1669:
1324:
1851:
2192:
431:
420:
402:
384:
373:
348:
194:
1463:
2137:
1590:
336:
181:
171:
2124:
413:
1733:
48:
395:
366:
355:
229:
314:
146:
207:
303:
292:
281:
270:
259:
1965:, whose citizens had allegedly rebelled; but no attempt was made to engage the advancing Imperial army. Paris was gripped by panic, although Francis insisted that the population had nothing to fear. Charles finally halted his advance and turned back on 11 September. Henry, meanwhile, was personally directing the besiegers at Boulogne; the town fell in early September, and a breach was made into the castle on 11 September. The defenders finally surrendered a few days later.
1347:
133:
219:
2049:
1487:, the Emperor could not promise to defend him against attack, nor sign any treaty which referred to him as the head of the Church—both points upon which Henry insisted. Negotiations continued for weeks; finally, on 11 February 1543, Henry and Charles signed a treaty of offensive alliance, pledging to invade France within two years. In May, Henry sent Francis an ultimatum threatening war within twenty days; and, on 22 June, at last declared war.
475:
464:
453:
442:
240:
1922:, from which French forces had harassed his supply lines; finally, on 8 August, the defenders of Saint-Dizier, running low on supplies, sought terms. On 17 August, the French capitulated, and were permitted by the Emperor to leave the city with banners flying; their resistance for 41 days had broken the Imperial offensive. Some of Charles's advisers suggested withdrawing, but he was unwilling to lose face and continued to move towards
325:
160:
2078:. On 9 October, a French assault nearly captured the city, but was beaten back when the troops prematurely turned to looting. Peace talks were attempted at Calais without result; Henry refused to consider returning Boulogne, and insisted that Francis abandon his support of the Scots. Charles, who had been appointed as a mediator between Francis and Henry, was meanwhile drawn into his own disputes with the English king.
1416:; Francis, considering it impolitic to attack a fellow Christian who was fighting the Muslims, promised not to declare war for as long as the Emperor was campaigning. The Imperial expedition, however, was entirely unsuccessful; storms scattered the invasion fleet soon after the initial landing, and Charles had returned to Spain with the remainder of his troops by November. On 8 March 1542, the new French ambassador,
3962:
1320:, and join an alliance with Charles. Francis, considering the loss of Milan too large a price to pay for future possession of the Netherlands and unwilling to ratify the treaties in any case, made his own offer; on 24 April, he agreed to surrender the Milanese claim in exchange for immediate receipt of the Netherlands. The negotiations continued for weeks, but made no progress, and were abandoned in June 1540.
1816:, that, after his raids, Scotland was no longer in a position to threaten him; he then began to make preparations for a personal campaign in France—against the advice of his council and the Emperor, who believed that his presence would be a hindrance. Charles had meanwhile reached an understanding with the princes at the
1883:) and 6,000 cavalry (including another 2,000 German mercenaries). It was organized into three armies, one of 16,000 and two of 13,000 each. By western continental standards, the army was obsolescent; it had little heavy cavalry and a shortage of both pike and shot, the bulk of its troops being armed with longbows or
3891:, 517–518. Knecht writes that "in November , Annebault declared that the imperial alliance needed to be preserved at all costs, regardless of the Protestants. By January 1547, however, the military situation had become so ominous for the Protestants that Francis saw the need to strengthen their hand" (Knecht,
1715:, and the French had besieged it, hoping to force the Imperial army into a decisive battle. During the winter of 1543–44, Francis significantly reinforced his army, placing Enghien in command. D'Avalos, also heavily reinforced, advanced to relieve Carignano; and, on 11 April 1544, Enghien and d'Avalos fought
1474:
By this point, relations between
Francis and Henry VIII were collapsing. Henry—already angered by the French refusal to pay the various pensions, which were owed to him under the terms of past treaties—was now faced with the potential of French interference in Scotland, where he was entangled in the
1811:
On 31 December 1543, Henry and
Charles had signed a treaty pledging to invade France in person by 20 June 1544; each was to provide an army of no less than 35,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry for the venture. Against this Francis could muster about 70,000 men in his various armies. The campaign could
1424:
with promises of
Ottoman aid in a war against Charles. Francis declared war on 12 July, naming various injuries as the causes; among them was Rincon's murder, which he proclaimed "an injury so great, so detestable and so strange to those who bear the title and quality of prince that it cannot be in
2144:
By
September 1545, the war was a virtual stalemate; both sides, running low on funds and troops, unsuccessfully sought help from the German Protestants. Henry, Francis, and Charles attempted extensive diplomatic maneuvering to break the deadlock; but none of the three trusted the others, and this
2073:
The conflict between
Francis and Henry continued. The Dauphin's army advanced on Montreuil, forcing Norfolk to raise the siege; Henry himself returned to England at the end of September 1544, ordering Norfolk and Suffolk to defend Boulogne. The two dukes quickly disobeyed this order and withdrew
1719:
of the period at
Ceresole. Although the French were victorious, the impending invasion of France itself by Charles and Henry forced Francis to recall much of his army from Piedmont, leaving Enghien without the troops he needed to take Milan. D'Avalos's victory over an Italian mercenary army in
1973:
Charles, short on funds and needing to deal with increasing religious unrest in
Germany, asked Henry to continue his invasion or to allow him to make a separate peace. By the time Henry had received the Emperor's letter, however, Charles had already concluded a treaty with Francis—the Peace of
1887:. The few cuirassiers and arquebusiers, the latter only accounting for single digit percentages of the host, were mostly foreign mercenaries. Henry hired additional arquebusiers from Italy, but still only 2,000 of the 28,000 soldiers who besieged Boulogne that year were equipped with firearms.
2034:, including Piedmont and Savoy itself. Finally, Francis would assist Charles against the Ottomans—but not, officially, against the heretics in his own domains. A second, secret accord was also signed; by its terms, Francis would assist Charles with reforming the church, with calling a
2094:, mounted an attack on the French fleet, but had little success due to poor weather; nevertheless, the French suffered from a string of accidents: d'Annebault's first flagship burned, and his second ran aground. Finally leaving Le Havre on 16 July, the massive French fleet entered the
1645:—except for "heads of households"—be expelled, and that the city then be given to Barbarossa, who used it as a base for his army of 30,000 for the next eight months. Yet Francis, increasingly embarrassed by the Ottoman presence, was unwilling to help Barbarossa recapture
2172:; in the meantime, neither side would construct fortifications in the region, and Francis would resume payment of Henry's pensions. Upon hearing the price demanded for Boulogne, the Imperial ambassador told Henry that the city would remain in English hands permanently.
1262:, provided little resolution to the long conflict between the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of France; although hostilities had ended, giving way to a cautious entente, neither monarch was satisfied with the war's outcome. Francis continued to harbor a desire for the
1323:
1890:
While Henry continued to squabble with the
Emperor over the goals of the campaign and his own presence in France, this massive army moved slowly and aimlessly into French territory. Finally, Henry decided that the army was to be split. Norfolk, ordered to besiege
2850:, 472–473. Knecht gives the date of the fleet's departure as 23 May, while Setton cites 26 May. Setton also notes that the Sultan, told by the French ambassador of the affair, "promised to pay for the supplies with which his fleet had been furnished" (Setton,
2045:, who felt that his brother was being favored over him, by Henry VIII, who believed that Charles had betrayed him, and also by the Sultan. Francis would fulfill some of the terms; but the death of the Duke of Orléans in 1545 rendered the treaty moot.
1405:. In response to Francis's protests, Charles denied all responsibility, promising to conduct an inquiry with the assistance of the Pope; he had by now formed plans for a campaign in North Africa, and wished to avoid further entanglements in Europe.
