Irish round tower - Knowledge

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free-standing tower then had the school built around it. Drawings by Beringer from 1766 and 1776 show this school building with the tower projecting through the west end of the roof. in 1775 the tower was badly damaged by a storm and the Dean and Chapter agreed that it must be taken down because it was too dangerous to repair. This was done 3 years later with the upper portion of the tower removed down to the level of the church roof. It is unclear when the remainder of the tower was demolished, though this was possibly done in 1789.

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constructed of "a dark kind of marble" and "not composed of freestone", "the finest I have met with". Later accounts in 1878 (O Halloran) and 1884 (Tralee Chronicle) put its height at 120 ft and 150 ft respectively. The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland 1846 states that the tower was "slated" (but being written over 70 years after it fell it is difficult to say for certain if this was so, if it was it would certainly be a unique feature).

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him that he caused a round tower, or pyramid build of old times to be pulled down and the stones used for his new "epall house". In the bottom of the tower, he found the bones of a man buried anciently there. Barrow states that the "Bishop's House", now a burnt-out ruin, was built by Leslie in 1637. The traditional site of the tower is now pointed up a lane to the north-west of the cathedral.

1901: 1089:"In the charter of Derry it is called Columb kille's Tower in Raven's plan of the city in 1621 it appears as a very high and slender belfry....In the popular traditions of Derry and its vicinity this tower is still invariably spoken of as a lofty round tower built by St Columb himself and many legends are current of its miracle working silver bell" 3465:. Traces of the foundations of the tower and church were reported in 1948. Davies claims that a stone on the site carved with a human head, legs, arms but no body, looks like it came from an arch from the tower. Barrow discounts this possibility as the arch stone would be too small for such purpose but may have come from the ruined church. 3366:. Barrow speculates that it is more likely that the tower and indeed the entire monastery at Dysart was built to replace the one that had been ruined at Rath Blamaic. Barrow also states that when he examined the cemetery wall, in 1974, at Rath Blamaic that many of its stones looked likely to have come from the remains of the round tower. 3181:

tower collapsed or was demolished at an unknown date leaving a scar on the side of the belfry. The scar rises to 14 m high where the tower diverged from the later building. There is a large window/opening (9.6 m from the ground) within this scar suggesting that this opening allowed access between the tower and belfry.

3083:(10 or 12 paces around and over 100 feet tall). An engraving on the foot of a monstrance (dating from 1669) in the Dominican friary at Pope's Quay, Cork depicts St. Finbar with a church behind him and a capless round tower at one end. The tower has a broken top with 6 windows directly in line above a round-headed doorway. 3153:) quotes old locals describing the tower as of rude construction of large stones c.70 ft high with two windows at the top. A car park now marks the site of the former school and no trace of the tower now remains, though its stones are said to have been used in a nearby cemetery wall (this wall is no longer present). 4017:

A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland: Comprising the Several Counties; Cities; Boroughs; Corporate, Market, and Post Towns; Parishes and Principal Villages; with Historical and Statistical Descriptions: Embellished with Engravings of the Arms of the Cities, Bishoprics, Corporate Towns, and Boroughs;

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John O'Donovan identifies the site as in the townland of Tullaghard of Steeplestown a short way due North of Trim. O'Donovan also records speaking to a local person born in 1750 who claimed to remember the tower standing as late as 1757. He had seen it as a child but was unable to recall what kind of

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Barrow visiting the site in 1974 describes finding several stones taken from the ruin of the round tower embedded in the cemetery wall surrounding the site and also scattered amongst the graves. These stones include the capstone, a conical stone with an angle of around 65 degrees 30 cm high with

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UCD Professor of Archaeology Tadhg O'Keeffe has suggested that the towers were originally high-status royal chapels, citing how two of them (Kells and Duleek) were scenes of regicide. He also suggested that the windows were arranged clockwise to imitate the order of relic-carrying procession from the

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In James Moore's 1739 book Ware states that "There was also in that Place a round Tower built on a Hill in which the Bishops of Raphoe formerly kept their Studies". Barrow states that there is a manuscript in the Ware's handwriting dated 2 April 1660, that Dr. John Leslie, bishop of Raphoe, had told

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A stump 3m tall at its highest point, surrounded by rubble from its collapse, is all that remains. Barrow speculates that some of the stones from the tower were used to build the nearby wall surrounding the cemetery, including one at the top of the entrance 1.07m long with a raised moulding that may

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George Petrie recorded a local tradition that some of the tower remained until as late as 1800. Barrow states that Brash, however, upon visiting the area in 1852 and speaking with its oldest inhabitants was unable to find anyone with knowledge of the tower. Brash speculates that the Petrie may have

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The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland describes the steeple of Killeshin being "undermined" "and flung down" in 1703 by an employee of a Captain Woosley (described as "Hero of the Boyne"). The tower measured 105 feet long on the ground after being felled and apparently remained largely intact

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Another possible purpose would be for taking shelter during raids. The mostly enclosed top floors and stone rooftops would make for terrible belltowers. The elevated doorway could have had a ladder that would be drawn up during raids, and the thick stone walls could withstand most attacks. Since

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with a single door raised two to three metres above, often accessible only by a ladder. Within, in some, are two or more floors (or signs of where such floors existed), usually of wood, and it is thought that there were ladders in between. The windows, which are high up, are slits in the stone. The

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Descriptions of St. Coman's monastery at the time of dissolution of the monastarys include reference to a round tower.The map prepared by Nicholas Malby of 1581 shows the tower as having reduced height with a temporary conical roof. Images on the Essex estates prepared by Mr. Plunkett in 1736 show

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Barrow's research indicates that this tower collapsed in a storm in 1720, and the remaining stump (around 4.6 m tall) disappeared by degrees with the last dug out in 1807 and the stones used to build a local glebe house. The tower reputably stood around 18 m to the south-west of the ruined church.

