Prehistoric Ireland

189: 1451: 573: 753: 1483: 1641: 858: 1349: 646: 1467: 924: 595:. Although sea levels were still lower than they are today, Ireland was very probably already an island by the time the first settlers arrived by boat, very likely from Britain. The earliest inhabitants of the island were seafarers who depended for much of their livelihood upon the sea, and later inland settlements or camps were usually close to water. Although archaeologists believe Mesolithic people heavily relied on riverine and coastal environments, ancient DNA indicates they had probably ceased contact with Mesolithic societies on the island of Britain and further afield. 1197: 1436: 1696: 122: 7317: 1376: 1727: 1884: 1274: 5340: 7444: 509:, but because this hypothetical link would have been cut by rising sea levels early into the warm period, perhaps by 14,000 BC, few temperate terrestrial flora or fauna would have crossed into Ireland. Snakes and most other reptiles could not populate Ireland because any land bridge disappeared before temperatures became warm enough for them. The lowered sea level also joined Britain to continental Europe; this persisted much longer, probably until around 5600 BC. 376: 902: 1398:(perhaps 1050–900 BC) is suggestive of a culture where elite feasting was important, and reflects influence from continental Europe; very large riveted bronze cauldrons were also made. Large numbers of bronze weapons were produced, and typical sword shapes changed from shorter ones for stabbing and thrusting on foot, to longer ones, perhaps for a mounted warrior to slash with. This is one example of a Dowris Phase design type originating in the 940: 7608: 1421: 33: 880: 188: 1508: 1039: 842:. The largest of these tombs were clearly places of religious and ceremonial importance to the Neolithic population, and were probably communal graves used over a long period. In most of the tombs that have been excavated, human remains—usually, but not always, cremated—have been found. Grave goods—pottery, arrowheads, beads, pendants, axes, etc.—have also been uncovered. These 1361:

Age the single-grave cist made its appearance. This consisted of a small rectangular stone chest, covered with a stone slab and buried a short distance below the surface. The body might be cremated, or not. Decorated pots often accompanied the remains, and later cremated remains were placed inside the urn, which was turned upside-down, and might also have

1718:, using cliff headlands with a narrow neck to reduce the extent of fortification necessary. In Ireland these seem to be mainly a feature of the Iron Age, with some perhaps dating to the Bronze Age, and also continuing to be used into the Early Medieval period. Although today seen as mostly dating from the early historic period, some of the perhaps 60,000 1742:, which seems to have its origins in the late Iron Age, although the site also includes a Neolithic passage grave and other earlier tombs. This is one of a number of major sites connected in later literature and mythology with kingship, and probably had a ritual and religious significance, though it is now impossible to be clear as to what this was. 973:– These constitute the smallest group in terms of numbers, but they are the most impressive in terms of size and importance. They are also found in much of Europe, and in Ireland are distributed mainly through the north and east, the biggest and most impressive of them being found in the four great Neolithic "cemeteries" of the Boyne ( 551:. These people may have also colonised Ireland by boat. Perhaps because there were few resources outside of coastal areas which permitted fishing, the region may not have been continually occupied. The early coastline of Ireland is now almost entirely under the sea, so evidence of coastal populations is mostly lost. 1390:, originally of over 200 items, mostly in bronze, has given its name to the Dowris Phase or period, as a term for the final phase of the Irish Bronze Age, about 900-600 BC. With 48 examples, the hoard contained all but two of the known examples of the distinctive "crotals", bronze rattles in the shape of a bull's 1750:), another major hilltop site, had a very large circular building constructed on it about 100 BC. It was forty metres across, with 275 tree-posts in rings. The largest was the central post, a tree felled about 95 BC. Within the century following the whole building was destroyed, apparently in a ritual fashion. 741:). The La Hoguette culture, like the western Cardial culture, raised sheep and goats more intensely. By 5100 BC there is evidence of dairy practices in southern England, and modern English cattle appear to be derived from "T1 Taurids" that were domesticated in the Aegean region shortly after the onset of the 1823:

indicate a decrease in human impact on plant life in the bogs in the third century, and specifically that "the impact of human activity upon the flora around the bogs from which the pollen came was less between c. 200 BC and c. AD 300 than either before or after." The third and fourth centuries saw a

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During the Bronze Age, the climate of Ireland deteriorated and extensive deforestation took place. The population of Ireland at the end of the Bronze Age was probably in excess of 100,000, and may have been as high as 200,000. It is possible that it was not much greater than it had been at the height

1371:

are timber homes built in shallow lakes for security, often with a narrow walkway to the shore. Some use or extend natural islets, and the largest probably housed a number of families, and animals. It is thought that most of the 1,200-odd crannogs in Ireland were begun in the Bronze Age, although

823:

Some regions of Ireland showed patterns of pastoralism that indicated that some Neolithic peoples continued to move and indicates that pastoral activities dominated agrarian activities in many regions or that there was a division of labour between pastoral and agrarian aspects of the Neolithic. At

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more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) thick scoured the landscape of Ireland. By 24,000 years ago they extended beyond the southern coast of Ireland; but by 16,000 years ago the glaciers had retreated so that only an ice bridge remained between Ireland and Scotland. By 14,000 years ago Ireland was

1360:

Construction of wedge tombs tailed off from about 2,200 BC, and while the previous tradition of large scale monument building was much reduced, existing earlier megalithic monuments continued in use in the form of secondary insertions of funerary and ritual artefacts. Towards the end of the Bronze

1912:

died violently about 2500-2000 BC in the early Bronze Age, and is one of the possible ritual killings; it is now thought these were deposed kings sacrificed after being seen to fail in their rule, perhaps after crop failures. Two Iron Age examples of apparent elite victims of ritual killing are

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from north Italy; these may have been slowly traded across Europe to reach Ireland over a period reaching into centuries, and show no signs of use. Miniature axes, too small to be useful, were made, and a "tiny porcellanite axe" has been found in a passage tomb; another example has a hole for a

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The theory that these four groups of monuments were associated with four separate waves of invading colonists still has its adherents today, but the growth in population that made them possible need not have been the result of colonisation: it may simply have been the natural consequence of the

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From around 4500 BC a Neolithic package that included cereal cultivars, housing culture (similar to those of the same period in Scotland) and stone monuments arrived in Ireland. Sheep, goats, cattle and cereals were imported from southwestern continental Europe, after which the population rose

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shells; these were on the remains of two males. As an example of the exceptional preservation sometimes possible in items found in anaerobic bogs, part of a finely woven bag with circular handles has survived; it used reedy plant material wound round thin strips of wood. Decorated pottery,

803:

This follows a pattern similar to western Europe or gradual onset of Neolithic, such as seen in La Hoguette Culture of France and Iberia's Impressed Cardial Ware Culture. Cereal culture advance markedly slows north of France; certain cereal strains such as wheat were difficult to grow in cold

1337:

made its appearance; this was a collar consisting of a bar or ribbon of metal, twisted into a spiral. Other types of gold jewellery made in Ireland during the Bronze Age, most shared with Britain, include earrings, sun disks, bracelets, clothes fasteners, and in the Late Bronze Age, the

1015:, but often their covering has now eroded to leave the impressive main stone structure. Most of them are to be found in two main concentrations, one in the southeast of the island and one in the north. The Knockeen and Gaulstown Dolmens in County Waterford are exceptional examples. 1628:

Up to about 150 BC, there are many finds that show stylistic influence from continental Europe (as in the preceding Dowris phase), and some direct imports. After that date, relationships with British styles predominate, perhaps reflecting some movement of people. The

1722:

or raths in Ireland date back to the Late Iron Age. These vary greatly in size and function, with smaller ones a single-family farmstead (with slaves), or merely an enclosure for animals, and larger ones clearly having a wider political and military significance.

1902:, mostly from the Iron Age. Some were found and reburied before archaeological and scientific investigation was possible. Some survive as skeletons only, but the best-preserved have retained their flesh, hair, and clothing. The oldest appears to be the Neolithic 502:(11.5ky ago) and this included regions close to Ireland. However, during the early part of the Holocene Ireland itself had a climate that was inhospitable to most European animals and plants. Human occupation was unlikely, although fishing was possible. 1787:

coined the phrase "Irish Dark Age" to refer to a period of apparent economic and cultural stagnation in late prehistoric Ireland, lasting from c. 100 BC to c. AD 300. He used the phrase to describe a gap in the archaeological record coinciding with the

846:, more than 1,200 of which are now known, can be divided for the most part into four broad groups, all of which would originally have been covered with earth, that in many cases has been eroded away to leave the impressive stone frameworks: 729:(New Stone Age) with a 'package' of cereal cultivars, pastoral animals (domesticated oxen/cattle, sheep, goats), pottery, weaving, housing and burial cultures, which arrived simultaneously, a process that began in central Europe as LBK ( 528:. The bone has cut marks showing it was butchered when fresh and gave a date of around 10,500 BC, showing humans were in Ireland at that time, soon after the ice retreated. In contrast, a flint worked by a human found in 1968 at Mell, 955:– These are characterised by the presence of an entrance courtyard. They are found almost exclusively in the north of the island and are thought to include the oldest specimens. North Mayo has many examples of this type of megalith – 1527:

has long been thought to begin around 500 BC and then continue until the early Christian era in Ireland, which brought some written records and therefore the end of prehistoric Ireland. This view has been somewhat upset by the recent

824:

the height of the Neolithic the population of the island was probably in excess of 100,000, and perhaps as high as 200,000. But there appears to have been an economic collapse around 2500 BC, and the population declined for a while.

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was not written down until the Early Medieval period, but many scholars accept that the saga cycles preserve in some form elements from much earlier, that give some insights into the world of the last elites of prehistoric Ireland.

1945:

also formed a collection, though this was less important for antiquities. The society was founded in 1731, and by 1733 had opened a museum. Both these collections were transferred to the new "Museum of Science and Art", now the

1333:, a distinctively Irish type of object later made in Britain and continental Europe, and disks of thin gold sheet. Many of these seem to have been long in use before they were deposited. Later the thin twisted 1257:

Bronze was used for the manufacture of both weapons and tools. Swords, axes, daggers, hatchets, halberds, awls, drinking utensils and horn-shaped trumpets are just some of the items that have been unearthed at

558:, which lasted from 10,900 BC to 9700 BC, may have depopulated Ireland. During the Younger Dryas, sea levels continued to rise, and an ice-free land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland never returned. 2345:

Tanabe, Susumu; Nekanishi, Toshimichi; Yasui, Satoshi (14 October 2010). "Relative sea-level change in and around the Younger Dryas inferred from late Quaternary incised valley fills along the Japan sea".

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Alternatively, many hold the view that this happened with the bearers of the Bell Beaker culture, probably Indo-European speaking, reaching Ireland during the earlier stage of the Bronze Age. The

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fully came to an end in Ireland about 8000 BC. Until the single 2016 Palaeolithic dating described above, the earliest evidence of human occupation after the retreat of the ice was dated to the

1215:

People from their characteristic pottery, in the shape of an inverted bell. This was quite different from the finely made, round-bottomed pottery of the Neolithic. It is found, for example, at

997:

the first rays of the rising sun still shine through a light-box above the entrance to the tomb and illuminate the burial chamber at the centre of the monument. Another of the Boyne megaliths,

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Copper used in the manufacture of bronze was mined in Ireland, chiefly in the southwest of the island (as in the later Bronze Age copper mine at Derrycarhoon), while the tin was imported from

1242:

to produce true bronze artefacts, and this took place around 2000 BC, when some "Ballybeg-type" flat axes and associated metalwork were produced. The tin needed to be imported, normally from

1315:, which was worked for several centuries in the middle of the second millennium. Mines in Cork and Kerry are believed to have produced as much as 370 tonnes of copper during the Bronze Age. 2566: 1134:

Open-air rock art is another monument type that dates to the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age. These carvings are found on open-air boulders and outcrops and the most common motifs are

8336: 147:, and a great number of archaeological finds have been recovered from these. The anaerobic conditions sometimes preserve organic materials exceptionally well, as with a number of 1540:, which gave a date of between 811 and 673 BC. This may further erode the belief, still held by some, that the arrival of iron-working marked the beginning of the arrival of the 2250: 532:, is much older, probably well pre-dating 70,000 BC, and this is normally regarded as having been carried to Ireland on an ice sheet, probably from what is now the bottom of the 8351: 8303: 1973:, later renamed the Belfast Municipal Museum and Art Gallery, and was renamed again in 1961. Despite this, the pace of new finds has meant that it has an important collection. 792:

were the principal crops cultivated. Pottery made its appearance around the same time as agriculture. Ware similar to that found in northern Great Britain has been excavated in

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by Irish craftsmen. More Bronze Age gold hoards have been discovered in Ireland than anywhere else in Europe. Irish gold ornaments have been found as far afield as Germany and

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The book is chapters of text, followed by commentary on the illustrations and then a section with the illustrations, cross-referred by chapter and picture numbers, e.g. "3:13"

2109: 8308: 8160: 3251: 8313: 5307: 615: 1933:. Some are in local museums, but much the most significant collections are in Dublin, Belfast and London. The first "national" collection for Irish antiquities was the 1025:

is exceptionally rich in them. They are the latest of the four types and belong to the end of the Neolithic. They are so called from their wedge-shaped burial chambers.

