Islam in England - Knowledge

3095: 205: 952:, many of whom settled down and took local wives (due to a lack of Indian women living in England at the time). 38 lascars are reported arriving in British ports in 1760. Between 1803 and 1813, there were more than 10,000 lascars from the Indian subcontinent visiting British port cities and towns. By 1842, 3,000 lascars visited the UK annually, and by 1855, 12,000 lascars were arriving annually in British ports. In 1873, 3,271 lascars arrived in Britain. Throughout the early 19th century lascars visited Britain at a rate of 1,000 every year, which increased to a rate of 10,000 to 12,000 every year throughout the late 19th century. 79: 529: 690: 1179: 2918: 3289: 3248: 1719: 1769: 2839:. A 2009 estimate by Somali community organisations puts the Somali population figure at 90,000 residents. Although most Somalis in the UK are recent arrivals, the first Somali immigrants were seamen and traders who arrived and settled in port cities in the late 19th century. Established Somali communities are found in 3035:

were a series of coordinated blasts that hit the public transport system during the morning rush hour, killing 52 people and also the four bombers. The latter were British Muslims, three of Pakistani and one of Jamaican heritage. They were apparently motivated by Britain's involvement in the Iraq War

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This king had a son which was a ruler in an island called Gerbi, whereunto arrived an English ship called the Green Dragon, of the which was master one M. Blonket, who, having a very unhappy boy on that ship, and understanding that whosoever would turn Turk should be well entertained of the a yeoman

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According to analysis based on the 2001 census, Muslims in England face poor standards of housing, poorer levels of education and are more vulnerable to long-term illness, and that Muslims in the UK had the highest rate of unemployment, the poorest health, the most disability and fewest educational

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in 2009 also found that the Muslim community claimed to feel more patriotic about Britain than the general British population as a whole, while another survey found that Muslims assert that they support the role of Christianity in British life more so than British Christians themselves. In January

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on white and Asian-Muslim youths demonstrating otherwise: that Asian-Muslim youths "are in fact the most tolerant of all" and that white youths "have far more intolerant attitudes," concluding that the attitudes held by members of the white community was a greater "barrier to integration." Another

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had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire. To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition to the Ottoman Empire, and

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found that the general public "is far more likely to hold negative views of Muslims than of any other religious group," with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam," and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed

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in December 2007, which surveyed a range of the capital's communities, including Muslims, found that 49% of those surveyed considered Islam as generally intolerant, while 44% saw it as generally tolerant. A total of 51% felt that Muslims were isolated from other communities to a degree, with 12%

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and Ismailis also and they usually include facilities for women. There are 200,000 Shias in Britain from Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and elsewhere. Various Shia mosques include the Husseini Islamic Centre in Stanmore, Harrow which acts as one of the main Shia Muslim mosques in Britain. Others

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on the city in 2005 by 52% of the population, with 35% seeing it as a major factor. Views from the survey which were not in line with the largely negative views included that 71% would vote for a Muslim Mayor of London if they were the best candidate (with 16% against such a vote).

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were worn in Renaissance England. While friendly relations were formed between England and the Islamic civilizations of the Middle East in the early 16th century, Persian and Turkish style fashions were sometimes worn by the higher classes as a form of party or fancy dress.

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On a study of more than 13,000 young people, approximately 53% of British Muslims choose to attend university. This is higher than the figure for Christians (45%) and Atheists (32%), but lower than the figure of Hindus and Sikhs, who score 77% and 63% respectively.

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power in the world and one-fourth of the population of the British Empire is Mahomedan. There have been no more loyal adherents to the throne and no more effective and loyal supporters of the Empire in its hour of trial." This statement was later reiterated by

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By 1911, the British Empire had a Muslim population of 94 million, larger than the empire's 58 million Christian population. By the 1920s, the British Empire included roughly half of the world's Muslim population. More than 400,000 Muslim soldiers of the

2975:. Nigerian Muslims in the UK are represented by several community organizations, including the Nigeria Muslim forum, which is affiliated with the Council of Nigerian Muslim Organisations in UK and Ireland (CNMO) and the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB). 2934:

The 2001 census stated that there were 179,409 Muslims who described themselves as 'white' in the 2001 census. About one third of white Muslims are of White Slavic and Balkan Muslim origin, and would likely have originated from locations such as

2706:– who view the teachings of the first generations as the correct one, and appeals to younger Muslims as a way to differentiate themselves towards their elders. Other large groups include another Sunni movement, the Fultoli movement (initiated by 270:, as Islamic gold dinars were the most important coinage in the Mediterranean at the time. Offa's coin looked enough like the original that it would be readily accepted in southern Europe, while at the same time his own name was clearly visible. 2678:

until the 1980s when more and larger facilities became available. Some synagogues and community buildings were turned into mosques and existing mosques began to expand their buildings. This process has continued down to the present day with the

2909:. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a growing number of ethnic Turks with Bulgarian, German, Greek, Macedonian, and Romanian citizenship who have also migrated to the United Kingdom. The majority live in London. 1036:

to Britain began after World War II, as a result of the destruction and labour shortages caused by the war. In 1951 there were around 21,000 Muslims in Britain. Muslim migrants from former British colonies, predominantly

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Conversely, Muslim Council of Britain estimates that there are more than 10,000 British Muslim millionaires. There is a growing substantial British Muslim business community, led by multi-billionaires such as Sir

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has increased, ranging from "death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling," for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti-Muslim hatred.

497:, but Brand also points out that the Knights Templar were primarily concerned with fighting the Muslims rather than learning from them, making it less likely that they would imitate Muslim legal institutions. 600:; Algerine rovers were using the island as a base in 1635, although the island had itself been attacked and plundered by a Spanish fleet in 1633. In 1627, Barbary pirates under command of the Dutch renegade 3136:

Muslim schools regularly outperform those of other faiths. In 2015, Over half of Muslim schools have average of students achieving higher GCSEs (71%) than the national figure (64%).(needs better citation)

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and revival movement, and avoids political attention. All these groups work to stimulate Islamic identity among local Bengalis or Muslims and particularly focus on the younger members of the communities.

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was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy. Although she never did receive any assistance from the Ottomans, her relations with the sultans did not waver.

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There have been cases of threats, one alleged fatal attack, and non-fatal attacks on Muslims and on Muslim targets, including attacks on Muslim graves and mosques. In January 2010, a report from the

5586: 165:. There are also many White Muslims in the country, of which most have Slavic and Balkan backgrounds (Bosnian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Bulgarian, etc.), as well as some ethnic English converts. 172:, 2.7 million Muslims lived in England and Wales, up by almost 1 million from the previous census, where they formed 5.0% of the general population and 9.1% of children under the age of five. 5169: 3609: 2963:. Another one third have origins in Turkey, the Middle East and North Africa. The remainder of white Muslims identified themselves as White British and White Irish, including converts. 5984: 4787: 3673: 6563: 3116:

qualifications among religious groups. The figures were, to some extent, explained by the fact that Muslims were the least well-established group, having the youngest age profile.

