397:
287:
and buried. The skeletal remains were found in the
Northern half of the chamber. More than 4,000 gold items were found in the chamber, as well as iron sword and dagger, a bronze mirror, vessels made of clay, metal and wood, shoes, headdresses, gold rings, statuettes, bronze and gold weapons, and an inscribed silver bowl dating from the 6th to 5th century BCE. Many clothing ornaments made of gold, a headdress and shoes were found on and under the remains. Next to the remains were an arrow with a gold tip, a whip (the handle of which was wrapped with a wide ribbon of gold in a spiral pattern) and a bag containing a bronze mirror and red paint. Scientific research, particular that of the anthropologist O. I. Ismagulov, shows that the remains belong to a member of the
421:
373:
433:
409:
474:
46:
81:
53:
74:
250:
385:
29:
625:
577:
545:
593:
513:
609:
561:
497:
481:
529:
286:
There were two burials in the grave complex: the
Central one and the Southern one (to one side). Unfortunately the Central burial site had been robbed but the side grave was undisturbed. The burial chamber in the side grave was constructed from spruce logs. The tomb and its contents remained intact
291:
peoples of
Semirecheye, who have a European appearance with an admixture of Mongoloid features. The age of the body at death is estimated at 16–18 years, and its sex is indeterminate. The form of clothing and method of burial suggest that "The Golden Man" was a descendant of a prominent Saks tribe
265:
on the winged leopard is one of the national symbols of
Kazakhstan. Copies of the Saks warrior installed in many cities of Kazakhstan. One of the copies crowns the Independence monument on the Republic square in Almaty city. Altogether, in the excavations, found five tombs with the so-called
193:
in 1969. The burial ground consists of 45 large royal mounds with a diameter of 30 to 90 and a height of 4–15 meters (13–49 ft). The Issyk barrow is located in the western half of the burial ground. Its diameter is 60 meters (200 ft), and its height is 6 meters (20 ft).
945:, p. 103 "The dress of Iranian-speaking Saka and Scythians is easily reconstructed on the basis of... numerous archaeological discoveries from the Ukraine to the Altai, particularly at Issyk in Kazakhstan... at Pazyryk... and Ak-Alakha"
169:
discovered in 1969. It has a height of 6 meters (20 ft) and a circumference of 60 meters (200 ft). It is dated to the 4th or 3rd century BC. A notable item is a silver cup bearing an inscription. The finds are on display in
1159:
959:
225:
The richness of the burial items led the skeleton to be dubbed the "golden man" or "golden princess", with the "golden man" subsequently being adopted as one of the symbols of modern
214:
contained a skeleton, warrior's equipment, and assorted funerary goods, including 4,000 gold ornaments. Although the sex of the skeleton is uncertain, it may have been an 18-year-old
2645:
2640:
396:
878:
432:
1175:Исмагилов Р. Б. «Золотой воин» из кургана Иссык: мужчина или женщина? // Наследие веков. Охрана и изучение памятников археологии в Башкортостане. Вып. 1. Уфа, 1995.
420:
408:
261:
are located in the Kazakh Museum of archaeology in Almaty city and in the State Museum of gold and precious metals of the
Republic of Kazakhstan in Astana city.
372:
306:
A text was found on a silver bowl in Issyk kurgan, dated to approximately the 4th century BC. The context of the burial gifts indicates that it may belong to
1206:
1179:
2665:
2364:
1254:
278:, the third in Chiliktinsk Kurgan Biglobe, the fourth near Astana city and fifth found in the burial ground Taldy Karkaralinsk district.
2299:
473:
45:
2517:
1060:
2650:
106:
1388:
2619:
885:
384:
2680:
1004:
2574:
1199:
73:
2569:
1570:
1138:
1115:
1980:
1109:
918:
2579:
1849:
1229:
449:
2614:
2559:
1809:
1192:
749:
551:
1169:
2675:
2103:
1565:
357:/Alanic and ‘Old Steppe Iranian’ (and perhaps individual modern Iranian languages), participating in several
1101:
Hall, Mark E. Towards an absolute chronology for the Iron Age of Inner Asia. Antiquity 71 (1997): 863–874.
2564:
1113:
292:
leader, or a member of the royal family. Some Kazakh historians suggest that the burial belongs to Usun.