8230: 7926: 857: 3720: 8361: 8293: 7904: 1761:, probably representing boundaries, and acting as hindrances to cattle-raids, and "toghers" or wooden trackways across boggy areas, of which the best-known is the 788:. Consisting of small fields separated from one another by dry-stone walls, the Céide Fields were farmed for several centuries between 3500 and 3000 BC. Wheat and 4158: 7931: 5255: 4178: 2227:

Edwards, R.J., Brooks, A.J. (2008) "The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?" In: Davenport, J.J., Sleeman, D.P., Woodman, P.C. (eds.),

8356: 7479: 4275: 1311:; mining and metalworking took place there between 2400 and 1800 BC. Another of Europe's best-preserved copper mines has been discovered at Mount Gabriel in 1062:

was the primary and essential tool for farming, carefully made in a variety of styles, and often polished. The products of axe factories next to sources of

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Driscoll, K. The Early Prehistory in the West of Ireland: Investigations into the Social Archaeology of the Mesolithic, West of the Shannon, Ireland (2006).

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Driscoll, K. The Early Prehistory in the West of Ireland: Investigations into the Social Archaeology of the Mesolithic, West of the Shannon, Ireland (2006).

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Driscoll, K. The Early Prehistory in the West of Ireland: Investigations into the Social Archaeology of the Mesolithic, West of the Shannon, Ireland (2006)

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haplotype may have been involved in the slowing of cereal culture into Ireland, Scotland and Scandinavia since this haplotype confers susceptibility to a

6737: 709:

for cooking their food. During the Mesolithic the population of Ireland was probably never more than a few thousand. Surviving artefacts include small

5260: 1011:. They consist of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table). They were originally covered with earth to form a 737:

culture, that arrived in France's northwestern region appears to be a derivative of the Ibero Italian-Eastern Adriatic Impressed Cardial Ware culture (

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Perri, Angela R.; Power, Robert C.; Stuijts, Ingelise; Heinrich, Susann; Talamo, Sahra; Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila; Roberts, Charlotte (1 September 2018).

1957:

was won in 1903, and marked the acceptance on all sides of the Dublin museum as the Irish national collection. This was a hoard found in what became

1466: 4271: 5376: 445: 2288: 1989: 540:, Co. Cork in 1972, was dated to 33,000 years ago, establishing human activity in Ireland more than 20,000 years earlier than previously thought. 7134: 6875: 6471: 5117: 1142:

due its similarity to other carvings across Atlantic Europe. In Ireland, the art appears in clusters with the most significant concentrations in

749:. Around 4300 BC cattle arrived in northern Ireland during the late Mesolithic period. The red deer was introduced from Britain about this time. 3700: 1661: 1223:

first arrived in Ireland. It is thought by some scholars to be associated with the Beaker People of the Bronze Age, however others argue that "

820:

protein induced disease as well as Type I diabetes and other autoimmune diseases that may have arisen as an indirect result of Neolithisation.

1688:

with relief decoration influenced by classical style, and other gold jewellery probably imported from the Roman world, perhaps as far away as

4337: 7243: 7090: 6599: 5289: 1668:

art and its British equivalent. Despite this it was in Ireland that the style seemed to revive in the early Christian period, to form the

1660:, are very few, to a "puzzling" extent, although some of these are of very high quality, such as a number of scabbards from Ulster and the 1493: 1319: 805: 404: 1203:, a type of ornament produced in the Bronze Age British Isles, especially Ireland. This example, probably made 2400-2000 BC, was found in 66:

evidence, which has grown at an increasing rate over the last decades. It begins with the first evidence of permanent human residence in

7347: 4456: 3880: 3792: 418: 277: 7914: 7472: 6922: 6373: 5303: 2258: 1937:

in London, where many finds from before and after it was established in 1753 have ended up. However, from the foundation of the Dublin

1345:. After the Bronze Age goldwork almost ceased to be produced in Ireland; the Irish deposits may well have been essentially exhausted. 572: 3705: 1219:, and associated with copper mining there, which had begun by at least 2,400 BC. There is some disagreement about when speakers of a 4224: 4102: 1941:

in 1785 there was a local rival, which became the main destination of objects that were newly-found, or appeared on the market. The

1827:

The reasons for the decline and recovery are uncertain, but it has been suggested that recovery may be linked to the "Golden Age" of

956: 1800:

in the fifth century. He suggested that the decrease in agricultural productivity might be due to a large-scale export of slaves to

752: 5122: 3758: 1859:. As Roman Britain collapsed politically, there was even settlement by Irish people, and leaders, in Wales and western Britain. 5294: 4318: 4107: 839: 1435: 140:, and the Bronze Age, which left among other things, gold jewellery from a time when Ireland was a major centre of gold mining. 8010: 7976: 7832: 4468: 4352: 4012: 1815:

have drawn attention to a decline in human settlement and activity in Ireland, starting from around the first century BC.

3725: 733:) about 6000 BC. Within several hundred years this culture was present in northern France. An alternative Neolithic culture, 8392: 8138: 7465: 5270: 4301: 2805: 2480: 7675: 3467:, in C. Chevillot and A. Coffyn (eds), L' Age du Bronze Atlantique. Actes du 1er Colloque de Beynac, Beynac (1991), 349–366. 8068: 7868: 7724: 5369: 5172: 4555: 4441: 3603:"The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry: Multiple Genetic Marker Systems and Celtic Origins on the Atlantic Facade of Europe" 3247: 2007: 459:. Genetic evidence suggests this reoccupation began in southwestern Europe, and faunal remains suggest the existence of a 7851: 4510: 4423: 4380: 2596: 1597:

The recorded tribes of Ireland included at least three with names identical or similar to British or Gaulish tribes: the

1287: 1021:– The largest and most widespread of the four groups, the wedge tombs are particularly common in the west and southwest. 70:

around 10,500 BC (although there is evidence of human presence as early as 31,000 BC) and finishes with the start of the

7879: 7316: 7938: 7863: 7814: 7616: 7365: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 5275: 5039: 4942: 4436: 4347: 4122: 3925: 3885: 3873: 3868: 3856: 3784: 1753:

Other large-scale constructions, requiring a good degree of social organization, include linear earthworks such as the

784:, an extensive Neolithic field system (arguably the oldest known in the world) has been preserved beneath a blanket of 295: 238: 233: 228: 223: 1965:. Northern Ireland had seen its many important finds of antiquities passing to first London and then Dublin, and the 923: 901: 7943: 7809: 7760: 7420: 7281: 6500: 5406: 4132: 3851: 3584: 3457: 3443: 3424: 3413: 3365: 3348: 2771: 2200: 1863:

burials may also have spread from Roman Britain, and had become common in Ireland by the fourth and fifth centuries.