6608: 6118: 1049:, were recruited in large numbers by government and businesses to rebuild the country. Large numbers of doctors recruited from India and Pakistan, encouraged by health minister 3179:

ministers were criticised for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by the

6542: 6498: 4711: 3067:, London. Two converts to Islam of Nigerian heritage were found guilty of the murder, one of them having claimed to be a soldier of Allah as his unsuccessful legal defence. 2989:

Although data is short, findings indicate Maghrebis make up a substantial community in Europe and England. Britain has long ties with Maghrebis, through contact with the

457:) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems. Other legal scholars such as Monica Gaudiosi, Gamal Moursi Badr and A. Hudson have argued that the English 6172: 6353: 5347: 3536: 6473: 2993:. Nevertheless, Britain has a far lower count of Maghrebis in comparison to France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain, where the majority of Muslims are Maghrebi. 713:, in 1578. For the first time, a Treaty of Commerce was signed in 1580. Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between 2905:

countries. As of 2011, there is a total of about 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the UK, made up of approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals and about 300,000

5770: 5587:"Table 1.3: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth, 60 most common countries of birth, January 2008 to December 2008" 5561: 3695: 3045: 6039: 3622: 5320: 6846: 5486: 908: 506: 5590: 4308: 4535:

Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists",

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Lytra, Vally; Baraç, Taşkın (2009), "Multilingual practices and identity negotiations among Turkish-speaking young people in a diasporic context", in

6871: 2561:. There is also a fairly large Pakistani community from Kenya and Uganda found in London. People of Pakistani extraction are particularly notable in 5694: 5066: 1379:

Some 38% of England's Muslims live in London, where 1,012,823 identified as Muslim in 2011, representing 12.4% of London's population of 8,173,941.

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Asian youth movements in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi Youth Movement following the murder of

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kingdoms existing at that time), to have a coin minted with an Islamic inscription – largely a copy of coins issued by a contemporary Muslim ruler,

179:, 3,801,186 Muslims live in England, or 6.7% of the population. The Muslim population again grew by over a million compared to the previous census. 5173: 6663: 5532: 6020: 5093: 3670: 1096: 199: 6271: 4113: 3647: 2518:

in the late 1930s. Immigration from Mirpur grew from the late 1950s, accompanied by immigration from other parts of Pakistan especially from

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Most large cities have one area that is majority Muslim even if the rest of the city has a fairly small Muslim population; see, for example,

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which had been a pirate lair for much of the previous half century, had been occupied by three Ottoman pirates who were threatening to burn

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Elizabeth I of England was one of the earliest British monarchs to establish relations, alliances and trade with Muslim majority countries.

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where the London Muslim Centre is now used for prayers, recreational facilities and housing. Most people regard themselves as part of the

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People of Bangladeshi descent are one of the largest Muslim communities (after Pakistanis), 16.8% of Muslims in England and Wales are of

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aspects of a 'Bengali Islam' are seen as superstition and as un-Islamic. The identity is far stronger in comparison to the native land.

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in 1707, only small numbers of Muslims were living in England. The first large group of Muslims to arrive, in the 18th century, were

3761: 204: 6739: 6198: 4716: 3219:, should not be officially celebrated by the British government, and 88% opposed Muslim teachers covering their faces at work (see 3094: 1004:, where 62,060 were killed in action, and half a million Muslim soldiers of the British Indian Army fought for Britain against the 5925: 6922: 6912: 4488: 3778: 3223:). A majority (55%) wanted immigration of Muslims to be cut, with 33% wanting it cut greatly. Islam was seen as the cause of the 3610:

The Daily Telegraph: "Almost a tenth of babies and toddlers in England and Wales are Muslim, census figures show" By Keith Perry

6815: 296: 188: 6139: 3805: 6653: 5557: 4930: 4851: 4648: 4618: 4585: 4334: 4264: 4205: 3998: 3836: 3814: 3511: 3469: 6364: 5960: 5354: 6749: 5381: 5292: 4049:(2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977): 187–198 . 1017: 6477: 5892: 5348:"Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK: Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics" 3588: 6325: 5866: 5433: 2185: 726:

Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as

5762: 6830: 6729: 3146: 1376:(or variations of it) was the third most popular boys' name in England and Wales, and the most popular name in London. 6659: 4970: 741:. Arabic manuscripts were considered the key to a "treasure house" of ancient knowledge, which led to the founding of 6403: 6395: 5876: 5669: 5472: 4876: 4821: 4771: 4523: 4484: 4460: 4432: 4097: 3976: 3861: 3491: 3450: 3041: 2926: 519:

claimed he was forced to convert, though he mentions in the same story other Englishmen who had converted willingly.

3878: 3198:" of British Muslims by the media and politicians in the 21st century has been compared in the media to the rise of 2671:. The Bangladeshi Muslim community in London form 24% of the Muslim population, larger than any other ethnic group. 7053: 6297: 5157: 5021: 2061: 1292: 4254: 3827: 2901:

for economic reasons. Recently, smaller groups of Turks have begun to immigrate to the United Kingdom from other

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Ranking of Local Authorities in England and Wales according to percentage of Muslim population in the 2001 census

5723: 4147: 3994:"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College" 3936: 3215:

believing that the majority of them were. A large majority (81% to 7%) believed that the most holy day in Islam,

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descent, the ethnic group in the UK with the largest proportion of people following a single religion, being 92%

1226: 5490: 3007:

Social disturbance began in the Muslim community in England in 1988 with the publication of the satirical novel

6917: 3788: 3022: 1280: 778: 4160: 6744: 6689: 4669: 4305: 4134: 3176: 2848: 2818: 770: 310: 309:, there is among the pilgrims wending their way to Canterbury a 'Doctour of Phisyk' whose learning included 6734: 6719: 2554: 7178: 7003: 6907: 3397: 3224: 3164: 3083: 3032: 2880: 2656: 1416:

include Al Masjid ul Husseini in Northolt, Ealing, Imam Khoei Islamic Centre in Queens Park, Brent &

1250: 959:, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the 798: 766: 742: 274: 4228: 3498: 7028: 5138: 4452: 3964: 3704: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1788: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1346: 774: 672: 533: 176: 169: 5536: 347:, is known to have studied the works of several early Muslim philosophers. In particular, his work on 7221: 7188: 6861: 6800: 6648: 5415:. School of Social Sciences – Cardiff University – funded by the Economic and Social Research Council 5090: 3883: 3483: 3382: 3356: 3346: 3332: 3313: 3220: 3079: 2806: 2550: 1417: 1340: 1316: 1116: 734: 394: 366: 292: 130: 4897: 757:

was taught. A large collection of Arabic manuscripts were acquired, collected in places such as the

7108: 7103: 6682: 6630: 6275: 3500:

Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union

3377: 3075: 2652: 1565: 1328: 1310: 1238: 920: 288: 6258: 4552: 3993: 3968: 2809:). Immigration of Muslims into UK, was primarily started off by Indians during the colonial rule. 907:

in England, with the textiles produced in Bengal being used to support British industries such as

806:), which was first translated into English in 1706 and has since then had a profound influence on 335:(1025), in Latin translation, was a standard text for medical students up until the 18th century. 6825: 6790: 6785: 6506: 5101: 4999: 4721: 4693: 3372: 3211: 3071: 1361:. In addition, it is possible to find small areas that are almost entirely Muslim: for example, 1298: 903:

in 1757. The cheap textiles and other manufactured goods from Bengal directly contributed to the

722: 676: 266:. These coins may have been minted simply for prestige or to facilitate trade with the expanding 102: 6090: 3457: 3056:

titled "Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians".

267: 7073: 6795: 5813: 4894:"Lascar Sailors and English Converts: The Imperial Port and Islam in late 19th-Century England" 4294: 4089: 3429: 2936: 2562: 1515: 1084: 1068: 869: 854: 639: 541: 326: 6594: 6420: 5033: 5014: 4992: 4920: 4741: 4686: 4608: 4575: 4362: 524:

of our Queen's guard, whom the king's son had enforced to turn Turk; his name was John Nelson.