1829:
2065:
1359:
338:
189:. The unique archaeological complex found by a small group of Soviet scientists led by archaeologist
2512:
2085:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1379:
1369:
1334:
1104:
Harmatta, Janos. History of
Civilization of Central Asia. Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass (1999),
978:
2609:
2497:
2374:
2279:
2123:
2005:
1414:
1364:
1215:
694:
234:
2589:
2349:
1374:
1309:
1120:
318:
1021:
2424:
2399:
2309:
1940:
1774:
908:
871:
1020:
Bonmann, Svenja; Halfmann, Jakob; Korobzow, Natalie; Bobomulloev, Bobomullo (12 July 2023).
2359:
2206:
1741:
1539:
238:
326:
8:
2599:
2533:
2389:
1814:
1804:
1534:
1459:
158:
2549:
2502:
2369:
2284:
2269:
2226:
2181:
2045:
1834:
1620:
1509:
1469:
1394:
1239:
739:
599:
314:
1154:
2604:
1713:
1555:
1529:
1524:
1424:
1409:
1299:
1294:
1264:
1244:
1134:
1105:
1043:
1000:
914:
342:
301:
970:
955:
322:
2670:
2660:
2594:
2522:
2143:
2030:
1839:
1824:
1673:
1519:
1479:
1434:
1419:
1130:
1078:
1033:
966:
346:
1164:
503:
2584:
2527:
2467:
2457:
2419:
2161:
1854:
1653:
1610:
1592:
1429:
1399:
1304:
1279:
1234:
1124:
982:
809:
519:
275:
2544:
2507:
2329:
2264:
2138:
1990:
1975:
1945:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1663:
1514:
1504:
1464:
1249:
1174:
974:
709:
679:
649:
615:
567:
330:
361:
with one or the other of these languages, but with none of them exclusively".
2655:
2634:
2539:
2492:
2384:
2216:
2201:
2133:
1892:
1658:
1630:
1615:
1575:
1474:
1329:
1314:
1269:
1165:К. А. Акишев «Курган Иссык, Искусство саков Казахстана» Москва Искусство 1978
1047:
764:
724:
487:
350:
190:
121:
108:
1038:
313:
The Issyk inscription is not yet certainly deciphered, and is probably in a
249:
2462:
2429:
2409:
2314:
2221:
2176:
2153:
2070:
1965:
1882:
1872:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1444:
1384:
1349:
1274:
824:
794:
166:
1184:
2554:
2487:
2439:
2404:
2379:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2274:
2254:
2246:
2075:
2060:
2010:
2000:
1955:
1912:
1688:
1683:
1648:
1449:
1404:
1344:
1180:«Алтын-мадам»: Новый взгляд на знаменитое захоронение в Иссыкском кургане
1083:
1066:
854:
631:
354:
182:
1067:"The Saka 'Animal Style' in Context: Material, Technology, Form and Use"
2434:
2259:
2191:
2186:
2113:
2095:
2055:
2040:
2020:
1985:
1970:
1932:
1922:
1907:
1897:
1864:
1751:
1678:
1454:
1354:
1284:
779:
583:
229:. A likeness crowns the Independence Monument on the central square of
226:
154:
1638:
2354:
2304:
2236:
2171:
2118:
2108:
2080:
2015:
1960:
1950:
1887:
1877:
1723:
1600:
1560:
1489:
1339:
28:
2414:
2394:
1995:
1819:
1733:
1668:
1439:
910:
Rethinking
Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads
664:
358:
219:
207:
1019:
2294:
2289:
2231:
2166:
2050:
2035:
1902:
1779:
1769:
1718:
1324:
414:
Flying elk with griffin burial mound Issyk (5th–4th centuries BC)
334:
203:
1170:АКИШЕВ А. К. КОСТЮМ «ЗОЛОТОГО ЧЕЛОВЕКА» И ПРОБЛЕМА КАТАФРАКТАРИЯ
2196:
2128:
1759:
1693:
1605:
1319:
996:
992:
230:
211:
186:
171:
141:
2025:
1917:
1844:
1794:
1643:
1289:
988:
2449:
2211:
1259:
307:
288:
215:
175:
162:
185:, 50 kilometers (31 mi) to the east of the city of
2646:
Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century BC
2641:
Buildings and structures completed in the 4th century BC
438:
Leopard with mountain, Issyk Kurgan, 4th-3rd century BCE
402:
Head of tiger, burial mound Issyk (5th–4th centuries BC)
1155:
Archaeology magazine - Chieftain or
Warrior Priestess?
