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Arabic peoples". The core area where this "new art" of classical
Islamic music succeeded stretched "from the Nile valley to Persia". However, many parts of the Muslim world did not adopt the "new art" of classical Islamic music, or adopted it but also kept native music forms which were "alien" to classical Islamic music. In general, the farther from the area between the Nile and Persia one travels, "the less one finds undiluted Islamic music."
595:
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According to scholar Jacob M. Landau, "a fusion of musical styles" was able to develop between "pre-Islamic
Arabian music" and the music of Persians, Byzantines, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Turks, Moors, because of "strong affinities between Arabic music and the music of the nations occupied by the expanding
449:
At least one scholar (Jacob M. Landau) makes the generalization about
Islamic music that it "is characterized by a highly subtle organization of melody and rhythm", that "the vocal component predominates over the instrumental", and that the individual musician "is permitted, and indeed encouraged, to
1344:
Strictly speaking, the words 'Islamic religious music' present a contradiction in terms. The practice of orthodox Sunni and Shi'a Islam does not involve any activity recognized within Muslim cultures as 'music'. The melodious recitation of the Holy Qur'an and the call to prayer are central to Islam,
526:
All of these regions were connected by trade long before the
Islamic conquests of the 7th century, and it is likely that musical styles travelled the same routes as trade goods. However, lacking recordings, we can only speculate as to the pre-Islamic music of these areas. Islam must have had a great
1345:
but generic terms for music have never been applied to them. Instead, specialist designations have been used. However, a wide variety of religious and spiritual genres that use musical instruments exists, usually performed at various public and private assemblies outside the orthodox sphere.
832:
modes, and is generally distinct in style and orchestration, yet due to the strong links encountered between the Middle-East, Central Asia, and South Asia, it is closer to Middle-Eastern styles than those of the periphery of the
Islamic world, which tend to be purely indigenous.
437:. Due to Islam being a multi-ethnic religion, the musical expression of its adherents is vastly diverse. Indigenous traditions of various part have influenced the musical styles popular among Muslims today. The word "music" in Arabic, the language of Islam, (
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and Arabic speaking countries of
Central and Western North Africa, such as Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia, share some musical traditions with Egypt and the Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East. Popular modern styles of music such as
446:) is defined more narrowly than in English or some other languages, and "its concept" was at least originally "reserved for secular art music; separate names and concepts belonged to folk songs and to religious chants".
1017:
Nasheeds are moral, religious recitations recited in various melodies by some
Muslims of today without any musical instruments. However, some nasheed groups use percussion instruments, such as the
1247:), or "modes," characteristic melodic patterns with prescribed scales, preferential notes, typical melodic and rhythmic formulas, variety of intonations, and other conventional devices."
1301:
Although there are a wide variety of opinions on the permissibility of musical instruments, those who produce
Islamic music with instruments often feature the following instruments:
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is historically disputed, and with the advent of a whole new generation of Muslim musicians who try to blend their work and faith, the issue "has taken on extra significance".
1069:
However, Sufis may also perform devotional songs in public, for the enjoyment and edification of listeners. The mood is religious, but the gathering is not a worship service.
401:
may refer to religious music, as performed in
Islamic public services or private devotions, or more generally to musical traditions of the Muslim world. The heartland of
1147:, which is more meditative and involves solo singing as opposed to the ensemble form seen in qawwali. The most widely known exponent of the Kafi is the Pakistani singer
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1162:, was formed in the 1990s to bring a modern twist to suit the new younger generation. The band achieved wide popularity, in Pakistan as well as in the West.
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music—Ta'zieh is a passion play, part musical drama, part religious drama, rarely performed outside Iran. It depicts the martyrdom of
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The dhikr of South Asian
Muslims is "quietist". The Sufi services best known in the West are the chanting and rhythmic dancing of the
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There are also local music genres in Muslim-majority regions in Southeast Asia that are influenced by Arabian traditions, such as the
644:, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between
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1118:—songs of intoxication and yearning, which use the language of romantic love to express the soul's longing for union with the divine.
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principles, than to Arabic musical philosophy. Variations of one of two main scales prevail in the region among different ensembles:
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influence on music, as it united vast areas under the first caliphs, and facilitated trade between distant lands. Certainly, the
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Shiloah, Amnon (1995). "Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-cultural study." Wayne State University Press. Detroit.