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The tower fell in a great storm in 1771. Descriptions of the tower vary with Samual Molyneux passing the tower in 1709 stating that it was "very low" with seamen often mistaking it for Scattery round tower. Charles Smith in 1756 describes the tower as being near 100 ft (30m) tall being mostly

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speaks of meeting a local man in 1837 who remembers the round tower of Kilbarry standing. It is said to have stood around 15 feet west of the church in the monastery of Clooncoirpthe. The tower fell in a great storm in the 1770s, and in doing so knocked down the closest corner of the church. This

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The tower survived at least until medieval times. Evidence of this is clearly visible in the imprint of the tower in the north wall of the square 15th century Tower of St. Mary's Church. The tower was incorporated into the medieval belfry in a similar manner to the Irish Round Tower at Lusk. The

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as it posed a threat (if it fell) to his cattle who used to scratch themselves on the four pillars on which the tower stood. Barrow speculates that this later account of the towers destruction and 4 pillars notion is a corruption of the original account and speculates that the tower had become

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Thomas Dineley in his book from 1681 has a sketch of the old cathedral at Emly with a stump (possibly that of the remains of a round tower) behind it at one side reaching to the height of the eaves of the cathedral. The stump appears to have 11 regular even courses of masonry with an opening,

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A painting by Charles Lilly from 1790 and a print from 1789 show the round tower with a broken top standing to the south-west corner of the cathedral next to St. Patrick's grave. The remainder of the tower is said to have been pulled down in the early 19th century during the renovation of the

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the doors always face where a church stood, this also adds weight to the theory they were where monks would evacuate to. The oldest reference to a round tower (the one at Slane, see below) records its use as a refuge – however in this case it was burnt by the Vikings, killing everyone inside.

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The tower stood in an old churchyard just south-west of Dublin castle. In 1706 the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral granted the ruins of the church (where the tower stood) to Dr. John Jones to build a school, with one of the conditions being that he would not pull down the tower. The formerly

3117:) in 1744 describes the remains of the tower at that time as being 66 feet tall with walls 3 feet thick standing 40 ft from the old cathedral. The doorway was at ground level. (Barrow speculates that the ground level may have been raised by the rubble of the old cathedral.) 271: 3363:

There is a legend among the peasantry of the neighbourhood that the Saint of Dysart, St Mawnaula, carried away from Rath the tower now standing at Dysart whereupon Blamaic the Saint of Rath retaliated by conveying to Rath some other building which had stood at

3267:"The tower which stands on elevated ground about five miles NE of Carlow and not on the Barrow as asserted in some late publications is built of gritstone with which the country abounds and about twelve feet internal diameter but at present much destroyed" 162:

The towers were probably built between the 9th and 12th centuries. In Ireland about 120 examples are thought once to have existed; most are in ruins, while eighteen to twenty are almost perfect. There are three examples outside Ireland. Two are in eastern

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A sketch of the ruin of this tower is also in this book. It depicts the tower standing about 10m tall with 23 stone courses, broken down its left side to ground level, with a breach near the top which could represent the remains of a window.

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being the highest surviving in Ireland (and leaning 1.7 metres (5 ft 7 in) out of perpendicular). The masonry differs according to date, the earliest examples being uncut rubble, while the later ones are of neatly joined stonework

101:, with the door of the tower facing the west doorway of the church. Knowledge of this fact has made it possible, where towers still exist, to determine without excavation the approximate sites of lost churches that once stood nearby. 3006:

The tower is said to have stood 12 m north of the present cathedral (based on a map drawn in 1886 during the restoration of the cathedral) and possibly finally met its demise in 1642 when the town and cathedral were burned by Phelim

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Built in around the time of the 10th century. And its main entrance is 2 metres above the ground, suggesting that it was used as protection. The site of the monastery was burned down in 1147. It is locally known as The Steeple.

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Cormac Ua Cillin, of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne, comarb of Ciaran and Coman, and comarb of Tuaim-greine, by whom the great church of Tuam-greine, and its cloicteach, were constructed, sapiens et senex, et Episcopus, quievit in

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The main reason for the entrance-way being built above ground level was to maintain the structural integrity of the building rather than for defence. The towers were generally built with very little foundation. The tower at

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tower in ruins. The present St Coman's church is said to be located on the site of the original monastic church. The round tower is said to have stood at the back of the town Gaol. No trace of the round tower remains.

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The distance from the ground to the raised doorway is somewhat greater than that from the first floor to the second; thus large, rigid steps would be too large for the door. Excavations in the 1990s, revealing

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John O'Donovan identifies the site as Tullamaine, a parish whose overgrown closed cemetery is in a field about 4 km West of Callan. No monastic remains now exist there and no trace of the tower remains.

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The Belfry of Slane was burned by the foreigners , with its full of relics and distinguished persons. together with Caeineachair, Lector of Slaine, and the crosier of the patron saint and a bell, the best of

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A ruined medieval church marks the site of the monastery said to be founded by St. Blamaic in the 6th century. It is a mile NNW of the round tower at Dysert O Dea which is clearly visible across the valley.

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The ruins of a Round Tower to the height of eight feet and without door or window are said to have stood at Rath until the year 1838 when the materials were removed for the building of the Churchyard wall

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Barrow states that the Down Survey of 1655 marks the site with a tower of 3 stories with a broken top. Fitzgerald and McGreggor writing in 1826 state that it was a fine tower that "fell a few years since"

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The tallest standing of the ancient round towers. It has 11 windows (more than any other tower) and the door is 8m from the ground (higher than any other tower). Leans 1.02m from the vertical.

262:, built in 1014. The round tower at Ardmore, County Waterford, believed to be the latest built in Ireland (c. 12th century), has the unique feature of three string courses around the exterior. 3295:

The monastic site at Killeshin, 5 km west of Carlow, contains the remains of a 12th-century church. The round tower is said to have stood 20 m south-west of this church.