1022:"A Partial Decipherment of the Unknown Kushan Script*"
257:
The treasures of the Issyk mound and an exact copy of
426:
Gold plaques in tiger form, Issyk Kurgan, Kazakhstan
181:The burial complex located on the left bank of the
364:
2632:
390:Horse. Burial mound Issyk (5th–4th centuries BC)
960:"Languages and Literature in the Kushan Empire"
337:. A 2023 analysis suggests an affiliation with
378:Elk. Burial mound Issyk (5th–4th centuries BC)
1200:
879:
1065:Amir, Saltanat; Roberts, Rebecca C. (2023).
1214:
1064:
1207:
1193:
886:
872:
2518:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1082:
1037:
233:. Its depiction may also be found on the
197:
1026:Transactions of the Philological Society
984:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
954:
295:
248:
2365:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1255:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1119:
942:
341:, particularly "a missing link between
244:
2633:
2620:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
317:dialect, constituting one of very few
1188:
906:
329:script, identified the language as a
157:, less than 20 km east from the
936:
321:epigraphic traces of that language.
80:
52:
2575:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
624:
13:
2666:Archaeological sites in Kazakhstan
2570:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
1571:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
576:
14:
2692:
1981:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
1148:
623:
607:
591:
575:
559:
544:
543:
527:
511:
495:
479:
472:
431:
419:
407:
395:
383:
371:
79:
72:
51:
44:
27:
2651:1969 archaeological discoveries
2580:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
1850:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1126:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
592:
512:
450:Issyk Golden Cataphract Warrior
253:The Saka ruler, or "Golden Man"
2615:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
2560:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1054:
1013:
948:
927:
900:
608:
560:
496:
480:
365:Golden treasures in the kurgan
1:
1566:Silk Road transmission of art
1095:
1061:Image file with complete data
844:
829:
814:
799:
784:
769:
754:
729:
714:
699:
684:
669:
654:
528:
60:Shown within Continental Asia
2681:Iranian archaeological sites
2565:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
174:. It is associated with the
63:Show map of Continental Asia
7:
443:
33:One of the kurgans at Issyk
10:
2697:
299:
281:
16:Burial mound in Kazakhstan
2480:
2448:
2245:
2152:
2094:
2066:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
1931:
1863:
1750:
1732:
1629:
1591:
1584:
1548:
1222:
1160:Иссыкский золотой человек
979:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
913:. Routledge. p. 72.
339:Eastern Iranian languages
137:
100:
88:Issyk kurgan (Kazakhstan)
38:
26:
2513:Mogao Christian painting
2086:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
1800:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
1790:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
622:
606:
590:
574:
558:
542:
526:
510:
494:
478:
455:
191:Kemal Akishevich Akishev
2610:Saksanokhur gold buckle
2498:Hephthalite silver bowl
2375:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
1415:Second Turkic Khaganate
1216:History of Central Asia
1039:10.1111/1467-968X.12269
907:Chang, Claudia (2017).
2590:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2350:Alexandria Prophthasia
1375:First Turkic Khaganate
1310:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1121:Kuzmina, Elena Kuzmina
333:dialect spoken by the
254:
222:) prince or princess.
91:Show map of Kazakhstan
2400:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1775:Karsakpay inscription
1230:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
744:7th-5th centuries BCE
296:The Issyk inscription
252:
235:presidential standard
122:43.33000°N 77.61861°E
2676:Tumuli in Kazakhstan
2207:Kutlug Timur Minaret
1742:Noin-Ula burial site
1540:Chinese Central Asia
1084:10.3390/arts12010023
999:. pp. 407–431.