2179:—were concerned that Henry's war in Scotland was a stumbling block. The sixteenth article of the treaty made Scotland a party to the new peace, and Henry pledged not to attack the Scots again without cause. This gave Scotland a respite from the
3091:, 196. Tracy cites a letter by Charles which gives the composition of the Imperial army as "16,000 High Germans, 10,000 Low Germans, 9,000 Spaniards, and 7,000 heavy cavalry" and the composition of the force sent to join the English as "2,000
1246:—whose proposed marriage to a relative of the Emperor was the foundation of the treaty—made it moot less than a year afterwards. Henry, left alone but unwilling to return Boulogne to the French, continued to fight until 1546, when the
2322:, 391–393. Knecht writes that "the Emperor's itinerary from Loches northwards had evidently been devised to show him the principal artistic achievements of reign.... no expense had been spared to make his stay memorable" (Knecht,
1381:
as well, but the League demurred; by 1542, the remaining potential French allies in northern
Germany had reached their own understandings with the Emperor. French efforts farther east were more fruitful, leading to a renewed
2081:
Francis now embarked on a more dramatic attempt to force Henry's hand—an attack on
England itself. For this venture, an army of more than 30,000 men was assembled in Normandy, and a fleet of some 400 vessels prepared at
2230:
Exorbitantly expensive, the war was the costliest conflict of both Francis's and Henry's reigns. In England, the need for funds led to what Elton terms "an unprecedented burden of taxation", as well as the systematic
1640:
Barbarossa was by this point becoming a liability; on 6 September, he had threatened to depart if he were not given the means with which to resupply his fleet. In response, Francis ordered that the population of
2074:
the bulk of the English army to Calais, leaving some 4,000 men to defend the captured city. The English army, outnumbered, was now trapped in Calais; the Dauphin, left unopposed, concentrated his efforts on
1835:. Charles had gathered a combined force of more than 42,000 for the invasion, and had arranged for another 4,000 men to join the English army. On 25 May, Gonzaga captured Luxembourg and moved towards
3852:, 503. The English war effort cost nearly two million pounds. Francis had needed more than two million écus for his navy alone, and was spending almost 250,000 écus per year on new fortifications.
2235:
of coinage. Francis also imposed a series of new taxes and instituted several financial reforms. He was not, therefore, in a position to assist the German Protestants, who were now engaged in the
1250:
finally restored peace between France and England. The deaths of King Francis of France and King Henry VIII of England, in early 1547 left the resolution of the Italian Wars to their successors.
3074:, 490. Francis attempted to dispatch an embassy to the Diet, but was denied a safe-conduct; Knecht writes that his herald "was sent home after being told that he deserved to be hanged" (Knecht,
1958:
2148:
Francis could not afford to resume a large-scale war, and Henry was concerned only for the disposition of Boulogne. Negotiations between the two resumed on 6 May. On 7 June 1546, the Treaty of
1483:". He had intended to begin a war against Francis in the summer of 1543, but negotiating a treaty to that effect with the Emperor proved difficult; since Henry was, in Charles's eyes, a
508:
2265:. Henry's successors continued his entanglements in Scotland; when, in 1548, friction with the Scots led to the resumption of hostilities around Boulogne, they decided to avoid a
1668:
4365:
4229:
607:
4126:
1281:—to travel through France on his way north from Spain. Charles accepted, and was richly received; but while he was willing to discuss religious matters with his host—the
1899:, advanced towards the latter; but he proved unable to mount an effective siege, complaining of inadequate supplies and poor organization. Suffolk was ordered to attack
4065:. Translated by Elizabeth Fackelman. Edited by Edward Peters. The Middle Ages Series, edited by Ruth Mazo Karras. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
1812:
not begin, however, until Henry and Charles had resolved their personal conflicts with Scotland and the German princes, respectively. On 15 May, Henry was informed by
3167:
Ian Heath. "Armies of the Sixteenth Century: The Armies of England, Ireland, the United Provinces, and the Spanish Netherlands 1487–1609." Foundry Books, 1997. p. 32.
1274:. Other conflicting claims to various territories—Charles's to Burgundy and Francis's to Naples and Flanders, among others—remained a matter of contention as well.
988:
572:
547:
3189:, 394. Scarisbrick relates that Norfolk wrote to the Privy Council that "he had expected to know, before this, where he was supposed to be going" (Scarisbrick,
746:
2145:
had little practical effect. In January 1546, Henry sent the Earl of Hertford to Calais, apparently preparing for an offensive; but one failed to materialize.
501:
1864:
577:
4251:
4058:
3985:
640:
1539:
4179:
1911:
494:
4370:
4183:
4375:
2116:
on 25 July, but these operations were abortive, and the French fleet soon returned to blockading Boulogne. D'Annebault made a final sortie near
1203:. Having found a suitable pretext, Francis once again declared war against his perpetual enemy in 1542. Fighting began at once throughout the
4109:
4099:
4410:
2064:
1535). Despite having no experience in naval warfare, d'Annebault commanded the French invasion fleet during the expedition against England.
981:
3644:, 502; Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 50–51. Although d'Annebault bore the title of "Admiral", he had no experience in naval warfare.
3511:, 493. Blockmans notes that Francis pledged to provide 10,000 infantry and 400 cavalry to Charles for a venture against the Protestants.
1188:, as well as attempted invasions of Spain and England. The conflict was inconclusive and ruinously expensive for the major participants.
805:
739:
4420:
2646:, 389. Elton argues that the only explanation for this move is that Henry believed his Scottish entanglements to be concluded (Elton,
1622:
1285:
being underway—he delayed on the question of political differences, and nothing had been decided by the time he left French territory.
2075:
1232:
1904:
1850:
1267:
1122:
974:
888:
1293:
1243:
296:
285:
4385:
2157:
2091:
479:
174:
4450:
3528:, 396. Knecht, citing Rozet, Lembey, and Charriere, notes that the Sultan "nearly had the French ambassador impaled" (Knecht,
2829:
in the city, shocking European observers—who were, however, favorably impressed by the strict discipline of the Ottoman troops.
2191:
1228:
732:
633:
2215:
1549:, which they took on 10 September; but it was too late for Wilhelm, as he had already surrendered on 7 September, signing the
1362:
1327:
4355:
4195:
1803:; Charles acknowledged Christian III as king of Denmark and Norway and free passage through the Sound (Øresund) was ensured.
2949:(2006). "Amphibious Warfare in the Baltic: The Hansa, Holland and the Habsburgs". In Fissel, Trim; Fissel, Mark C. (eds.).
2109:
1915:
1876:
1813:
1144:
857:
853:
849:
800:
597:
468:
3452:, 493. At the time of the treaty, "Crépy" was spelt "Crespy", so the treaty is also known as the "Treaty of Crespy"; see
2512:, 479. The Imperial troops abandoned their horses—those they had not been forced to eat—and their guns as they evacuated.
2219:
713:
17:
795:
790:
4144:
2967:
1872:
1855:
1266:, to which he held a dynastic claim; Charles, for his part, insisted that Francis comply at last with the terms of the
1075:
770:
587:
582:
457:
2168:
on behalf of Henry. By its terms, Henry would retain Boulogne until 1554, then return it in exchange for two million
1277:
Negotiations between the two powers continued through 1538 and into 1539. In 1539, Francis invited Charles—who faced
4425:
4328:
4311:
4281:
4245:
4213:
4173:
4156:
4138:
4120:
4070:
4051:
4033:
4000:
825:
626:
1843:, issuing a proclamation that the Emperor had come to overthrow "a tyrant allied to the Turks". On 8 July, Gonzaga
1625:, the commander of the French fleet. On 6 August, the joint Franco-Ottoman fleet anchored off the Imperial city of
3016:
The number was a record high for the whole century; see John A. Lynn, "Recalculating French Army Growth during the
1433:
The French immediately launched a two-front offensive against Charles. In the north, the Duke of Orléans attacked
1055:
938:
893:
810:
2239:
against the Emperor; by the time any French aid was to be forthcoming, Charles had already won his victory at the
4400:
1199:, to resolve the long-standing conflict between Charles and Francis—particularly their conflicting claims to the
4405:
2161:
1744:
1462:
923:
4415:
2195:
2136:
1177:
1117:
1070:
1018:
918:
667:
359:
1907:
began on 19 July—despite the protests of the Emperor, who insisted that Henry should advance towards Paris.
1637:
followed. Nice fell on 22 August, although the citadel held out until the siege was lifted on 8 September.
