521:
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initially sat by the side embroidering, she soon participated more and more and eventually speaking for her spouse while he sat quiet. The king did not live in his own apartments but in the queen's, where he spent the whole night. When he awoke, he discussed the government business with the queen, after which the couple, still in their dressing gowns, conferred with their ministers in the queen's bedroom while the government business was spread over the queen's bed by her ladies-in-waiting. From 1729, they seldom emerged from the queen's quarters before two in the afternoon, after which they very swiftly performed their official functions. Philip did not like ceremonial court life and preferred to live in the smaller hunting palaces such as
568:
717:
512:. The princess had sent out spies who reported that Elisabeth was in fact not at all a timid person who would be easy to control. Elisabeth received des Ursins and asked to speak with her privately. Shortly after, the party could hear the sounds of a violent argument, after which des Ursins was arrested, fired, and immediately escorted over the border to France. There have been many different versions of this incident, and different suggestions as to how it occurred. Alberoni informed the king that Elisabeth had acted with his best interests at hand, and when Philip met Elisabeth at Guadalajara 24 December, he quickly fell in love with her at first sight, just as he had with his former spouse.
1652:
325:
537:, of her Italian doctor Cervi and Marquis Scotti, who were also a part of her Italian retinue. Her favorites among her ladies-in-waiting was first her Flemish attendant La Pellegrina, who acted as the go-between for her and minister Patino, and the Duchess of Saint-Pierre; after the former had married and the latter departed for France in 1727, she favored the Marchioness Las Nieves, who had the task to act as the queen's informant and who by 1736 was said to be the one who should be courted for supplicants to the queen. She respected her chief lady-in-waiting, Countess de Altamira, who managed her ladies-in-waiting very strictly.
661:
42:
1602:
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cooperative queen consort. In parallel, Alberoni informed
Elisabeth that the king "wishes to be governed" by others and that she would be an unhappy queen unless she swiftly took control, and that she would also be liked by the Spaniards if she removed the influence of the French party headed by the Princess des Ursins.
593:, she got the king to believe that what she willed was what he wanted, and she shared his tastes and eccentricities. Also, depressive episodes often left Philip V paralyzed and unable to handle government affairs, during which she handled them. Such periods occurred in 1717, 1722, 1728, 1731, 1732–33 and 1737.
633:
Queen
Elisabeth was uninterested in domestic policy and preferred foreign policy, where her goal was to enforce the Spanish presence in the Italian states, combined with her ambition for her own sons, who were initially not expected to succeed in Spain because of her step-sons. Elisabeth's influence
563:
Initially, Queen
Elisabeth was popular because her dismissal of des Ursins made her seem as the savior of Spain from French dominance, but her complete dominance of the monarch soon made her as unpopular as des Ursins. Elisabeth was also unpopular among the Spanish nobility for the decline of formal
740:
In the time between her husband's death in 1746 and her own in 1766, she witnessed many events: the accession to the
Spanish throne of her stepson, Ferdinand VI and Barbara of Portugal, whom she hated; and the accession to the throne of Parma of her beloved second son, Philip. In 1752 she built the
736:
The last time
Elisabeth Farnese was involved in politics was after the death of her step-son Ferdinand VI in 1759. After his death, the Spanish throne went to her own son, then absent as the King of Naples. Elisabeth was then made interim regent of Spain from the death of Ferdinand VI in 1759 until
398:
Elisabeth was raised in seclusion in an apartment in the Palace in Parma. She had a difficult relationship with her mother, but was reportedly deeply devoted to her uncle-stepfather. She could speak and write Latin, French, and German and was schooled in rhetoric, philosophy, geography and history,
724:
As queen dowager, Elisabeth initially did not agree to surrender the reins of power. She settled with a court of supporters in a rented mansion in Madrid, and demanded to be kept informed of government policy and openly criticized the new monarchs. By mid 1747, Queen
Barbara was encouraged to deal
596:
In contrast to what was customary for a
Spanish monarch, Philip preferred to share the queen's apartments rather than have his own separate ones, and it was in the queen's apartments he met with his ministers. Elisabeth was therefore present at all government meetings from the start, and while she
624:
family. During the reign of Louis
Elisabeth kept her hold of power. Seven months later, however, the death of the young king recalled Philip to the throne. It was Elisabeth who, with the aide of the ministers, the papal nuncio, theologians and her network of contacts, pressured him to retake the
472:
The
Parmese ambassador convinced the all-powerful Princess des Ursins to give her crucial consent to the marriage by convincing her that Elisabeth was a simple-minded person, accustomed to nothing but needlework and embroidery and easy to control and dominate as a replacement for the previous,
605:, where ceremonial court life could not properly occur. The royal couple's absence from court life and lack of public visibility became so marked that they were criticized for it, especially Elisabeth. After the dismissal of Alberoni in 1719 she was effectively the sole ruler in Spain.