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institutions they came across in the Middle East. Paul Brand also notes parallels between the

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The 'forgotten' army of 400,000 Muslim soldiers who fought for British freedom in World War I

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Islamic Britain: religion, politics and identity among British Muslims; Bradford in the 1990s

3304: 3292: 3276: 3252: 2956: 2707: 1232: 1088: 904: 892: 633: 512: 331: 83: 6447: 5409: 5196: 4638: 4500:

Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature

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The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought

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Professor John Makdisi's article "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law", published in the

8: 7098: 7083: 6968: 6856: 6810: 6568: 6537: 5603: 3957: 3758: 3412: 3308: 3296: 3060: 2921: 2782: 2622: 1914: 1304: 1104: 1072: 997: 984: 941: 815: 668: 656: 628: 585: 426: 6232: 6218: 5917: 4946: 2733:

8% of Muslims in England and Wales are of Indian descent, especially those who are from

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Initial limited mosque availability meant that prayers were conducted in small rooms of

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The local authorities with a Muslim population greater than 10 percent as of 2021 were:

1076: 7078: 6820: 4058: 4023: 4015: 3724: 3716: 3351: 3271: 3260: 3053: 3014: 3009: 2680: 2594: 2485: 1690: 1665: 1590: 1540: 1442: 1435: 1013: 949: 931: 896: 807: 762: 738: 727: 577: 548: 422: 284: 4041:

Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978). "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems".

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as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish

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wrote so favourably about Islam that it is thought he too had converted to the faith.

7193: 7148: 7143: 7123: 6988: 6881: 6399: 6119:"London's Mecca rich: the rise of the Muslim multi-millionaires splashing their cash" 5915: 5872: 5833: 5468: 5052: 4926: 4872: 4847: 4817: 4767: 4644: 4614: 4581: 4519: 4480: 4456: 4428: 4330: 4260: 4201: 4128: 4093: 4078: 4027: 3972: 3857: 3832: 3810: 3784: 3728: 3507: 3487: 3465: 3446: 3418: 3387: 3049: 2765:

in Yorkshire and parts of Lancashire. There are large numbers of Gujarati Muslims in

2491: 1888: 1796: 1776: 1274: 1100: 976: 972: 968: 900: 785: 746: 443:) may have also originated from Islamic law. He states that the methodology of legal 344: 221: 397:" (a petty assize adopted in the 1166 at the Assizes of Clarendon) and the "Islamic 7173: 7128: 7093: 7048: 7043: 7033: 7018: 7013: 7008: 6993: 6978: 6973: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6510: 6147: 5825: 5814:"Muslims in the 2001 Census of England and Wales: Gender and economic disadvantage" 5053:"muslims in the 2001 Census of England and Wales: Gender and Economic Disadvantage" 4788:"Lascar lives and the east India company - Archaeology - University of Southampton" 4707: 4604: 4424: 4050: 4007: 3708: 3402: 3185: 2906: 2890: 2207: 1256: 1033: 859: 819: 793: 758: 710: 645: 528: 490: 305: 300: 278: 5645: 5565: 3906: 2831:-born residents in 2001, and an estimated 101,000 in 2008, is home to the largest 689: 7168: 7158: 7138: 7133: 7118: 7113: 7068: 7063: 7038: 7023: 6998: 6897: 6805: 6705: 6391:(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers 6389: 5461: 5244: 5220: 5097: 4988: 4843:

Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600-1857

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Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

4312: 4301: 3853: 3765: 3754: 3424: 3407: 3337: 2894: 2711: 2636: 2546: 2499: 1966: 1780: 1615: 960: 849: 754: 593: 560: 516: 494: 244:, Muslims have been trading and exchanging ideas with the English for centuries. 5916:

Robin Lustig; Martin Bailey; Simon de Bruxelles; Ian Mather (18 February 1989).

5385: 4329:. Buḥūṯ al-Qāhira fī 'l-ʿulūm al-iǧtimāʿīya. Cairo: American Univ. in Cairo Pr. 3028:

led to Muslim men first in Bolton and then in Bradford organised book-burnings.

78: 7198: 7153: 7088: 7058: 6932: 6902: 6351: 5985:"Al-Qaeda commander linked to 2005 London bombings led attacks on Nato convoys" 3392: 3323: 3037: 2917: 2824: 2802: 2728: 2582: 2570: 2542: 2507: 1940: 1490: 1393: 1178: 1060: 1026: 924: 912: 828: 733:

In 17th-century England, there was a "second wave" of interest in the study of

702: 698: 609: 581: 486: 358: 353: 248: 217: 91: 5829: 5410:"Genetics, Religion and Identity: A Study of British Bangladeshis – 2004-2007" 4764:

Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857

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districts in India started to arrive from the 1930s, settling in the towns of

7215: 6644:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 417–424. 6635: 5837: 5535:. Delwar Hussain – openDemocracy: free thinking for the world. Archived from 4736: 4290: 3690: 3677: 3288: 2944: 2832: 2742: 2675: 2519: 2133: 1640: 888: 840: 706: 434: 6533:"79 per cent of Muslims say Christianity should have strong role in Britain" 6060: 5893:"BBC ON THIS DAY | 14 | 1989: Ayatollah sentences author to death" 5620: 5268: 6927: 6425: 6330: 6323: 6302: 6237: 6095: 5464: 5152:

European Social Movements and Muslim Activism: Another World but with Whom?

5118: 4975: 4896:. Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges. Archived from 4557: 4180: 3199: 3195: 3172: 3121: 2692: 2606: 2393: 1334: 1152: 1064: 1050: 1009: 1005: 864: 844: 832: 624: 601: 570: 566: 462: 329:, Chaucer mentions part of Avicenna's work concerning poisons. Avicenna's 256: 162: 6629: 5727: 5695:"Liverpool City Council/Liverpool PCT Equality Impact Assessment Template" 4869:

The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present

3648:"England and Wales more ethnically mixed and less religious, census shows" 3247: 2971:

There are also a number of Muslim immigrants in England that arrived from

6851: 6759: 4766:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172, 181. 4472: 3216: 3180: 3103: 3099: 2738: 2535: 2503: 2231: 2159: 1362: 1108: 1092: 1001: 916: 884: 714: 371: 336: 138: 134: 5790: 5788: 3155:'s European Muslim Research Centre noted that the number of anti-Muslim 417:, and argued that these institutions were transmitted to England by the 6764: 6724: 4019: 3589:"2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales" 3168: 3156: 2860: 2790: 2715: 2664: 2640: 2628: 2590: 2566: 2531: 2511: 1772: 1262: 1168: 1140: 1053:

in the early 1960s, also played a key role in the establishment of the

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around 1600. A portrait was painted of one of the Moorish ambassadors,

660: 612:. During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent to 597: 555:

was one of a number of English sailors who became pirates based in the

430: 374: 114: 110: 6040:"RESEARCH REPORT: Pilot evaluation of Kumon Y'all befriending project" 5511: 4062: 3720: 1063:(both Muslim and non-Muslim) faced increased discrimination following 129:) or descendants of immigrants from that region. Many others are from 5785: 5602:

Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent

4740: 3360: 3341: 2868: 2867:. It has been estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Somalis live in 2864: 2856: 2770: 1354: 1286: 1172: 1164: 1156: 1136: 1112: 1021: 796:

during the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famous of these was the

