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1207:'s followers. He had already lived 300 years before meeting Muhammad, and was well versed in all of the world's religions, though he chose to follow Islam alone. As Muhammad's death drew near, he asked his followers who would take the stone of his holy date, a carrier of all Islamic knowledge, and give it to the next generation. Arslan replied that he would gladly bear this burden, and taking the stone, continued on his journey. Hundreds of years later, as he passed through the small town of Isfijab, Arslan Baba was stopped on the road by a young boy. "Grandfather, give me my date stone!" demanded the young Ahmad. Arslan relinquished the stone, and following the death of Ahmad's father in 1113, journeyed with Ahmad to Yasi.
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apartments in the city proper, and no buildings more than two stories high, allowing the skyline to be dominated by the domes of local minarets, mosques, and mausoleums, some more than 1,000 years old. The main tourist and pilgrimage attractions are the mausoleums and the
Minaret of the former Kydyr mosque built in the 10th century.
716:
in northern China and traveled to Persia to present himself before
Genghis Khan. His fame as a pious exemplar of Taoist belief had preceded him, and his travels carried him over roads newly restored by the Mongols, roads that were then in better condition than when the Russian imperial orientalist V.
1265:. The earliest historical record of the Yasavi Order comes from Hakim Ata, and the uncertainty surrounding Ahmad's order stems from the confusion regarding the multiple dates given for Hakim's life and possible direct descent from Ahmad as the second, third, fourth, or fifth generation of the order.
948:
in 1864, several new villages were founded around Sayram. They were found to be prosperous by I. I. Geier, a local
Russian journalist/historian writing in the first decade of the 20th century, though Sayram was still noted for its superior wheat, horse market, historical background, and many tombs.
689:. Sayram was part of the eastern Qarakhanid khanate based on three cities: Sayram itself, Talas, and Farghāna. Coins were minted there by the Qarakhanid rulers. In the opening years of the 7th/13th century, the district seems to have been taken over by the Qipchaqs of the middle Syr Darya, for the
615:
Sayram is significant for maintaining a degree of independence from the
Samanids, remaining a possession of the local Turkic dynasty. The rulers owed three signs of loyalty to the Samanids: military service, the presentation of symbolic gifts, and the name of the Samanid ruler on minted currency.
531:
Sayram was already an important trading site in the centuries before the Arab
Conquest. Islam was brought to Sayram and its neighboring cities by a detachment of Arabic and Arabic-speaking soldier-missionaries from the already converted lands to the south. Sayram, or Isfijab as it was then known,
1104:
Modern Sayram is still very much a part of ancient
Central Asia. Unlike most of Kazakhstan, it bears almost no mark of Soviet planning or modernization. The streets curve in many directions, while the center of the town occupies the same crossroads that have been used for centuries. There are no
583:
Nūḥ ibn Asad, wrested control of the city from the Turks. In that year, Nūḥ built a wall around it to protect it from the Turks. By this time the city was a flourishing market center at the nexus of nomad and sedentary lands. It was also a linchpin in the broad zone of protective forts built to
1187:
sources show evidence of pushing the date of his life to before the Mongol
Conquest, i.e. c. 1103–1166. This chronology is generally accepted in contemporary Central Eurasian studies. His first teacher was Hazrat Shayh Shahobiddin Isfijabi. Today he is known by the nickname Oqota Baba (White
1330:
475:. There are several names mentioned, though it is possible they refer to people, places, cities, or geographic features. Historian Richard Frye states that "even guesses about their identity do not help us in reconstructing history." The word appearing in the Avesta is
458:
Sayram steadily lost its importance as an important trading hub after a time of rapid growth due to the internal warriors of the local feudal lords at the beginning of the 18th century and there is only one village with the same name on its position today.
931:
in 1810. The local Qazaq population, and possibly the local sedentary population, revolted against Kokand control in 1820-1. There is little mention of Sayram in regional histories until its fall to the
Russians in 1864, by which time the nearby city of
1188:
Grandfather). Near his mausoleum, there is a small stream bridged by the main road into Sayram. This bridge is the focus of a local legend concerning the meeting of Ahmad as a boy and the great wanderer Arslan Bab - also well known as
907:
Sayram was slowly rebuilt, likely with the support of the merchants of
Central Asia and the leadership of the Kazakhs. This knowledge comes from the fact that the city appears again as a target of Zunghar aggression forty years later.
