister republics. In Rome, Berthier declared the establishment of a
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1410:. Following this the French consolidated the front and awaited further opportunities.
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managed to push back the Piedmontese with just 12,000 troops, winning engagements at
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1367:. Before the Allies could launch this assault the French, under tactical command of
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broke out in autumn 1792, when several European powers formed an alliance against
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1764:. Napoleon officially dissolved the Papal States in February 1798, at which the
1653:
on 12 November and Bonaparte was forced to withdraw. In the following three-day
1568:. Next he turned north and with 20,000 men defeated some 50,000 Austrians under
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ordered Suvorov to move out of Italy and concentrate on breaking through the
1914:
1805:
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Schneid, Frederick C. (2023), Mikaberidze, Alexander; Colson, Bruno (eds.),
1375:(April, 1794), which was planned by the army's artillery commander, General
1087:
2302:
The First Italian Campaign as seen by the artists of the DĂ©pĂ´t de la Guerre
2065:
1722:
1714:
1623:
1557:
459:
454:
1440:
1336:). After the revolt in Lyon had been suppressed, the French under General
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1415:
1171:
1930:
1749:
led to the killing of Duphot at Joseph's palace by Papal State troops.
1745:, a Republican Revolt staged by General Bonaparte and Brigadier General
1840:
1668:, the French advanced to within 100 miles of Vienna, and the Austrians
1497:
soon after. Following these battles he launched an all-out invasion of
1493:
Bonaparte defeated the Austrians and fought a second engagement around
1364:
2108:
Marengo was the last major engagement on the Italian front during the
1552:, Bonaparte then led a French division south to invade and occupy the
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1836:
1706:
1526:
1498:
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of France, Napoleon Bonaparte (who had seized French power in the
2010:
1880:
The second phase of the war in Italy began in 1799 as part of the
1917:
1869:
1726:
1530:
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1901:
1828:, incurring some 8,000 Neapolitan casualties and 1,000 French.
1825:
1561:
1545:
1964:
and an overall unfavourable situation for the French. General
2144:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 327–354,
2027:
2023:
1976:
1809:
1269:(1792–1801) were a series of conflicts fought principally in
2116:
brought the Austrians to the negotiating table (signing the
1956:, a man of greater fame and prestige. The French defeats at
1921:
1738:
1584:
1419:
2003:). Soon after this Moreau was dispatched to the Rhine and
1683:
1398:. Ignoring Carnot's orders, the commander of the French
2105:, which was erected to celebrate Napoleon's victories.
2204:. New York: Houghton Mifflin and Company. p. 351.
2026:, seized the initiative and led the survivors back to
1316:. The first major operation was the annexation of the
2072:
of 9 November 1799) led his Reserve Army through the
1702:
General Bonaparte during the Italian campaign in 1797
2096:. The consul was almost defeated here until General
208:
Entry of the French army into Rome, 15 February 1798
120:"Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars"
111:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1979:and proclaimed the restoration of Piedmont to its
1583:. The Austrian commander was forced back into the
1267:Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
2181:, new edition, (London: Bickers & Son, 1927).
2316:
2033:However at that time the Allied high command in
1960:on 26–28 April were followed by withdrawal from
1296:The campaign of 1796-1797 brought prominence to
1854:
16:French invasion and partial annexation of Italy
1611:General Bonaparte and his troops crossing the
1303:
1968:army returned from Naples to support Moreau.
1117:
1103:
767:
2030:and began preparing a defence of the city.
2092:on 9 June before the main confrontation at
2325:Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
2170:
2168:
1110:
1096:
774:
760:
2138:"Napoleon's Italian Campaigns, 1796–1800"
1952:Schérer too was soon replaced by General
1884:and was different from the first in that
1637:Following this a new Austrian commander,
1461:, who had shared her imprisonment (under
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2048:
2009:
1907:
1868:
1697:
1606:
1512:
1439:
499:
413:
32:This article includes a list of general
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2007:was sent to command the Army of Italy.
1757:to occupy Rome and dissolve the state.
2340:18th-century military history of Italy
2317:
2273:
2218:. Susan Vandiver Nicassio. p. 20.
2200:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault Dodge (1904).
1861:Suvorov's Italian and Swiss expedition
1684:Campaigns in Central Italy (1797–1799)
2199:
1091:
755:
2345:Battles involving the Russian Empire
1820:, and led to the declaration of the
1505:. Sardinia was forced to accept the
745:Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi
226:20 April 1792 – 9 February 1801
109:adding citations to reliable sources
80:
18:
2120:) and the war ended shortly after.
1741:. Following the dissolution of the
13:
2216:Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon
2014:Suvorov monument in the Swiss Alps
1429:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2356:
2293:
2233:Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign.
1351:The conflict soon escalated with
1896:Some 60,000 French troops under
1475:Directors of the French Republic
1348:in September and October 1793.