4445:
3975:
2274:
2223:
1987:
1259:
1196:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1013:
908:
883:
873:
868:
863:
702:
692:
682:
672:
662:
4081:
Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World
4440:
2368:, 394. Knecht, citing Brandi, terms the proposed alliance "a league in defence of Christendom" (Knecht,
2011:
1990:. By its terms, Francis and Charles would each abandon their various conflicting claims and restore the
1721:
1589:
1033:
820:
687:
562:
2706:, 487. Wilhelm's surrender made his marriage to Jeanne d'Albret pointless, and it was annulled in 1545.
2014:; the choice was to be made by Charles. In the first case, the bride would receive the Netherlands and
1605:
On the Mediterranean, meanwhile, other engagements were underway. In April 1543, the Sultan had placed
1844:
1654:
1417:
1271:
1085:
552:
424:
222:
2090:. On 31 May 1545, a French expeditionary force landed in Scotland. In early July, the English under
4321:
Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics
1863:, 1539). Sent to France by Henry VIII, Norfolk commanded the English troops during the unsuccessful
1772:
and the Belt to Dutch shipping, and a Danish contingent joined the Franco-Cleves army, which invaded
1446:
1413:
1394:, seeking to distract Charles from Ottoman advances in Hungary, encouraged the Franco-Imperial rift.
943:
532:
1545:
Concerned about the fate of his ally, Francis ordered the Duke of Orléans and d'Annebault to attack
4380:
4360:
4006:
2432:, 478. Among other factors, the German Protestants were critical of the treatment accorded to the
2203:
1896:
1860:
1757:
1650:
1387:
1350:
1169:
340:
318:
2273:
had ambitions in Italy and hostility towards Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, which soon led to the
4390:
2180:
1800:
1784:
to mediate between the belligerents, a Danish fleet of 40 ships and 10.000 men, set sail for the
1748:
1383:
1313:
1208:
1060:
780:
109:
57:
4263:
4018:
1982:
on 18 September 1544. The treaty had been promoted at the French court by the Emperor's sister,
1923:
4435:
4430:
2601:
1562:
1282:
1278:
898:
785:
435:
170:
4274:
The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe
3281:, 491. Knecht notes that Marini was "one of the best military engineers of his day" (Knecht,
1943:
1910:
Charles himself, on the other hand, was still delayed at Saint-Dizier; the city, fortified by
1502:
with an army of 5,000 men, to be used in the defense of the Low Countries. The French, under
4395:
2352:
2254:
2087:
2053:
1817:
1574:
1438:
1354:
1304:
after the Emperor's death. Francis, meanwhile, was to renounce his claims to the duchies of
1181:
845:
567:
446:
307:
4092:. A History of England, edited by Felipe Fernández-Armesto. London: The Folio Society, 1997.
2240:
2258:
2113:
2099:
1832:
1765:
1692:
1634:
1630:
1606:
1553:
with Charles. By the terms of this treaty, Wilhelm was to concede the overlordship of the
1476:
815:
592:
412:
329:
212:
775:
8:
4455:
2399:
2244:
2211:
1918:, continued to hold out against the massive Imperial army. On 24 July, Charles captured
1773:
1712:
1708:
1598:
1566:
1378:
1331:
1165:
1127:
1107:
933:
840:
602:
537:
377:
263:
138:
4317:
4269:
2348:
2270:
2262:
2153:
2042:
2035:
1983:
1871:
Henry, meanwhile, had sent an army of some 40,000 to Calais under the joint command of
1716:
1688:
1503:
1442:
1374:
1339:
1301:
1220:
1112:
913:
557:
474:
463:
452:
441:
274:
244:
239:
2462:, 479. Also killed was one Cesare Fregoso, a diplomat in French employ on his way to
2261: ; on 31 March, the death of King Francis followed and was succeeded by his son,
2152:—also known as the Treaty of Camp—was signed by Claude d'Annebault, Pierre Ramon, and
1947:
1535:
4324:
4307:
4277:
4259:
4241:
4209:
4191:
4169:
4152:
4134:
4116:
4066:
4047:
4046:. Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
4029:
4014:
3996:
2600:, 388–389. The matter of royal style was finally resolved by referring to Henry as "
2340:
2269:
by returning the city four years early, in 1550. As successor to King Francis, king
2123:
1999:
1995:
1935:
1919:
1796:
1753:
1558:
1554:
1527:
1515:
1484:
1398:
1317:
1297:
1097:
756:
430:
419:
401:
383:
372:
347:
302:
291:
280:
269:
258:
199:
3457:
2968:
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-dutch-economy-in-the-golden-age-16th-17th-centuries/
1788:. Yet this fleet would be scattered by a storm. In the Holsteinian-Imperial border,
388:
4287:
3236:
2236:
2207:
2018:
as a dowry; in the second, Milan. Francis, meanwhile, was to grant the duchies of
1900:
1828:
1704:
1570:
1519:
1480:
1453:, dealing with a revolt caused by popular discontent with a proposed reform of the
1270:, which had been forced on the French king during his captivity in Spain after the
1102:
903:
406:
2339:, 394. The proposal specified, however, that the territories would revert to the
2023:
2015:
1653:
by Charles in 1535; so the Ottoman fleet—accompanied by five French galleys under
4201:
3494:, 493. Charles was to make the choice of bride within four months of the treaty.
3456:, 6th ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), s.v. "Crespy, Treaty of",
2344:
2165:
2019:
1962:
1550:
1495:
1080:
1065:
948:
164:
1975:
1764:, led to the Danish-French alliance in 1541. Denmark-Norway declared war on the
4337:
Scandinavia A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1512 to 1900
4296:
4095:
4086:
2343:
line if Mary died childless. Several other marriages between the Habsburg and
2176:
2175:
During the treaty negotiations, two Protestant mediators—Han Bruno of Metz and
2031:
1821:
1761:
1421:
1391:
1309:
1305:
1289:
1263:
1216:
1200:
1173:
1132:
233:
185:
150:
47:
1569:, seeking battle with Francis; the French defenders of the town, commanded by
4349:
4162:
4113:
Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics
4076:
4039:
2946:
2266:
2199:
1927:
1884:
1789:
1594:
1467:
1366:
1204:
1192:
1185:
928:
830:
677:
542:
82:
53:
2169:
1737:
4233:
4219:
3967:
1732:
1676:
1346:
1161:
1137:
1008:
953:
650:
486:
39:
4188:
The Italian Wars, 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
2027:
1827:
By May 1544, two Imperial armies were poised to invade France: one, under
1490:
Hostilities now flared up across northern France. On Henry's orders, Sir
1184:. The course of the war saw extensive fighting in Italy, France, and the
3992:
2127:
The French fleet attacks the Isle of Wight (unknown artist, 16th century)
2117:
2057:
1880:
1610:
1491:
1450:
4028:. Warfare and History, edited by Jeremy Black. London: Routledge, 2002.
3239:; Elton notes that "at fifty-four Henry was in fact an old man" (Elton,
1736:
Duke Christian of Holstein (later Christian III of Denmark), painted at
2232:
2048:
2030:
to his son; he would also abandon his claims to the territories of the
1724:
in early June 1544 brought significant campaigning in Italy to an end.
1618:
1546:
1511:
1434:
1090:
835:
4063:
The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530
3405:, 395. Henry apparently greatly enjoyed the proceedings of the siege.
1939:
1769:
1768:, at that time under Charles's rule. Denmark-Norway, were to blockade
1673:
Portrait of Alfonso d'Avalos, Marchese del Vasto, in Armor with a Page
966:
218:
2433:
2248:
2104:
2010:. The Duke of Orléans would marry either Charles's daughter Mary or
1926:, although the Imperial army was prevented from advancing across the
1824:
of Saxony and Brandenburg had agreed to join his invasion of France.