718: 458: 444: 263: 122: 5763:"UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs" 4816:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 181. 4011: 6754: 5040: 4640:

Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)

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interest of the natural philosophers in seventeenth-century England

4054: 3327: 3064: 2960: 2948: 2786: 2766: 2758: 2684: 2574: 2558: 2515: 2495: 1408: 1373: 1366: 1322: 1148: 1128: 1042: 979:, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducing 631:. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's 466: 439: 382: 322: 314: 142: 118: 87: 6674: 6298:"Media and politicians 'fuel rise in hate crimes against Muslims'" 5868:

Radical Islam and International Security: Challenges and Responses

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Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History

4613:. Vol. 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 2885:

Turks first began to emigrate in large numbers from the island of

6173:"Christian and atheist children least likely to go to university" 3891:(5): 1635 – via University of North Carolina School of Law. 3106:

is a Muslim majority town in England with 93% being Asian Muslims

2984: 2972: 2952: 2844: 2840: 2828: 2754: 2734: 2696: 2539: 2523: 1724: 980: 664: 651: 613: 556: 448: 418: 241: 229: 154: 146: 5016:

Identity and Migration in Europe: Multidisciplinary Perspectives

967:. One of the most famous early Muslim immigrants to England was 773:, and also encompassed subjects ranging from science, religion, 605: 6324:

Jonathan Githens-Mazer & Robert Lambert (28 January 2010).

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Voyager's Tales, 3, The voyage made to Tripolis in Barbary,1584

4085: 3317: 2940: 2902: 2898: 2886: 2852: 2836: 2798: 2794: 2778: 2774: 2762: 2703: 2691:, and their identity based on their religion rather than their 2668: 2644: 2632: 2610: 2602: 2586: 2578: 2527: 1792: 1397: 1268: 1160: 1144: 1087:, throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing inspiration from the 945: 936: 876: 682: 477: 421:, "through the close connection between the Norman kingdoms of 410: 378: 348: 340: 318: 260: 252: 209: 158: 150: 106: 6354:"Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: a London Case Study" 4327:

Images of the other: Europe and the Muslim world before 1700;

3623:"Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics" 1372:

In September 2009, the ONS published information showing that

6499:"Poll: European Muslims more patriotic than average populace" 5742: 5533:"Bangladeshis in east London: from secular politics to Islam" 5384:. David Garbin – Cronem, University of Surrey. Archived from 3850:

Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages

3018: 2990: 2750: 2746: 2688: 2660: 2598: 1768: 1412: 1358: 1244: 1132: 1075:

in the late 1960s. This included overt racism in the form of

1038: 789: 620: 589: 537: 453: 237: 213: 126: 5726:. Federation of Adult Education Associations. Archived from 5382:"bdirectory: Islamist politics among Bangladeshis in the UK" 4364:

The Encyclopedia of world history by Peter N. Stearns, p.353

3044:, and the Islamic Centre Lecturer in Islamic Studies in the 5484: 4846:. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172. 4751:. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3806:

Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia

721:. In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that 552: 471: 414: 402: 386: 6669: 784:

Besides scientific and philosophical literature, works of

4298: 4164: 1054: 761:

at Oxford. These Arabic manuscripts were sought after by

5851: 4665:

Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution

705:

and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the

511:

The first English convert to Islam mentioned by name is

3803:

Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith:

425:— ruling over a conquered Islamic administration — and 6021:"Lee Rigby killer sues prison service over lost teeth" 5948:

Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain

5794: 5562:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3696:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3496: 381:. Makdisi drew comparisons between the "royal English 6609:"11.2007 Evening Standard - Is Islam good for London" 6352:

Dr. Jonathan Githens-Mazer & Dr. Robert Lambert.

4919:

Behal, Rana P.; van der Linden, Marcel, eds. (2006).

4405:

Nabil I. Matar, "Renaissance England and the Turban."

1182:

Muslim population in English local authority areas.

240:

is generally thought of as a contemporary arrival in

72:

Religious Affiliation was not recorded prior to 2001.

6272:"Muslim teenager stabbed during attack on UK mosque" 4449:

Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources

3480:

Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery

3238:

List of mosques in the United Kingdom § England

3194:

similar qualms about the opening of a church." The "

697:

Diplomatic relations were also established with the

507:

Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance

6660:

Private Arrangements: Recognizing sharia in Britain

6654:

Reassessing what we collect website – Muslim London

6199:"8 Muslim schools in top 50 exam league in England" 6003:"University of Nottingham confers honorary degrees" 4918: 4175: 4173: 857:, in 1719. Later translated literary works include 3831:, page 237, iUniverse, Inc., 9 June 2004, 308 pp, 3279:, aka the Islamic Cultural Centre in Regent's Park 2538:and also from the north-west Punjab including the 5724:"Integration of the Somali Community into Europe" 1127:The settlements with large number of Muslims are 1119:following the murder of Akhtar Ali Baig in 1980. 7213: 6656:History of Muslim London with objects and images 5589:. Office for National Statistics. Archived from 4603: 4170: 3070:In 2017, there were four terrorist attacks: the 2506:Muslim communities to permanently settle in the 1020:from 1916 to 1922, stated: "we are the greatest 911:, aided by the invention of devices such as the 4116:. BBC. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22 3904: 3809:, first edition, Routledge, 29 September 2005, 891:with a Muslim majority and Hindu minority, was 437:" in England (which he asserts are parallel to 5865:Inbar, Efraim; Frisch, Hillel (January 2008). 5614: 5612: 5579: 5314:"2001 Census Profiles: Bangladeshis in London" 4252: 281:, which describes the islands of "Bratiniya". 273:References to Britain are also found in early 200:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 6690: 6274:. Arabic News. 3 October 2006. Archived from 6167: 6165: 5512:"East London Mosque and London Muslim Centre" 5485:M. Jawed Iqbal; Ebrahim Desai (9 June 2007). 5194: 4891: 4871:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 35. 4835: 4833: 4731: 4729: 4573: 4414: 3959:Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice 3745:Harmondsworth Penguin 1951 p280 and note p522 3689: 3320:was the first purpose-built mosque in Britain 3167:has been criticised for propagating negative 3061:British soldier Lee Rigby was publicly killed 831:the Younger in 1671 and then into English by 673:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun 608:occupied Lundy, before they were expelled by 5032:Richard D. Hecht, Vincent F. Biondo (2010), 4636: 4348: 4346: 4226: 3900: 3898: 3776: 3040:, the KFAS Fellow in Islamic Studies at the 2893:were forced to leave their homes during the 2702:Other groups also attract a few people, the 1428: 6418: 6295: 6264: 6230: 6088: 5864: 5754: 5662: 5618: 5609: 5197:"A glad day for mourning | World news" 4925:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. 4703: 4701: 4599: 4597: 3205: 623:had a noticeable influence on the works of 616:and of the Islamic flag flying over Lundy. 299:among the learned in England by 1386, when 6697: 6683: 6530: 6421:"White pupils less tolerant, survey shows" 6387: 6162: 6084: 6082: 6037: 5748: 5550: 5404: 5402: 5376: 5374: 5319:. Greater London Authority. Archived from 5009: 5007: 4830: 4726: 4681: 4679: 4545: 4287:Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Stage Moor 3693:(1957). "The Muslim Discovery of Europe". 3455: 1799:, where they form 5.0% of the population. 351:in the 13th century was influenced by the 6781:Reception of Islam in early modern Europe 6572:. London. 11 January 2010. Archived from 5621:"British Somalis play politics from afar" 4343: 3895: 2635:. Majority of these Muslim come from the 469:, may have been adapted from the Islamic 90:is the largest mosque by capacity in the 6627: 6564:"Britain divided by Islam, survey finds" 6471: 5844: 5643: 5637: 4735: 4717:The Oxford History of the British Empire 4698: 4594: 4401: 4399: 3991: 3954: 3847: 3645: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3462:Youngspeak in a Multilingual Perspective 3287: 3246: 3093: 2916: 1767: 1177: 688: 527: 203: 77: 6923:Hijab and burka controversies in Europe 6913:Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe 6079: 5399: 5371: 5342: 5340: 5004: 4712:The British Empire and the Muslim world 4676: 4569: 4567: 4193: 4043:The American Journal of Comparative Law 3929: 3907:"Is English law related to Muslim law?" 3879:"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law" 3876: 2683:recently expanding into a large former 2490:The single largest group of Muslims in 765:for their research in subjects such as 465:institutions, which were introduced by 7214: 6816:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina 5940: 5760: 5478: 5353:. University of Surrey. Archived from 5067:"UK MUSLIM DEMOGRAPHICS (C-RE8-02527)" 5035:Religion and Everyday Life and Culture 4892:Robinson-Dunn, Diane (February 2003). 4866: 4860: 4839: 4811: 4761: 4632: 4630: 4324: 4315:, pp. 14-15, Greater London Authority) 4075: 3930:Hussain, Jamila (2001). "Book Review: 3089: 927:ruled over a large Muslim population. 559:and also converted to Islam (see also 500: 189:List of English words of Arabic origin 32: 6678: 6628:Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). 5811: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5426: 4912: 4529: 4466: 4396: 3999:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 3905:Mukul Devichand (24 September 2008). 3576: 3299:, known for its architectural design. 3052:, wrote an internationally acclaimed 823:, which was translated into Latin as 101:is the second largest religion after 6750:Medieval Christian views on Muhammad 6326:"Muslims in the UK: beyond the hype" 6047:Equality and Human Rights Commission 5716: 5619:Dissanayake, Samanthi (2008-12-04). 5525: 5451: 5337: 5170:"Development of an Estates Strategy" 4994:Critical Muslim 2: The Idea of Islam 4564: 4285:Professor Nabil Matar (April 2004), 4040: 3780:Introduction to Forensic Engineering 3531: 3529: 2597:, and several industrial towns like 835:in 1708. The English translation of 604:operating from the Moroccan port of 569:became interested in the faith, and 325:(Ibn Rushd, Arabic ابن رشد). In the 303:was writing. In the Prologue to the 247:An early example is the decision of 6704: 6474:"Muslims more patriotic than Brits" 5928:from the original on 8 October 2014 5504: 5440:. University of Southern California 5306: 5285: 5245:"KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011" 4627: 4610:The Islamic World: Past and Present 4441: 4161:British Slaves on the Barbary Coast 3877:Makdisi, John A. (6 January 1999). 2912: 975:who in 1810 founded London's first 224:(774); it includes the Arabic text 13: 6831:Orientalism in early modern France 6666:explores Islamic courts in England 6140:"Ten Wealthiest Muslims In The UK" 6038:Hirst, Andy; Rinne, Sinni (2017). 5800: 4502:, Al-Rashid House for Publication. 4227:de Bruxelles, Simon (2007-02-28). 3992:Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988). 3559:"Born Abroad - Countries of birth" 3460:; Jørgensen, Annette Myre (eds.), 3231: 3147:Islamophobia in the United Kingdom 3036:and other conflicts. In response, 1483: 1475: 1467: 277:, such as the 9th century work of 27: 14: 7233: 6621: 6448:"Muslim students 'more tolerant'" 6396:John Benjamins Publishing Company 6259:Muslim graves damaged in cemetery 6219:Muslims threatened after bombings 6061:"Muslim hardship under spotlight" 5489:. www.askimam.org. Archived from 5269:"KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001" 5013:MariaCaterina La Barbera (2014), 4947:"Curry house founder is honoured" 4200:. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. 3526: 3140: 3042:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 2927:The Meaning of the Glorious Koran 1151:. There are also high numbers in 485:and the trusts used to establish 429:." Makdisi also argued that the " 6601: 6587: 6556: 6524: 6491: 6465: 6440: 6412: 6381: 6345: 6317: 6289: 6252: 6233:"Islamophobia blamed for attack" 6224: 6212: 6191: 6132: 6111: 6053: 6031: 6013: 5995: 5977: 5644:Casciani, Dominic (2006-05-30). 5114:How migrants helped make the NHS 4812:Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). 4762:Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). 4088:: Cavendish Publishing. p. 2897:. Turks then began to come from 2855:, and newer ones have formed in 1803:English Muslims by Ethnic group 1779:and the first Muslim elected as 1717: 1382: 1293:London Borough of Waltham Forest 588:. In 1625, it was reported that 226:Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah 220:, copied from the dinars of the 6872:Nazi Germany and the Arab world 6867:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 6531:Nick Allen (24 February 2009). 6419:Vikram Dood (21 October 2006). 6296:Vikram Dood (28 January 2010). 6089:John Carvel (12 October 2004). 