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705:
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283:partitioned between Austria and
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2076:pass with the aim of relieving
653:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert SĂ©rurier
96:needs additional citations for
2208:
2193:
2184:
2129:
947:Fall of the Republic of Venice
568:François Christophe Kellermann
1:
2259:Clausewitz, Carl von (2021).
2245:Clausewitz, Carl von (2020).
2231:Clausewitz, Carl von (2018).
2064:It was at this time that the
1804:, together with an affair at
1690:Roman Republic (18th century)
1676:, also effectively ended the
1501:and won a further victory at
1436:Italian Campaign of 1796-1797
2123:
1855:Second Coalition (1799–1800)
1776:, overthrowing the previous
1729:region to the newly founded
1529:. A small French victory at
1326:Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
7:
2112:. Following it the massive
1882:War of the Second Coalition
1788:invasion in 1799. Governor
1304:First Coalition (1792–1797)
1188:War of the Second Coalition
10:
2361:
2309:Cartographic commemoration
1858:
1784:", which lasted until the
1687:
1678:War of the First Coalition
1446:Napoleon Crossing the Alps
1433:
1388:Committee of Public Safety
1310:War of the First Coalition
1142:War of the First Coalition
2335:Military history of Italy
2150:10.1017/9781108278096.018
1521:ended in a French victory
1392:Maximilien de Robespierre
1275:French Revolutionary Army
1177:United Irishmen Rebellion
1129:
1121:French Revolutionary Wars
800:
792:French Revolutionary Wars
532:
300:
218:
200:
195:French Revolutionary Wars
192:
187:
1975:. Suvorov soon occupied
1755:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1459:Joséphine de Beauharnais
1289:, and a number of other
590:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2311:– maps of the campaigns
1933:defeated the French at
1747:Mathurin-Leonard Duphot
1725:was forced to cede the
1713:caused disorder in the
53:more precise citations.
2274:McLynn, Frank (1998).
2061:
2059:Louis-François Lejeune
2015:
1926:
1877:
1703:
1615:
1554:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1522:
1454:
642:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
533:Commanders and leaders
256:Treaty of Campo Formio
2114:Battle of Hohenlinden
2052:
2013:
1993:Austrian high command
1989:Battle of the Trebbia
1913:Russian troops under
1911:
1872:
1859:Further information:
1822:Parthenopean Republic
1737:as the ambassador to
1701:
1694:Parthenopean Republic
1688:Further information:
1610:
1516:
1507:Armistice of Cherasco
1443:
2175:John Gibson Lockhart
2118:Armistice of Treviso
2001:siege of Alessandria
1628:Transpadane Republic
1537:was defeated in the
1510:over 25,000 Allied.
1491:Battle of Montenotte
1408:First Battle of Dego
1324:(both states of the
676:Dagobert von Wurmser
612:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
432:Other Italian states
292:established in Italy
105:improve this article
2179:Napoleon Buonaparte
1929:Austrian commander
1831:In April, Cardinal
1719:Treaty of Tolentino
1620:Cristoforo Saliceti
1451:Jacques-Louis David
1277:and a Coalition of
1167:East Indies theatre
841:Montenotte Campaign
407:Kingdom of Sardinia
264:Treaty of Lunéville
2330:Cisalpine Republic
2300:Francesco Frasca,
2190:McLynn 1998, p. 94
2110:Revolutionary Wars
2062:
2016:
1927:
1878:
1731:Cisalpine Republic
1704:
1632:Cispadane Republic
1616:
1604:'s advance party.
1575:at the battles of
1550:Mantua under siege
1523:
1473:, one of the then
1455:
1377:Napoleon Bonaparte
1298:Napoleon Bonaparte
1135:Haitian Revolution
579:Jean Victor Moreau
546:Napoleon Bonaparte
446:Republic of Venice
361:Cisalpine Republic
281:Republic of Venice
2269:978-0-7006-3034-9
2255:978-0-7006-3025-7
2241:978-0-7006-2676-2
2159:978-1-108-41766-2
2055:Battle of Marengo
1958:Lecco and Cassano
1947:Alexander Suvorov
1943:Michael von Melas
1891:Egyptian Campaign
1865:Battle of Marengo
1802:Civita Castellana
1790:Jacques Macdonald
1778:Elective monarchy
1770:Tiberina Republic
1766:Anconine Republic
1598:Battle of Bassano
1396:assault on Savona
1373:Saorgio Offensive
1314:Republican France
1287:Piedmont-Sardinia
1262:
1261:
1161:War in the Vendée
1148:Italian campaigns
1085:
1084:
785:Italian Campaigns
750:
749:
712:Alexander Suvorov
480:Habsburg Monarchy
468:Second Coalition:
396:Habsburg Monarchy
349:Helvetic Republic
324:Second Coalition:
296:
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268:
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213:Hippolyte Lecomte
188:Italian campaigns
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2074:Great St Bernard
2057:, as painted by
1818:Castel Sant'Elmo
1735:Joseph Bonaparte
1733:, and recognize
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1662:Battle of Rivoli
1655:Battle of Arcole
1647:Paul Davidovitch
1613:bridge of Arcole
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2066:First Consul
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2017:
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1814:Ferdinand IV
1812:pushed King
1759:
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1723:Pope Pius VI
1717:. Under the
1715:Papal States
1705:
1674:Campo Formio
1659:
1636:
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1560:, defeating
1558:Papal States
1543:
1541:on 10 May.