588:
Queen
Elisabeth quickly obtained complete influence over Philip. Reportedly she had charm and purposefulness, she was intelligent and could converse, be happy, jovial and charming. But she was also ambitious for glory, approval and popularity. According to the French ambassador the
580:
With the advice of Alberoni and cardinal del Giudice, Elisabeth became the confidante of Philip and proceeded to eliminate the French party at court. They were replaced with her own followers through a network of clients and supporters, created with the help of her Italian nurse
646:, she placed herself at the head of one division of the Spanish army. In April 1719, the queen accompanied the king on his campaign to the front upon the French invasion; dressed in a habit of blue and silver, she continuously reviewed and encouraged her troops on horseback.
410:
Because of the lack of male heirs of her father, her uncle-stepfather, and her youngest uncle, who all succeeded one another, preparations were made for the succession of the Duchy of Parma through the female line (her). She consequently received many marriage proposals.
668:
During the later years of Philip V, when he was nearly senile, Elisabeth directed the whole policy of Spain so as to secure thrones in Italy for her sons. In 1731 she had the satisfaction of seeing her favored scheme realized with the recognition by the powers in the
532:
Elisabeth enjoyed hunting and wore male riding attire while doing so. She was described as an excellent shot and rider, and often hunted with the king. She spent extravagantly, on both herself and her confidants. Her circle of confidants consisted, except her nurse
496:
of Spain. At the Franco-Spanish border, she was met by Alberoni, who spent several days warning her against des Ursins. Upon entrance to Spain, she refused to part with her Italian retinue in exchange for a Spanish one, as had originally been planned.
733:, where she spent the rest of her step-son's reign exiled from the royal court and any influence on politics. She hosted grand receptions where she welcomed foreign diplomats and encouraged the criticism of the opposition toward her step-son.
752:. She was a patron of the Royal Glass Factory at La Granja. She died at Aranjuez in 1766 at the age of 73. She was buried next to her husband in the Colegiata of San Ildefonso. Her extensive art collection was divided among her three sons.
366:
ruler of Spain from 1714 until 1746 since she managed the affairs of state with the approval of her spouse, and is particularly known for her great influence over Spain's foreign policy. From 1759 until 1760, she governed as regent.
488:, and the plans were therefore altered. On her way to Spain, she met the Prince of Monaco and the French ambassador, who forwarded her gifts from the King of France. Elisabeth spent several days in
1593:
634:
was exerted altogether in support of Alberoni's policy, one chief aim of which was to recover the ancient Italian possessions of Spain, and which actually resulted in the seizure of
585:. Her chief adviser was Alberoni, who guided her as to how to protect the interests of herself and Parma, while he himself, as a foreigner, had only her to rely on for his power.
564:
Spanish etiquette court life, and pamphlets of the "Spanish party" typically accused her of keeping the king in slavery, benefiting foreigners and trying to murder her step-sons.
461:
of the King of Spain. Elisabeth was a natural choice for Philip V because of the traditional Spanish interests in Italian provinces, and she was the heir of the Parmesan throne.
1802:
1617:
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520:
399:
but, reportedly, she found no interest in her studies and lacked intellectual interests. She was a better student within dance, studied painting under
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2015:
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657:, and by 1720 the allies made the banishment of Alberoni a condition of peace. Sicily and Sardinia also had to be evacuated.
236:
2523:
2127:
1999:
1027:
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since 1735. In 1754, renounced his ecclesiastical titles and became Count of ChinchĂłn. In 1776, he married morganatically
2468:
2458:
2448:
2377:
2369:
2265:
2121:
2036:
1821:
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1747:
907:
713:, the French ambassador remarked that: "it is rather Barbara who succeeds Elisabeth than Ferdinand succeeding Philip."