592:
s, at 1,700. They built outer walls to protect the crops of the inhabitants from raiders, but the town was not only a military outpost. Traders from
Bukhara and Samarkand constructed large caravanserais for themselves in Sayram.
495:
In the 7th century, the Western Turkic Confederation consisted of five Tu-lu and five Nu-shih-pi tribes, known collectively as the On Oq (Ten Arrows) and by the Chinese as Shih Hsing (Ten Clans). In 642, the
788:
China-bound invasion force wintered in Sayram, Tashkent, and Banākath. ‘Abd al-Razzāq wrote that in 1410 the fortress of Sayram was besieged by Moghul forces, and by the end of the 15th century was given to
997:
The population of over 40,000 is roughly 95% Uzbek, 3% Kazakh, and 1% Russian, with the remainder being Uzbek-speaking Azeris, Chechens and Tajiks. Sayram is a city of observant Muslims, and the
1253:
He spent the majority of his life in Yasi, taking the name Ahmad Yasawi. His order is known as the Yasawiyya/Yasavi, and is particularly important in the history of the region, as well as in
353:, and there is likewise renewed interest in the city as one of the oldest cities of the independent country of Kazakhstan. Notable among the archaeological discoveries is evidence of an early
339:. Sayram is significant today for maintaining mud-brick architecture and the absence of Soviet-style architecture. There are many pre-20th-century mausoleums, and more continue to be built.
834:
took Sayram in 1503. With the coming of Uzbek power in the region, Sayram fell to Muhammad Shaybani Khan along with the rest of the region. However, peace in the region was elusive. The
558:(Christian) of the seventieth generation, and my faith is true! That is why I shall fight you." Hand-to-hand combat ensued, and lasted for three days and nights. Ten thousand Nestorian
900:
east of Sayram. Galdan sent forces against Sayram in 1681, which must have been unsuccessful because they returned in 1683, when Barthold tells us that his commander Rabtan (probably
467:
Some local historians have attempted to find proof of Sayram's prehistory in the holy book of the Zoroastrian faith. They state that the first recorded mention of Sayram is in the
535:
The Arab Conquest was led by Iskak, known today in Sayram as Iskak-bab. The standard bearer of these soldiers of Islam was ‘Abd al-‘Azīz. One surviving manuscript, entitled
1760:
Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century
1695:
Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century
616:
Sayram at this time was one-third the size of Banākath (now in ruins near present-day Chinoz, Uzbekistan), the chief town of the neighboring district of Shāsh (present-day
566:
The same manuscript goes on to describe Iskak-bab's building of the first mosque in Sayram, which would make it the first mosque in all of present-day Kazakhstan, as well.
451:
The modern city of Sayram celebrated its 3,000th year of continued habitation in 1999. Sayram is a city on the frontier between irrigated farmland and the pastures of the
764:(1247–1318) wrote that Sayram was also known as Kary Sailam (Old Sayram). At that time it was a large city with forty gates, and it took one whole day to cross the city.
1827:
V. V. Barthold, "History of the Semirechyé," in Barthold, Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, tr. V. and T. Minorsky (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962), pp. 98-100.
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being much stronger than Uzbekistan's, Sayram has seen an increase of migrant laborers from Uzbekistan, as well as those coming to stay as permanent residents.
896:
of the Zunghars, had successfully conquered and destroyed the power of Sayram did he move his encampment west to the valley of the Ili, ensuring his control of
320:, into which the Sayram Su river flows. Since 2018, it has been part of Shymkent City. Population: 30,887 (2009 Census results); 25,408 (1999 Census results).