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A great hosting by Connor MacFergall O'Loughlinn together with the people of the North of Ireland, to Meath; They burned Trim, both cloicteach and church and these full of people.

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has an underground foundation of only sixty centimetres. Building the door at ground level would weaken the tower. The buildings still stand today because their round shape is

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It is presumed by locals that the tower stood on the site of the Church of Ireland cathedral. No other references to the tower exist and no trace of the tower remains.

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Surviving towers range in height from 18 metres (60 ft) to 40 metres (130 ft), and 12 metres (40 ft) to 18 metres (60 ft) in circumference; that at

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means stone-house or stone-building. The round tower seems to be the only significant stone building in Ireland before the advent of the Normans in 1169–1171 CE.

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The site at Rosscarbery is now marked by a Church of Ireland cathedral with the remains of an early church across the road. No trace of the round tower remains.

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one side broken off. Also found were what Barrow believes were the remains of a round-headed doorway "of three stones" dressed to the curve with a moulding.

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No trace of the tower now remains but the site is pointed out next St Patrick's grave on raised ground which Barrow speculates may conceal its foundations.

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corner was known as Claig-theach corner. The tower had a diameter of 9–11 feet and the last remains of it were removed 6 years before O'Donovan's visit.

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Barrow speculates that the probable site of the tower was on a hill where the ruins of a 16th-century friary now remain. No trace of the tower remains.

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been referencing an old stone church rather that the remains of a round tower. It is unknown where exactly the tower stood and no trace of it remains.

474:. The 110-foot (34 m) tower is in the traditional design of an Irish round tower and is partially built with stone from a former army barracks in 3564:

The cloicteach of Tealach-nInmainne in Osraighe was split by a thunderbolt and a stone flew from the cloicteach, which killed a student in the church.

512:, Victoria, Australia, completed in December 1900, features a 13-metre Irish round tower on its eastern side. The tower is based on the entrance to 3003:"A great wind storm happened in December of this year, which knocked off the conical cap of the cloicteach of Ard-Macha"- Annals of the Four Masters 3340: 3309:

dilapidated at its base and so became structurally unsound. Stones from the tower were still visible on site during O'Donovan's visit in 1838.

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A very destructive wind this year, about the feast of Brigid ; It blew down the bell tower of Ross Ailithir and caused much damage generally

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Strengthened by a stone buttress, has a stone staircase to the doorway. It is the narrowest known tower with a base diameter of just 4.04 m

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Only the lower 3 m of the tower is original, what stands above (tower of the Collegiate church) is a late medieval addition/reconstruction

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Silver seal of the dean and chapter of Ross, made in 1661, was embossed with a round tower which had a bulge at its base like Clondalkin.

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Barrow's evidence indicates that this tower fell in 1738. A French traveller, Boullaye le Gouz passing it in 1644 describes the tower as

2103: 4197: 3649: 3853:"St Patrick's Cathedral: Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne – the Cathedral > History > Saint John the Evangelist, East Melbourne" 3449: 1611: 3722: 2800: 524:, built in 1137. The structure is now part of the Catholic Leadership Centre, operated by the Catholic Education Office Melbourne. 147:, confirm that wooden steps were built. However, the use of ladders prior to the construction of such steps cannot be ruled out. 3751: 3668: 3866: 2360: 489:

in the late 19th century as a memorial to central Massachusetts' Irish immigrants, of whom thousands are buried there. In 2003

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Ordnance survey of the county of Londonderry By Great Britain. Ordnance Survey, Thomas Colby, Sir Thomas Aiskew Larcom (Gart.)

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The conical cap has been replaced with battlements and the tower has been attached to a church (which was built later)

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in 1845. The Irish language has greatly evolved over the last millennium. Dinneen notes the alternate pronunciations,

4130: 4112: 4094: 2334: 84:'bell house') are early medieval stone towers of a type found mainly in Ireland, with two in Scotland and one on the 3212:

possibly representing the doorway. The site of the cathedral is an old graveyard beside the modern catholic church.

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cap (roof), is of stone, usually conical in shape, although some of the towers are now crowned by a later circle of

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Brain Lalor states that fragments of the tower have been found on-site and its location is marked on OSI maps from

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No trace of the tower now remains and the cathedral built in 1865 evidently covers the site where it once stood.

486: 361:, there is a 19th-century copy of a round tower. It was erected to the memory of the Wexford men who fell in the 3184:

Fragments of the foundation remain showing that the external diameter at the base of the tower was 5.18 m.

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The site of at Tomregon is located around 4 km south-west of Ballyconnell in an open field known as the

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Said to have been a place to place bodies after they had been buried in the graveyard for a number of years.

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Tower in Larne County Antrim is a lighthouse done in the style of a round tower. It was built to commemorate

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but seemed to have disappeared. In 2018, the remains of the missing tower were identified in the grounds of

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indicates, they were originally bell towers, though they may have been later used for additional purposes.

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for the year 1181 record "The steeple of Ardbreakean fell this yeare". No trace of the tower now remains.

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is another memorial in the form of an 18m high round tower. It was erected in 1935 on the spot where

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Climbable; the conical cap has been replaced with battlements; romanesque decoration around doorway

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John O'Donovan was told by locals in 1838 that the tower was knocked down by the local landlord in

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Has a square base, only becoming round about halfway up. Incorporated into the fabric of a church.

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tower it was. Barrow states that the site is now "open fields" and no trace of the tower remains.

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The cloicteach of Tealach-aird was burned by Tighearnan Ua Ruairc, with its full of people in it.

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for the year 1238 "The Cloicteach of Enachduin was erected". All trace of the tower has vanished

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Ireland's Round Towers: Buildings, Rituals and Landscapes of the Early Irish Church, Tempus 2004

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Discovered in 1969; only the 2.6 m foundations remain (unusually deep for an Irish round tower)

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The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland: An Essay on the Origins of Round Towers in Ireland

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This is the earliest reference in the known annals to the building of an Irish round tower.