412:
17:
815:
241:
2483:
837:
774:
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In 1724, entreaties failed to prevent the abdication of Philip, who gave up the throne in favour of his firstborn (
392:
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2385:
2116:
2066:
1962:
1439:
Clarissa Campbell Orr: Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press (2004)
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508:, who as her newly appointed Mistress of the Robes wished to present herself before Elisabeth met Philip V at
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452:
2503:
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On 9 July 1746, the reign of Elisabeth ended with the death of Philip V and the succession of her stepson
2089:
476:
Elisabeth left Parma in September and traveled to Spain by land in a retinue led by Marquis Schotta and
419:
both asked for her hand but negotiations eventually failed, as well as Prince Pico della Mirandola. The
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56:
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The queen collected Italian works from the 16th and 17th centuries, including masterpieces by
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2020:
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706:
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428:
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231:
126:
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2409:
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642:. So vigorously did she enter into this policy that when the French forces advanced to the
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777:(31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781), Queen of Portugal by marriage to
609:
553:
427:. After his accession to the Spanish throne, the title passed on to her third son,
345:
337:
293:
273:
265:
818:(25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785), known as the Cardinal-Infante. Was
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1568:
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534:
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709:. As Ferdinand, like his father, left the government business to his spouse,
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1626:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 185.
1576:
Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d'Espagne sous le régne de Philippe V
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41:
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and enjoyed music and embroidery. She survived a virulent attack of
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501:
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404:
362:
1607:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1578:
by the Marquis de St Philippe, translated by Maudave (Paris, 1756)
1665:
840:(17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785), spouse of
748:
She later spent much of her time at the palaces of La Granja and
489:
288:
764:(20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788), spouse of
639:
1494:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Isabella Farnese".
729:, and on 23 July 1747, Elisabeth was exiled with her court to
791:
612:), heir from his first marriage. Phillip then retired to the
492:
in November as guest of her maternal aunt, the Queen Dowager
485:
380:
2052:
Princess Marie des Neiges, Countess of Castillo de la Mota
484:. Originally intended to travel by sea, she became ill in
443:
On 16 September 1714 she was married by proxy at Parma to
771:
Francisco (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717).
1515:
808:(11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746), spouse of
649:
Her ambition, however, was grievously disappointed. The
447:. The marriage was arranged by the ambassador of Parma,
1454:
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1478:"Elisabeth Farnese", National Gallery of Victoria 2014
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1404:
1402:
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Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer
352:; 25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) was
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1393:
1742:24 December 1714 – 14 January 1724
1567:Cardinal of Spain: the Life and Strange Career of
2425:
2078:Marie-Adélaïde, Countess Henckel of Donnersmarck
1810:
552:and Flemish works by such celebrated artists as
2084:Marie Gabrielle, Countess af Holstein-Ledreborg
787:(15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765),
2042:Marie Françoise, Princess Edouard de Lobkowicz
1767:6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746
2179:
1984:Maria Luisa Carlota, Crown Princess of Saxony
1796:
417:Francesco d'Este, Hereditary Prince of Modena
1489:
1487:
1485:
737:the arrival of her son Charles III in 1760.
1124:Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg
966:Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma
423:would later be inherited by her first son,
304:Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma
2193:
2186:
2172:
1803:
1789:
614:Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso
162:Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso
40:
2057:Princess CĂ©cile Marie, Countess of Poblet
1852:Margherita, Hereditary Princess of Mantua
1540:Elisabeth Farnese, the Termagant of Spain
1537:
1521:
1510:Catalogo de la Esculture: Museo del Prado
1482:
1460:
1448:
1387:
1375:
247:MarĂa Antonia Fernanda, Queen of Sardinia
190:
1612:
1408:
834:and had issue, but without royal titles.
715:
659:
566:
519:
463:
237:MarĂa Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France
2107:Princess Margarita, Countess of Colorno
1958:Carolina, Princess Maximilian of Saxony
1546:
1363:
1244:George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
616:. Also in 1724, Elisabeth acquired the
431:. It was he who founded the modern day
14:
2426:
2112:Princess Carolina, Marchioness of Sala
1223:
1103:
1099:
1089:
981:
871:
867:
575:
571:Coat of Arms as Queen Consort of Spain
2167:
2067:Diane, Princess Franz of Hohenzollern
1784:
1589:Comentarios del marqués de San Felipe
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391:. Her mother later married her uncle
2128:Princess Margaretha of Liechtenstein
2266:Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
2122:Archduchess Marie-Astrid of Austria
1889:Margherita Maria, Duchess of Modena
1270:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
227:Mariana Victoria, Queen of Portugal
194:
24:
2016:Marie Louise, Princess of Bulgaria
1466:
1414:
1002:Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena
908:Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma
673:of her son Don Carlos (afterwards
413:Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont
77:6 September 1724 –
66:24 December 1714 –
25:
2535:
1868:Maria Caterina, Duchess of Modena
1681:
628:
515:
1937:Isabella, Archduchess of Austria
1650:
1600:
1562:New York, John Day Company, 1971
1150:Philip William, Elector Palatine
700:
697:, became Duke of Parma in 1748.