1571:. When primary written records of Celtic first appear in about the fifth century, Gaelic or Goidelic, in the form of 1414:

of the Neolithic. In Ireland the Bronze Age lasted until c. 500 BC, later than continental Europe and also Britain.

1372:

many sites seem to have been used, continuously or intermittently, over very long periods, even into medieval times.

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The most striking characteristic of the Neolithic in Ireland was the sudden appearance and dramatic proliferation of

352: 218: 1969:

was only recognized as a national museum for antiquities in 1961. This had developed out of the collections of the

8275: 8088: 7821: 7804: 7770: 7765: 7689: 7276: 7236: 6707: 6594: 5298: 4322: 3954: 3897: 3837: 1246:. The period preceding this, in which Lough Ravel and most Ballybeg axes were produced, and which is known as the 397: 213: 7664: 1139: 602:

has been found throughout the island: a number of the key early Mesolithic excavations are the settlement site at

8402: 8113: 7748: 7743: 7119: 6510: 5548: 5362: 4935: 4562: 4008: 1970: 2236: 1895: 8397: 7782: 7738: 7415: 4567: 4463: 4137: 4117: 4072: 3770: 3380: 347: 17: 765:

significantly. The earliest clear proof of farmers in Ireland or Great Britain is from Ferriter's Cove on the

8200: 8195: 7888: 7792: 7787: 7547: 7505: 7430: 6732: 6262: 5522: 4545: 4254: 4168: 2190: 460: 362: 5590: 3353: 3011: 2567:"Kerry red deer ancestry traced to population introduced to Ireland by ancient peoples over 5,000 years ago" 8382: 7856: 7708: 7515: 7496: 7488: 7385: 6727: 6267: 5740: 5202: 4520: 4446: 4296: 4229: 4153: 4027: 3984: 3751: 3644:

Finch; et al. (1997). "Distribution of HLA-A, B and DR genes and haplotypes in the Irish population".

3337: 1664:, apparently dating to the 2nd century AD. This was well after Celtic art elsewhere had been subsumed into 879: 757: 603: 577: 317: 5416: 2772:

The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world

2475: 8387: 7755: 7566: 7425: 7369: 7229: 5693: 4540: 3913: 3433: 2464: 1365:

of various sorts. Numerous stone circles were also erected at this time, chiefly in Ulster and Munster.

390: 357: 299: 168: 114:

invaded; as Ireland was not invaded by the Romans its historical record starts later, with the coming of

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Bradley, R. 1997. "Signing the Land; Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe", Routledge, London.

8003: 7799: 7733: 7578: 6995: 6796: 5245: 4884: 4550: 4244: 3477:

Waddell, J., 'Celts, Celticisation and the Irish Bronze Age', in J. Waddell and E. Shee Twohig (eds.),

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Mind the Gap: Postglacial Colonisation of Ireland. Special Supplement to The Irish Naturalists' Journal

1947: 1282: 1018: 993:, one of the oldest astronomically aligned monuments in the world. It was built around 3200 BC. At the 1640: 494:

These factors and ecological changes brought humans to the edge of the northernmost ice-free zones of

8260: 7306: 6801: 6616: 4952: 4808: 4528: 4342: 4264: 4249: 4234: 4082: 4017: 3979: 3969: 3959: 3819: 2509: 2331: 521: 243: 4970: 1348: 1262:

sites. Irish craftsmen became particularly noted for the horn-shaped trumpet, which was made by the

8190: 8170: 8150: 8053: 7777: 7395: 6990: 6082: 5627: 5197: 4327: 3941: 3665:

Williams; et al. (2004). "High resolution HLA-DRB1 identification of a caucasian population".

3189: 2510:"Detecting hidden diets and disease: Zoonotic parasites and fish consumption in Mesolithic Ireland" 1812: 1560: 327: 7630: 6154: 6149: 136:

The two periods that have left the most spectacular groups of remains are the Neolithic, with its

78:. Both the beginning and end dates of the period are later than for much of Europe and all of the 8341: 8165: 7919: 7703: 7699: 7405: 7271: 7107: 7017: 6189: 5956: 5775: 5708: 5440: 5265: 5214: 4930: 4682: 4431: 4291: 4097: 4042: 4032: 3999: 3832: 3744: 2039: 1867: 1832: 1778: 1591: 1549: 1457: 337: 208: 8346: 8245: 8240: 8215: 8073: 7694: 7400: 7195: 7069: 6675: 6566: 6554: 6250: 5991: 5830: 5467: 5401: 5385: 5285: 5162: 4788: 4308: 4163: 4052: 4003: 3323: 3129: 1871: 1784: 1634: 1420: 1216: 929: 833: 746: 730: 332: 8331: 3396:

Dardis GF (1986). "Late Pleistocene glacial lakes in South-central Ulster, Northern Ireland".

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In the early stages of the Bronze Age the gold ornaments included simple but finely decorated

8270: 8220: 8180: 8133: 8128: 8118: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8078: 8063: 8058: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 7996: 6934: 6870: 6744: 6437: 6363: 6137: 6132: 6070: 6009: 5946: 5894: 5887: 5433: 4947: 4918: 4451: 3728:, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF) 3498:"The Greek geographic tradition and Ptolemy's evidence for Irish geography", J.J. Tierney in 2319: 1921:, both from approximately 400 to 175 BC. Earlier bodies appear to have been normal burials. 1545: 1533: 1395: 1380: 1079: 863: 6319: 1106:, maces and spearheads. Only one decorated macehead has been found, in one of the tombs at 8298: 8265: 8255: 8235: 8225: 8210: 8205: 8185: 8155: 8123: 8108: 8083: 8019: 7961: 7841: 7640: 7635: 7410: 7200: 7151: 7146: 7129: 7124: 7102: 6892: 6606: 6459: 6351: 6255: 6048: 5733: 5532: 5475: 5317: 5084: 4855: 4832: 4617: 4503: 4357: 4332: 4201: 4022: 3994: 2521: 2421: 2355: 2148: 2057: 1516: 1326:, and gold-related trade was very possibly a major factor in the Bronze Age Irish economy. 452: 424: 342: 5703: 3109: 2866:

Wallace and O'Floinn, 49-50, 2:15-21, 2:28-29 (Early to Middle) and 87-90, 3:6-24 (Late);

2294: 1676:

and other well-known masterpieces, perhaps under influence from Late Roman and post-Roman

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During the period between 17,500 and 12,000 years ago, a warmer period referred to as the