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is the only round tower in Ireland to still retain its original cap. With five towers each,

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All that remains of the cathedral is an old stone cross and no trace of the tower remains.

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The following is a list of surviving Irish round towers, excluding modern reconstructions.

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The whole works of Sir James Ware concerning Ireland, Volume 1 – By Sir James Ware (1739)

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Two indistinct carvings of birds can be identified 2 m up on the north side of the tower

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The second church to be built on the site of St John the Evangelist Catholic Church in

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This is a list of Irish round towers known to have existed, but no trace now remains.

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to the soldiers of the island of Ireland who died, were wounded or are missing from

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Barrow speculates that a farm wall nearby may contain stones from the round tower.

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Ireland's Round Towers. Building, Rituals and Landscapes of the Early Irish Church

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Barrow states that nothing now remains of the tower, "at least above the ground".

797: 4183:– detailed photographic archive and information for fifty-two Irish round towers. 3815: 3794: 3586: 3554: 2811: 2507: 2469: 2177: 1911: 1813: 1681: 1518: 1445: 1136: 1103: 939: 738: 668: 498: 436: 415: 207: 191: 3827: 862: 3992:

Observations on a voyage through the kingdom of Ireland – Thomas Dineley (1681)

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Barrow states that a tower known as "The Long Tower" once stood in the city of

873: 517: 509: 391:, County Dublin, there is a replica round tower built in 1844 as a memorial to 358: 287: 231: 211: 67: 3441:(this is the earliest reference in the known Annals to an Irish round tower). 3060:

This is the only known reference to the tower and no trace of it now remains.

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Full height but without cap; is attached to a church (which was built later)

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The Journal of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society

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The Irish Round Tower-Origins and Architecture Explored – Brain Lalor 1999

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bell tower that was built in the 1840s to resemble mediaeval round tower.

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It is likely that the primary reason for the round tower was—as the name

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Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 5 – 1867

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and of the Seals of the Several Municipal Corporations, Volume 2 (1849)

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A tower of this kind is generally found in the vicinity of a church or

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Largest base diameter of any known original Irish round tower at 6 m

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in Dublin had a round tower built above it after his burial in 1847.

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At what is now the Irish National Heritage Park at Ferrycarrig in

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The Towers and Temples of Ancient Ireland – Marcus Keane (1867)

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Climbable; the conical cap has been replaced with battlements

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The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland – John O'Donovan (1856)

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Nearby Saint Kevin's Church includes a miniature round tower

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Davies, O. (December 1948), "The Churches of County Cavan",

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The Irish Round Tower-Origins and Architecture Explored 1999

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British Military Garrison – Tipperary Co. Tipperary Ireland

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There are several references to this tower from the annals:

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Has a deformed top floor, which is topped by a stone cross

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The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

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Tolman, Stella; Waldo, Lillian; Carroll, Clarence (1910).

3081:"dix ou douze pas de circuit et plus de 100 pieds du hait" 270: 3926:"Discovery of tower at a Derry school 'rewrites history'" 3510:

The Annals of Chronicum Scotorum for the year 964 record

1900: 1085:, as a ruin previously believed to have been a windmill. 254:. The only known round tower with a hexagonal base is at 4087:

The Irish Round Tower: Origins and Architecture Explored

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The Round Towers of Ireland by George Lennox Barrow 1979

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The OS of County Londonderry of 1837 Has the following:

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Irish mediaeval stone tower beside a church or monastery

3723:"Irish Round Towers talk with Professor Tadhg O'Keeffe" 3666:, 'The Round Tower of Ardmore, and Its Siege in 1642', 1730:

There is a noticeable bulge about halfway up the tower

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O'Rourke: full height but capless; has 8 windows at top

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Second doorway inserted probably later at ground level

462:

Another "revival" round tower was built in 1997 in the

1461:

Full height but without cap, located in the parish of

1395:

Only a single circular course of large stones remain

1223:

A conical cap was added to what remains of the tower

238:(which is 32 metres (105 ft) high), and also at 3562:

The Annals of Four Masters for the year 1121 record

3537:

The Annals of Four Masters for the year 1171 record

2522:

Complete to cornice, with a partially truncated cap

1157:

Foundation of tower directly adjacent to Devenish I

1927:The conical cap has been replaced with battlements 1036:The conical cap has been replaced with battlements 758:have been the sill stone from the tower's doorway. 3735: 3690:, The Educational Company of Ireland, Dublin, 1927 3385:The Annals of Inisfallen for the year 1285 record 3740:. USA: Silver, Burdett & Company. p. 20. 4205: 4200:– articles and photos about Kinneigh Round Tower 4144:The Round Towers of Ireland: A Study and Gazette 3486:The Annals of Ulster for the year 1126–7 record 2916:Lalor states that there is a reference from The 104: 3467:Nothing visible remains above ground at least. 497:, County Tipperary, built a round tower at his 59:, Ireland, is approximately thirty metres tall. 1534:The top has been sealed with brick and cement 1124:Climbable. Romanesque corbel heads below cap 684:Second doorway inserted later at ground level 623:Second doorway inserted later at ground level 338:Daniel O'Connell's tower at Glasnevin Cemetery 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3272:A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland states 2630:Attached to a church (which was built later) 1077:The Long Tower was said to have survived the 527: 4120: 368:Adjacent to St. Mary's church, Ballygibbon, 3672:, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1856), p. 197. 995:Two towers a short distance from each other 89: 75: 3995: 3902: 3589:, a relatively modern tower lighthouse at 3121:cathedral as it was in a dangerous state. 214:have the most. Mayo's round towers are at 3636: 2890:Notes: taken from George Lennox Barrow's 2870: 428:St Patrick's Church of Ireland church in 329: 3632: 3630: 3146:Barrow states that Petrie in his notes ( 1073:at the site occupied since 1784–1786 by 450: 333: 269: 149: 50: 4186: 4102: 274:Cross-section of a round tower interior 4206: 4160: 4138: 4054: 1960:Has a hexagonal base and a sealed top 4193:(3rd ed.), Dublin Hodges, Figgis 4084: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3627: 3624:, Doubleday Ferguson, 1977, p. 29, 34 3056:"The Cloicteach of Cluain-Iraid fell" 2762:Romanesque decoration around doorway 2455: 2193:Romanesque decoration around doorway 1252: 3259:Anthologia Hibernica Volume 4 (1794) 2855: 2823: 2791: 2726: 2351: 2059:Stump with a large hole in the side 2022: 1989: 1956: 1890: 1793: 1726: 1596: 1530: 1498: 1424: 1391: 1219: 1186: 1032: 989: 951: 918: 820: 680: 587: 4219:Buildings and structures in Ireland 2557: 2386: 2319: 2286: 2157: 2055: 1858: 1759: 1153: 418:is thought to have fallen in 1923. 190:Famous examples are to be found at 13: 3675: 2758: 2693: 2661: 2626: 2524: 2492: 2359: 2254: 2222: 2189: 2125: 2088: 1923: 1693: 1660: 1563: 1457: 1358: 1289: 1120: 885: 852: 788: 750: 713: 619: 446: 432:has a round tower, built in 1933. 14: 4245: 4174: 2589: 1825: 1628: 1326: 412:anti-treaty Irish Republican Army 234:, while Kildare's are located at 175:Round Tower, and the other is in 3974:. source.southdublinlibraries.ie 3593:, in the style of a round tower. 2892:The Round Towers of Ireland 1979 2831: 2799: 2767: 2734: 2702: 2669: 2635: 2597: 2565: 2558:2.6 metres (8 ft 6 in) 2533: 2500: 2468: 2431: 2395: 2387:1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in) 2327: 2295: 2262: 2230: 2198: 2165: 2133: 2096: 2064: 2031: 1998: 1965: 1932: 1899: 1866: 1834: 1801: 1768: 1735: 1702: 1669: 1636: 1604: 1572: 1539: 1506: 1469: 1433: 1400: 1367: 1334: 1297: 1260: 1228: 1195: 1162: 1154:0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) 1129: 1096: 1041: 1004: 959: 927: 894: 861: 828: 796: 764: 726: 689: 656: 628: 595: 563: 425:has a replica of a round tower. 4190:A Handbook of Irish Antiquities 4146:. University Press of Ireland. 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4011: 3986: 3964: 3955: 3941: 3932: 3918: 3877: 3871:Visit Antrim & Newtownabbey 3859: 3845: 3820: 3801: 3769: 3033:No trace of the tower remains. 3009:No trace of the tower remains. 1075:St Columba's Church, Long Tower 999:McCarthy: attached to a church 322:elevated door to the very top. 3928:. BBC News. 29 September 2018. 3744: 3729: 3715: 3706: 3693: 3657: 3637:Middleton, John Henry (1911). 3614: 3434:The Annals of the Four Masters 3261:(which refers to the place as 3204:The Annals of the Four Masters 3173:The Annals of the Four Masters 3105:The Annals of the Four Masters 3052:The Annals of the Four Masters 2364:The remains of the round tower 118:). The lower portion is solid 1: 3885:"Antrim Round Tower – Antrim" 3752:"BALLYGIBBON, Waterloo, CORK" 3607: 3302: 3147: 2963: 2590:1 metre (3 ft 3 in) 342: 105:Construction and distribution 3810:(retrieved 31 January 2010) 1567:Full height but without cap 1190:Full height but without cap 481:At Saint Mary's Cemetery in 464:Island of Ireland Peace Park 298:indicates this, as noted by 158:has a unique hexagonal base. 7: 3949:"Fertagh Irish Round Tower" 3738:Around the World, Book Five 3688:An Irish English Dictionary 3575: 2528:Doorway is at ground level 2456:10.98 metres (36.0 ft) 1253:10.25 metres (33.6 ft) 1220:15.25 metres (50.0 ft) 485:a round tower was built of 421:The Ulster History Park in 10: 4250: 4187:Wakeman, William (1903) , 4078: 3054:for the year 1039 records 2939:The Annals of Clonmacnoise 2918:Annals of the Four Masters 1990:0.01 metres (0.39 in) 528:List of Irish round towers 443:, a former MP for Antrim. 