1785:
1777:
1703:, meanwhile, a stalemate had developed between the French, under the
1397:
On 4 July 1541, however, the French ambassador to the Ottoman court,
4104:
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
2402:, who had been their chief proponent; for more details, see Knecht,
1931:
1534:; in the meantime, Charles attacked Wilhelm of Cleves, invading the
724:
2083:
2003:
1951:
1836:
1700:
1658:
1370:
1223:. Charles and Henry then proceeded to invade France, but the long
3584:, 195; Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 47, 51–52; Scarisbrick,
2826:
2479:, 479. The Pope's intervention was requested by Francis himself.
2102:, to no apparent effect; the major casualty of the skirmish, the
1979:
1781:
1609:'s fleet at the disposal of the French king. Barbarossa left the
1578:
1577:
on 4 November, leaving the Emperor free to march north and seize
1507:
1455:
1409:
1957:
The French made no attempts to intercept Charles. Troops under
1903:; on 14 July, Henry crossed to Calais and moved to join him. A
1437:, briefly capturing the city; in the south, a larger army under
1373:, sealed his alliance with Francis by marrying Francis's niece,
2822:
2463:
2398:, 395. The failure of the negotiations led to the downfall of
2149:
2095:
2007:
1892:
1831:, north of Luxemburg; the other, under Charles himself, in the
1776:
in July. Additionally fleet of 26 Danish vessels patrolled the
1680:
1662:
1642:
1614:
1531:
1523:
1499:
1288:
In March 1540, Charles proposed to settle the matter by having
618:
60:
in 1543 (drawing by Toselli, after an engraving by Aeneas Vico)
4149:
The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
1617:, raided his way up the Italian coast, and in July arrived in
1974:
Crépy—which was signed by representatives of the monarchs at
1840:
1646:
1402:
1224:
394:
365:
354:
228:
2038:, and with suppressing Protestantism—by force if necessary.
3818:, 503; Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 52; Scarisbrick,
3418:, 493; Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 47; Scarisbrick,
2965:
The Dutch Economy in the Golden Age (16th – 17th Centuries)
1879:. This force consisted of 36,000 infantry (including 8,000
1626:
1212:
4306:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1984.
2120:
on 15 August, but retired to port after a brief skirmish.
1795:
A peace treaty was signed, between Denmark-Norway and the
1401:, was killed by Imperial troops as he was travelling near
1242:
in late 1544, but the death of Francis's younger son, the
2140:
Ratification of the Treaty of Ardres by Henry VIII (1546)
4133:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.
1847:; Charles and the second Imperial army soon joined him.
1573:, repulsed the Imperial attack, but Francis withdrew to
1428:
1338:
1540). William allied himself with Francis I, marrying
4366:
16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
2347:
were also considered—notably one between Charles's son
2202:, mid-16th century). From left, the figures represent
1994:
of 1538; the Emperor would relinquish his claim to the
1361:
Francis soon began gathering new allies to his cause.
4166:
Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2257:
died on 28 January 1547 and was succeeded by his son
2183:, but the fighting would recommence 18 months later.
1449:
in northern Spain. Francis himself was meanwhile in
4224:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
4190:. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2012.
3957:
3567:
Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 47; Scarisbrick,
4115:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
1687:1533). D'Avalos was defeated by the French at the
1479:, that would develop into the open warfare of the "
1235:prevented a decisive offensive against the French.
3235:, 395. Henry could not ride, and was carried in a
2972:
2002:, as well as renouncing his claims as suzerain of
1530:. Francis inexplicably halted with his army near
1518:openly joined the war on Francis's side, invading
4206:The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551
3921:, 541–542; Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 52.
3458:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-Crespy.html
1998:and the King of France would do the same for the
1727:
1561:to Charles, and to assist him in suppressing the
4347:
4304:The sixteenth century to the reign of Julius III
3601:, 180; Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 48–50.
1369:, a dispute with Charles over the succession in
4323:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
4168:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
3995:. New York: Smithsonian Books / Collins, 2006.
1934:. The Imperial troops marched rapidly through
4256:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
4011:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
1466:Battles and sieges in northern France and the
1296:; the two would then inherit the Netherlands,
3665:
3663:
3032:
3030:
2579:
2577:
2487:
2485:
2247:in 1547 brought his own struggle against the
1447:unsuccessfully besieged the city of Perpignan
982:
740:
634:
502:
3991:. Smithsonian History of Warfare, edited by
3982:. Volume 2. London: Macmillan and Co., 1902.
2941:
2939:
2937:
516:
2910:Black, "Dynasty Forged by Fire", 43; Oman,
4254:. "Testing the 'Mystery of the English'".
3660:
3027:
2574:
2482:
2243:. As for Suleiman, the conclusion of the
1238:Charles came to terms with Francis by the
989:
975:
747:
733:
641:
627:
509:
495:
4240:. Vol. 2. New York: Facts on File, 2005.
2934:
1510:in April; by June, d'Annebault had taken
4276:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995.
2190:
2135:
2122:
2047:
1849:
1731:
1711:; d'Avalos had captured the fortress of
1667:
1588:
1475:midst of an attempt to marry his son to
1461:
1425:any way forgiven, suffered or endured".
1408:By the end of September, Charles was in
1345:
1322:
203:
129:
4371:16th-century military history of France
2945:
2068:
1377:. Francis sought an alliance with the
996:
81:England, France, Italy, Spain, and the
14:
4376:16th-century military history of Spain
4348:
3930:Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 52.
1959:Jacques de Montgomery, Sieur de Lorges
1215:, as well as a series of maneuvers in
1191:The war arose from the failure of the
4300:The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571)
4208:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2000.
2198:enthroned over his defeated enemies (
1806:
1623:François de Bourbon, Count of Enghien
1429:Initial moves and the Treaty of Venlo
1247:
970:
754:
728:
622:
490:
104:
4411:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
4334:
2987:
1916:Louis IV de Bueil, Count of Sancerre
1792:prevented an invasion from Germany.
1584:
1239:
99:
4226:. London: Methuen & Co., 1937.
2131:
1829:Ferrante Gonzaga, Viceroy of Sicily
1504:Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme
1363:William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
1328:William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
1258:The Truce of Nice, which ended the
24:
4293:. London: The Folio Society, 2004.
2041:The treaty was poorly received by
1968:
1856:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
25:
4467:
4421:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
4151:. New York: HarperCollins, 1977.
2108:, sank accidentally. The French
1986:, and by Francis's mistress, the
1691:, but won a later victory at the
1292:marry Francis's younger son, the
4258:19, no. 3 (Spring 2007): 44–54.
4106:. Vol. 21, part 1. London, 1908.
4013:18, no. 3 (Spring 2006): 34–43.
3960:
3933:
2563:, 480. For more details of the
1877:Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk
1814:Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford
1342:, but was defeated by Charles V.
1279:a rebellion in the Low Countries
648:
473:
462:
451:
440:
429:
418:
411:
400:
393:
382:
371:
364:
353:
346:
334:
323:
312:
301:
290:
279:
268:
257:
238:
227:
217:
205:
192:
179:
169:
158:
144:
131:
46:
4131:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806
4083:. New York: Random House, 2008.
3924:
3911:
3898:
3881:
3868:
3855:
3838:
3825:
3800:
3787:
3774:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3714:
3697:
3676:
3647:
3634:
3621:
3604:
3591:
3574:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3514:
3497:
3476:
3463:
3438:
3425:
3408:
3395:
3378:
3365:
3348:
3335:
3318:
3301:
3288:
3271:
3246:
3217:
3196:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3140:
3119:
3102:
3081:
3060:
3043:
3010:
2993:
2957:
2917:
2904:
2887:
2874:
2857:
2832:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2760:
2747:
2726:
2709:
2696:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2628:
2607:
2604:, etc." in the final documents.
2590:
2553:
2532:
2515:
2498:
2469:
2452:
2439:
1707:, and the Imperial army, under
1441:and King Francis's eldest son,
1219:which culminated in the bloody
27:Ninth phase of the Italian Wars
4386:1540s in the Holy Roman Empire
2821:, 489. The Ottomans opened a
2422:
2409:
2388:
2375:
2358:
2329:
2312:
2299:
2286:
1873:Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
1745:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1541)
1728:Danish-Norwegian participation
1717:one of the few pitched battles
13:
1:
4451:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
3953:
2951:Amphibious Warfare, 1000–1700
2061:
1930:by a French force waiting at
1684:
1353:(painting by a member of the
1335:
1207:; the following year saw the
4044:Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558
4009:. "Dynasty Forged by Fire".