507:
After the expulsion of the heretical sects of Christianity, there came a large number of Christians to Central Asia and the East. Largest among them were the
316:
on the Sayram Su River, which rises at the nearby 4000-meter mountain Sayram Su. In medieval times, the city and countryside were located on the banks of the
1268:
Ahmad's mother and father are buried in Sayram. Their mausoleums are both major sites of pilgrimage today, drawing pilgrims from all over Central Asia:
423:, 'sea, river' and referred to the source of a stream. If the name Sayrām is actually Turkic, it probably refers to 'a place of shallow water.' To wit,
966:
570:"After that he set up a Friday mosque in Sayram. The first stone in the foundation was laid by his hands. He sanctified the stone with holy water."
408:
962:
392:
The oldest name of the city according to historical evidence is Isfijab (Espijâb, Isfījāb, Asfījāb), which remained until the Mongol conquest.
1425:
Devin DeWeese, "Sacred History for a Central Asian Town: Saints, Shrines, and Legends of Origin in Histories of Sayrām, 18th-19th Centuries,"
1257:. Their order was known for its disdain for hypocrisy and also the inclusion of certain historic Central Eurasian traditions identified with
888:
in the 1600s saw much of what is now southern Kazakhstan leave the control of the Kazakh Khans. The historian Barthold argued that only after
455:. It has a long history of commercial and political importance as a border town and has been the site of numerous conquests and reconquests.
102:
1975:
1970:
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V. Barthold described them in the early 20th century. Qui Chuji (Chan-Chun, or Чан-чунь in Barthold's work) traveled through the land of the
328:
435:'shallow water,' which coincidentally is the name of the river running east of the center of the city. Kāsgharī also later notes the verb
693:ʿAlāʾ al-dīn Muḥammad devastated the area beyond the Syr Darya to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Mongol leader Küchlüg.
349:, but remains a relatively understudied area. There has been some field work done in the city both before and during the rise of the
958:
881:. The failure of this expedition to control Kazakh raids effectively ended attempts by the Uzbeks to control Sayram and its region.
1449:, Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 7, Turkish Sources, VII, Cambridge, Harvard University Printing Office. II, p. 256
749:
camped in Sayram, and awaited the arrival of his sons in 1223. Sayram's neighbor to the west was not so lucky, the doomed city of
737:
on a bridge of stone, before reaching Sayram in November 1221. The city of Sayram is mentioned in some detail in Qui Chuji's book
639:), the prison, and the Friday mosque were all in the inner city. There were four main gates to the inner town, each guarded by a
396:
mentioned it as the "White City which is called Isbījāb," suggesting its connection with the Soghdian/Persian word for white,
283:
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s and fifteen thousand Muslim missionaries died for their faith. The color-bearer of the Muslim forces was ‘Abd al-‘Azīz.
404:. Kashgari also mentioned that the city was known as Sayram at that time, the name which the town bears today. The Russian
858:
1548:
Early mystics in Turkish literature. By Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser, Robert Dankoff. Published by Routledge, 2006.
877:
Manṣūr Khān led an Uzbek force against the Kazakhs in 1522 in response to their raids from the region of Sayram into the
539:, tells how the Muslim warriors under Iskak-bab came to Sayram and met with the Nestorian patriarch of Sayram, Nakhibar.
1183:
was born in Sayram. The date of his birth is difficult to ascertain from historical documents, and later 13th-century
70:
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1580:
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1333:[Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики
970:
1807:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia
278:
1281:
1368:
The monumental inscriptions from early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. By Sheila Blair. Published by BRILL, 1992.
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Toward the end of the Timurid power, in the middle of the 15th century, Sayram was raided regularly (along with
1392:
1144:
965:. At that time, the majority of modern-day Kazakhstan, including the steppe regions, were part of the separate
1653:
by M.S. Asimov, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Unesco, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Muḥammad Osimī
1387:
Kazakhstan: Coming of Age. Michael Fergus and Zhanar Zhandosova, Stacey International Publishers, March 2004 (
479:, which some historians equate with the name Sayram. There is mention of a river, and a land or people called
635:(suburb), the latter two being protected by walls. All the houses were of mud brick. The government center (
1524:
The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. By Denis Sinor. Published by Cambridge University Press, 1990.