265: 3889:Discover Northern Ireland 3206:for the year 1058 record 3175:for the year 1147 record 3107:for the year 1015 record 1891:34.5 metres (113 ft) 1794:3.02 metres (9.9 ft) 1425:30.5 metres (100 ft) 1392:0.05 metres (2.0 in) 1033:30.5 metres (100 ft) 410:, military leader of the 314:. The closely pronounced 41: 33: 28: 23: 3701:English-Irish Dictionary 3436:for the year 948 record 2898:unless otherwise stated 2856:22.9 metres (75 ft) 2824:22.5 metres (74 ft) 2792:12.8 metres (42 ft) 2727:19.8 metres (65 ft) 2352:12.8 metres (42 ft) 2023:26.6 metres (87 ft) 1957:24.5 metres (80 ft) 1727:25.5 metres (84 ft) 1597:16.5 metres (54 ft) 1531:12.6 metres (41 ft) 1499:22.3 metres (73 ft) 1187:26.6 metres (87 ft) 992:17.7 metres (58 ft) 990:19.3 metres (63 ft) 952:22.9 metres (75 ft) 919:27.5 metres (90 ft) 821:10.8 metres (35 ft) 4103:Stalley, Roger (2000), 3650:Encyclopædia Britannica 3622:Unconventional Builders 3391:Barrow states that the 3115:Ware's Antiquities 1746 2320:9.5 metres (31 ft) 2287:3.9 metres (13 ft) 2158:4.4 metres (14 ft) 2056:5.4 metres (18 ft) 1859:3.5 metres (11 ft) 1760:7.3 metres (24 ft) 1661:32 metres (105 ft) 1066:5.5 metres (18 ft) 681:9.6 metres (31 ft) 647:28 metres (91 ft) 588:5.4 metres (18 ft) 400:Knockmealdown Mountains 4214:Archaeology of Ireland 3814:6 October 2012 at the 3703:, An GUM, Dublin, 1959 3699:Tomás de Bhaldraithe, 2871:List of missing towers 2759:29 metres (95 ft) 2694:26 metres (85 ft) 2662:28 metres (92 ft) 2627:28 metres (92 ft) 2525:26 metres (85 ft) 2493:20 metres (66 ft) 2365: 2255:11 metres (36 ft) 2223:28 metres (92 ft) 2190:21 metres (69 ft) 2126:15 metres (49 ft) 2108:Dysert O'Dea Monastery 2089:21 metres (69 ft) 1924:27 metres (89 ft) 1826:3 metres (9.8 ft) 1694:30 metres (98 ft) 1629:3 metres (9.8 ft) 1564:26 metres (85 ft) 1458:30 metres (98 ft) 1359:12 metres (39 ft) 1290:11 metres (36 ft) 1121:25 metres (82 ft) 886:20 metres (66 ft) 853:10 metres (33 ft) 789:3 metres (9.8 ft) 751:3 metres (9.8 ft) 721:and a noticeable lean 714:30 metres (98 ft) 620:16 metres (52 ft) 483:Milford, Massachusetts 459: 457:Milford, Massachusetts 339: 330:Modern symbolic towers 290:word for round tower, 282:indicates—to act as a 275: 159: 90: 76: 71: 60: 4229:Christian bell towers 4121:O'Keeffe, T. (2004), 4085:Lalor, Brian (1999), 3298:in its tubular form. 2363: 2173:Dísert Óengusa, Croom 1327:9 metres (30 ft) 1083:Lumen Christi College 454: 337: 273: 153: 54: 4198:Kinneigh Round Tower 3867:"Antrim Round Tower" 3777:"The Tower of Peace" 3756:Buildings of Ireland 3725:. 20 September 2016. 3686:Patrick S. Dinneen, 3640:"Round Towers" 3132:, St Michael Le Pole 2020:Complete to cornice 1954:Complete to cornice 1921:Complete to cornice 1691:Complete to cornice 1658:Complete to cornice 1561:Complete to cornice 1455:Complete to cornice 1184:Complete to cornice 1030:Complete to cornice 949:Complete to cornice 883:Complete to cornice 393:George Hampden Evans 374:Waterloo Round Tower 294:, literally meaning 183:, now linked to the 171:Round Tower and the 3873:. 15 December 2022. 536: 378:architectural folly 154:The Round Tower at 55:The round tower at 29:General information 4181:Irish Round Towers 4105:Irish Round Towers 3832:castletonlyons.com 3361:. Keane also says 2894:and Brian Lalor's 2366: 1012:Cloyne Round Tower 535: 460: 385:St. Ita's Hospital 352:Glasnevin Cemetery 340: 276: 181:St. Patrick's Isle 160: 64:Irish round towers 61: 4224:Towers in Ireland 4140:Barrow, George L. 3785:. Winter 1998: 18 3782:World of Hibernia 3573: 3572: 2862: 2861: 2605:St Patrick's Rock 516:'s Chapel on the 466:in Belgium, as a 430:Saul, County Down 246:, Taghadoe (near 236:Kildare Cathedral 49: 48: 24:Irish round tower 4241: 4194: 4170: 4157: 4135: 4117: 4099: 4072: 4071: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3673: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3642: 3634: 3625: 3618: 3307: 3304: 3152: 3149: 2968: 2965: 2878: 2877: 2835: 2803: 2771: 2738: 2706: 2673: 2639: 2601: 2569: 2537: 2504: 2472: 2463:clearly visible 2435: 2399: 2331: 2299: 2266: 2234: 2202: 2169: 2137: 2100: 2068: 2035: 2002: 1969: 1936: 1903: 1870: 1838: 1805: 1772: 1739: 1706: 1673: 1640: 1608: 1576: 1543: 1510: 1473: 1437: 1404: 1371: 1338: 1301: 1264: 1232: 1199: 1166: 1133: 1100: 1045: 1008: 972:McCarthy's Tower 970:O'Rourke's Tower 963: 931: 898: 865: 832: 800: 768: 730: 693: 660: 632: 599: 567: 537: 534: 404:County Waterford 348:Daniel O'Connell 198:, while that at 93: 88:. As their name 79: 21: 20: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4204: 4203: 4177: 4154: 4133: 4115: 