3810:, 195; Gairdner and Brodie,
2186:
1780:. After a failed attempt by
1178:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
7:
4026:European Warfare, 1494–1660
3095:and 2,000 cavalry" (Tracy,
2110:landed on the Isle of Wight
2092:John Dudley, Viscount Lisle
2086:, all under the command of
1661:in May 1544, pillaging the
1621:, where he was welcomed by
1565:. Charles now advanced to
1160:was a conflict late in the
10:
4472:
4339:. CUP Archive. p. 71.
2156:on behalf of Francis, and
1762:King of Denmark and Norway
1742:
1655:Antoine Escalin des Aimars
1418:Antoine Escalin des Eymars
1253:
72:12 July 1542 – 7 June 1546
3454:The Columbia Encyclopedia
3020:, 1610–1715", in Rogers,
2963:Donald J. Harreld (2004)
2715:Blockmans and Prevenier,
2112:on 21 July, and again at
2100:engaged the English fleet
1613:with more than a hundred
1593:Ottoman depiction of the
1365:, who was engaged in the
1312:, ratify the treaties of
1004:
766:
711:
658:
528:
250:
122:
64:
45:
37:
32:
4426:Suleiman the Magnificent
4356:Italian War of 1542–1546
4145:Kinross, Patrick Balfour
4090:England Under the Tudors
3943:, 75; Mallett and Shaw,
3863:England Under the Tudors
3846:England Under the Tudors
3808:England Under the Tudors
3724:, 502–503; Scarisbrick,
3684:England Under the Tudors
3582:England Under the Tudors
3524:, 493–494; Scarisbrick,
3460:(accessed 22 July 2014).
3241:England Under the Tudors
3225:England Under the Tudors
2648:England Under the Tudors
2280:
2275:Italian War of 1551–1559
2204:Suleiman the Magnificent
1756:'s refusal to recognize
1522:, and fighting began in
1388:Suleiman the Magnificent
1351:Suleiman the Magnificent
1260:Italian War of 1536–1538
1197:Italian War of 1536–1538
1158:Italian War of 1542–1546
520:Italian War of 1542–1546
33:Italian War of 1542–1546
2181:War of the Rough Wooing
2098:on 19 July and briefly
1749:Treaty of Speyer (1544)
1384:Franco-Ottoman alliance
1209:Franco-Ottoman alliance
110:Treaty of Speyer (1544)
4401:Wars involving England
3989:The Renaissance at War
2227:
2141:
2128:
2065:
1868:
1740:
1720:French service at the
1696:
1602:
1471:
1358:
1343:
1283:Protestant Reformation
1272:Italian War of 1521–26
436:Maximiliaan van Egmond
251:Commanders and leaders
4406:Wars involving France
4335:Bain, Nisbet (2023).
3980:The Emperor Charles V
3780:Gairdner and Brodie,
2852:Papacy and the Levant
2848:Papacy and the Levant
2602:Defender of the Faith
2255:Henry VIII of England
2251:to a temporary halt.
2194:
2139:
2126:
2051:
1853:
1845:besieged Saint-Dizier
1758:Christian of Holstein
1735:
1671:
1665:coast along the way.
1629:and landed troops at
1592:
1465:
1349:
1326:
1182:Henry VIII of England
447:Henry VIII of England
389:René of Nassau-Chalon
4416:Wars involving Spain
4238:Encyclopedia of Wars
3812:Letters & Papers
3782:Letters & Papers
3767:, 503; Scarisbrick,
3707:, 502; Scarisbrick,
3690:, 502; Scarisbrick,
3614:, 501; Scarisbrick,
3486:, 28–29; Blockmans,
3264:, 491; Scarisbrick,
3231:, 491; Scarisbrick,
3210:, 491; Scarisbrick,
3154:, 491; Scarisbrick,
3053:, 490; Scarisbrick,
3003:, 490; Scarisbrick,
2953:. Brill. p. 91.
2721:Early Modern Germany
2642:, 486; Scarisbrick,
2621:, 486; Scarisbrick,
2567:revolt, see Knecht,
2069:Boulogne and England
1722:Battle of Serravalle
1693:Battle of Serravalle
1607:Hayreddin Barbarossa
1477:Mary, Queen of Scots
1414:an attack on Algiers
715:Full list of battles
330:Hayreddin Barbarossa
58:Franco-Ottoman fleet
4446:Francis I of France
4270:Rogers, Clifford J.
4057:Blockmans, Wim and
3919:Renaissance Warrior
3893:Renaissance Warrior
3889:Renaissance Warrior
3876:Renaissance Warrior
3850:Renaissance Warrior
3816:Renaissance Warrior
3765:Renaissance Warrior
3722:Renaissance Warrior
3705:Renaissance Warrior
3688:Renaissance Warrior
3671:Renaissance Warrior
3655:Renaissance Warrior
3642:Renaissance Warrior
3612:Renaissance Warrior
3543:Renaissance Warrior
3530:Renaissance Warrior
3522:Renaissance Warrior
3509:Renaissance Warrior
3492:Renaissance Warrior
3450:Renaissance Warrior
3433:Renaissance Warrior
3416:Renaissance Warrior
3390:Renaissance Warrior
3373:Renaissance Warrior
3360:Renaissance Warrior
3343:Renaissance Warrior
3330:Renaissance Warrior
3313:Renaissance Warrior
3296:Renaissance Warrior
3283:Renaissance Warrior
3279:Renaissance Warrior
3262:Renaissance Warrior
3229:Renaissance Warrior
3208:Renaissance Warrior
3152:Renaissance Warrior
3135:Renaissance Warrior
3114:Renaissance Warrior
3076:Renaissance Warrior
3072:Renaissance Warrior
3051:Renaissance Warrior
3038:Renaissance Warrior
3022:Military Revolution
3001:Renaissance Warrior
2925:Renaissance Warrior
2895:Weapons and Warfare
2865:Renaissance Warrior
2844:Renaissance Warrior
2819:Renaissance Warrior
2798:Renaissance Warrior
2785:Renaissance Warrior
2772:Renaissance Warrior
2755:Renaissance Warrior
2742:Renaissance Warrior
2704:Renaissance Warrior
2691:Renaissance Warrior
2674:Renaissance Warrior
2640:Renaissance Warrior
2619:Renaissance Warrior
2585:Renaissance Warrior
2569:Renaissance Warrior
2561:Renaissance Warrior
2548:Renaissance Warrior
2527:Renaissance Warrior
2510:Renaissance Warrior
2508:, 144–145; Knecht,
2493:Renaissance Warrior
2477:Renaissance Warrior
2460:Renaissance Warrior
2447:Renaissance Warrior
2430:Renaissance Warrior
2417:Renaissance Warrior
2404:Renaissance Warrior
2400:Anne de Montmorency
2396:Renaissance Warrior
2383:Renaissance Warrior
2370:Renaissance Warrior
2366:Renaissance Warrior
2337:Renaissance Warrior
2324:Renaissance Warrior
2320:Renaissance Warrior
2307:Renaissance Warrior
2294:Renaissance Warrior
2245:Truce of Adrianople
1944:Châtillon-sur-Marne
1379:Schmalkaldic League
1332:Heinrich Aldegrever
1166:Francis I of France
998:Franco-Spanish wars
18:Italian War of 1542
4441:Henry II of France
4297:Setton, Kenneth M.
4288:Scarisbrick, J. J.
