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disease. Additionally, the concept of "biolinguistic diversity" is a prevalent phenomenon in academic discussions surrounding linguistic extinction. This concept argues that there are clear similarities between the wildlife extinction due to dangerous environmental alterations and the linguistic extinction due to colonialism, and the forced erasure and replacement of indigenous language and culture. Finally, restrictive language policies contribute to the death of indigenous languages, and is a common practice in various regions across the world. Bilingual education and the use of non-dominant languages in educational settings have historically been outlawed in many areas globally, such as
Australia, the United States, Serbia, and East Africa. Although some repressive policies have been reversed in more recent years, the impacts of the established restrictive language policies had already taken their toll.
1025:
842:
as the measles and smallpox epidemics, forced displacement of inhabitants by settlers, and social, political, and economic isolation and exclusion. Some researchers blame the extinction of language in
Australia on a decline in "biolinguistic diversity", a term which identifies a parallel between an area's biodiversity and an area's linguistic diversity. This phenomenon compares the extinction of wildlife upon the introduction of a dangerous predator or extreme change in habitat to the death of indigenous language upon cultural, social, and environmental changes and forced assimilation.
980:, Yamamoto managed to establish an orthography, a dictionary, and teaching materials in the Hualapai language. The program coordinators sought input from Hualapai parents and elders to evaluate the developed curriculum and educational objectives, among other things. The organization's efforts have advanced the development and growth of programs focused on Native American languages and their speakers, both at the local and national levels. Most notably, these efforts resulted in the establishment of the American Indian Languages Development Institute and the creation and passage of the
36:
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are no longer being learned by children," which is a leading cause of lingual extinction. Although small languages face risks of extinction, languages at severe risk of extinction have particularly been said to have an estimated threshold of about 330 speakers or less. Small languages have been quantified to have less than 35,000 speakers, and nearly all languages with 35,000 or more speakers have been found to be all growing at around the same rates.
114:
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The extinction of indigenous language can be seen outside of North
America, as well. Of Australia's at least 250 aboriginal languages, most have now gone extinct with very low likelihood of the remaining languages surviving. Reasons for these declines can be attributed to the spread of diseases, such
775:
It was found that among the languages used in 1950, over 75% of them are now extinct or moribund in the United States, Canada, and
Australia. Meanwhile, less than 10% of languages in sub-Saharan Africa have gone extinct or are moribund. Overall findings show that "19% of the world's living languages
1007:
notion of treasure fit the idea of something that had been buried and almost lost, but was being rediscovered and now shown and shared. And the word treasure also evoked the notion of something belonging exclusively to the Rama people, who now attributed it real value and had become eager and proud
948:
Local indigenous communities have also made efforts to create indigenous-focused pedagogical programs and combat
English monolingualism in schools. For example, in the 1970s, Native Hawaiian language neared extinction. However, the community was able to revitalize the language by advocating for the
845:
Other tribes of Native
Americans were also forced into government schools and reservations. They were also treated badly if they did not become "civilized", which meant they were to go to Christian churches and speak English. They were forced to give up their tribal religious beliefs and languages.
886:
There have been many efforts made by the United
Nations to guarantee the protection of indigenous languages. Articles 13, 14, and 16 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognize indigenous communities' rights to self determination and revitalization of indigenous
803:
to
Oklahoma in the early 19th century. Until the early 20th century, most Yuchi tribe members spoke the language fluently. Then, government boarding schools severely punished American Indian students who were overheard speaking their own language. To avoid beatings and other punishments, Yuchi and
766:
have disappeared. Additionally, there are over 500 different indigenous groups in Latin
America, yet at least 20 percent of them are estimated to have lost their mother tongue. There may be more than 7,000 languages that exist in the world today, though many of them have not been recorded because
912:
1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish and control their educational systems and institutions providing education in their own languages, in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods of teaching and learning. 2. Indigenous individuals, particularly children, have the right to all
863:
Overall, there are many different reasons that can lead to the death of languages. The death of all speakers of an indigenous language can cause languages to become entirely extinct. Much of these deaths occurred during times of colonization, resulting in genocide, war, famine, and the spread of
968:
The
Hualapai Bilingual/Bicultural Education Program based in Peach Springs, Arizona has been recognized as one of the best language revitalization programs in the United States. The organization was created in 1975 when linguist, Akira Yamamoto, began learning the Hualapai language and culture.