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music based on historical accounts and praise-singing exists in the region. Wind and string instruments, such as the
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Thikiri (from the Arabic word "Dhikr") which means remembrance of God—performed by the Qadiriyya Sufi orders of
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have been heavily influenced by Turkic and Persian culture. Bowed instruments are common, as is bardic singing.
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461:. Islamic music is also credited with influencing European and Western music; for example, French musicologist
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originated in Berber countries. In addition, West African influences can be heard in the popular music of
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The music of South East Asia's Muslim-majority regions is more closely related to the musical genres of
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In Turkey, once the seat of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate, concerts of sacred song are called "
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existed in the region before the arrival of Islam, and musical theory and method owe more to heavy
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1112:—songs in praise of the illustrious teachers of the Sufi brotherhood to which the musicians belong
900:. As a result, many local musical styles predate the coming of Islam, although exceptions include
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qawwali performances typically follow the naat with a manqabat in praise of Ali, and sometimes a
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people in East and Southern Africa (Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa).
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According to scholar Jacob M. Landau, in Islamic music, "melodies are organized in terms of
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In Java, use of the gamelan for Islamic devotional music was encouraged by the Muslim saint
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632:. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as
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Islam is the largest and oldest organized religion in this region, although indigenous
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1021:. Singing moral songs of this type without instrumentation is considered permissible (
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West African musical genres are more varied, and tend to incorporate both native and
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styles and genres are more prominent than those influenced by Middle-Eastern theory.
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mourning period, commemorating the deaths of Imam Hussein and his followers. (Shia)
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In South Asia, especially Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, a widely known style of
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Revival and Reconciliation: Sacred Music in the Making of European Modernity
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1833:"Afropop Worldwide | Feature: Africans in the Arabian (Persian) Gulf"
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or "voice"). Instruments prominently featured in Somali music include the
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1899:"Scholars and musicians hotly debate whether music is permissible or not"
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has been significantly less influenced by Middle Eastern traditions than
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is disputed. Regardless, Islamic art and music flourished during the
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Bhattacharyya, Prasanta; Ghosh, Tapan Kumar (December 14, 2016).
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1258:), and they have a "cyclical patterns of strong and weak beats".
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Eckhard Neubauer, Veronica Doubleday, Islamic religious music,
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1129:, a lamentation over the death of much of Ali's family at the
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Historically, the question of whether music is permitted in
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1981:, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
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Another traditional South Asian genre of Sufi music is the
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816:) as well as countries with sizeable Muslim minorities (
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The most well-known qawwali singer in modern times is
922:), all of which show strong Middle Eastern influence.
1747:
Mapping out the Rushdie Republic: Some Recent Surveys
1154:
Sufi music has developed with the times. A Pakistani
1961:
Music and Musical Instruments in the World of Islam
1055:or zikr. See that article for further elaboration.
541:has roots going back more than 1,000 years, to the
1776:Bohlman, Philip V.; Werkman, Mary (June 7, 2013).
1743:
480:
1922:
1854:
1091:. A traditional qawwali programme would include:
800:The music of the Muslim countries of South Asia (
477:("The Great Book of Music") with this influence.
4026:
1923:Neubauer, Eckhardt; Doubleday, Veronica (2001).
745:are also widely played among Muslim populations
1855:Neubauer, Eckhard; Doubleday, Veronica (2001).
1721:
1719:
1002:Types of Muslim devotional recitation and music
828:) merged Middle Eastern genres with indigenous
2957:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
1959:Jenkins, Jean and Olsen, Poul Rovsing (1976).
1775:
753:Many of the countries in Central Asia such as
737:, although percussion instruments such as the
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3521:
3037:
2031:
2007:
1372:
379:
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1692:
1690:
1688:
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1365:Islamic art and music flourished during the
441:
1891:
1358:The question of permissibility of music in
85:A Musical Gathering – Ottoman, 18th century
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3919:
3528:
3514:
3044:
3030:
2941:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
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2024:
485:
386:
372:
1811:. Time Home Entertainment. May 24, 2019.
1677:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
3535:
2994:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
862:
785:
593:
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
2914:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
1937:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52787
1869:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52787
1771:
1769:
1767:
1739:
1737:
1725:
1610:Afghanistan National Institute of Music
1333:Differences of opinion over prohibition
1166:Music for public religious celebrations
1080:"). Song forms include ilahi and nefe.