5961:"Indepth | London Attacks" 5953: 5909: 5885: 5858: 5773:from the original on 2011-08-02 5687: 5261: 5237: 5213: 5188: 5162: 5158:Springer Science+Business Media 5143: 5125: 5107: 5084: 5059: 5045: 5026: 5022:Springer Science+Business Media 4982: 4964: 4939: 4885: 4805: 4780: 4755: 4657: 4505: 4492: 4408: 4387: 4378: 4355: 4318: 4279: 4246: 4220: 4187: 4153: 4141: 4106: 4069: 4034: 3985: 3948: 3937:Melbourne University Law Review 3923: 3870: 3841: 3828:Frameworks: Conflict in Balance 3819: 3797: 3770: 3748: 3497:Home Affairs Committee (2011), 3191:British Social Attitudes Survey 3003:Terrorism in the United Kingdom 2616: 1763: 1423: 1227:London Borough of Tower Hamlets 584:, who sold the passengers into 493:, who had connections with the 275:Islamic geographical literature 6918:Religion in the European Union 6091:"Census shows Muslims' plight" 5950:. Abacus, London: 2013: p. 414 5761:Travis, Alan (1 August 2011). 5434:"Compendium of Muslim texts – 4688:Islam and the European Empires 4537:Journal of Religion and Health 4498:Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), 4325:Blanks, David R., ed. (1997). 4233:Study of sails on pirate ships 4229:"Pirates who got away with it" 3735: 3683: 3664: 3646:Milliken, David (2022-11-29). 3639: 3615: 3603: 3551: 1281:Metropolitan Borough of Oldham 1083:, the National Front, and the 193: 1: 6745:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture 5646:"Somalis' struggle in the UK" 5436:Volume 3, Book 48, Number 819 5221:"TS030 - Religion Edit query" 3955:El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). 3759:Science in Islamic philosophy 3520: 3464:, John Benjamins Publishing, 3435: 2889:for work and then again when 2819:Somalis in the United Kingdom 2479: 1122: 1071:and the establishment of the 990: 950:Honourable East India Company 940:(sailors) recruited from the 675:, who had come to promote an 6735:Transmission of the Classics 6509:. 7 May 2009. Archived from 6388:Richardson, John E. (2004). 6231:Vikram Dood (13 July 2005). 5195:Esther Addley (2003-06-28). 4643:. Routledge. pp. 7–10. 4197:Piracy: the complete history 4114:"History of Islam in the UK" 3671:Gold imitation dinar of Offa 3283: 3242: 3175:prejudice. In 2006, several 3127: 2996: 2978: 2922:Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall 2749:. The Gujarati Muslims from 2549:, and some from villages of 1107:activists began a number of 915:. With the establishment of 7: 6631:"Mahommedan Religion" 5795:Home Affairs Committee 2011 5558:"Country-of-birth database" 5131:Nahid Afrose Kabir (2012), 4840:Fisher, Michael H. (2004). 4814:Counterflows to Colonialism 4720:, volume 4, pages 398-420, 4518:, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, 4259:. Oxford University Press. 3848:Lindberg, David C. (1996). 3398:Islam in the United Kingdom 3366: 3202:in the early 20th century. 3084:Parsons Green train bombing 3033:7 July 2005 London bombings 2966: 2881:Turks in the United Kingdom 2522:which included cities like 2325:– White and Black Caribbean 1251:London Borough of Redbridge 799:One Thousand and One Nights 786:Arabic fictional literature 701:with the chartering of the 655:, which featured a Moorish 385:protected by the action of 10: 7238: 6476:. Politics. Archived from 5139:Edinburgh University Press 5091:Muslim Migration to Europe 4580:. CRC Press. p. 151. 4453:Hackett Publishing Company 3965:Cambridge University Press 3705:Cambridge University Press 3235: 3144: 3110: 3017:condemned the book with a 3000: 2982: 2878: 2816: 2812: 2726: 2722: 2620: 2483: 2454: 2415: 2391: 2370: 2347: 2324: 2301: 2278: 2255: 2229: 2205: 2183: 2157: 2131: 2108: 2085: 2059: 2036: 2013: 1990: 1964: 1938: 1912: 1886: 1863: 1347:London Borough of Haringey 1000:fought for Britain during 955:Due to the majority being 810:. Another famous work was 788:were also translated into 534:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud 515:. The 16th-century writer 504: 251:, the 8th-century King of 197: 186: 182: 177:2021 United Kingdom census 6941: 6890: 6839: 6773: 6712: 6261:BBC News, 2 November 2006 5830:10.1080/01419870600665284 5818:Ethnic and Racial Studies 5812:Peach, Ceri (July 2006). 4133:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3884:North Carolina Law Review 3713:10.1017/S0041977X00061954 3506:, The Stationery Office, 3484:Columbia University Press 3383:Islam in Northern Ireland 3347:Birmingham Central Mosque 3333:Manchester Central Mosque 3221:British debate over veils 3080:2017 London Bridge attack 2643:, mainly concentrated in 2498:descent. Pakistanis from 2302:– White and Black African 2208:Gypsy and Irish Traveller 1820: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1429:Geographical distribution 1418:Islamic Centre of England 1407:Shia mosques are usually 1341:London Borough of Hackney 1317:London Borough of Enfield 395:assize of novel disseisin 377:was inspired by medieval 367:North Carolina Law Review 295:, was well known through 71: 45:— 6541:. London. Archived from 5293:"Ethnicity and identity" 4867:Ansari, Humayun (2004). 3445:, London: Tauris, 1994. 3378:Islamic Party of Britain 3206:Views on Islam in London 3076:Manchester Arena bombing 2874: 1566:Yorkshire and the Humber 1387: 1329:London Borough of Camden 1311:London Borough of Ealing 1239:London Borough of Newham 948:region) to work for the 825:Philosophus Autodidactus 289:early Islamic philosophy 175:According to the latest 131:Muslim-dominated regions 6826:Islamization of Albania 6791:Anglo-Moroccan alliance 6786:Protestantism and Islam 6730:Islam in southern Italy 6641:Encyclopædia Britannica 6507:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 6472:Ian Dunt (7 May 2009). 5102:University of Minnesota 5000:Oxford University Press 4748:Encyclopædia Britannica 4722:Oxford University Press 4694:Oxford University Press 4253:Davies, Norman (1996). 4194:Konstam, Angus (2008). 3373:List of British Muslims 3212:London Evening Standard 3171:of Muslims and fueling 3054:Fatwa against terrorism 1402: 1299:London Borough of Brent 987:to the United Kingdom. 973:East India Company army 767:observational astronomy 723:Islam and Protestantism 677:Anglo-Moroccan alliance 586:slavery in North Africa 6984:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6847:Islam in the Far North 6796:Ottoman wars in Europe 5749:Lytra & Baraç 2009 5670:"Born abroad: Somalia" 5149:Timothy Peace (2015), 4742:"British Empire" 4685:David Motadel (2014), 4574:Junie T. Tong (2016). 4415:G. A. Russell (1994). 4311:June 26, 2008, at the 3430:English Defence League 3300: 3256: 3107: 2937:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2931: 2502:were one of the first 1784: 1219: 1085:British National Party 1069:Rivers of Blood speech 1018:British Prime Minister 917:Crown control in India 870:Theologus Autodidactus 855:first novel in English 751:Cambridge Universities 694: 640:The Merchant of Venice 545: 526: 339:, one of the earliest 233: 95: 6801:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 6740:Cultural transmission 6221:BBC News 12 July 2005 5295:. National Statistics 5134:Young British Muslims 4670:The Financial Express 4637:Indrajit Ray (2011). 4553:Desert island scripts 4515:Encyclopedia of Islam 4511:Cyril Glasse (2001), 3777:Randall Noon (1992). 3458:Stenström, Anna-Brita 3291: 3277:London Central Mosque 3253:London Central Mosque 3250: 3097: 2920: 2708:Abdul Latif Chowdhury 1771: 1396:which majority being 1233:Blackburn with Darwen 1181: 1175:of Northern England. 1117:Newham Youth Movement 1089:civil rights movement 1081:white power skinheads 1079:, predominantly from 909:textile manufacturing 905:Industrial Revolution 692: 634:The Battle of Alcazar 531: 521: 415:Islamic jurisprudence 332:The Canon of Medicine 207: 149:, and other parts of 81: 19:Historical Population 6877:Islam and secularism 6720:Conquest of Hispania 6361:University of Exeter 5604:confidence intervals 5514:. East London Mosque 4293:Fellowship Lecture, 3934:by Lawrence Rosen". 3932:The Justice of Islam 3743:The Canterbury Tales 3266:Finsbury Park Mosque 3153:University of Exeter 3050:University of Oxford 2416:– Other Ethnic group 843:, may have inspired 777:, to typography and 763:natural philosophers 401:", and the "English 268:Caliphate of Córdoba 109:are immigrants from 6891:Contemporary issues 6857:Islam and modernity 6811:Barbary slave trade 6569:The Daily Telegraph 6545:on 24 December 2010 6538:The Daily Telegraph 5730:on 16 December 2009 5487:"Inviting to Islam" 5071:www.telegraph.co.uk 4953:. 29 September 2005 4551:Martin Wainwright, 4479:, Lexington Books, 4295:Shakespeare's Globe 4076:Hudson, A. (2003). 3413:Religion in England 3090:Position in society 3046:Faculty of Theology 2623:British Bangladeshi 1804: 1438: 1434:English Muslims by 1337:14.1%, 9,708 (2010) 1305:City of Westminster 1105:British Bangladeshi 998:British Indian Army 985:therapeutic massage 971:, a captain of the 942:Indian subcontinent 932:Union with Scotland 816:philosophical novel 669:Elizabethan England 629:William Shakespeare 610:Sir John Pennington 592:, an island in the 576:From 1609 to 1616, 501:Early modern period 427:Henry II in England 409:" in the classical 405:" and the "Islamic 389:" and the "Islamic 20: 6821:Russo-Turkish wars 6576:on 14 January 2010 6150:on October 6, 2011 5991:. 