3599:Renaissance at War
3309:Renaissance at War
3254:Renaissance at War
2840:Empires of the Sea
2813:, 180; Blockmans,
2811:Renaissance at War
2768:Renaissance at War
2506:Renaissance at War
2271:Henry II of France
2263:Henry II of France
2241:Battle of Mühlberg
2228:
2224:Landgrave of Hesse
2154:Guillaume Bochetel
2142:
2129:
2088:Claude d'Annebault
2076:besieging Boulogne
2066:
2054:Claude d'Annebault
1988:Duchess of Étampes
1869:
1865:siege of Montreuil
1807:Invasion of France
1741:
1705:Sieur de Boutières
1697:
1689:Battle of Ceresole
1603:
1567:besiege Landrecies
1472:
1439:Claude d'Annebault
1359:
1344:
1221:Battle of Ceresole
1195:, which ended the
308:Claude d'Annebault
175:Jülich-Cleves-Berg
165:Regency of Algiers
4252:Phillips, Gervase
4230:Phillips, Charles
4196:978-0-582-05758-6
4163:Knecht, Robert J.
3986:Arnold, Thomas F.
3976:Armstrong, Edward
3941:Emperor Charles V
3906:Ottoman Centuries
3505:Emperor Charles V
3488:Emperor Charles V
3484:Emperor Charles V
3471:Emperor Charles V
3446:Emperor Charles V
3386:Emperor Charles V
3356:Emperor Charles V
3326:Emperor Charles V
3131:Emperor Charles V
3129:, 81; Blockmans,
3110:Emperor Charles V
3097:Emperor Charles V
3089:Emperor Charles V
3068:Emperor Charles V
2897:, 187–190; Oman,
2842:, 75–79; Knecht,
2817:, 72–73; Knecht,
2815:Emperor Charles V
2738:Emperor Charles V
2736:, 80; Blockmans,
2636:Emperor Charles V
2615:Emperor Charles V
2544:Emperor Charles V
2542:, 80; Blockmans,
2523:Emperor Charles V
2000:Kingdom of Naples
1996:Duchy of Burgundy
1920:Vitry-en-Perthois
1905:siege of Boulogne
1797:Holy Roman Empire
1754:Emperor Charles V
1649:, which had been
1635:siege of the city
1585:Nice and Lombardy
1559:County of Zutphen
1555:Duchy of Guelders
1516:Wilhelm of Cleves
1443:the Dauphin Henri
1399:Antoine de Rincon
1153:
1152:
964:
963:
758:Anglo-French Wars
722:
721:
673:League of Cambrai
616:
615:
485:
484:
425:Maurice of Saxony
200:Holy Roman Empire
118:
117:
16:(Redirected from
4463:
4340:
4202:Merriman, Marcus
4180:Mallett, Michael
4059:Walter Prevenier
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3948:
3945:The Italian Wars
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3885:
3879:
3872:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3842:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3804:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3772:
3761:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3608:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3539:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3501:
3495:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3461:
3442:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3322:
3316:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3275:
3269:
3258:European Warfare
3250:
3244:
3221:
3215:
3204:European Warfare
3200:
3194:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3148:European Warfare
3144:
3138:
3127:European Warfare
3123:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3085:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3025:
3014:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2836:
2830:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2734:European Warfare
2730:
2724:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2687:European Warfare
2683:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2632:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2540:European Warfare
2536:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2333:
2327:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2237:Schmalkaldic War
2208:Pope Clement VII
2132:Treaty of Ardres
2063:
1914:and defended by
1859:(oil on wood by
1709:Alfonso d'Avalos
1686:
1571:Martin du Bellay
1420:, returned from
1337:
1268:Treaty of Madrid
1248:Treaty of Ardres
1229:Boulogne-sur-Mer
999:
991:
984:
977:
968:
967:
761:
759:
749:
742:
735:
726:
725:
688:League of Cognac
653:
643:
636:
629:
620:
619:
523:
521:
511:
504:
497:
488:
487:
478:
477:
467:
466:
456:
455:
445:
444:
434:
433:
423:
422:
416:
415:
407:Ferrante Gonzaga
405:
404:
398:
397:
387:
386:
378:Alfonso d'Avalos
376:
375:
369:
368:
358:
357:
351:
350:
339:
338:
337:
328:
327:
326:
317:
316:
315:
306:
305:
297:Count of Enghien
295:
294:
284:
283:
273:
272:
262:
261:
243:
242:
232:
231:
221:
215:
211:
209:
208:
198:
196:
195:
184:
183:
182:
173:
163:
162:
161:
149:
148:
147:
141:
137:
135:
134:
105:Treaty of Ardres
66:
65:
50:
30:
29:
21:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4381:1540s in France
4361:1540s conflicts
4346:
4345:
4318:Tracy, James D.
4127:Hughes, Michael
4096:Gairdner, James
4024:Black, Jeremy.
3966:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3886:
3882:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3848:, 195; Knecht,
3843:
3839:
3835:, 163, 195–201.
3830:
3826:
3814:, 508; Knecht,
3805:
3801:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3762:
3758:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3732:
3719:
3715:
3702:
3698:
3686:, 195; Knecht,
3681:
3677:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3622:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3579:
3575:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3536:
3519:
3515:
3502:
3498:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3464:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3426:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3396:
3383:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3353:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3323:
3319:
3311:, 180; Knecht,
3306:
3302:
3293:
3289:
3276:
3272:
3251:
3247:
3227:, 195; Knecht,
3222:
3218:
3201:
3197:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3145:
3141:
3124:
3120:
3107:
3103:
3086:
3082:
3065:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3015:
3011:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2973:
2962:
2958:
2944:
2935:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2905:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2846:, 489; Setton,
2837:
2833:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2770:, 180; Knecht,
2765:
2761:
2752:
2748:
2731:
2727:
2719:, 232; Hughes,
2714:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2633:
2629:
2612:
2608:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2575:
2558:
2554:
2537:
2533:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2440:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2359:
2353:Jeanne d'Albret
2334:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2189:
2166:Nicholas Wotton
2134:
2071:
2036:General Council
1971:
1969:Treaty of Crépy
1963:Lagny-sur-Marne
1948:Château-Thierry
1912:Girolamo Marini
1809:
1751:
1730:
1601:, 16th century)
1587:
1551:Treaty of Venlo
1540:capturing Düren
1536:Duchy of Jülich
1506:, had captured
1431:
1375:Jeanne d'Albret
1357:, 16th century)
1355:Venetian school
1340:Jeanne d'Albret
1294:Duke of Orléans
1256:
1244:Duke of Orléans
1240:Treaty of Crépy
1154:
1149:
1000:
997:
995:
965:
960:
762:
757:
755:
753:
723:
718:
707:
654:
649:
647:
617:
612:
573:Lagny-sur-Marne
524:
519:
517:
515:
472:
471:
469:Duke of Suffolk
461:
460:
458:Duke of Norfolk
450:
449:
439:
438:
428:
427:
417:
410:
409:
399:
392:
391:
381:
380:
370:
363:
362:
352:
345:
335:
333:
332:
324:
322:
321:
313:
311:
310:
300:
299:
289:
288:
286:Duke of Orléans
278:
277:
267:
266:
256:
237:
236:
226:
225:
216:
206:
204:
202:
193:
191:
180:
178:
177:
159:
157:
153:
145:
143:
142:
132:
130:
114:
100:Treaty of Crépy
85:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:1540s in Italy
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4342:
4341:
4332:
4315:
4294:
4285:
4267:
4249:
4227:
4217:
4199:
4184:Christine Shaw
4177:
4160:
4142:
4124:
4107:
4093:
4084:
4077:Crowley, Roger
4074:
4055:
4040:Blockmans, Wim
4037:
4022:
4004:
3983:
3972:
3971:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3932:
3923:
3910:
3897:
3880:
3867:
3854:
3837:
3824:
3799:
3786:
3773:
3756:
3743:
3730:
3713:
3696:
3675:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3603:
3590:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3534:
3513:
3507:, 74; Knecht,
3496:
3490:, 74; Knecht,
3475:
3462:
3448:, 74; Knecht,
3437:
3424:
3407:
3394:
3388:, 73; Knecht,
3377:
3364:
3358:, 73; Knecht,
3347:
3334:
3328:, 73; Knecht,
3317:
3300:
3287:
3270:
3260:, 81; Knecht,
3256:, 180; Black,
3245:
3216:
3206:, 81; Knecht,
3195:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3150:, 81; Knecht,
3139:
3133:, 73; Knecht,
3118:
3112:, 73; Knecht,
3101:
3080:
3070:, 73; Knecht,
3059:
3042:
3026:
3009:
2992:
2971:
2956:
2947:Sicking, Louis
2933:
2916:
2903:
2886:
2873:
2856:
2831:
2802:
2789:
2776:
2759:
2746:
2740:, 72; Knecht,
2725:
2717:Promised Lands
2708:
2695:
2689:, 80; Knecht,
2678:
2665:
2652:
2638:, 72; Knecht,
2627:
2617:, 72; Knecht,
2606:
2589:
2573:
2552:
2546:, 72; Knecht,
2531:
2525:, 72; Knecht,
2514:
2497:
2481:
2468:
2451:
2438:
2421:
2408:
2387:
2374:
2357:
2328:
2311:
2298:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2220:Duke of Saxony
2216:Duke of Cleves
2188:
2185:
2177:Johannes Sturm
2158:Viscount Lisle
2133:
2130:
2070:
2067:
2032:Duchy of Savoy
2012:his niece Anna
1970:
1967:
1818:Diet of Speyer
1808:
1805:
1801:1544 at Speyer
1790:Johann Rantzau
1729:
1726:
1599:Matrakçı Nasuh
1586:
1583:
1470:during the war
1430:
1427:
1422:Constantinople
1392:Ottoman Empire
1330:(engraving by
1290:Maria of Spain
1264:Duchy of Milan
1255:
1252:
1217:Northern Italy
1201:Duchy of Milan
1174:Ottoman Empire
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1123:Coalition Wars
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1005:
1002:
1001:
994:
993:
986:
979:
971:
962:
961:
959:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
767:
764:
763:
752:
751:
744:
737:
729:
720:
719:
712:
709:
708:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
656:
655:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
614:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
526:
525:
514:
513:
506:
499:
491:
483:
482:
480:Viscount Lisle
343:
253:
252:
248:
247:
189:
186:Denmark-Norway
168:
167:
151:Ottoman Empire
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
93:
91:
87:
86:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4468:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:1546 in Italy
4434:
4432:
4431:1542 in Italy
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4329:0-521-14766-2
4326:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4312:0-87169-161-2
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4282:0-8133-2054-2
4279:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4246:0-8160-2851-6
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:Oman, Charles
4218:
4215:
4214:1-86232-090-X
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4174:0-521-57885-X
4171:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4157:0-688-08093-6
4154:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4139:0-8122-1427-7
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4121:0-8018-5531-4
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:Hall, Bert S.