1524:
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527:(until 1801)
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460:Papal States
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427:(until 1796)
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376:(until 1799)
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301:Belligerents
250:
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193:Part of the
182:
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141:
134:
127:
115:
103:Please help
98:verification
95:
65:
56:
37:
2278:. Pimlico.
1966:Macdonald's
1581:Castiglione
1463:Robespierre
1172:Chouannerie
1001:2nd Marengo
984:1st Marengo
897:2nd Bassano
892:1st Bassano
877:Castiglione
820:2nd Saorgio
805:1st Saorgio
701:(1798–1799)
275:Territorial
51:introducing
2319:Categories
2090:Montebello
1786:Neapolitan
1566:Fort Urban
1564:forces at
1469:, wife to
1365:Royal Navy
1357:Neapolitan
1346:St Maurice
1342:Argentines
1338:Kellermann
1060:Montebello
1006:2nd Mantua
979:Bassignana
922:1st Mantua
665:Francis II
131:newspapers
34:references
2124:Citations
1794:Ferentino
1194:Quasi-War
1055:Chiusella
1050:Fort Bard
932:Valvasone
882:Peschiera
867:Borghetto
2276:Napoleon
1962:Lombardy
1931:Pál Kray
1924:in 1799.
1839:with an
1837:Calabria
1798:Otricoli
1768:and the
1707:Napoleon
1651:Caldiero
1630:and the
1593:Rovereto
1556:and the
1535:Beaulieu
1527:Po River
1499:Piedmont
1361:Provence
1353:Austrian
1320:and the
1202:Timeline
1033:3rd Novi
1023:2nd Novi
907:Caldiero
902:Calliano
887:Rovereto
847:2nd Dego
825:1st Dego
231:Location
2094:Marengo
2080:in the
2078:Masséna
2005:Joubert
1939:Magnano
1918:Suvorov
1898:Schérer
1886:Russian
1845:British
1727:Romagna
1643:Vaubois
1626:of the
1602:Masséna
1573:Wurmser
1531:Codogno
1503:Mondovì
1489:At the
1471:Tallien
1465:) with
1279:Austria
1072:Pozzolo
1066:Marengo
995:Trebbia
974:Cassano
969:Brescia
964:Magnano
815:Epierre
810:MĂ©ribel
789:of the
629:†
524:Tuscany
288:French
277:changes
145:scholar
47:improve
2282:
2267:
2253:
2239:
2156:
2098:Desaix
2035:Vienna
1954:Moreau
1935:Verona
1902:Naples
1826:Naples
1800:, and
1577:Lonato
1546:Mantua
1384:Carnot
1283:Russia
1028:Genola
989:Modena
959:Verona
942:Tarvis
927:Faenza
917:Rivoli
912:Arcole
872:Lonato
857:Fombio
698:Paul I
625:
509:Naples
506:
489:
477:
463:(1796)
449:(1796)
443:
423:Naples
420:
393:
333:
317:
285:France
267:(1801)
259:(1797)
247:Result
147:
140:
133:
126:
118:
36:, but
2039:Swiss
2028:Genoa
2024:Rhine
1977:Turin
1816:into
1810:Capua
1562:Papal
1424:Loano
1045:Genoa
937:Tyrol
835:Loano
152:JSTOR
138:books
2280:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2053:The
1999:and
1981:king
1937:and
1922:Alps
1873:The
1863:and
1841:army
1808:and
1739:Rome
1692:and
1585:Alps
1579:and
1517:The
1495:Dego
1420:Ceva
1418:and
1416:Vado
1355:and
1344:and
1308:The
1265:The
1254:1801
1249:1800
1244:1799
1239:1798
1234:1797
1229:1796
1224:1795
1219:1794
1214:1793
1209:1792
1018:Gavi
1012:Novi
862:Lodi
852:Ceva
238:and
223:Date
124:news
2146:doi
1983:.
1949:.
1824:at
1591:At
1587:.
1449:by
211:by
107:by
2321::
2177:,
2167:^
2152:,
2140:,
1893:.
1851:.
1796:,
1721:,
1634:.
1426:.
1402:,
1293:.
1285:,
1281:,
2304:.
2288:.
2148::
1453:.
1111:e
1104:t
1097:v
775:e
768:t
761:v
434::
174:)
168:(
163:)
159:(
149:·
142:·
135:·
128:·
101:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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