685:his accession to the thrones of
393:Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma
323:
95:10 August 1759 – 9 December 1760
27:Queen of Spain from 1714 to 1746
2144:princess of Luxembourg by birth
2072:Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg
1594:Biblioteca de Autores Españoles
1512:(1981:22-24) with bibliography.
1502:
186:
2514:Mothers of Neapolitan monarchs
2274:Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony
2226:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
1547:Sanchez, Magdalena S. (2017).
882:Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma
857:Ancestors of Elisabeth Farnese
842:Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
664:Philip V and Elisabeth in 1739
524:Elisabeth with her eldest son
451:, with the concurrence of the
13:
1:
2464:18th-century Spanish nobility
2454:18th-century Italian nobility
2000:Margherita, Duchess of Madrid
1350:
720:Coat of Arms as Queen Dowager
2519:Mothers of Sicilian monarchs
2218:SophĂa of Greece and Denmark
1811:Princesses of Parma by birth
1587:The Spanish original of the
1582:Memoirs of Elizabeth Farnese
727:José de Carvajal y Lancáster
7:
2524:Mothers of Italian monarchs
2152:princess of Nassau by birth
2037:Alicia, Duchess of Calabria
1942:Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain
1873:Vittoria, Duchess of Modena
1822:Vittoria, Duchess of Urbino
1508:Blanco, A. and Lorente, M.,
848:
838:Maria Antonietta Ferdinanda
794:and founder of the line of
438:
10:
2540:
2469:18th-century Spanish women
2459:18th-century Italian women
2449:18th-century women regents
2322:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans
2234:Maria Christina of Austria
1757:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans
1748:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans
1542:. Longmans, Green, and Co.
1538:Armstrong, Edward (1892).
1531:
1217:
1208:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
1101:
975:
869:
832:MarĂa Teresa de Vallabriga
800:Louise Élisabeth of France
745:as her dowager residence.
655:British troops raided Vigo
468:Elizabeth Farnese, c. 1720
389:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
375:Elisabeth was born at the
314:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
222:Charles III, King of Spain
211:
2201:
2137:
2099:
2029:
2008:
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1905:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain
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1715:
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1671:
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1640:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain
1633:
1560:King Charles III of Spain
1302:Sophia Eleonore of Saxony
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725:with her by Portugal and
458:Camarera mayor de Palacio
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113:
109:
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91:
84:
73:
62:
55:
39:
34:
2484:House of Bourbon (Spain)
2282:Maria Isabel of Portugal
2250:Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo
2207:Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano
2021:Zita, Empress of Austria
810:Louis, Dauphin of France
755:
653:thwarted her plans when
370:
148:Royal Palace of Aranjuez
2354:Marie Louise of Orléans
2090:Alix, Princess of Ligne
1968:Princess Maria Carlotta
1623:Encyclopædia Britannica
1565:Harcourt-Smith, Simon:
1551:. Taylor & Francis.
1496:Encyclopedia Britannica
743:Royal Palace of RiofrĂo
731:the palace of La Granja
401:Pietro Antonio Avanzini
242:Luis, Count of ChinchĂłn
2489:Spanish royal consorts
2333:(1714–1724, 1724–1746)
2306:Maria Amalia of Saxony
2258:Francis, Duke of Cádiz
2195:Spanish royal consorts
2062:Anne, Queen of Romania
2047:Princess Marie Thérèse
1963:Princess Maria Antonia
1763:Queen consort of Spain
1738:Queen consort of Spain
796:House of Bourbon-Parma
766:Maria Amalia of Saxony
721:
665:
572:
529:
469:
433:House of Bourbon-Parma
277:
269:
57:Queen consort of Spain
2494:Spanish queen mothers
2346:Maria Anna of Neuburg
1675:Your Catholic Majesty
1591:was published in the
1572:New York, Knopf, 1955
940:Margherita de' Medici
806:Maria Theresa Rafaela
719:
683:1738 Treaty of Vienna
663:
570:
523:
467:
377:Palazzo della Pilotta
232:Philip, Duke of Parma
127:Palazzo della Pilotta
86:Queen regent of Spain
2444:18th-century regents
2410:Isabella of Portugal