780:, Sayram was an important border city, a center of trade, and Timur gave rule of the city to his grandson
608:. The alternate southern routes were controlled by rival factions, leaving the primary route east through
838:
soon grew in power and Sayram became a common prize of raids and wars between the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and
690:
323:
The city celebrated the 3,000th anniversary of its founding in 1999. It is among the oldest cities in
1237:
was built on his grave. Following Arslan's death, Ahmad moved to Bukhara and followed the studies of
801:
546:
Three-Domed Mausoleum of ‘Abd al-‘Azīz-baba and Seyt Kozhakhan-ata, originally built by the order of
874:'s account, no khan was as respected or authoritative as Qasim, who could command over 300,000 men.
512:
268:
28:
17:
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1657:, János Harmatta, Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ. Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999
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Sayram's Friday Mosque, built in the last ten years by donations from foreign philanthropists.
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mentions that the "king of the Turkmen" at nearby rdū habitually sent presents to Asfījāb.
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by Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich Bartolʹd. Published by E.J. Brill, 1963, University of California
1356:
Sayram Region, 75th Anniversary. By Yerkin Nurazxan, editor 2003. Published independently.
969:. After this period of border drawing and redrawing, Sayram eventually became part of the
8:
657:. The ruler of Sayram apparently also exercised some authority within the steppes, since
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Sayram Region, 75th Anniversary. Yerkin Nurazxan, editor 2003. Published independently.
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1626:. By Louis Massignon, Herbert Mason. Published by Princeton University Press, 1994.
1429:, 89-90 | July 2000, uploaded May 12, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010. URL :
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The newest mausoleum in Sayram today was built and finished in 2005 for Botbay Ata.
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who resisted conversion. Buddhism was also prevalent in Central Asia at that time.
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and remained within their control until their destruction by the Chinese in 1758.
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of the Kazakhs, Sayram, Turkistān, and Tashkent passed under the control of the
1724:^Si You Ki: Travels to the West of Kiu Ch‘ang Ch‘un, by Emil Bretschneider, in
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Ahmad Yasawi's mausoleum, bearing the largest dome in Central Asia, located in
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Sayram was also the main contact between Samanid Islam and the Qaghan Turks of
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380:, which, according to local tradition, was founded by captives captured by the
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1959:
1715:
Bartold, V. V. (1963). Sochineniia. Moskva,, Izd-vo vostochnoi lit-ry. p. 518
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Bartold, V. V. (1963). Sochineniia. Moskva,, Izd-vo vostochnoi lit-ry. p. 517
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Minaret to the Kydyr mosque, 10th century. Roughly 45 feet (15 meters) tall.
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Iskak-bab invited Nakhibar to the true faith. But Nakhibar replied, "I am a
1298:
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893:
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1796:, tr. V. and T. Minorsky (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962), vol. I, pp. 137-165.
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1218:) marking the bridge where Arslan Baba passed a persimmon stone to young
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that also receives domestic flights from Kazakhstan's international hubs
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The rise of the collection of Oirat clans into what became known as the
504:) of the Tu-lu Turkic tribe took refuge in Isfijab from the Nu-shih-pi.
1853:. Handbook of Oriental Studies, sec. 8, vol. 9- Leiden: Brill, 2003. xi
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Bosworth, C.E. "Isfīdjāb." Encyclopædia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2010.
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served as a border town between the Islamic lands and the pagan Turks.
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1728:, vol. 1 (1888) Trubner & Co, London; Reprint by Elibron Classics
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1513:
The Heritage of Central Asia: From Antiquity to the Turkish Expansion
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From there Ahmad became a prize pupil and one of the rising stars of
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973:. It remains in the successor independent country of the Kazakh SSR,
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in 431. There was a community of Nestorian Christians in Sayram when
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1602:, by Svatopluk Soucek. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2000
1762:, E. Bretschneider. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd, 1910.
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777:
713:
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415:, or 'Ancient of Days'. His editor held, however, that instead of
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1697:, E. Bretschneider. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd, 1910.