894:
1. Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future generations their histories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies, writing systems and literatures, and to designate and retain their own names for communities, places and persons. 2. States shall take
960:
language. Itelmen speakers and the Kamchatkan government have launched several native language development programs, such as the introduction of indigenous language in schools. Additionally, the Kamchatkan government has also aimed to make the Itelmen language more accessible by mass media
916:
3. States shall, in conjunction with indigenous peoples, take effective measures, in order for indigenous individuals, particularly children, including those living outside their communities, to have access, when possible, to an education in their own culture and provided in their own
285:
934:
2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that State-owned media duly reflect indigenous cultural diversity. States, without prejudice to ensuring full freedom of expression, should encourage privately owned media to adequately reflect indigenous cultural
877:. A language is considered healthy when it gains new speakers, and becomes endangered when children stop learning or speaking it. Therefore, implementing indigenous languages into early education can help prevent indigenous languages from disappearing.
872:
The preservation of Indigenous Peoples and culture is contingent on the preservation of indigenous language. According to the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, it is estimated that every two weeks, one indigenous language
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provides the backdrop for an example of language loss in the developed world. It boasts the highest density of indigenous languages in the United States. That includes languages originally spoken in the region, as well as those of
854:
In January 2008, in Anchorage, Alaska, friends and relatives gathered to bid their last farewell to 89 year old Marie Smith Jones, a beloved matriarch of her community. "As they bid her farewell, they also bid farewell to the
808:
In 2005, only five elderly members of the Yuchi tribe were fluent in the language. These remaining speakers spoke Yuchi fluently before they went to school and have maintained the language despite strong pressure to abandon
895:
effective measures to ensure that this right is protected and also to ensure that indigenous peoples can understand and be understood in political, legal and administrative proceedings, where necessary through
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or genocide, aging communities in which the language is not passed on, and oppressive language planning policies that actively seek to eradicate languages. In North America since 1600, at least 52
883:
About 6,000 others can be learned to some extent by listening to recordings made for other purposes, such as religious texts for which translations are available in more widely-known languages.
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Forty six languages are known to have just one native speaker while 357 languages have fewer than 50 speakers. Rare languages are more likely to show evidence of decline than more common ones.
1246:
Amano, Tatsuya; Sandel, Brody; Eager, Heidi; Bulteau, Edouard; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Dalsgaard, Bo; Rahbek, Carsten; Davies, Richard G.; Sutherland, William J. (22 October 2014).
1000:, indigenous language, and "ethnic language" since those names are considered pejorative in the local context. The term is now also used in the context of public storytelling events.
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teaching of public school curriculums solely in Hawaiian. This effort eventually resulted in the Hawaiian language being reinstated as the official language of the State of Hawaii in
362:
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The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (No. 169) of the International Labour Organization also recognizes and upholds the linguistic rights of indigenous communities.
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for which objective criteria are available, or heritage language, which describes an end-state for a language for which individuals are more fluent in a dominant language.
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1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish their own media in their own languages and to have access to all forms of non-indigenous media without discrimination.
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The situation was not limited to Oklahoma. In the Northwest Pacific plateau, there are no speakers left of the indigenous tribal languages from that area all the way to
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or hybrid language. Between the use of Chinook Jargon and the increased presence of English, the number of speakers of indigenous languages dwindled.
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Zuckermann, Ad; Shakuto-Neoh, Shiori; Quer, Giovanni Matteo (2014). "Native Tongue Title: Compensation for the loss of Aboriginal languages".
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Hundreds of indigenous languages around the world are taught by traditional means, including vocabulary, grammar, readings, and recordings.
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Grinevald, Colette; Pivot, Bénédicte (2013). "On the revitalization of a 'treasure language': The Rama Language Project of Nicaragua".