4097: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4007: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3816:Wayback Machine 3806: 3802: 3795:General OneFile 3788: 3786: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3734: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3662: 3658: 3635: 3628: 3620:Alan Van Dine, 3619: 3615: 3610: 3587:Chaine Memorial 3578: 3305: 3263:"Kellet's Town" 3150: 3122: 3111: 3058: 3032: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2966: 2873: 2866:roundtowers.org 2508:Scattery Island 1014: 998: 996: 991: 986: 971: 969: 530: 499:Castleton Lyons 487:Milford granite 449: 447:Outside Ireland 437:Chaine Memorial 416:Irish Civil War 345: 332: 268: 208:County Kilkenny 192:Devenish Island 107: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4247: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4184: 4176: 4175:External links 4173: 4172: 4171: 4162:Petrie, George 4158: 4153:978-0906187449 4152: 4136: 4131: 4118: 4113: 4100: 4095: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4010: 3994: 3985: 3963: 3954: 3940: 3931: 3917: 3901: 3876: 3858: 3844: 3819: 3800: 3768: 3743: 3728: 3714: 3705: 3692: 3674: 3656: 3645:Chisholm, Hugh 3626: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3602:Rock of Cashel 3599: 3594: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3411:date not known 3409: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3256: 3253: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3233:John O'Donovan 3230: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3201: 3198: 3193: 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1468: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1441:Grangefertagh 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1080: 1079:siege of 1689 1076: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 994: 984: 982: 979: 977: 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336: 327: 323: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 300:George Petrie 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 272: 263: 261: 257: 253: 252:Old Kilcullen 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 157: 152: 148: 146: 140: 138: 134: 133:Monasterboice 128: 126: 121: 117: 112: 102: 100: 95: 92: 87: 83: 78: 73: 69: 65: 58: 53: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4234:Round towers 4189: 4166: 4143: 4122: 4104: 4086: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4013: 3988: 3976:. Retrieved 3966: 3957: 3943: 3934: 3920: 3892:. Retrieved 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3847: 3837:18 September 3835:. Retrieved 3831: 3822: 3803: 3793:– via 3787:. Retrieved 3780: 3771: 3761:24 September 3759:. Retrieved 3755: 3746: 3737: 3731: 3717: 3708: 3700: 3695: 3687: 3667: 3664:John Windele 3659: 3648: 3621: 3616: 3566: 3563: 3541: 3538: 3516: 3511: 3490: 3487: 3466: 3462: 3442: 3437: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3362: 3357: 3356:Keane says: 3355: 3341:Rath Blamaic 3333: 3311: 3300: 3296: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3237: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3151: 1830s 3145: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3084: 3080: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3017:Mitchelstown 3002: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2961: 2938: 2917: 2895: 2891: 2874: 2863: 2461:putlog holes 2459:7 levels of 2335:Ram's Island 1777:Aran Islands 1088: 1086: 967:Clonmacnoise 869:Castledermot 756: 531: 507: 480: 468:war memorial 461: 441:James Chaine 434: 427: 420: 397: 382: 367: 356: 346: 324: 320: 316:cloichtheach 315: 311: 307: 303: 295: 291: 279: 277: 240:Castledermot 189: 161: 141: 129: 108: 96: 74:(singular), 63: 62: 18: 3894:15 December 3789:12 December 3373:Rosscarbery 3306: 1750 3092:Downpatrick 2967: 1850 2821:Incomplete 2789:Incomplete 2775:Tory Island 2724:Incomplete 2587:Incomplete 2573:St Mullin's 2555:Incomplete 2541:Seir Kieran 2490:Incomplete 2453:Incomplete 2423:Includes a 2384:incomplete 2370:Rathmichael 2349:Incomplete 2317:Incomplete 2303:Oughter Ard 2284:Incomplete 2252:Incomplete 2220:Incomplete 2187:Incomplete 2155:Incomplete 2123:Incomplete 2086:Incomplete 2053:Incomplete 1987:Incomplete 1874:Kilmacduagh 1856:Incomplete 1823:Incomplete 1791:Incomplete 1757:Incomplete 1626:Incomplete 1594:Incomplete 1528:Incomplete 1496:Incomplete 1408:Glendalough 1389:Incomplete 1356:Incomplete 1324:Incomplete 1287:Incomplete 1250:Incomplete 1217:Incomplete 1151:Incomplete 1137:Devenish II 1063:Incomplete 1054:Londonderry 850:Incomplete 818:Incomplete 786:Incomplete 748:Incomplete 678:Incomplete 617:Incomplete 585:Incomplete 514:King Cormac 472:World War I 414:during the 370:County Cork 363:Crimean War 350:'s tomb at 312:cloigtheach 292:cloigtheach 280:cloigtheach 260:County Cork 244:Oughter Ard 204:County Mayo 196:Glendalough 185:Isle of Man 177:Peel Castle 125:battlements 111:Kilmacduagh 91:Cloigtheach 86:Isle of Man 77:Cloigthithe 72:Cloigtheach 57:Glendalough 37:Bell towers 4208:Categories 3608:References 3597:Pele tower 