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Sayram was divided into three districts, like others of the time:
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1229:. Arslan Baba finally succumbed to old age and was buried near
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Sayram is reachable via a ten- to fifteen-minute bus, taxi, or
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Barthold, rev. of Tārīkh-i Amniyya, in Sochineniya, viii, 213
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1747:, by Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich Bartolʹd Published by Luzac, 1958
1463:
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish
1168:
329:
one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the World
1053:
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khanate and subsequently dedicated one chapter of his book
1792:
V. V. Barthold, "History of the Semirechyé," in Barthold,
1669:
by Lawrence Krader. Published by Indiana University, 1971
936:
had already begun to eclipse Sayram in local importance.
814:
A Record of the Barbarian Countries in the Western Region
345:
in Central Asia was active following its conquest by the
1447:
Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Diwân lughāt al-Turk)
335:
in Kazakhstan, and similarly among the oldest cities in
1916:
The Basic Views of Khoja Ahmad Yasavî and His Followers
1020:. There is small minority of other ethnicities, mostly
743:, recorded by his disciples after Chuji returned home.
705:
using catapults under the command of the Siet Alahai.
1783:
E. Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches Vol. 2, p. 250
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The Passion of al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam
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of Moghulistan, where his son was reigning in 1496.
757:, which was utterly destroyed by the Mongol leader.
753:, also called Utrar or Farab, and the birthplace of
649:
s (volunteer fighters for the faith) recruited from
1383:
1381:
870:, Khan of the Kazakhs when he came to the city. In
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1890s: Destroyed city walls of Madīnah (Inner town)
1460:
961:, the area of Sayram was at one point part of the
1755:
1753:
1685:
826:
685:, the city marked the border between Karluks and
584:protect the Samanid empire from nomadic raiders.
1957:
1726:Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources
1427:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée
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952:
927:The city of Sayram was taken by the Ming of the
1750:
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823:) by the Moghul amir Mir Haqq-Berdi Bekichek.
1818:Tārīkh-i Rashīdī, tr. Elias and Ross, 79, 358
1407:
1284:be raised over the site of the Sufi's grave.
1109:List of the most popular mausoleums in Sayram
1040:The religion of the inhabitants of Sayram is
1515:. Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton. 1996.
939:
866:In 1512, the keys of the city were given to
673:seized the city in 980, during the reign of
1922:, vol. 13, issue 38 (Winter 2009), p. 29-38
1794:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
1772:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
1364:
1362:
1345:
1320:
1200:According to legend, Arslan was one of the
696:
1948:. Originally published December 15, 2003.
1904:. Originally published December 15, 1988.
1163:
443:, 'the water became shallow (or scanty)'.
1195:
1016:The citizens of modern Sayram are ethnic
411:suggested that Sayram's correct name was
312:) is a rural locality located in eastern
1651:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
1573:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
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541:
439:-, 'to become shallow,' with the phrase
1575:Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
1458:
772:It is unclear when the city fell under
701:The city of Sayram was captured by the
14:
1958:
1001:can be heard from the city's mosques.
368:There is another city named Sayram in
1935:, 2nd ed., Brill, 2010. Brill Online.
1879:, 2nd ed., Brill, 2010. Brill Online.
1745:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1431:http://remmm.revues.org/index283.html
767:
574:
307:
1976:Populated places along the Silk Road
1971:Populated places in Turkistan Region
1467:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.
681:Empire. At this time, according to
1851:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia
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526:
462:
431:as the name of Isfijāb, the phrase
24:
1048:, the people of Sayram follow the
923:Sayram under the Khanate of Kokand
34:Place in Shymkent City, Kazakhstan
25:
1987:
1130:
846:Sayram under Kazakhs and Zunghars
189:Husan Muzafarhanovich Akhmadhanov
1889:No Counting the Saints in Sayram
1809:. Burt Franklin, New York. 1880.