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United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, General Assembly on 13 September 2007
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United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, General Assembly on 13 September 2007
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United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, General Assembly on 13 September 2007
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McCarty, Teresa L.; Zepeda, Ofelia (January 1995). "Indigenous Language Education and Literacy: Introduction to the Theme Issue".
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they belong to tribes in rural areas of the world or are not easily accessible. Some languages are very close to disappearing:
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829:. The reservation held members of 27 different Indian bands speaking many languages. In order to communicate, people adopted
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1172:"UN DESA Policy Brief No. 151: Why Indigenous languages matter: The International Decade on Indigenous Languages 2022–2032"
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The term "treasure language" references the desire of speakers to sustain the use of their mother tongue into the future:
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Similar efforts were made in Kamchatka, Russia, where indigenous peoples of the region fought for the preservation of the
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Indigenous languages are disappearing for various reasons, including the mass extinction of entire speaker communities by
850:" to share culture, stories, remedies, dances, music, rhythms, recipes and heritage with anyone who wants to learn them.
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broadcasting native language content and sharing songs in Itelmen via online platforms and apps within the Itelmen
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Yamamoto was driven by a desire to develop resources that would help preserve the language for children.
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Hale, Ken (1992). "Endangered languages: On endangered languages and the safeguarding of diversity".
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1297:"Are the World's Languages Consolidating? The Dynamics and Distribution of Language Populations"
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Wurm, Stephen A. (March 1991). "Language Death and Disappearance: Causes and Circumstances".
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Now, Native Americans are trying to regain some of their lost heritage. They gather at "
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United Nations General Assembly, 71st session, Third Committee, 16 November 2016
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Indigenous Languages of the Americas: A Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses
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Making Dictionaries: preserving indigenous languages of the Americas. Berkeley:
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and the urgent need to preserve, revitalize and promote indigenous languages."
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The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA)
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other Indian children abandoned their native languages in favor of English.
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Simons, Gary F.; Lewis, M. Paul (2013). "The world's languages in crisis".
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711:. Also, national languages are not necessarily indigenous to the country.
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Canadian Indigenous Languages and Literacy Development Institute (CILLDI)
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the generational passage of their ancestral languages and have instead
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1217:. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 142. pp. 3–20.
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Language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous peoples
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Challenges and needs for developing content in Indigenous Languages
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levels and forms of education of the State without discrimination.
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Austlang: the Australian Indigenous Languages Database at AIATSIS
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UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Economic Analysis
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734:. Furthermore, many indigenous languages have been subject to
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1670:"The Hualapai Bilingual/Bicultural Education Program (HBBEP)"
1248:"Global distribution and drivers of language extinction risk"
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he provision of interpretation or by other appropriate means.
796:
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1884:
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Accordingly, the term may be considered to be distinct from
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825:, established in 1855, was home to the endangered language
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is both an indigenous language and an official language of
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1906:
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1422:
Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages
1372:
Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages
738:(language killing). Recognizing their vulnerability, the
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Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing
1397:
Atlas of the world's languages in danger of disappearing
1296:
1252:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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1535:
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as Marie was the last fluent speaker of the language."
1768:
The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice
1508:
Ostler, Rosemarie (1999). "Disappearing languages".
1480:Glavin, Maywa; Montenegro, Terry (7 October 2008).
1075:
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
992:The term "treasure language" was proposed by the
1918:
1802:Frawley, William, & Hill, Kenneth C. (2002)
1479:
1191:"Alarm raised on world's disappearing languages"
987:
1340:"Enduring Voices Project, Endangered Languages"
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1866:Wurm, S. A. & Heyward, Ian (eds.) (2001)
1600:
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1501:
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695:that is native to a region and spoken by its
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43:The examples and perspective in this article
1766:Hinton, Leanne; Hale, Kenneth, eds. (2001).
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699:. Indigenous languages are not necessarily
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744:International Year of Indigenous Languages
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1823:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181920.001.0001
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1420:Nettle, Daniel; Romaine, Suzanne (2000).
1370:Nettle, Daniel; Romaine, Suzanne (2000).