4027:
1801:
1799:
16:Musical traditions of the Muslim world
3914:
3509:
3025:
2019:
2006:
1764:
1734:
1352:New Grove Dictionary of Music online
1265:
18:
3940:
3051:
2921:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
1796:
1212:—moral songs performed in Ethiopia.
616:. That is, the songs only use five
535:, spread their music far and wide.
442:
13:
1916:
1696:
1051:worship services are often called
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4046:
2822:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
1750:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1377:Notable nasheed artists include:
858:
709:influences, rather than those of
589:
3220:Reception in early modern Europe
3215:Contributions to Medieval Europe
2267:
1269:
1218:—Arabic hymns praising Muhammad.
713:origin. A long history of court
23:
2045:
748:
628:(seven note) scale such as the
552:
481:Secular and folk musical styles
1848:
1839:
1825:
1537:Notable Sufi singers include:
1261:
679:
494:
1:
1671:
1435:Syech bin Abdul Qodir Assegaf
1106:—a song in praise of Muhammad
987:(both of which originated in
775:
733:) are generally preferred to
3456:Arab Agricultural Revolution
2979:Mathematics and architecture
1782:. Scarecrow Press, Chicago.
1250:rhythmic modes are known as
7:
1963:. World of Islam Festival.
1931:. Oxford University Press.
1901:. Irish Times. 21 July 2006
1602:
1191:music—performed during the
471:Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi
469:in Islamic history credits
10:
4051:
1373:Contemporary Islamic music
1336:
1099:—a song in praise of Allah
1033:
1027:
1010:
1006:
881:
779:
683:
3948:
3810:
3702:
3543:
3448:
3408:Geography and cartography
3376:
3314:
3228:
3180:
3122:
3114:Influences on Western art
3059:
2962:Influences on Western art
2930:
2898:
2774:
2736:
2692:
2662:
2589:
2556:
2547:
2482:
2461:
2420:
2372:
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2283:
2276:
2265:
2189:
2062:
2053:
2013:
2008:Links to related articles
1925:"Islamic religious music"
1857:"Islamic religious music"
1821:– via Google Books.
1792:– via Google Books.
1760:– via Google Books.
604:player Nuruddin Ali Amaan
531:, brotherhoods of Muslim
465:in his assessment of the
463:Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger
362:Islamization of knowledge
245:Science in medieval times
1222:
475:Kitabu l'musiqi al-kabir
1726:Al-Shawkani, Muhammed.
1650:Religious music in Iran
516:Turkish classical music
486:Classical Islamic music
53:more precise citations.
2952:Indo-Saracenic Revival
1979:The Music of the Arabs
1395:– United Arab Emirates
1356:
967:influence, as well as
879:
797:
729:flute (similar to the
605:
86:
3391:Alchemy and chemistry
2907:Empire of the Sultans
1845:Abdullahi, pp.170–171
1699:"Islamic Arts. Music"
1542:Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
1360:Islamic jurisprudence
1342:
1138:Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
1034:Further information:
866:
789:
770:Music of Central Asia
597:
455:Islamic jurisprudence
84:
3537:Middle Eastern music
2870:Arab World Institute
2680:Ottoman illumination
1076:" (or "gathering of
874:musical ensemble in
838:Music of Afghanistan
173:(Islamic monotheism)
139:Early social changes
134:Early historiography
3301:Early social change
3200:Early social change
1417:Al-Andalus Ensemble
843:Music of Bangladesh
2947:Aniconism in Islam
2885:Toronto (Aga Khan)
2842:Khalili Collection
2707:Geometric patterns
2115:Bahmani and Deccan
1975:Habib Hassan Touma
1929:Grove Music online
1861:Grove Music Online
1367:Islamic Golden Age
1281:. You can help by
1060:whirling dervishes
1025:) by many Muslims.
955:ensembles such as
880:
798:
686:West African music
606:
545:period, under the
459:Islamic Golden Age
87:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4015:
3908:
3907:
3669:Ottoman classical
3659:Iranian classical
3503:
3502:
3471:elementary school
3089:Geometric pattern
3019:
3018:
2688:
2687:
2543:
2542:
2515:Hardstone carving
2412:Chinese influence
2263:
2262:
2249:Stucco decoration
1946:978-1-56159-263-0
1878:978-1-56159-263-0
1818:978-1-5478-4903-1
1789:978-0-8108-8269-0
1757:978-1-4438-5562-4
1697:Landau, Jacob M.