4108:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:0-8122-1382-3
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:0-340-73110-9
4049:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4034:0-415-27532-6
4031:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:Black, Jeremy
4005:
4002:
4001:0-06-089195-5
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3958:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3833:Rough Wooings
3828:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3793:Scarisbrick,
3790:
3783:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3753:
3750:Scarisbrick,
3747:
3740:
3737:Scarisbrick,
3734:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3637:
3630:
3627:Scarisbrick,
3624:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3554:Scarisbrick,
3551:
3544:
3538:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3401:Scarisbrick,
3398:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3297:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3185:Scarisbrick,
3182:
3176:Heath, p. 37.
3173:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2990:, p. 71.
2989:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2927:, 490; Oman,
2926:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2867:, 490; Oman,
2866:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2659:Scarisbrick,
2656:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2596:Scarisbrick,
2593:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:two-front war
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:Giulio Clovio
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Châtellerault
2021:
2017:
2016:Franche-Comté
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:Queen Eleanor
1981:
1977:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1677:oil on canvas
1674:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1595:siege of Nice
1591:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:Saint-Quentin
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1468:Low Countries
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Guelders Wars
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
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1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:'s attack on
1210:
1206:
1205:Low Countries
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Truce of Nice
1189:
1187:
1186:Low Countries
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
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985:
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947:
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927:
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895:
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809:
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652:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
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624:
621:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Isle of Wight
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
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579:
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564:
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421:
414:
408:
403:
396:
390:
385:
379:
374:
367:
361:
356:
349:
344:
342:
341:Christian III
331:
320:
309:
304:
298:
293:
287:
282:
276:
275:Dauphin Henri
271:
265:
260:
255:
254:
249:
246:
241:
235:
230:
224:
220:
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190:
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176:
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156:
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127:
126:
121:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
95:
94:
92:
89:
88:
84:
83:Low Countries
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:siege of Nice
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4396:Italian Wars
4343:
4336:
4320:
4303:
4299:
4290:
4273:
4255:
4237:
4234:Alan Axelrod
4223:
4205:
4187:
4165:
4148:
4130:
4112:
4103:
4100:R. H. Brodie
4089:
4087:Elton, G. R.
4080:
4062:
4043:
4025:
4010:
3988:
3979:
3968:Italy portal
3944:
3940:
3935:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3862:
3857:
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3845:
3840:
3832:
3827:
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3807:
3802:
3794:
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3781:
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3738:
3733:
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3678:
3670:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3563:
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3542:
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3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3470:
3465:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3093:Landsknechte
3092:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3021:
3018:Grand Siècle
3017:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2964:
2959:
2950:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2827:slave market
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2476:
2471:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2253:
2229:
2174:
2147:
2143:
2103:
2080:
2072:
2052:Portrait of
2040:
1991:
1972:
1956:
1938:, capturing
1909:
1889:
1870:
1861:Hans Holbein
1854:
1826:
1810:
1794:
1752:
1698:
1672:
1657:—sailed for
1639:
1631:Villefranche
1604:
1544:
1494:crossed the
1489:
1481:Rough Wooing
1473:
1454:
1432:
1412:, preparing
1407:
1396:
1360:
1287:
1276:
1257:
1237:
1233:Saint-Dizier
1190:
1176:against the
1162:Italian Wars
1157:
1155:
1043:
1009:Italian Wars
878:
714:
697:
651:Italian Wars
588:2nd Boulogne
583:1st Boulogne
568:Saint-Dizier
518:
128:
123:Belligerents
96:Inconclusive
40:Italian Wars
38:Part of the
3993:John Keegan
3939:Blockmans,
3503:Blockmans,
3482:Armstrong,
3469:Armstrong,
3444:Blockmans,
3384:Blockmans,
3354:Blockmans,
3324:Blockmans,
3108:Blockmans,
3066:Blockmans,
2634:Blockmans,
2613:Blockmans,
2521:Blockmans,
2162:Baron Paget
2118:Beachy Head
2058:Jean Clouet
2056:(school of
2043:the Dauphin
1881:Landsknecht
1766:Netherlands
1611:Dardanelles
1563:Reformation
1492:John Wallop
1451:La Rochelle
608:Beachy Head
223:Brandenburg
188:(1542–1543)
4456:Henry VIII
4350:Categories
4302:. Vol. 3,
4291:Henry VIII
3954:References
3947:, 250–255.
3908:, 234–235.
3878:, 504–507.
3831:Merriman,
3820:Henry VIII
3795:Henry VIII
3784:, 507–509.
3769:Henry VIII
3752:Henry VIII
3741:, 404–407.
3739:Henry VIII
3728:, 399–400.
3726:Henry VIII
3711:, 401–402.
3709:Henry VIII
3692:Henry VIII
3657:, 501–502.
3631:, 398–399.
3629:Henry VIII
3618:, 397–398.
3616:Henry VIII
3586:Henry VIII
3571:, 396–397.
3569:Henry VIII
3558:, 395–396.
3556:Henry VIII
3526:Henry VIII
3420:Henry VIII
3403:Henry VIII
3375:, 492–493.
3332:, 491–492.
3266:Henry VIII
3233:Henry VIII
3214:, 394–395.
3212:Henry VIII
3191:Henry VIII
3187:Henry VIII
3156:Henry VIII
3116:, 490–491.
3057:, 393–394.
3055:Henry VIII
3024:, 117–148.
3005:Henry VIII
2931:, 242–243.
2929:Art of War
2912:Art of War
2901:, 239–243.
2899:Art of War
2884:, 229–230.
2882:Art of War
2871:, 229–230.
2869:Art of War
2787:, 488–489.
2774:, 487–488.
2676:, 486–487.