8: 8250: 8175: 8145: 7625: 7594: 7584: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7336: 7190: 6855: 6660: 6493: 6026: 5899: 5780: 5755: 5192: 5094: 4990: 4878: 4723: 4413: 4403: 4313: 3989: 3846: 3781: 3501: 3491:"A note on climatic deterioration in the first millennium BC in Britain", Stuart Piggot, 3317: 1938: 1754: 1594:. The names of its tribes were recorded by the geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. 1568: 1191: 1183: 978: 713:

blades and points, and later larger stone tools and weapons, in particular the versatile

645: 584: 433: 266: 5019: 2525: 2425: 2359: 2152: 2061: 2001: 1792:

in Britain and continental Europe. Charles-Edwards notes the lack of continuity between

1710:, near Dublin and not yet fully excavated, may have represented a centre for trade with 1196: 7966: 7645: 7573: 7542: 7510: 7341: 7252: 7141: 7044: 6946: 6759: 5941: 5671: 5637: 5219: 5152: 5147: 5074: 5057: 4975: 4662: 4657: 4590: 4219: 4087: 4037: 3974: 3949: 3945: 3863: 3807: 3627: 3602: 3545:

The Origins of the Neolithic Along the Atlantic Coast of Continental Europe: A Survey.

2663: 2636: 2545: 2447: 2164: 2081: 2045: 2040:

Clark, Peter U.; Dyke, Arthur S.; Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E.; Clark, Jorie;

1962: 1564: 1304: 1278: 1135: 974: 907: 893: 677:

were introduced in the early stages of the Neolithic. The human population hunted with

611: 547:, dated to 11,000 BC, indicated people in the area were eating a marine diet including 517: 495: 271: 177: 51: 3419:

Bradley, R. The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. (2007) Cambridge University Press.

1695: 7713: 7652: 7589: 7537: 7183: 7173: 7163: 7112: 6769: 6687: 5981: 5966: 5951: 5931: 5822: 5801: 5612: 5455: 5250: 5180: 4900: 4762: 4627: 4533: 4483: 4398: 4259: 4173: 3682: 3653: 3632: 3580: 3453: 3439: 3420: 3409: 3376: 3361: 3344: 2966: 2801: 2668: 2549: 2537: 2451: 2439: 2196: 2168: 2073: 2041: 1856: 1630: 1399: 1187: 1167: 1118: 1001:, has been claimed to contain the world's earliest map of the Moon carved into stone. 661:

The hunter-gatherers of the Mesolithic era lived on a varied diet of seafood, birds,

592: 464: 99: 71: 4756: 4493: 2367: 7909: 7554: 7360: 7178: 7085: 6828: 6611: 6411: 6331: 6287: 6087: 5909: 5760: 5720: 5109: 5089: 4910: 4865: 4239: 3920: 3902: 3789: 3710: 3674: 3622: 3614: 3572: 2658: 2648: 2529: 2429: 2363: 2332:"Reindeer bone found in Cork cave shows human activity in Ireland 33,000 years ago" 2156: 2085: 2065: 1958: 1953:

A legal dispute in which the Crown challenged the British Museum's purchase of the

1903: 1576: 1556: 1171: 1143: 766: 599: 567: 513: 488: 290: 121: 95: 6670: 6626: 2920: 1653: 7059: 7029: 6791: 6719: 6697: 6655: 6550: 6520: 6385: 6380: 6031: 5914: 5485: 5209: 5137: 5132: 4962: 4840: 4767: 4408: 4092: 4067: 3678: 3308: 2899: 2160: 1954: 1914: 1762: 1715: 1645: 1572: 1375: 1220: 1163: 994: 843: 738: 472: 468: 456: 137: 103: 2048:; Hostetler, Steven W.; McCabe, A. Marshall (2009). "The Last Glacial Maximum". 1699: 777: 769:, where a flint knife, cattle bones and a sheep's tooth were found and dated to 7457: 7448: 7355: 7331: 7168: 7095: 6917: 6882: 6813: 6702: 6574: 6282: 5867: 5857: 5678: 5659: 5344: 5240: 5079: 5067: 4845: 3908: 3892: 3842: 2855: 2784: 2434: 2409: 1942: 1934: 1918: 1887: 1852: 1681: 1677: 1339: 1212: 1151: 1147: 1071: 635: 380: 285: 261: 3263: 2970: 2533: 8376: 7971: 7899: 7894: 7684: 7054: 7039: 6985: 6963: 6860: 6848: 6764: 6633: 6515: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6164: 6075: 6004: 5745: 5688: 5666: 5575: 5507: 5502: 5480: 4895: 4728: 4602: 4077: 4062: 2541: 2019: 1966: 1930: 1844: 1840: 1828: 1808: 1801: 1766: 1711: 1673: 1587: 1529: 1394:, as well as 26 horns or trumpets, weapons, and vessels. The rather earlier 1155: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1051: 1004: 654: 627: 619: 555: 130: 5595: 3522:"Cows, Ringforts and the Origins of Early Christian Ireland", F. McCormick, 2867: 2289:"New Discovery Pushes Back Date of Human Existence in Ireland by 2500 years" 2069: 1990:"New Discovery Pushes Back Date of Human Existence in Ireland by 2500 years" 1769:

dated to 148-147 BC, and about a kilometre long and some three metres wide.

487:

inhabited earlier than 10,000 years ago suggest that humans might have used

7846: 7559: 6973: 6929: 6910: 6865: 6665: 6589: 6346: 6341: 6297: 5924: 5806: 5770: 5750: 5602: 5580: 5492: 5049: 4985: 4980: 4890: 4873: 4698: 4637: 4127: 4112: 3686: 3636: 3227: 2844: 2694: 2672: 2443: 2192:

Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis: Volume 1 - The Physical Climate

2077: 1789: 1739: 1622: 1583: 1489: 1427: 1387: 1308: 1299:

in Britain. The earliest known copper mine in these islands was located at

1251: 1159: 1123: 1114: 1066:, an especially good stone, were traded across Ireland; the main ones were 1063: 1043: 1022: 986: 982: 970: 871: 525: 115: 111: 87: 40: 7022: 3657: 3033: 1883: 1601:(also the name of the largest tribe in northern and midland Britain), the 1273: 7390: 7012: 7002: 6958: 6953: 6905: 6843: 6806: 6779: 6680: 6650: 6525: 6447: 6368: 6356: 6117: 6102: 6092: 6063: 6021: 5936: 5904: 5852: 5785: 5622: 5497: 5354: 5186: 5099: 4798: 4742: 4703: 3964: 3715: 2410:"Incest uncovered at the elite prehistoric Newgrange monument in Ireland" 1758: 1669: 1665: 1618: 1442: 1362: 1353: 1330: 1323: 1312: 1204: 1200: 1110:, but it is extremely fine. Some finds may also be miniature maceheads. 867: 781: 734: 702: 694: 639: 631: 623: 506: 322: 155:

fish-trap, and a Bronze Age textile with delicate tassels of horse hair.