2338:Maria Luisa of Savoy
2298:Maria Luisa of Parma
1731:Maria Luisa of Savoy
1182:Magdalene of Bavaria
820:Archbishop of Toledo
762:Charles III of Spain
675:Charles III of Spain
591:Duke of Saint-Aignan
506:Princesse des Ursins
504:, Elisabeth met the
453:Princesse des Ursins
193:; died
48:Louis-Michel van Loo
2504:Nobility from Parma
2394:Élisabeth of France
2378:Margaret of Austria
2370:Élisabeth of France
2314:Barbara of Portugal
2242:Mercedes of Orléans
1773:Barbara of Portugal
618:San Ildefonso Group
576:Political influence
2362:Mariana of Austria
1727:Title last held by
1690:Elisabeth Farnese
1618:Farnese, Elizabeth
722:
693:. Her second son,
666:
573:
550:Francesco Salviati
530:
500:On 23 December at
470:
383:, the daughter of
350:Isabel de Farnesio
342:Elisabetta Farnese
278:Isabel de Farnesio
270:Elisabetta Farnese
18:Isabel de Farnesio
2509:Philip V of Spain
2421:
2420:
2402:Mary I of England
2330:Elisabeth Farnese
2161:
2160:
1779:
1778:
1770:Succeeded by
1745:Succeeded by
1679:
1678:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1086:Elisabeth Farnese
620:for him from the
478:Ippolita Ludovisi
449:Cardinal Alberoni
445:Philip V of Spain
334:Elisabeth Farnese
331:
330:
283:
282:
175:Philip V of Spain
150:, Aranjuez, Spain
35:Elisabeth Farnese
16:(Redirected from
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2499:Regents of Spain
2479:House of Bourbon
2474:House of Farnese
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2174:
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1755:Preceded by
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1704:
1695:House of Farnese
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1367:
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863:
862:
854:
853:
824:Primate of Spain
775:Mariana Victoria
681:, and after the
671:Treaty of Vienna
554:Anthony van Dyck
327:
257:
256:
215:
198:
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2386:Anna of Austria
2197:
2192:
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2157:
2133:
2100:16th generation
2095:
2030:15th generation
2025:
2009:14th generation
2004:
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1644:as consort
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2211:(2014–present)
2202:
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1682:External links
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1579:
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1522:Armstrong 1892
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425:Infante Carlos
421:Duchy of Parma
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1710:11 July 1766
1707:
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1672:Spoken style
1638:
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1364:Sanchez 2017
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158:17 July 1766
143:(1766-07-11)
141:11 July 1766
46:Portrait by
29:
2439:1766 deaths
2434:1692 births
2413:(1526–1539)
2405:(1556–1558)
2397:(1559–1568)
2389:(1570–1580)
2381:(1598–1611)
2373:(1621–1644)
2365:(1649–1665)
2357:(1679–1689)
2349:(1690–1700)
2341:(1701–1714)
2317:(1746–1758)
2309:(1759–1760)
2301:(1788–1808)
2293:(1808–1813)
2290:Julie Clary
2285:(1816–1818)
2277:(1819–1829)
2269:(1829–1833)
2261:(1846–1868)
2253:(1870–1873)
2237:(1879–1885)
2229:(1906–1931)
2221:(1975–2014)
779:King Joseph
510:Guadalajara
104:Charles III
79:9 July 1746
2428:Categories
1351:References
622:Odescalchi
556:, and the
546:Guido Reni
494:Maria Anna
120:1692-10-25
1635:Styles of
707:Ferdinand
677:) as the
542:Correggio
320:Signature
849:Ancestry
828:cardinal
750:Aranjuez
644:Pyrenees
636:Sardinia
603:Aranjuez
599:El Pardo
560:family.
502:Jadraque
482:Piombino
439:Marriage
405:smallpox
363:de facto
1666:Majesty
1611::
1532:Sources
789:Duke of
625:crown.
610:Louis I
558:Bruegel
526:Charles
490:Bayonne
346:Spanish
338:Italian
294:Farnese
274:Spanish
266:Italian
199:
183:
179:
100:Monarch
92:Regency
2325:(1724)
2245:(1878)
1724:Vacant
1706:
1605:
785:Philip
695:Philip
691:Sicily
687:Naples
640:Sicily
455:, the
310:Mother
300:Father
212:Detail
189:
169:Spouse
155:Burial
74:Tenure
63:Tenure
50:, 1739
2150:also
2142:also
1708:Died:
1701:Born:
792:Parma
756:Issue
486:Genoa
381:Parma
371:Parma
289:House
260:Names
206:Issue
197:)
185:(
181:
1921:None
1836:None
1300:15.
1242:14.
1180:13.
1122:12.
1058:11.
1000:10.
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