1578:Noted composers:
1299:
1298:
1131:Battle of Karbala
1066:Sufis of Turkey.
937:of the people of
853:Music of Pakistan
848:Music of Maldives
830:classical musical
624:in contrast to a
467:Abbasid Caliphate
396:
395:
148:Modern philosophy
79:
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71:
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3378:Medieval science
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2858:Majorelle Garden
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2387:Hispano-Moresque
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2080:Anatolian Seljuk
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1560:Munshi Raziuddin
1527:– United Kingdom
1515:– United Kingdom
1497:– United Kingdom
1485:– United Kingdom
1479:– United Kingdom
1473:– United Kingdom
1449:– United Kingdom
1405:Akagündüz Kutbay
1389:– United Kingdom
1354:
1294:
1291:
1273:
1266:
931:Sundanese people
892:Muslim-majority
614:pentatonic scale
612:is based on the
584:Music of Morocco
579:Music of Algeria
445:
444:
388:
381:
374:
333:
326:
324:Classical Arabic
182:
174:
89:
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63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
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3361:Early sociology
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3274:decision-making
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3205:Early conquests
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3055:
3053:Islamic studies
3050:
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3015:
2984:Moorish Revival
2932:
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2894:
2811:Calligraphy Art
2777:
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2505:Enamelled glass
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2284:Regional styles
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2185:
2156:Sudano-Sahelian
2063:Regional styles
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2009:
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1917:Further reading
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1503:– United States
1491:– United States
1447:Hamza Robertson
1375:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1339:Islam and music
1335:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1279:needs expansion
1264:
1225:
1181:, venerated by
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1004:
890:
882:Main articles:
869:Arab-Indonesian
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684:Main articles:
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102:Islamic studies
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3811:Related topics
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3269:use of analogy
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3195:Historiography
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3011:Topkapı Scroll
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2529:Stained glass
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2500:Damascus steel
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2014:
2011:
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2001:
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1957:
1945:
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1733:
1730:. Vol. 8.
1728:Nayl Al-Awtaar
1715:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Islamic poetry
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1589:Resul Pookutty
1586:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1554:Sabri Brothers
1551:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1533:– South Africa
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1459:Junaid Jamshed
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1423:Dawud Wharnsby
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1393:Ahmed Bukhatir
1390:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1347:
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1274:
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1237:
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1207:
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1120:
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1113:
1107:
1100:
1074:Mehfil-e-Sama'
1028:Main article:
1011:Main article:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:Sunan Kalijogo
918:(derived from
860:
859:Southeast Asia
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
777:
774:
773:
772:
750:
747:
681:
678:
591:
590:Horn of Africa
588:
587:
586:
581:
554:
551:
549:and Abbasids.
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:Egyptian music
503:
496:
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487:
484:
482:
479:
415:Horn of Africa
394:
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176:
166:
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161:Concept of God