63: 3551:

Tool hoards and Neolithic use of the landscape in north-eastern Ireland.

2833: 1633:, possibly made in Britain, is an example of this. Another cup found in 1113:

Pierced beads and pendants are found, and two necklaces of shells (from

701:. They lived in seasonal shelters, which they constructed by stretching 7988: 7156: 7049: 7007: 6823: 6786: 6749: 6645: 6232: 6144: 5971: 5872: 5845: 5765: 5563: 5517: 5428: 5396: 5280: 4803: 4713: 4677: 4667: 4473: 3731: 2707: 2653: 2623: 1909: 1899: 1860: 1848: 1816: 1743: 1731: 1726: 1689: 1657: 1473: 1318:

Ireland was also rich in native gold, and the Bronze Age saw the first

1259: 1247: 1231: 952: 915: 809: 714: 690: 650: 588: 536:. In 2021, a reindeer bone fragment discovered in Castlepook Cave near 148: 91: 83: 4924: 3576: 3408:

Barry, T. (ed.) A History of Settlement in Ireland. (2000) Routledge.

3066: 2996: 2960: 2719: 1507: 1211:

Metallurgy arrived in Ireland with new people, generally known as the

7607: 7221: 7064: 6833: 6818: 6416: 6401: 6326: 6309: 6227: 6112: 6053: 6043: 6038: 5961: 5840: 5728: 5654: 5421: 5411: 5312: 5033: 4817: 4672: 4647: 4622: 4047: 3331: 3054: 1796:'s writings on the peoples of second-century Ireland and writings in 1707: 1598: 1089:

There was a much rarer class of imported prestige axe head made from

1059: 990: 960: 944: 817: 726: 710: 662: 607: 548: 544: 537: 533: 428: 79: 36: 4998: 4718: 3163:

Joseph Raftery, "Iron Age and Irish sea: problems for research", in

2318:

Wallace and O'Floinn, 45, 2:3 - they date it to 400,000-300,000 BC;

2137:"Sea-level change and inner shelf stratigraphy off Northern Ireland" 2136: 455:

allowed for the rehabitation of northern areas of Europe by roaming

6838: 6774: 6621: 6579: 6314: 6222: 6097: 5919: 5882: 5862: 5224: 5157: 4822: 4708: 4652: 4057: 3618: 2110:"The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?" 1836: 1831:

in the third and fourth centuries. The archaeological evidence for

1719: 1614: 1524: 1407: 1391: 1296: 1267: 1243: 1078:. There were also imports from Britain, including products of the 939: 797: 742: 674: 666: 529: 499: 476: 32: 3343:

Herity, M. and G. Eogan. Ireland in Prehistory. (1996) Routledge.

2962:

Two prehistoric bronze weapons from Ireland in the Hunt collection

2798:

Derrycarhoon: A later Bronze Age copper mine in south-west Ireland

1402:

of continental Europe, probably transmitted via southern Britain;

642:. The population has been tentatively estimated at around 8,000. 512:

The earliest known modern humans in Ireland date back to the late

6900: 6692: 6638: 6584: 6406: 6212: 6122: 5976: 5877: 5835: 5698: 5617: 5570: 5558: 5142: 5127: 5026: 4813: 4793: 3767: 3736: 3450:

Ireland’s Pre-Celtic Archaeological and Anthropological Heritage.

3304: 3008:

A New History of Ireland, Volume I: Prehistoric and Early Ireland

2237:

The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?

1906:, perhaps the victim of a canoeing accident around 3320–3220 BC. 1793: 1606: 1602: 1512: 1368: 1090: 1047: 1012: 698: 686: 516:(Old Stone Age). This date was pushed back some 2,500 years by a 480: 437: 144: 67: 3078: 3076: 3074: 2765:

J.X.W.P. Corcoram, "The origin of the Celts", in Nora Chadwick,

1532:

of the wood shaft of a very elegant iron spearhead found in the

1126:

rather than domestic use, appears to imitate basketry patterns.

6968: 6505: 6483: 6336: 6272: 6217: 5607: 5585: 5553: 5527: 5012: 5005: 4850: 4783: 4642: 2886: 2884: 1684:

hoard, from Ulster, includes a small model boat, a spectacular

1537: 1107: 1099: 1095: 1008: 998: 885: 800:. Typical of this ware are wide-mouthed, round-bottomed bowls. 793: 789: 706: 484: 441: 152: 107: 3373:

Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities

2745:

A New History of Ireland, vol 1: Prehistoric and early Ireland

2134: 1038: 634:

scatters have been noted around the island, from the north in

436:

is recognized as having ended about 11,700 years ago, without

7034: 6754: 6488: 6442: 6304: 6159: 6107: 5683: 5649: 5062: 4632: 3071: 1797: 1541: 1403: 1235: 1224: 964: 813: 682: 678: 3481:. Proceedings of the Dublin Conference, April 1995, 158–169. 3438:

Flanagan L. Ancient Ireland. Life before the Celts. (1998).

3065:Ó Cróinín, 137–152; Wallace and O'Floinn, 128-129, 4:10-14; 2881: 6980: 6941: 6421: 6277: 6207: 6127: 5999: 5512: 2112:. In Davenport, J.J.; Sleeman, D.P.; Woodman, P.C. (eds.). 1685: 1610: 1334: 1103: 785: 745:. These animals were probably derived from cattle from the 670: 520:

performed in 2016 on a bear bone excavated in 1903 in the "

471:. Species originally attracted to the north during the pre- 126: 3213: 3211: 1783:

The late Iron Age saw sizeable changes in human activity.

808:

were suitable replacements. It can be speculated that the

6292: 6058: 6016: 4750: 2637:"Nutrition and Health in Human Evolution–Past to Present" 2507: 1820: 1239: 3549:

Bamforth and Woodman, Oxford J. Arch. 23 (2004): 21–44.

3297: 2747:, edited by Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Royal Irish Academy 2005). 2495:

Excavations at Mount Sandel, 1973-77, County Londonderry

673:

in the Irish Mesolithic and it is likely that the first

4179:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

3358:

A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland

3208: 1738:

There are several ringforts in the complex topping the

1575:, is found in Ireland, while Brittonic, in the form of 1227:" arrived much later at the beginning of the Iron Age. 1177: 75: 3178:

Pagan Celtic Ireland: The Enigma of the Irish Iron Age

2251:"Snakeless in Ireland: Blame Ice Age, Not St. Patrick" 2195:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 409. 1138:

and radial grooves. This art is often referred to as

3909:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3726:

Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.