1678:O. Pritsak, "Die Karachaniden,"
1331:"Население Республики Казахстан"
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971:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
579:In 840 AD, the Samanid chief of
202:10 km (4.2 sq mi)
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1441:al-Kàshgharî, Mahmûd, 1982–85,
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357:system like the kinds found in
1612:Nasabname, Book of Generations
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1435:
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1398:
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827:Sayram under Muhammad Shaybani
740:Travels to the Western Regions
588:numbered these fortresses, or
427:gives, alongside his entry on
361:and other cities of the early
77:
13:
1:
1944:DeWeese, Devin. "Ḥakim Aṭā",
1314:
1287:
953:Sayram under the Soviet Union
784:. In 1404, the right wing of
733:on a wooden bridge, then the
485:people or land of/near Sayram
1276:, and the surrounding area.
1126:‘Abd al-‘Azīz-baba Mausoleum
904:took the city and razed it.
511:, who were condemned at the
419:, it was instead the Arabic
387:
7:
1445:and James Kelly (transl.),
1214:Sign in Sayram (written in
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1027:
10:
1992:
1931:Zarcone, Th. "Yasawiyya."
1891:, Makhmut Nursalaev (1999)
1875:Zarcone, Th. "Yasawiyya."
1838:The Encyclopæedia of Islam
993:of the former Kydyr mosque
446:
210:600 m (1,970 ft)
26:
1278:Tīmūr ibn Taraghay Barlas
1179:The man who later became
940:Sayram under the Russians
911:In 1723, the year of the
708:In 1220, the Taoist monk
304:
289:
277:
267:
255:
238:
227:
219:
214:
206:
198:
193:
178:
173:
165:
153:
133:
98:
64:
55:
48:
39:
1459:Clauson, Gerard (1972).
697:Sayram under the Mongols
519:first came to Sayram in
513:First Council of Ephesus
372:, China located between
331:, the site of the first
1667:Peoples of Central Asia
1600:A history of inner Asia
1164:Ahmad Yasavi and Sayram
1114:Karashash Ana Mausoleum
1076:Karashash Ana Mausoleum
29:Sayram (disambiguation)
1864:Encyclopæedia of Islam
1222:
1196:Ahmad in local legends
1176:
1143:, which is host to an
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1046:Central Asia's Muslims
1037:
994:
863:
855:
712:left his home town of
572:
564:
550:
90:Location in Kazakhstan
1933:Encyclopædia of Islam
1877:Encyclopædia of Islam
1294:History of Kazakhstan
1235:Arystan Bab Mausoleum
1213:
1171:
1123:Mirali Baba Mausoleum
1117:Ibrahim Ata Mausoleum
1099:
1091:
1084:Ibrahim Ata Mausoleum
1083:
1075:
1067:
1054:Islamic jurisprudence
1035:
988:
959:National delimitation
861:
853:
760:The famous historian
729:, crossing first the
665:Under the Qarakhanids
568:
552:
545:
118:42.30000°N 69.76667°E
1946:Encyclopedia Iranica
1920:Ekev Academic Review
1902:Encyclopedia Iranica
1120:Botbay Ata Mausoleum
890:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
27:For other uses, see
1682:31, 1954, pp. 36-38
1068:Main Gate of Sayram
854:Sayram in the 1890s
471:, the holy book of
114: /
1223:
1181:Khoja Ahmad Yasavi
1177:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1038:
995:
989:Sayram's historic
864:
856:
768:Sayram under Timur
631:(inner town), and
575:Under the Samanids
551:
179: • Akim
123:42.30000; 69.76667
1918:. Tosun, Necdet.
1900:Algar, H. "Bāb."
1640:978-0-691-01919-2
1589:978-81-208-1540-7
1562:978-0-415-36686-1
1538:978-0-521-24304-9
1241:before moving to
913:Barefooted Flight
309:[sɑjˈrɑm]
294:
293:
290:Old name: Isfījāb
220: • City
199: • City
16:(Redirected from
1983:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1805:Howorth, Henry.
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1648:
1642:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1570:
1564:
1546:
1540:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
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1479:
1473:
1472:
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1456:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1385:
1376:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1327:
1249:The Yasavi Order
967:Kirgizistan ASSR
946:Russian conquest
804:was sent by the
776:rule. Under the
527:Islamic Conquest
463:Earliest history
311:
306:
186:
146:
144:
143:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
80:
79:
73:
60:
50:
37:
36:
21:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1899:
1895:
1887:
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1848:
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1723:
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1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1649:
1645:
1622:
1618:
1614:: Sayram, Anon.