22 January 2009. 5493:on 15 January 2009 5273:www.nomisweb.co.uk 5249:www.nomisweb.co.uk 5225:www.nomisweb.co.uk 5096:2017-07-01 at the 4673:, February 8, 2010 4663:Shombit Sengupta, 3764:2009-05-05 at the 3352:Leeds Grand Mosque 3301: 3272:Abbey Mills Mosque 3261:East London Mosque 3257: 3108: 3098:Markazi Masjid in 3072:Westminster attack 3038:Dr. Afifi al-Akiti 3024:The Satanic Verses 3015:Ayatollah Khomeini 3010:The Satanic Verses 2932: 2681:East London Mosque 2595:Greater Manchester 2486:British Pakistanis 1802: 1785: 1433: 1220: 1217: 20% and more 1095:movement, and the 1014:David Lloyd George 944:(largely from the 897:East India Company 808:English literature 739:Islamic philosophy 728:Francis Walsingham 695: 637:and Shakespeare's 580:lost 466 ships to 546: 423:Roger II in Sicily 285:Muslim scholarship 234: 228:, a line from the 153:countries such as 96: 18: 7209: 7208: 6908:Islamic terrorism 6882:Islamic democracy 6862:Islam in the USSR 6662:- anthropologist 6454:. 11 October 2006 5918:"War of the Word" 5073:. 4 February 2011 4932:978-0-521-69974-7 4853:978-81-7824-154-8 4650:978-1-136-82552-1 4620:978-0-19-516520-3 4587:978-1-317-13522-7 4336:978-977-424-388-2 4306:Muslims in London 4266:978-0-19-820171-7 4207:978-1-84603-240-0 4150:, Richard Haklyut 4080:Equity and Trusts 3837:978-0-595-31824-7 3825:Moorstein, Mark: 3815:978-0-415-96930-7 3565:. BBC. 2005-09-07 3537:"Religion (2019)" 3513:978-0-215-56114-5 3471:978-90-272-5429-0 3419:The Muslim Weekly 3388:Islam in Scotland 3314:Shah Jahan Mosque 2492:England and Wales 2477: 2476: 2279:– White and Asian 1797:England and Wales 1787:According to the 1777:British Pakistani 1761: 1760: 1115:in 1978, and the 1101:British Pakistani 977:Indian restaurant 969:Sake Dean Mahomet 901:Battle of Plassey 887:), a province of 853:, considered the 549:Captain John Ward 542:Queen Elizabeth I 447:and reasoning by 345:scientific method 343:advocates of the 297:Latin translation 222:Abbasid Caliphate 168:According to the 76: 75: 7229: 7222:Islam in England 7189:Northern Ireland 6699: 6692: 6685: 6676: 6675: 6645: 6633: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6363:. 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Archived from 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5482: 5476: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5406: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5359: 5352: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326:on April 7, 2005 5325: 5318: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5172:. Archived from 5166: 5160: 5147: 5141: 5129: 5123: 5111: 5105: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5030: 5024: 5011: 5002: 4986: 4980: 4979:, 9 January 2017 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4900:on 2 August 2012 4889: 4883: 4882: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4790:. Archived from 4784: 4778: 4777: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4733: 4724: 4708:Francis Robinson 4705: 4696: 4683: 4674: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4605:John L. Esposito 4601: 4592: 4591: 4571: 4562: 4561:, 22 March 2003. 4549: 4543: 4533: 4527: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4470: 4464: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4425:Brill Publishers 4412: 4406: 4403: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4341: 4340: 4322: 4316: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4256:Europe a History 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4084:(3rd ed.). 4083: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4006:(4): 1231–1261. 3989: 3983: 3982: 3962: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3845: 3839: 3823: 3817: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3774: 3768: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3687: 3681: 3680:, British Museum 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3619: 3613: 3612:January 10, 2013 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3585: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3533: 3516: 3505: 3474: 3403:Islam by country 3268:, de-radicalised 3255:, built in 1977. 2913:White (European) 2907:Turkish Cypriots 2891:Turkish Cypriots 1805: 1801: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1485: 1477: 1469: 1439: 1432: 1257:City of Bradford 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1099:movement, young 1057:health service. 1034:mass immigration 860:Layla and Majnun 837:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 820:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 759:Bodleian Library 711:William Harborne 646:Titus Andronicus 491:Walter de Merton 393:", the "English 370:, suggests that 306:Canterbury Tales 301:Geoffrey Chaucer 279:Ahmad ibn Rustah 99:Islam in England 34: 29: 21: 17: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7109:North Macedonia 6937: 6898:Islam in Europe 6886: 6835: 6806:Barbary pirates 6769: 6708: 6706:Islam in Europe 6703: 6624: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6548: 6546: 6529: 6525: 6516: 6514: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6481: 6470: 6466: 6457: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6432: 6430: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6386: 6382: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6356: 6350: 6346: 6337: 6335: 6322: 6318: 6309: 6307: 6294: 6290: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6244: 6242: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6087: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5969: 5967: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5914: 5910: 5901: 5899: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5810: 5801: 5793: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5679: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5652: 5642: 5638: 5629: 5627: 5617: 5610: 5596: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5569: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5542: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5496: 5494: 5483: 5479: 5462:Daniel Benjamin 5458:The Next Attack 5456: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5277: 5275: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5130: 5126: 5112: 5108: 5098:Wayback Machine 5089: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5031: 5027: 5012: 5005: 4989:Ziauddin Sardar 4987: 4983: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4760: 4756: 4734: 4727: 4706: 4699: 4684: 4677: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4572: 4565: 4550: 4546: 4534: 4530: 4510: 4506: 4497: 4493: 4471: 4467: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4393:Kupperman, p.41 4392: 4388: 4384:Kupperman, p.40 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4352:Kupperman, p.39 4351: 4344: 4337: 4323: 4319: 4313:Wayback Machine 4302:Mayor of London 4284: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4126: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4074: 4070: 4039: 4035: 4012:10.2307/3312162 3990: 3986: 3979: 3953: 3949: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3896: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3854:Clarendon Press 3846: 3842: 3824: 3820: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3766:Wayback Machine 3755:Ziauddin Sardar 3753: 3749: 3740: 3736: 3688: 3684: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3644: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3503: 3472: 3441:Lewis, Philip: 3438: 3425:Islam in London 3408:Islam in Europe 3369: 3338:Al-Rahma mosque 3286: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3232:Notable mosques 3208: 3177:British cabinet 3149: 3143: 3130: 3113: 3092: 3005: 2999: 2987: 2981: 2969: 2915: 2895:Cyprus conflict 2883: 2877: 2821: 2815: 2731: 2725: 2712:Tablighi Jamaat 2625: 2619: 2547:Attock District 2500:Mirpur District 2488: 2482: 1781:Mayor of London 1766: 1718: 1716: 1431: 1426: 1405: 1390: 1385: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1211: 10%-19.9% 1208: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1187: 0.0%-0.9% 1184: 1125: 993: 963:of what is now 961:Sylhet Division 930:By the time of 850:Robinson Crusoe 594:Bristol Channel 582:Barbary pirates 561:Barbary pirates 517:Richard Hakluyt 509: 503: 495:Knights Templar 327:Pardoner's Tale 293:Islamic science 202: 196: 191: 185: 113:(in particular 12: 11: 5: 7235: 7225: 7224: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7179:United Kingdom 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7004:Czech Republic 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6933:Jihadi tourism 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6903:European Islam 6900: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6702: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6657: 6651: 6646: 6636:Chisholm, Hugh 6623: 6622:External links 6620: 6618: 6617: 6600: 6586: 6555: 6523: 6490: 6464: 6439: 6411: 6404: 6380: 6344: 6316: 6288: 6263: 6251: 6223: 6211: 6190: 6161: 6131: 6110: 6078: 6052: 6030: 6012: 5994: 5976: 5952: 5939: 5908: 5884: 5877: 5857: 5843: 5824:(4): 629–655. 