245:Symbol of Kazakhstan
239:Nursultan Nazarbayev
202:Situated in eastern
183:Issyk Mountain River
2600:Siberian Ice Maiden
2390:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
1805:Petrovka settlement
1535:Soviet Central Asia
1460:Great Seljuq Empire
159:Talgar alluvial fan
153:, in south-eastern
118: /
23:
2550:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2503:Chilek silver bowl
2370:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2046:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
1835:Talapty Settlement
1621:Filippovka kurgans
1510:Khanate of Bukhara
1470:Khwarazmian Empire
1395:Ikhshids of Sogdia
1240:Afanasievo culture
977:; Etemadi, G. F.;
848: 400-200 BCE
788: 600-400 BCE
773: 600-400 BCE
758: 600-400 BCE
255:
127:43.33000; 77.61861
21:
2628:
2627:
2605:Ai-Khanoum plaque
2476:
2475:
2280:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1556:Central Asian art
1530:Russian Turkestan
1525:Chinese Turkestan
1425:Abbasid Caliphate
1389:Anxi Protectorate
1335:Kushano-Sasanians
1300:Macedonian Empire
1295:Achaemenid Empire
1265:Andronovo culture
1245:Sintashta culture
1006:978-9-231-02846-5
967:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
896:
895:
863:
862:
302:Issyk inscription
147:
146:
2688:
2595:Seal of Khingila
2523:Penjikent murals
2144:Kalai Kafirnigan
2031:Koi Krylgan Kala
1840:Turkistan (city)
1825:Steppe Geoglyphs
1589:
1588:
1520:Khanate of Khiva
1480:Chagatai Khanate
1435:Saffarid dynasty
1420:Uyghur Khaganate
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1144:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1017:
1011:
1010:
964:
952:
946:
940:
934:
931:
925:
924:
904:
888:
881:
874:
849:
846:
834:
831:
819:
816:
804:
801:
789:
786:
774:
771:
759:
756:
734:
731:
719:
716:
704:
701:
689:
686:
674:
671:
659:
656:
646:
645:
627:
626:
611:
610:
595:
594:
579:
578:
563:
562:
547:
546:
531:
530:
515:
514:
499:
498:
483:
482:
476:
460:
459:
435:
423:
411:
399:
387:
375:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
92:
83:
82:
76:
64:
55:
54:
48:
31:
24:
20:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2585:Afrasiab murals
2528:Sampul tapestry
2472:
2468:Shahr-e Sukhteh
2458:Bandian complex
2444:
2420:Musalla Complex
2300:Tapa-i Kafariha
2241:
2162:Cave of Dzhebel
2148:
2090:
1927:
1859:
1855:Araltobe kurgan
1746:
1728:
1654:Kizilgaha caves
1625:
1611:Pazyryk burials
1593:Southern Russia
1580:
1544:
1430:Tahirid dynasty
1400:Tokhara Yabghus
1305:Seleucid Empire
1280:Pazyryk culture
1235:Yamnaya culture
1218:
1213:
1151:
1141:
1112:, p. 421
1098:
1093:
1092:
1059:
1055:
1018:
1014:
1007:
975:Puri, Baij Nath
971:Harmatta, János
962:
956:Harmatta, János
953:
949:
941:
937:
932:
928:
921:
905:
901:
892:
859:1st century BCE
847:
832:
817:
802:
787:
772:
757:
732:
717:
702:
687:
672:
657:
640:
639:
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
628:
620:
619:
618:
612:
604:
603:
602:
596:
588:
587:
586:
580:
572:
571:
570:
564:
556:
555:
554:
548:
540:
539:
538:
532:
524:
523:
522:
516:
508:
507:
506:
500:
492:
491:
490:
484:
458:
446:
439:
436:
427:
424:
415:
412:
403:
400:
391:
388:
379:
376:
367:
304:
298:
284:
276:Araltobe barrow
247:
200:
126:
124:
120:
117:
112:
109:
107:
105:
104:
96:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
56:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Bimaran Casket
2542:
2537:
2534:Sogdian Daēnās
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Gardez Ganesha
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Takht-e Rostam
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Dilberjin Tepe
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:Takht-i Sangin
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Guldursun-Kala
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Dalverzin Tepe
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Akchakhan-Kala
1943:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Dunhuang Caves
1701:
1699:Bezeklik Caves
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:Subashi Temple
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Durrani Empire
1512:
1507:
1505:Timurid Empire
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:Vakhsh culture
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1149:External links
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:978-9004160545
1139:
1117:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1053:
1032:(2): 293–329.