3721:

John Waddell's publications on prehistory of Ireland

2743:(1996), p.114; M.J. O'Kelly, Bronze-age Ireland, in 2344: 1488:

Late Bronze Age gold "gorget", 800-700 BC, found in

3465:

The Celticization of the West: an Irish Perspective

3053:Wallace and O'Floinn, 126-127, 130-131, 4:5, 4:18; 1166:, Cork, and Kerry. The densest clusters are on the 576:Reconstruction of a hunter-gatherer hut and canoe, 2634: 158: 7431:History of the Irish language 4272:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3716:Postcards of the Prehistoric Monuments of Ireland 3706:The Flandrian: the case for an interglacial cycle 3194:Irish antiquity: Essays in memory of M.V. Duignan 2635:Alt, K. W.; Al-Ahmad, A.; Woelber, J. P. (2022). 2458: 2229:Mind the Gap: Postglacial Colonisation of Ireland 1929:Almost all prehistoric Irish finds remain in the 1772: 1730:Model reconstruction of the circular building at 363:History of the Irish language 8374: 7487: 3711:Ireland's history in maps : Ancient Ireland 3515:"Dark Ages and Dendrochronology", Mike Baillie, 2958: 1894:The large areas of bog in Ireland have produced 1590:. Roman interest in the area led to some of the 1117:in Dublin) are very carefully made, with graded 1094:cord, and may have been worn as jewellery or an 440:being present, but leaving Ireland as an arctic 5118:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 3091:Charles-Edwards, 151; Wallace and O'Floinn, 126 1352:Twisted Gold Pennanular Ring, Late Bronze Age, 756:Reconstruction of an early Irish farmer's hut, 705:or thatch over wooden frames. They had outdoor 693:, while supplementing their diet with gathered 3543:Arias, J. World Prehistory 13 (1999):403–464. 3508:"Dark Ages and the Pollen Record", D.A. Weir, 3360:, (Volume 1 series), Oxford University Press, 3192:, "Celtic problems in the Irish Iron Age", in 2182: 1582:The Iron Age includes the period in which the 1042:The Malone Hoard of 19 luxury polished Antrim 505:Britain and Ireland may have been joined by a 8004: 7473: 7237: 5370: 3752: 3371:Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall eds. 2785:"A History of Ireland in 100 Objects" website 2107: 491:as places from which to hunt migratory game. 444:landscape. This period is referred to as the 427:, (between about 26,000 and 20,000 years BP) 398: 3472:The Question of the Celticization of Ireland 3252:"Laois 'bog body' said to be world's oldest" 2008:"Reindeer bone rewrites Irish human history" 1870:records begin to appear during this period. 561: 3881:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3557:Beaker Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland 2795: 2561: 2559: 2223: 2221: 2219: 1500: 720: 543:A British site on the eastern coast of the 432:completely isolated from Britain; and this 419:Prehistoric settlement of the British Isles 8011: 7997: 7480: 7466: 7244: 7230: 5384: 5377: 5363: 5304:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 3759: 3745: 2273: 2248: 2188: 1046:axe-heads, dated 4,500-2,500 BC, found in 405: 391: 3626: 3395: 2921:100 objects, "Castlederg Bronze Cauldron" 2662: 2652: 2433: 1714:. Drumanagh is an example of the coastal 1586:ruled most of the neighbouring island of 1338:distinctively Irish large "gorgets", and 554:The return of freezing conditions in the 8018: 5123:Association football in Northern Ireland 3664: 2556: 2407: 2295:"Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland" 2216: 1882: 1725: 1694: 1639: 1506: 1374: 1347: 1320:extensive working of this precious metal 1272: 1195: 1037: 938: 751: 644: 571: 120: 110:, the historical record begins when the 31: 4319:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 3600: 3566: 3430:Coffey, G. Bronze Age in Ireland (1913) 3110:Megalithic Ireland.com, Corlea Trackway 2900:100 objects, "Bronze Age Funerary Pots" 2492: 2135:Andrew Cooper & D. Jackson (2006). 1592:earliest written evidence about Ireland 14: 8375: 7251: 3569:The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland 3375:, 2002, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 3264:100 objects, "Armlet, Old Croghan Man" 3165:The Iron Age in the Irish Sea province 2856:100 objects, "Gleninsheen Gold Gorget" 2189:Farmer, G. Thomas; Cook, John (2013). 1833:trade with, or raids on, Roman Britain 1559:of Britain and Ireland, also known as 985:), Carrowkeel and Carrowmore (both in 689:tipped with small stone blades called 7992: 7461: 7225: 6548: 6187: 5453: 5358: 4588: 4378: 4199: 3805: 3740: 3643: 3529:"Iron-age Ireland", Barry Raftery in 2910:Wallace and O'Floinn, 86, 91, 125-126 2706:Wallace and O'Floinn, 46-47, 2:1-9; 2481:A History of the World in 100 Objects 1033: 1007:– These tombs include the well known 630:. As well as these, early Mesolithic 6549: 1178:Copper and Bronze Ages (2500–500 BC) 1129: 125:Bronze Age gold dress-fasteners and 7927:Post-war period (political history) 3571:. Galway: Galway University Press. 3299:A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 2868:100 objects, "Coggalbeg Gold Hoard" 2718:Wallace and O'Floinn, 48, 2:10-14; 2292: 2020:100 objects, "Mesolithic fish trap" 1288:A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 24: 4348:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 4123:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 3921:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 3766: 3701:Ask about Ireland, Flora and fauna 3533:volume one, 2008, pp. 134–181 3389: 2919:Wallace and O'Floinn, 90-91, 125; 2597:"Prehistoric Genocide in Ireland?" 2108:Edwards, R.J.; Brooks, A. (2008). 1652:Examples from Iron Age Ireland of 1563:, can be divided into two groups, 649:The Moss-side hoard of Mesolithic 106:societies of Ireland. For much of 25: 8414: 6501:Megalithic architectural elements 4133:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 3694: 3485: 3254:, The Irish Times. 2 August 2013. 