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136:
128:
127:
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119:
114:
108:
105:
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98:
97:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4047:
4036:
4035:Islamic music
4033:
4032:
4030:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
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3979:
3976:
3974:
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3969:
3966:
3964:
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3947:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Turkish makam
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3827:Assyrian folk
3824:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Saudi Arabian
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3459:
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3429:
3428:ophthalmology
3426:
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3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
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3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:Jurisprudence
3262:
3260:
3257:
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3115:
3112:
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2523:
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2520:Ivory carving
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2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1998:0-8143-2589-0
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:0-931340-88-8
1984:
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1976:
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1969:0-905035-11-9
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1834:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
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1683:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
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1653:
1651:
1648:
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1638:
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1628:
1626:
1623:
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1618:
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1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:Abida Parveen
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
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1499:
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1463:
1460:
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1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:Ahmad Hussain
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:Traditional:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1277:This section
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:Abida Parveen
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
999:
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:
980:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
914:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
889:
885:
877:
873:
870:
867:"Al-Ushyaaq"
865:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
792:
788:
783:
771:
768:
767:
766:
764:
760:
756:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
691:
690:African music
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
600:
596:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
550:
548:
544:
540:
539:Khaliji music
536:
534:
530:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Iranian music
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
492:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Islamic music
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
367:
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
354:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
332:
328:
325:
321:
320:
318:
314:
313:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
288:
287:
280:
279:Ophthalmology
275:
271:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
246:
243:
242:
237:
234:
232:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:Jurisprudence
189:
188:
183:
177:
175:
171:
167:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
151:
149:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
103:
100:
99:
95:
91:
90:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:November 2015
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3967:
3887:Arabic maqam
3851:Pontic Greek
3835:Israeli folk
3478:Sufi studies
3449:Other fields
3329:Contemporary
3252:consultation
3098:
3074:Architecture
3003:
2999:Pseudo-Kufic
2939:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2828:Kuala Lumpur
2726:
2489:
2253:
2105:Indo-Islamic
2095:Great Seljuk
2055:Architecture
1978:
1960:
1950:. Retrieved
1928:
1903:. Retrieved
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1860:
1850:
1841:
1827:
1808:LIFE Aladdin
1807:
1778:
1746:
1727:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1595:Rohail Hyatt