5799: 5784: 5753: 5741: 5715: 5686: 5661: 5636: 5608: 5578: 5549: 5524: 5503: 5477: 5450: 5425: 5398: 5370: 5336: 5305: 5284: 5260: 5236: 5212: 5187: 5161: 5142: 5124: 5122:, 18 June 2008 5106: 5104:, 17 June 2015 5083: 5058: 5044: 5025: 5003: 4981: 4963: 4938: 4931: 4911: 4884: 4877: 4859: 4852: 4829: 4822: 4804: 4779: 4772: 4754: 4739:, ed. (1911). 4737:Chisholm, Hugh 4725: 4697: 4675: 4656: 4649: 4626: 4619: 4607:, ed. (2004). 4593: 4586: 4563: 4544: 4542:(4): 357-377 . 4528: 4504: 4491: 4465: 4447:Jon Mcginnis, 4440: 4433: 4407: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4354: 4342: 4335: 4317: 4278: 4265: 4245: 4219: 4206: 4186: 4169: 4152: 4140: 4105: 4098: 4068: 4055:10.2307/839667 4033: 3984: 3977: 3947: 3922: 3894: 3869: 3862: 3856:. p. 11. 3840: 3818: 3796: 3789: 3769: 3747: 3734: 3682: 3676:2012-09-12 at 3663: 3638: 3627:www.ons.gov.uk 3614: 3602: 3575: 3550: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3494: 3476: 3470: 3453: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3393:Islam in Wales 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3335: 3330: 3324:Markazi mosque 3321: 3311: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3244: 3241: 3236:Main article: 3233: 3230: 3225:7 July attacks 3210:A poll by the 3207: 3204: 3142: 3141:Discrimination 3139: 3129: 3126: 3112: 3109: 3091: 3088: 2998: 2995: 2983:Main article: 2980: 2977: 2968: 2965: 2914: 2911: 2879:Main article: 2876: 2873: 2827:, with 43,532 2825:United Kingdom 2814: 2811: 2803:Waltham Forest 2729:British Indian 2724: 2721: 2618: 2615: 2583:Waltham Forest 2571:West Yorkshire 2510:, arriving in 2508:United Kingdom 2481: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1791:, 2.7 million 1765: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1491:Greater London 1487: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420:, Maida Vale. 1404: 1401: 1394:United Kingdom 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1124: 1121: 1097:anti-apartheid 1073:National Front 1061:British Asians 992: 989: 925:British Empire 913:spinning jenny 829:Edward Pococke 804:Arabian Nights 735:Arabic science 703:Levant Company 699:Ottoman Empire 540:ambassador to 502: 499: 487:Merton College 359:Ibn al-Haytham 354:Book of Optics 321:ابن سينا) and 195: 192: 184: 181: 92:United Kingdom 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 62: 58: 57: 54: 51: 47: 46: 43: 40: 36: 35: 30: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7234: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:Liechtenstein 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6693: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6664:John R. Bowen 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6610: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6559: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6513:on 2016-05-29 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6480:on 2009-12-07 6479: 6475: 6468: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6405:90-272-2699-7 6401: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6384: 6370:on 2013-05-28 6366: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6278:on 2011-11-07 6277: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6179:. 14 May 2006 6178: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6149: 6145: 6144:Islamic Times 6141: 6135: 6120: 6114: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6067:. 14 May 2006 6066: 6062: 6056: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5990: 5989:The Telegraph 5986: 5980: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5943: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5878:9780415444606 5874: 5871:. Routledge. 5870: 5869: 5861: 5853: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5745: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5605: 5593:on 2011-06-05 5592: 5588: 5582: 5568:on 2009-06-17 5567: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5539:on 2008-08-30 5538: 5534: 5528: 5513: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5473:0-8050-7941-6 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5439: 5437: 5429: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5388:on 2009-01-12 5387: 5383: 5377: 5375: 5360:on 2010-09-23 5356: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5322: 5315: 5309: 5294: 5288: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5185:paragraph 4.3 5176:on 2007-09-29 5175: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5010: 5008: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4915: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4878:1-85065-685-1 4874: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4836: 4834: 4825: 4823:81-7824-154-4 4819: 4815: 4808: 4794:on 2020-10-23 4793: 4789: 4783: 4775: 4773:81-7824-154-4 4769: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4631: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4568: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4525: 4524:0-7591-0190-6 4521: 4517: 4516: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4485:0-7391-1989-3 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4461:0-87220-871-0 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4434:90-04-09888-7 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4402: 4400: 4390: 4381: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4291:Sam Wanamaker 4288: 4282: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4167:, 1 July 2003 4166: 4162: 4159:Rees Davies, 4156: 4149: 4144: 4136: 4130: 4115: 4109: 4101: 4099:1-85941-729-9 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3978:0-521-86414-3 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3863:9780198239925 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3783:. CRC Press. 3782: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3691:Bernard Lewis 3686: 3679: 3678:archive.today 3675: 3672: 3667: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3525: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3492:0-231-11015-4 3489: 3485: 3481: 3478:Matar, Nabil 3477: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3451:1-85043-861-7 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3357:Medina Mosque 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165:British media 3161: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3059:In May 2013, 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2835:community in 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743:Uttar Pradesh 2740: 2736: 2730: 2720: 2717: 2714:– which is a 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2676:council flats 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:Tower Hamlets 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637:Sylhet region 2634: 2630: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:West Midlands 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 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2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1991:– Other Asian 1989: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808:Ethnic group 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1641:East Midlands 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1516:West Midlands 1514: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1411:but cater to 1410: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1383:Denominations 1380: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1325:18.5% 80,046 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1265:29.9% 341,811 1264: 1261: 1259:30.5% 166,846 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1241:34.8% 122,146 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1229:39.9% 123,912 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1205: 5%-9.9% 1199: 2%-4.9% 1193: 1%-1.9% 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 872: 871: 866: 862: 861: 856: 852: 851: 846: 842: 841:desert island 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 779:garden plants 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:Arabic chairs 740: 736: 731: 729: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 691: 687: 684: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 647: 642: 641: 636: 635: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 543: 539: 535: 530: 525: 520: 518: 514: 508: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479: 474: 473: 468: 464: 460: 456: 455: 450: 446: 442: 441: 436: 435:Inns of Court 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 373: 369: 368: 362: 360: 356: 355: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 294: 290: 287:, especially 286: 282: 280: 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