1012:
1005:
947:
935:
926:
919:
898:
897:
894:
893:
891:
890:
883:
876:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
842:
836:
835:
833: 300 BCE
827:
821:
820:
818: 300 BCE
812:
806:
805:
803: 350 BCE
797:
791:
790:
782:
776:
775:
767:
761:
760:
752:
746:
745:
742:
736:
735:
733: 500 BCE
727:
721:
720:
718: 500 BCE
712:
706:
705:
703: 550 BCE
697:
691:
690:
688: 650 BCE
682:
676:
675:
673: 700 BCE
667:
661:
660:
658: 800 BCE
652:
642:
641:
630:
629:
621:
614:
613:
605:
598:
597:
589:
582:
581:
573:
566:
565:
557:
550:
549:
541:
534:
533:
525:
518:
517:
509:
502:
501:
493:
486:
485:
477:
471:
470:
469:
468:
465:
464:
457:
454:
453:
452:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
430:
428:
425:
418:
416:
413:
406:
404:
401:
394:
392:
389:
382:
380:
377:
370:
366:
363:
351:Saka languages
331:Khotanese Saka
323:János Harmatta
300:Main article:
297:
294:
283:
280:
272:The Golden man
268:The Golden man
263:The Golden man
259:The Golden man
246:
243:
206:just north of
199:
196:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
102:
98:
97:
87:
78:
77:
71:
70:
69:
68:
59:
50:
49:
43:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2693:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Oxus Treasure
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Orlat plaques
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Dasht-e Nawar
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Monjukli Depe
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Konye-Urgench
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Takht-i Kuwad
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Koshoy Korgon
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Kumtura Caves
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1631:Western China
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Salbyk kurgan
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Arzhan kurgan
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1576:Serindian art
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Mongol Empire
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Ghurid Empire
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Western Turks
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Kushan Empire
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Guiyi Circuit
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Median Empire
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Tagar culture
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:81-208-1408-8
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
957:
951:
944:
939:
930:
922:
920:9781351701587
916:
912:
911:
903:
899:
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
870:
869:
867:
866:
858:
856:
853:
852:
843:
841:
838:
837:
828:
826:
823:
822:
813:
811:
808:
807:
798:
796:
793:
792:
783:
781:
778:
777:
768:
766:
763:
762:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
741:
738:
737:
728:
726:
723:
722:
713:
711:
708:
707:
698:
696:
693:
692:
683:
681:
678:
677:
668:
666:
663:
662:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
633:
617:
601:
585:
569:
553:
537:
521:
505:
489:
475:
467:
466:
462:
461:
451:
448:
447:
434:
429:
422:
417:
410:
405:
398:
393:
386:
381:
374:
369:
368:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:autochthonous
316:
311:
309:
303:
293:
290:
279:
277:
274:found in the
273:
270:: the second
269:
264:
260:
251:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
195:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
143:
140:
136:
131:
103:
99:
75:
47:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2532:
2463:Mount Khajeh
2430:Qala-i-Jangi
2410:Khair Khaneh
2315:Khair Khaneh
2222:Namazga-Tepe
2177:Anau culture
2154:Turkmenistan