1583:A. R. Rahman
1577:
1536:
1495:Nazeel Azami
1483:Muslim Belal
1477:Mesut Kurtis
1471:Mecca2Medina
1441:Hamza Namira
1364:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1303:
1300:
1287:
1283:adding to it
1278:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1229:Arabic Maqam
1216:Madih nabawi
1153:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1057:
1047:
1016:
993:
982:
976:
942:
934:
926:
924:
915:
908:
891:
871:
799:
763:Turkmenistan
752:
749:Central Asia
739:talking drum
704:
693:
669:
665:
657:
649:
610:Somali music
607:
556:
553:North Africa
537:
525:
521:Yemeni music
501:Arabic music
489:
474:
452:
450:improvise".
448:
438:
431:Central Asia
411:North Africa
398:
397:
356:Other topics
342:
304:Architecture
210:Etiquettical
169:
146: /
65:
56:
37:
4008:Zoroastrian
3988:Rastafarian
3891:Iraqi maqam
3777:Palestinian
3648:Palestinian
3418:Mathematics
3079:Calligraphy
2931:Principles,
2899:Exhibitions
2852:Marrakech (
2848:Los Angeles
2816:Jerusalem (
2778:collections
2729:Calligraphy
2609:Indo-Muslim
2591:Calligraphy
2525:Mosque lamp
2483:Other media
2402:Mina'i ware
2291:Bangladeshi
2047:Islamic art
1655:Sufi poetry
1566:Fareed Ayaz
1531:Zain Bhikha
1525:Yusuf Islam
1519:Yahya Hawwa
1489:Native Deen
1437:– Indonesia
1431:– Indonesia
1429:Haddad Alwi
1399:Ahmet Özhan
1262:Instruments
939:Probolinggo
802:Afghanistan
680:West Africa
654:songwriters
630:major scale
495:Middle East
423:West Africa
407:Middle East
309:Calligraphy
266:Mathematics
236:Theological
156:Eschatology
51:introducing
3694:Luri music
3493:philosophy
3440:Psychology
3413:Inventions
3366:solidarity
3316:Philosophy
3296:Secularism
3210:Golden Age
3147:Capitalism
3094:Literature
3005:Stilfragen
2933:influences
2805:Istanbul (
2738:The garden
2694:Decoration
2663:Other arts
2558:Miniatures
2443:Embroidery
2397:Lustreware
2256:Decoration
2219:Mashrabiya
2127:Indonesian
1952:2021-04-12
1884:2021-04-12
1703:Britannica
1672:References
1665:Sufi music
1597:– Pakistan
1574:– Pakistan
1572:Alam Lohar
1568:– Pakistan
1556:– Pakistan
1550:– Pakistan
1544:– Pakistan
1513:Sami Yusuf
1509:– Malaysia
1465:Maher Zain
1461:– Pakistan
1383:– Pakistan
1381:Atif Aslam
1315:, bendir,
1254:(singular
1243:(singular
1085:Sufi music
1030:Sufi music
953:Gong chime
945:South East
913:Indonesian
911:, and the
898:South Asia
806:Bangladesh
780:See also:
776:South Asia
759:Tajikistan
755:Uzbekistan
735:percussion
626:heptatonic
435:South Asia
317:Literature
259:Inventions
215:Hygienical
179:Mysticism
117:Philosophy
34:references
3958:Christian
3752:Jordanian
3703:By region
3551:Arabesque
3488:cosmology
3483:mysticism
3461:Education
3401:cosmology
3396:Astronomy
3356:Astrology
3339:dialectic
3247:consensus
3242:Democracy
3157:Socialism
3124:Economics
3069:Arabesque
2967:Grotesque
2880:Singapore
2864:Melbourne
2702:Arabesque
2131:Malaysian
1905:27 August
1708:4 January
1453:Imad Rami
1411:Abu Ratib
1156:Sufi rock
1110:Manqabats
1044:Sufi rock
961:Kulintang
949:East Asia
894:Indonesia
888:Kulintang
826:Sri Lanka
725:lute, or
646:lyricists
299:Astrology
254:Astronomy
231:Political
4029:Category
3983:Neopagan
3953:Buddhist
3767:Lebanese
3720:Egyptian
3710:Bahraini
3644:Lebanese
3625:Egyptian
3601:Assyrian
3544:By style
3423:Medicine
3386:Timeline
3334:Theology
3291:Quietism
3259:Feminism
3234:politics
3190:Timeline
2972:Moresque
2832:London (
2776:Museums,
2761:Paradise
2746:Charbagh
2727:See also
2629:Nastaliq
2619:Muhaqqaq
2550:the book
2462:Woodwork
2421:Textiles
2382:Fritware
2254:See also
2239:Muqarnas
2234:Mocárabe
2191:Elements
1977:(1996).
1603:See also
1467:– Sweden
1425:– Canada
1407:– Turkey
1401:– Turkey
1348:—
1290:May 2008
1193:Muharram
1185:Muslims.
973:Buddhist
927:tagonian
814:Pakistan
810:Maldives
696:Sahelian
634:Ethiopia
547:Umayyads
274:Medicine
225:Military
205:Economic
200:Criminal
181:(Sufism)
122:Theology
94:a series
92:Part of
3968:Islamic
3867:Fantezi
3862:Dastgah
3855:Turkish
3847:Persian
3843:Kurdish
3797:Turkish
3762:Kuwaiti
3757:Kurdish
3747:Israeli
3737:Iranian
3732:Emirati
3715:Cypriot
3687:Turkish
3683:Iranian
3652:Turkish
3633:Israeli
3629:Iranian
3616:Hip hop
3609:Turkish
3605:Iranian
3576:khaliji
3572:Bedouin
3568:al-jeel
3556:Turkish
3435:Physics
3279:schools
3182:History
3172:Welfare
3152:Poverty
3142:Banking
3132:History
3109:Pottery
3084:Gardens
2989:Mudéjar
2890:Tripoli
2868:Paris (
2838:V&A
2766:Persian
2756:Ottoman
2670:Muraqqa
2649:Thuluth
2634:Persian
2581:Persian
2576:Ottoman
2548:Arts of
2533:Shabaka
2407:Persian
2374:Pottery
2359:Turkish
2354:Persian
2329:Carpets
2318:Ottoman
2314:Turkish
2308:Safavid
2296:Persian
2229:Minaret
2204:Banna'i
2176:Umayyad
2171:Timurid
2161:Swahili
2151:Ottoman
2146:Moorish
2136:Iranian
2110:Bengali
2090:Fatimid
2085:Chinese
2075:Ayyubid
2070:Abbasid
1645:Nasheed
1591:– India
1585:– India
1562:– India
1521:– Syria
1455:– Syria
1443:– Egypt
1419:– Spain
1413:– Syria
1323:, etc.)