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1571:
1567:
1547:
1543:
1523:
1519:
1511:Frye, Richard.
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1457:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1379:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1290:
1280:decreed that a
1251:
1202:Islamic prophet
1198:
1166:
1161:
1133:
1111:
1062:
1044:. Like most of
1030:
1014:
1004:The economy of
983:
955:
942:
925:
886:Zunghar Khanate
848:
829:
770:
699:
667:
577:
529:
493:
465:
453:Dasht-i Qipchaq
449:
441:sūw seyremlendī
394:Mahmud Kashgari
390:
305:Сайрам / Sairam
263:
180:
169:10th century BC
141:
139:
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
94:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
51:
49:Сайрам / Sairam
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1924:
1908:
1893:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1849:Bregel, Yuri.
1842:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1776:
1764:
1749:
1737:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1684:
1671:
1659:
1655:Muhammad Osimi
1643:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1565:
1541:
1517:
1504:
1483:
1474:
1451:
1443:Robert Dankoff
1434:
1418:
1406:
1397:
1377:
1358:
1344:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1259:Zoroastrianism
1250:
1247:
1239:Yusuf Hamadani
1197:
1194:
1185:hagiographical
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1132:
1131:Transportation
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1061:
1058:
1029:
1026:
1013:
1010:
999:call to prayer
982:
979:
963:Turkistan ASSR
954:
951:
941:
938:
929:Kokand Khanate
924:
921:
902:Tsewang Rabtan
847:
844:
828:
825:
806:Yongle Emperor
769:
766:
698:
695:
666:
663:
576:
573:
528:
525:
492:
489:
473:Zoroastrianism
464:
461:
448:
445:
409:N. S. Lykoshin
389:
386:
347:Russian Empire
292:
291:
287:
286:
281:
275:
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43:
40:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1988:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1862:E. J. Brill,
1859:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1836:E. J. Brill,
1833:
1824:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1734:1-4021-9303-3
1731:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:0-691-01919-3
1629:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:81-208-1540-8
1578:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:0-415-36686-0
1551:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:0-521-24304-1
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1493:
1487:
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1470:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1374:90-04-09367-2
1371:
1365:
1363:
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1297:
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1256:
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1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1156:
1154:
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1146:
1142:
1138:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1012:Ethnic groups
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
992:
987:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
950:
947:
937:
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920:
918:
914:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
869:
860:
852:
843:
841:
837:
833:
832:Shaybani Khan
824:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
765:
763:
762:Rashid-al-Din
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
742:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:
642:
638:
637:dār al-imārah
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
591:
587:
582:
571:
567:
563:
561:
557:
549:
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540:
538:
533:
524:
522:
518:
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510:
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486:
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478:
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460:
456:
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444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
327:, as well as
326:
321:
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315:
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302:
298:
288:
285:
282:
280:
276:
272:
270:
266:
260:
258:
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246:
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241:
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228: •
226:
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
177:
172:
168:
164:
161:
160:Shymkent City
158:
156:
152:
149:
138:
136:
132:
127:
99:Coordinates:
97:
72:
63:
59:
54:
46:
38:
30:
19:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1866:. 1913–1938.
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1694:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1572:
1568:
1544:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1486:
1477:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1437:
1426:
1421:
1400:
1335:. Retrieved
1299:Ahmed Yesevi
1267:
1252:
1233:. Later the
1224:
1220:Ahmad Yasavi
1199:
1178:
1134:
1103:
1039:
1015:
1003:
996:
981:Demographics
956:
943:
926:
910:
906:
894:Khong Tayiji
883:
876:
865:
830:
818:
798:Ming dynasty
795:
771:
759:
747:Genghis Khan
745:
738:
707:
700:
668:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:
614:
612:and Sayram.