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81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1812:
1621:
1023:
972:After receiving a three-year grant from
1659:
1142:
714:Many indigenous peoples worldwide have
14:
1919:
1507:
1295:Clingingsmith, David (February 2017).
1188:
748:critical loss of indigenous languages
1885:Alaska Native Language Center (ANLC)
1630:
1444:
1394:
789:forcibly relocated onto reservations
29:
1008:of being able to show it to others.
322:United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)
24:
1742:"Languages Treasured but Not Lost"
1215:Responses to Language Endangerment
996:of Nicaragua as an alternative to
787:tribes from other areas that were
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1958:
1895:Aboriginal Languages of Australia
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1040:Australian Aboriginal languages
1806:University of California Press
1615:10.1080/15235882.1995.10668587
1582:. ForeignLanguageExpertise.com
1288:
1239:
1182:
1147:. Cambridge University Press.
1136:
1125:
1092:
703:but they can be; for example,
13:
1:
1932:Languages by place in society
1890:Indigenous Language Institute
1536:"Reviews of Language Courses"
1395:Wurm, Stephen A, ed. (2001).
1189:Connor, Steve (14 May 2003).
1101:Australian Aboriginal Studies
1085:
982:Native American Languages Act
1718:10.1017/CBO9781139245890.018
1580:"Geographic Language Museum"
7:
1813:Harrison, K. David (2007).
1560:. Global Recordings Network
1424:. Oxford University Press.
1374:. Oxford University Press.
1345:National Geographic Society
1019:
327:GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1963:
1840:Singerman, Robert (1996).
1603:Bilingual Research Journal
1482:"In Defense of Difference"
1459:10.1177/039219219103915302
868:Education and preservation
746:"to draw attention to the
179:Governmental organizations
764:Native American languages
515:Indigenous decolonization
335:NGOs and political groups
1558:"Countries of the World"
887:language and education.
348:Amazon Conservation Team
1710:Keeping Languages Alive
1674:UW College of Education
1143:Crystal, David (2002).
1070:Language revitalization
978:Bilingual Education Act
1264:10.1098/rspb.2014.1574
1223:10.1075/slcs.142.01sim
1060:Linguistic imperialism
1035:
1010:
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906:
861:
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689:autochthonous language
423:Survival International
304:International Treaties
18:Autochthonous language
1937:Linguistic minorities
1776:10.1163/9789004261723
1748:. Oakland. 2016-02-17
1080:Stratum (linguistics)
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1005:
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907:
889:
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154:Traditional knowledge
139:Intellectual property
1712:. pp. 181–197.
1301:The Economic Journal
742:proclaimed 2019 the
164:Water and sanitation
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1844:. Scarecrow Press.
1492:on 11 October 2008.
1178:. 10 February 2023.
1014:endangered language
988:"Treasure language"
685:indigenous language
540:Uncontacted peoples
530:Settler colonialism
1927:Indigenous peoples
1815:When Languages die
1688:"Welcome to AILDI"
1313:10.1111/ecoj.12257
1258:(1793): 20141574.
1055:Language education
1045:Formosan languages
1036:
1033:Wikimedia projects
823:Siletz reservation
701:national languages
697:indigenous peoples
488:Discovery doctrine
473:Civilizing mission
291:BBNJ ABS Committee
1947:Indigenous rights
1942:Linguistic rights
1851:978-0-8108-3032-5
1832:978-0-19-518192-0
1785:978-90-04-26172-3
1727:978-1-139-24589-0
1649:Project MUSE
1431:978-0-19-513624-1
1406:978-92-3-103798-6
1381:978-0-19-513624-1
1232:978-90-272-0609-1
1154:978-0-521-01271-3
1065:Minority language
998:heritage language
726:as part of their
724:majority language
681:
680:
535:Truth commissions
463:Aboriginal titles
378:Cultural Survival
296:Indigenous Caucus
106:Indigenous rights
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65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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1752:2017-05-09
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1538:. Lang1234
1399:. UNESCO.
1356:2010-07-08
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408:Land Back
71:June 2017
59:talk page
1633:Language
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286:WIPO IGC
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