2661:Henry VIII
2644:Henry VIII
2625:, 388–389.
2623:Henry VIII
2598:Henry VIII
2571:, 480–483.
2529:, 479–480.
2449:, 478–479.
2436:in France.
2406:, 395–397.
2385:, 394–395.
2309:, 389–391.
2296:, 385–387.
2233:debasement
1992:status quo
1833:Palatinate
1820:, and the
1743:See also:
1738:Glücksburg
1663:Neapolitan
1619:Marseilles
1547:Luxembourg
1514:as well.
1512:Landrecies
1485:schismatic
1435:Luxembourg
1170:Suleiman I
1164:, pitting
563:Serravalle
553:Landrecies
319:Suleiman I
4264:1040-5992
4019:1040-5992
3904:Kinross,
2988:Bain 2023
2838:Crowley,
2434:Huguenots
2259:Edward VI
2249:Habsburgs
2212:Francis I
2196:Charles V
2187:Aftermath
2105:Mary Rose
2028:Angoulême
1961:, sacked
1936:Champagne
1897:Montreuil
1786:Walcheren
1778:North Sea
1770:The Sound
1713:Carignano
1302:Charolais
1133:1808–1814
1128:1793–1795
1118:1718–1720
1113:1688–1697
1108:1683–1684
1103:1673–1678
1098:1667–1668
1091:1648–1653
1086:1641–1659
1081:1640–1659
1076:1635–1659
1071:1628–1631
1061:1595–1598
1056:1580–1583
1049:1551–1559
1044:1542–1544
1039:1536–1538
1034:1526–1529
1029:1521–1526
1024:1512–1516
1019:1502–1504
1014:1495–1498
949:1803–1814
944:1793–1802
939:1778–1783
934:1754–1763
929:1746–1763
924:1744–1748
919:1702–1713
914:1689–1697
909:1689–1815
899:1666–1667
894:1627–1629
889:1562–1563
884:1557–1559
879:1542–1546
874:1522–1526
869:1512–1514
864:1496–1498
858:1415–1453
854:1369–1389
850:1337–1360
846:1337–1453
836:1294–1303
831:1242–1243
816:1215–1217
811:1213–1214
806:1202–1204
801:1199–1200
796:1197–1199
791:1193–1196
781:1173–1174
776:1116–1120
771:1109–1113
703:1551–1559
698:1542–1546
693:1536–1538
683:1521–1526
668:1499–1504
663:1494–1498
603:Bonchurch
578:Montreuil
533:Perpignan
360:Charles V
264:Francis I
3917:Knecht,
3887:Knecht,
3874:Knecht,
3763:Knecht,
3720:Knecht,
3703:Knecht,
3669:Knecht,
3653:Knecht,
3640:Knecht,
3610:Knecht,
3597:Arnold,
3541:Knecht,
3520:Knecht,
3431:Knecht,
3414:Knecht,
3371:Knecht,
3341:Knecht,
3307:Arnold,
3294:Knecht,
3277:Knecht,
3252:Arnold,
3049:Knecht,
3036:Knecht,
2999:Knecht,
2923:Knecht,
2863:Knecht,
2809:Arnold,
2796:Knecht,
2783:Knecht,
2766:Arnold,
2753:Knecht,
2702:Knecht,
2672:Knecht,
2583:Knecht,
2559:Knecht,
2504:Arnold,
2491:Knecht,
2475:Knecht,
2458:Knecht,
2445:Knecht,
2428:Knecht,
2415:Knecht,
2394:Knecht,
2381:Knecht,
2364:Knecht,
2341:Habsburg
2335:Knecht,
2318:Knecht,
2305:Knecht,
2292:Knecht,
2222:and the
2084:Le Havre
2004:Flanders
1952:Soissons
1901:Boulogne
1837:Commercy
1822:Electors
1701:Piedmont
1659:Istanbul
1651:captured
1371:Guelders
1298:Burgundy
558:Ceresole
77:Location
4102:, eds.
3895:, 518).
3861:Elton,
3844:Elton,
3806:Elton,
3682:Elton,
3580:Elton,
3532:, 494).
3285:, 491).
3243:, 195).
3223:Elton,
3202:Black,
3193:, 394).
3146:Black,
3125:Black,
3099:, 196).
3087:Tracy,
3078:, 490).
2854:, 473).
2732:Black,
2685:Black,
2650:, 194).
2565:gabelle
2538:Black,
2372:, 394).
2349:Phillip
2326:, 392).
2114:Seaford
2020:Bourbon
1980:Picardy
1940:Épernay
1924:Châlons
1782:Hamburg
1774:Brabant
1615:galleys
1579:Cambrai
1528:Hainaut
1520:Brabant
1508:Lillers
1496:Channel
1456:gabelle
1410:Majorca
1390:of the
1318:Cambrai
1254:Prelude
1172:of the
245:England
4327:
4310:
4280:
4272:, ed.
4262:
4244:
4212:
4194:
4172:
4155:
4137:
4119:
4069:
4050:
4032:
4017:
3999:
3865:, 195.
3822:, 409.
3797:, 409.
3771:, 408.
3754:, 408.
3694:, 401.
3673:, 502.
3588:, 397.
3545:, 494.
3435:, 493.
3422:, 395.
3392:, 493.
3362:, 492.
3345:, 492.
3315:, 491.
3298:, 491.
3268:, 395.
3237:litter
3158:, 394.
3137:, 491.
3040:, 490.
3007:, 389.
2914:, 242.
2893:Hall,
2880:Oman,
2825:and a
2823:mosque
2800:, 489.
2757:, 487.
2744:, 487.
2693:, 487.
2663:, 389.
2587:, 486.
2550:, 480.
2495:, 479.
2464:Venice
2419:, 396.
2345:Valois
2218:, the
2214:, the
2150:Ardres
2096:Solent
2026:, and
2008:Artois
1950:, and
1932:Jâlons
1893:Ardres
1875:, and
1681:Titian
1643:Toulon
1532:Rheims
1524:Artois
1500:Calais
1314:Madrid
1300:, and
1225:sieges
678:Urbino
593:Solent
213:Saxony
210:
197:
139:France
136:
90:Result
3473:, 28.
2723:, 57.
2281:Notes
1976:Crépy
1928:Marne
1885:bills
1841:Ligny
1799:, in
1647:Tunis
1459:tax.
1403:Pavia
1310:Savoy
1306:Milan
548:Düren
538:Muros
234:Spain
56:by a
4325:ISBN
4308:ISBN
4278:ISBN
4260:ISSN
4242:ISBN
4232:and
4210:ISBN
4192:ISBN
4182:and
4170:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4135:ISBN
4117:ISBN
4098:and
4067:ISBN
4048:ISBN
4030:ISBN
4015:ISSN
3997:ISBN
2351:and
2170:écus
2164:and
2006:and
1839:and
1747:and
1633:; a
1627:Nice
1557:and
1538:and
1526:and
1316:and
1308:and
1231:and
1213:Nice
1180:and
1168:and
1156:The
1145:1823
1138:1815
1066:1625
954:1815
904:1678
841:1324
826:1230
821:1224
786:1189
543:Nice
69:Date
52:The
1978:in
1895:or
1760:as
1699:In
1679:by
1498:to
1227:of
4352::
4236:.
4222:.
4204:.
4186:.
4147:.
4129:.
4079:.
4061:.
4042:.
3978:.
3662:^
3029:^
2974:^
2936:^
2576:^
2484:^
2277:.
2210:,
2206:,
2160:,
2062:c.
2060:,
2022:,
1954:.
1946:,
1942:,
1685:c.
1683:,
1581:.
1542:.
1445:,
1386:;
1336:c.
1334:,
856:,
852:,
4331:.
4314:.
4284:.
4266:.
4248:.
4216:.
4198:.
4176:.
4159:.
4141:.
4123:.
4073:.
4054:.
4036:.
4021:.
4003:.
2466:.
2355:.
2226:.
1867:.
1695:.
1675:(
1597:(
990:e
983:t
976:v
860:)
848:(
748:e
741:t
734:v
642:e
635:t
628:v
510:e
503:t
496:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