595:
589:
578:
569:
565:
559:
555:
553:
536:
534:
530:
506:
497:
494:
491:Before Islam
484:
481:Sairima elis
480:
476:
466:
457:
450:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:al-Kāshgharī
420:
416:
412:
401:
397:
391:
367:
351:Soviet Union
341:
322:
296:
295:
1263:Manichaeism
1190:Arystan Bab
1060:Main sights
816:to Sayram.
796:During the
735:Talas River
691:Khorezmshah
683:al-Istakhri
671:Qarakhanids
627:(citadel),
433:seyrem sūw,
413:Sar-i ayyām
406:Orientalist
343:Archaeology
337:Transoxania
257:Postal code
121: /
1960:Categories
1840:1913–1938.
1393:1900988615
1337:8 December
1315:References
1304:Kazakhstan
1274:Uzbekistan
1270:Kyrgyzstan
1153:Nur-Sultan
1139:ride from
1137:marshrutka
1052:school of
1006:Kazakhstan
975:Kazakhstan
944:After the
868:Qasim Khan
802:Chen Cheng
791:Yunus Khan
725:, through
721:, through
687:Oğuz Turks
643:manned by
509:Nestorians
325:Kazakhstan
318:Arys River
215:Population
174:Government
148:Kazakhstan
1680:Der Islam
1309:Silk Road
1282:mausoleum
1174:Turkestan
821:Turkestan
755:Al-Farabi
731:Chu River
710:Qiu Chuji
659:Moqaddasi
655:Samarkand
586:Moqaddasi
581:Samarkand
537:Nasabname
437:seyremlen
388:Etymology
365:empires.
359:Samarqand
269:Area code
240:Time zone
207:Elevation
109:69°46′0″E
106:42°18′0″N
1966:Shymkent
1497:April 8,
1492:"Sayram"
1288:See also
1255:Anatolia
1205:Muhammad
1159:See also
1141:Shymkent
1028:Religion
934:Chimkent
879:Farghana
800:, envoy
778:Timurids
714:Shandong
625:qohandez
618:Tashkent
370:Xinjiang
355:plumbing
314:Shymkent
273:+7 72531
234:Shymkent
1469:859–860
1145:airport
1022:Kazakhs
991:minaret
957:During
917:Qalmaqs
898:Zhetysu
840:Qalmaqs
836:Kazakhs
810:Timurid
808:to the
786:Timur's
782:Ulugbek
774:Timur's
727:Zhetysu
719:Uyghurs
703:Mongols
679:Samanid
677:of the
651:Bukhara
629:madīnah
602:Kashgar
477:Sairima
447:History
382:Qalmaqs
363:Persian
279:Climate
166:Founded
135:Country
18:Isfijab
1732:
1638:
1630:
1587:
1579:
1560:
1552:
1536:
1528:
1391:
1372:
1227:Sufism
1149:Almaty
1050:Hanafi
1018:Uzbeks
892:, the
675:Nuh II
604:, and
598:Turpan
521:766 AD
498:khaqan
469:Avesta
429:Sayrām
333:mosque
301:Kazakh
297:Sayram
262:160812
223:32,757
155:Region
145:
84:Sayram
45:Kazakh
41:Sayram
1231:Otrar
1216:Uzbek
1042:Islam
872:Babur
751:Otrar
723:Kulja
646:ghāzī
641:ribat
633:rabaż
610:Farab
606:Kucha
590:ribāṭ
560:tarsa
556:tarsa
548:Timur
517:Islam
483:, or
417:ayyām
402:ispīd
398:sipīd
374:Kucha
245:UTC+6
230:Metro
183:mayor
1730:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1499:2021
1389:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1339:2013
1261:and
1243:Yasi
1151:and
669:The
653:and
502:khan
421:yamm
378:Aksu
376:and
249:ALMT
194:Area
620:).
400:or
284:Csa
1962::
1752:^
1687:^
1634:,
1583:,
1556:,
1532:,
1409:^
1380:^
1361:^
1347:^
1322:^
1272:,
1245:.
1192:.
1155:.
1056:.
1024:.
977:.
842:.
600:,
487:.
384:.
303::
47::
1501:.
1471:.
1395:)
1341:.
500:(
299:(
251:)
247:(
185:)
181:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