2071:Tavka Kurgan
1966:Balalyk Tepe
1883:Burana Tower
1873:Aigyr-Zhal 2
1765:Issyk kurgan
1764:
1500:Kart dynasty
1495:Sufi dynasty
1485:Golden Horde
1410:Oghuz Yabgus
1385:Tang dynasty
1350:Hephthalites
1275:Uyuk culture
1125:
1074:
1070:
1056:
1029:
1025:
1015:
983:
950:
943:Kuzmina 2007
938:
929:
909:
902:
839:
535:
463:Saka kurgans
325:, using the
312:
305:
285:
271:
267:
262:
258:
256:
224:
201:
198:"Golden man"
180:
167:burial mound
151:Issyk kurgan
150:
148:
22:Issyk kurgan
18:
2555:Kabul hoard
2488:Sokh snakes
2440:Surkh Kotal
2405:Haji Piyada
2380:Darra-e Kur
2345:Yemshi Tepe
2340:Tillya Tepe
2335:Tepe Fullol
2325:Tepe Narenj
2320:Tapa Sardar
2310:Fondukistan
2275:Tapa Shotor
2255:Tepe Fullol
2247:Afghanistan
2076:Toprak-Kala
2061:Shahrukhiya
2011:Kampir Tepe
2001:Itchan Kala
1956:Ancient Pap
1913:Shakh Fazil
1785:Krasnyi Yar
1689:Mogao Caves
1649:Kizil Caves
1585:Archaeology
1450:Farighunids
1405:Turk Shahis
1345:Alchon Huns
855:Tillya Tepe
810:Pazyryk-1,2
632:Tillya Tepe
355:Old Ossetic
125: /
101:Coordinates
2635:Categories
2435:Rag-i-Bibi
2260:Ai-Khanoum
2192:Gonur Depe
2187:Dev-Kesken
2124:Kafir-kala
2114:Ajina tepe
2096:Tajikistan
2056:Sarmishsay
2041:Kyzyl-Kala
2021:Khalchayan
2006:Kafir-kala
1986:Fayaz Tepe
1971:Burchmulla
1933:Uzbekistan
1923:Tash Rabat
1898:Manas Ordo
1865:Kyrgyzstan
1752:Kazakhstan
1455:Ghaznavids
1360:Ustrushana
1355:Tocharians
1285:Massagetae
1096:References
780:Eleke Sazy
695:Bes Shatyr
584:Eleke Sazy
359:isoglosses
227:Kazakhstan
155:Kazakhstan
113:77°37′07″E
110:43°19′48″N
2481:Artifacts
2355:Aq Kupruk
2305:Mes Aynak
2237:Ulug Depe
2172:Altyndepe
2119:Cyropolis
2109:Penjikent
2081:Varakhsha
2016:Kara Tepe
1961:Ayaz-Kala
1951:Akhsikath
1941:Afrasiyab
1888:Issyk-Kul
1878:Balasagun
1724:Beshbalik
1601:Sintashta
1561:Silk Road
1490:Ilkhanate
1445:Ma'munids
1340:Kidarites
1048:0079-1636
933:Hall 1997
327:Kharoṣṭhī
178:peoples.
2415:Mundigak
2395:Firozkoh
2285:Shotorak
2104:Bunjikat
1996:Hazorasp
1820:Shilikty
1810:Boralday
1734:Mongolia
1669:Dunhuang
1440:Samanids
1370:Farghana
1223:Polities
1123:(2007).
981:(eds.).
958:(1992).
825:Berel-11
750:Boralday
680:Arzhan-2
665:Shilikty
650:Arzhan-1
552:Boralday
444:See also
343:Bactrian
315:Scythian
310:tribes.
220:Scythian
208:Sogdiana
2671:Kurgans
2661:Scythia
2360:Asqalan
2295:Bimaran
2290:Paitava
2232:Togolok
2167:Abiward
2051:Poykent
2036:Koktepe
1903:Navekat
1780:Kerderi
1770:Jankent
1719:Kashgar
1694:Tumshuq
1639:Bulayïq
1549:Culture
1365:Khuttal
1325:Xiongnu
795:Berel-1
740:Tasmola
600:Tasmola
520:Pazyryk
347:Sogdian
335:Kushans
282:Burials
204:Scythia
165:, is a
161:, near
2425:Nagara
2197:Jeitun
2129:Sarazm
1815:Sawran
1760:Begash
1714:Khotan
1709:Loulan
1320:Yuezhi
1137:
1108:
1077:: 23.
1046:
1003:
997:UNESCO
993:France
917:
765:Salbyk
725:Ingala
710:Taksai
616:Ingala
568:Taksai
504:Arzhan
488:Salbyk
349:, the
231:Almaty
212:kurgan
210:, the
187:Almaty
172:Astana
142:Kurgan
2270:Hadda
2026:Khiva
1918:Suyab
1908:Özgön
1845:Urpek
1830:Sumbe
1795:Otrar
1684:Rawak
1674:Miran
1644:Kucha
1131:BRILL
989:Paris
965:. In
963:(PDF)
840:Issyk
536:Issyk
456:Notes
163:Issyk
2656:Saka
2450:Iran
2227:Nisa
2212:Merv
2182:Anau
1679:Niya
1260:Saka
1135:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1071:Arts
1044:ISSN
1001:ISBN
915:ISBN
308:Saka
289:Saka
216:Saka
176:Saka
149:The
138:Type
1079:doi
1034:doi
1030:121
237:of
2637::
1133:.
1129:.
1075:12
1073:.
1069:.
1063:,
1042:.
1028:.
1024:.
995::
991:,
987:.
973:;
969:;
845:c.
830:c.
815:c.
800:c.
785:c.
770:c.
755:c.
730:c.
715:c.
700:c.
685:c.
670:c.
655:c.
353:,
345:,
241:.
1391:)
1387:(
1208:e
1201:t
1194:v
1143:.
1087:.
1081::
1050:.
1036::
1009:.
923:.
887:e
880:t
873:v
218:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
.jpg)