1241:maqāmāt
1234:Dastgah
1210:Manzuma
1189:Ashurah
1179:Hussein
1172:Ta'zieh
1127:marsiya
1116:Ghazals
1089:qawwali
1064:Mevlevi
1036:Qawwali
1013:Nasheed
1007:Nasheed
978:slendro
965:Chinese
957:Gamelan
935:glipang
929:of the
884:Gamelan
876:Jakarta
791:Qawwali
782:Qawwali
700:Saharan
662:singers
660:), and
642:Eritrea
618:pitches
543:Islamic
533:mystics
419:Balkans
405:is the
348:Pottery
220:Marital
112:History
47:improve
4003:Taoist
3993:Shinto
3973:Jewish
3882:Khigga
3839:Jewish
3802:Yemeni
3792:Syrian
3782:Qatari
3725:Coptic
3679:Arabic
3664:Jewish
3638:Jewish
3621:Arabic
3591:Coptic
3563:Arabic
3466:Ijazah
3346:Ethics
3137:Agency
3104:Poetry
2874:Louvre
2854:Museum
2801:Ghazni
2786:Berlin
2751:Mughal
2722:Zellij
2654:Tughra
2604:Diwani
2599:Arabic
2571:Mughal
2566:Arabic
2474:Minbar
2469:Khatam
2453:Suzani
2448:Soumak
2433:Damask
2364:Prayer
2347:Motifs
2244:Sitara
2224:Mihrab
2181:Yemeni
2141:Mamluk
2120:Mughal
1996:
1985:
1967:
1943:
1875:
1815:
1786:
1754:
1660:Sufism
1635:Mehfil
1630:Mawlid
1615:Durood
1507:Raihan
1321:rebana
1252:īqāʿāt
1160:Junoon
1158:band,
1042:, and
920:Qanbus
916:Gambus
878:, 1949
872:Gambus
743:djembe
727:Tambin
721:harp,
707:Berber
622:octave
599:Somali
568:Chaabi
559:Berber
443:موسيقى
439:mūsīqā
433:, and
421:, and
413:, the
331:Poetry
170:Tawhid
36:, but
3963:Hindu
3877:Kanto
3831:belly
3818:Dance
3772:Omani
3742:Iraqi
3580:samri
3351:Logic
3324:Early
3306:State
3286:Peace
3167:Usury
3162:Trust
3099:Music
2791:Cairo
2716:tiles
2712:Girih
2675:Hilya
2644:Taliq
2624:Naskh
2614:Kufic
2510:Glass
2495:Brass
2490:Music
2428:Batik
2392:Iznik
2342:Kilim
2304:Qajar
2300:Early
2199:Ablaq
2166:Tatar
2100:Hausa
1640:Na'at
1327:Gongs
1309:Drums
1245:maqām
1223:Modes
1200:waYao
1123:Shi'a
1104:na`at
1078:Sama'
1053:dhikr
1023:halal
984:pelog
969:Hindu
909:Joget
905:Zapin
902:Malay
822:Nepal
818:India
795:India
723:xalam
715:griot
670:kaban
658:lahan
650:midho
638:Sudan
608:Most
572:Gnawa
529:Sufis
403:Islam
343:Music
144:Early
3998:Sikh
3900:Usul
3872:Iqa'
3823:Arab
3596:Folk
3584:sawt
3232:and
3061:Arts
2807:Arts
2796:Doha
2639:Sini
2438:Ikat
2277:Arts
2214:Jali
2209:Iwan
1994:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1907:2021
1873:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1710:2022
1620:Hamd
1501:Raef
1317:zarb
1256:īqāʿ
1183:Shia
1176:Imam
1145:Kafi
1097:hamd
1049:Sufi
1040:Kafi
1019:daff
989:Java
981:and
959:and
947:and
933:and
907:and
886:and
824:and
812:and
761:and
741:and
719:Kora
711:Arab
698:and
688:and
666:odka
620:per
566:and
557:The
427:Iran
290:Arts
3893:),
3849:,
3674:Pop
3230:Law
2337:Gul
1933:doi
1865:doi
1313:daf
1285:.
1204:Yao
1202:or
1087:is
1062:or
991:).
793:in
731:ney
676:).
674:oud
652:),
640:or
602:oud
564:Raï
473:'s
425:,
4031::
3853:,
3845:,
3841:,
3837:,
3833:,
3829:,
3825:,
3685:,
3681:,
3650:,
3646:,
3642:,
3631:,
3627:,
3623:,
3607:,
3603:,
3582:,
3578:,
3574:,
3570:,
2872:,
2856:,
2840:,
2836:,
2820:,
2809:,
2306:,
2302:,
2129:/
1939:.
1927:.
1871:.
1863:.
1859:.
1798:^
1766:^
1736:^
1718:^
1701:.
1679:^
1369:.
1319:,
1151:.
1140:.
1133:.
1102:A
1095:A
1038:,
998:.
951:.
820:,
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664:('
636:,
574:.
429:,
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409:,
96:on
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3677:(
3654:)
3640:)
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3611:)
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1989:.
1971:.
1955:.
1935::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