3550:Tullamaine 3525:Tullaghard 3498:Tuamgraney 3402:Rosscommon 3246:Kellistown 2926:Ardbraccon 2807:Tullaherin 1842:Killinaboy 1809:Kilmallock 1481:Lough Derg 1268:Drumcliffe 1170:Donaghmore 1104:Devenish I 985:Incomplete 902:Clondalkin 734:Ardpatrick 717:Has three 664:Aghaviller 552:Condition 408:Liam Lynch 343:In Ireland 216:Aughagower 200:Clondalkin 80:(plural); 3972:"Picture" 3407:Roscommon 3283:Killeshin 3265:) states 3225:Roscommon 3196:Tipperary 2853:Complete 2756:Complete 2691:Complete 2659:Complete 2624:Complete 2615:Tipperary 2481:Tipperary 2275:Roscommon 2104:Mollaneen 1978:Tipperary 1973:Liathmore 1888:Complete 1775:Killeany/ 1743:Killashee 1724:Complete 1580:Kilbennan 1514:Inishkeen 1463:Johnstown 1422:Complete 1305:Drumcliff 1203:Dromiskin 1142:Fermanagh 1118:Complete 1109:Fermanagh 987:Complete 916:Complete 711:Complete 702:Waterford 644:Complete 603:Aghagower 549:Province 543:Location 522:Tipperary 491:Tony Ryan 476:Tipperary 455:Tower at 308:cuilceach 304:cluiceach 296:bellhouse 173:Abernethy 145:postholes 99:monastery 82:literally 4164:(1845), 4142:(1979). 4069:25510652 3978:14 March 3812:Archived 3576:See also 3555:Kilkenny 3513:Christo. 3450:Tomregon 3221:Kilbarry 2904:Annadown 2864:Source: 2849:Connacht 2817:Leinster 2812:Kilkenny 2752:Leinster 2720:Leinster 2710:Taghadoe 2687:Leinster 2583:Leinster 2551:Leinster 2449:Connacht 2417:Complete 2380:Leinster 2313:Leinster 2280:Connacht 2248:Leinster 2216:Leinster 2178:Limerick 2082:Connacht 2016:Leinster 1940:Kinneigh 1917:Leinster 1912:Kilkenny 1884:Connacht 1814:Limerick 1787:Connacht 1753:Leinster 1720:Connacht 1687:Leinster 1682:Kilkenny 1677:Kilkenny 1654:Leinster 1622:Connacht 1612:Kilcoona 1590:Connacht 1557:Leinster 1519:Monaghan 1451:Leinster 1446:Kilkenny 1418:Leinster 1385:Leinster 1375:Faughart 1342:Drumlane 1320:Connacht 1213:Leinster 1180:Leinster 981:Leinster 940:Monaghan 912:Leinster 879:Leinster 846:Connacht 782:Connacht 772:Ardrahan 739:Limerick 674:Leinster 669:Kilkenny 613:Connacht 540:Picture 503:Kentucky 501:Stud in 389:Portrane 256:Kinneigh 248:Maynooth 232:Turlough 165:Scotland 156:Kinneigh 4079:Sources 3647:(ed.). 3324:Donegal 3039:Clonard 3007:O'Neill 2947:Ardfert 2780:Donegal 2742:Timahoe 2715:Kildare 2620:Munster 2518:Munster 2486:Munster 2476:Roscrea 2413:Munster 2308:Kildare 2243:Kildare 2183:Munster 2141:Nendrum 2119:Munster 2072:Meelick 2039:Maghera 1983:Munster 1950:Munster 1852:Munster 1819:Munster 1748:Kildare 1710:Killala 1649:Kildare 1644:Kildare 1492:Munster 1413:Wicklow 1283:Munster 1026:Munster 874:Kildare 744:Munster 707:Munster 697:Ardmore 641:Ulster 638:Antrim 635:Antrim 581:Munster 571:Aghadoe 555:Height 546:County 495:Thurles 398:In the 266:Purpose 228:Meelick 224:Killala 169:Brechin 120:masonry 45:Ireland 42:Country 4150: 4129: 4111: 4093: 4067: 3483:1126–7 3364:Dysart 3319:Raphoe 3251:Carlow 3160:Duleek 3136:Dublin 3130:Dublin 2991:995/6 2981:Armagh 2976:Armagh 2909:Galway 2884:County 2785:Ulster 2682:Dublin 2677:Swords 2655:Ulster 2650:Antrim 2644:Antrim 2609:Cashel 2607:(near 2578:Carlow 2546:Offaly 2444:Galway 2439:Roscam 2420:27.4 m 2403:Rattoo 2375:Dublin 2345:Ulster 2340:Antrim 2151:Ulster 2049:Ulster 2011:Dublin 1907:Kilree 1879:Galway 1782:Galway 1617:Galway 1585:Galway 1524:Ulster 1352:Ulster 1307:(near 1270:(near 1246:Ulster 1236:Drumbo 1147:Ulster 1114:Ulster 1059:Ulster 1016:Cloyne 976:Offaly 945:Ulster 935:Clones 907:Dublin 814:Ulster 809:Antrim 777:Galway 558:Notes 376:is an 372:, the 286:. The 284:belfry 250:) and 194:, and 167:: the 116:ashlar 4065:JSTOR 3643:. In 3591:Larne 3582:Broch 3530:Meath 3503:Clare 3479:Meath 3455:Cavan 3439:bells 3426:Meath 3421:Slane 3346:Clare 3288:Laois 3229:1770s 3165:Meath 3044:Meath 3001:1121 2996:1020 2952:Kerry 2931:Meath 2747:Laois 2513:Clare 2408:Kerry 2211:Louth 2114:Clare 1847:Clare 1552:Meath 1547:Kells 1487:Clare 1380:Louth 1347:Cavan 1315:Sligo 1309:Sligo 1278:Clare 1272:Ennis 1208:Louth 1175:Meath 1071:Derry 1049:Derry 836:Balla 804:Armoy 576:Kerry 288:Irish 220:Balla 68:Irish 4148:ISBN 4127:ISBN 4109:ISBN 4091:ISBN 3980:2020 3896:2022 3839:2018 3791:2016 3763:2023 3559:1121 3534:1171 3474:Trim 3382:1285 3378:Cork 3350:1838 3328:1660 3292:1703 3255:1807 3200:1058 3191:Emly 3169:1147 3140:1775 3101:1015 3097:Down 3076:1738 3072:Cork 3067:Cork 3048:1039 3027:1720 3023:Cork 2985:1121 2956:1771 2935:1181 2913:1238 2887:Year 2881:Name 2844:Mayo 2270:Oran 2146:Down 2077:Mayo 2044:Down 2006:Lusk 1945:Cork 1715:Mayo 1479:(in 1241:Down 1021:Cork 841:Mayo 608:Mayo 435:The 310:for 306:and 230:and 210:and 137:gale 34:Type 3507:964 3430:948 520:in 402:in 387:in 383:At 258:in 179:on 4210:: 4125:, 4107:, 4089:, 4061:78 4059:, 3997:^ 3904:^ 3887:. 3869:. 3830:. 3779:. 3754:. 3677:^ 3629:^ 3389:. 3303:c. 3276:. 3148:c. 2969:. 2964:c. 505:. 478:. 365:. 242:, 226:, 222:, 218:, 206:, 187:. 127:. 70:: 4156:. 3982:. 3951:. 3898:. 3855:. 3841:. 3797:. 3765:. 3019:) 2646:) 2611:) 2110:) 2106:( 1483:) 1311:) 1274:) 114:( 66:(

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