3228:100 objects, "Cunorix Gravestone" 3226:Charles-Edwards, 155-162, map 8; 3154:Charles-Edwards (2000), pp. 153–4 2845:100 objects, "Pair of Gold Discs" 2820:Michael Herity and George Eogan, 2739:Michael Herity and George Eogan, 2695:100 objects, "Ceremonial Axehead" 2514:Journal of Archaeological Science 1605:(possibly the same people as the 1207:, eastern Ireland. British Museum 725:Many areas of Europe entered the 7932:Post-war period (social history) 7606: 7442: 7315: 6188: 5338: 4302:Tallest buildings and structures 3561:Gulbenkain Archaeological Series 3034:100 objects, "Keshcarrigan Bowl" 3032:Wallace and O'Floinn, 127, 4:8; 2685:Wallace and O'Floinn, 46-47, 2:4 2586:Wallace and O'Floinn, 45-46, 2:1 2380:Herity and Eogan, Start of Ch. 2 2098:Herity and Eogan, start of Ch. 2 1847:, with lesser concentrations in 1481: 1465: 1449: 1434: 1419: 1098:. Other stone shapes made were 922: 900: 878: 856: 374: 187: 7120:Evolutionary origin of religion 3505:, lxxvii, 1976, pp. 257–65 3277: 3268: 3257: 3241: 3232: 3220: 3199: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3123: 3114: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3059: 3047: 3038: 3026: 3017: 3001: 2990: 2977: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2913: 2904: 2893: 2872: 2860: 2849: 2838: 2827: 2814: 2789: 2778: 2759: 2750: 2733: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2697:, Wallace and O'Floinn, 46, 2:5 2688: 2679: 2628: 2617: 2589: 2580: 2501: 2486: 2469: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2368:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.018 2338: 2324: 2312: 2282: 2242: 1971:Belfast Natural History Society 1807:Others such as Joseph Raftery, 1637:does seem to be an import. 1511:Tribes of Ireland according to 850:Types of Irish megalithic tombs 159:Glaciation and the Palaeolithic 4138:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3537: 3205:Charles-Edwards (2000), p. 148 3145:Charles-Edwards (2000), p. 152 2834:100 objects, "Basket Earrings" 2800:. Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing. 2408:Sheridan, Alison (June 2020). 2233:The Irish Naturalists’ Journal 2128: 2101: 2092: 2033: 2024: 2013: 1995: 1983: 1924: 1773:Irish Dark Age (100 BC–AD 300) 1472:Late Bronze Age bracelet from 989:). The most famous of them is 62:has been pieced together from 39:, Ireland's largest Neolithic 13: 1: 6733:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 6263:British megalith architecture 4200: 3601:McEnvoy; et al. (2004). 3563:, Cambridge University Press. 3493:Scottish Archaeological Forum 3290: 3238:Charles-Edwards, pp. 175–176. 3067:100 objects, "Broighter Boat" 3055:100 objects, "Petrie 'Crown'" 2997:100 objects, "Iron Spearhead" 2708:100 objects, "Flint Macehead" 2624:100 objects, "Neolithic Bowl" 2320:picture and different account 2030:Wallace and O'Floinn, 92, 3:4 1878: 1609:, a Belgic tribe of northern 1441:Tongue-shaped bronze dagger, 1030:introduction of agriculture. 804:climates—however, barley and 796:(Lyle's Hill pottery) and in 770: 483:. Some sites as far north as 44: 8393:History of Ireland by period 7489:History of the British Isles 6728:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 6268:Nordic megalith architecture 5203:Northern Ireland flags issue 4379: 4154:List of conflicts in Ireland 3898:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 3679:10.1016/j.humimm.2003.10.004 3495:, iv, 1972, pp. 109–113 3474:, Emania No. 9 (1991), 5–16. 3044:Ó Cróinín, p. lx, "puzzling" 2931:Wallace and O'Floinn, 53, 90 2720:100 objects, "Neolithic Bag" 2398:Herity and Eoghan, Chapter 2 2239:" Accessed 21 December 2018. 2161:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.04.002 1680:styles. The 1st century BC 1621:, later Cirencester and the 827: 758:Irish National Heritage Park 578:Irish National Heritage Park 7: 4589: 4174:Gaelic clothing and fashion 3806: 3594: 3452:(2006) Edwin Mellen Press. 1843:, followed by the coast of 1617:(a name similar to that of 1254:, commenced about 2500 BC. 669:. There is no evidence for 591:(Middle Stone Age), around 10: 8419: 6876:British Isles and Brittany 6797:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 3314:National Museum of Ireland 3167:, Cardiff, 1972, p. ? 2769:(1970); David W. Anthony, 2435:10.1038/d41586-020-01655-4 2348:Quaternary Science Reviews 1948:National Museum of Ireland 1776: 1283:National Museum of Ireland 1181: 831: 616:Hermitage, County Limerick 565: 416: 143:Ireland has many areas of 8322: 8284: 8026: 7953: 7878: 7831: 7723: 7674: 7615: 7604: 7495: 7439: 7378: 7350:Great Britain and Ireland 7324: 7313: 7307:Timeline of Irish history 7259: 7078: 6891: 6718: 6565: 6561: 6544: 6430: 6394: 6243: 6200: 6196: 6183: 5990: 5821: 5794: 5719: 5645: 5636: 5541: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5449: 5392: 5334: 5233: 5171: 5108: 5048: 4961: 4909: 4864: 4831: 4776: 4741: 4691: 4610: 4601: 4597: 4584: 4519: 4422: 4391: 4387: 4374: 4284: 4212: 4208: 4195: 4146: 3934: 3818: 3814: 3801: 3777: 3479:Ireland in the Bronze Age 3274:Wallace and O'Floinn, 4-9 3082:Wallace and O'Floinn, 126 3023:Wallace and O'Floinn, 171 2959:Harbison, Peter. (1970). 2940:Wallace and O'Floinn, 125 2796:O'Brien, William (2022). 2534:10.1016/j.jas.2018.07.010 1835:is strongest in northern 1702:hillfort, walls c. 500 BC 1644:Gold model boat from the 1552:speakers, to the island. 562:Mesolithic (8000–4000 BC) 522:Alice and Gwendoline Cave 280:Great Britain and Ireland 244:Timeline of Irish history 3531:A New History of Ireland 3526:13, 1995, pp. 33–37 3512:11, 1993, pp. 21–30 3217:Charles-Edwards, p. 148. 3120:Charles-Edwards, p. 145. 3100:Charles-Edwards, 146-147 2890:Wallace and O'Floinn, 51 2878:Wallace and O'Floinn, 93 2756:Wallace and O'Floinn, 49 2389:Wallace and O'Floinn, 45 2231:. Special Supplement to 1976: 1656:, the term for Iron Age 1501:Iron Age (500 BC–AD 400) 947:, and the entrance stone 943:The entrance passage to 721:Neolithic (4000–2500 BC) 598:Evidence for Mesolithic 7761:Early medieval Scotland 7108:Evolutionary musicology 6511:Oldest extant buildings 6438:Archaeological features 5957:Prepared-core technique 5295:Prostitution (Republic) 3519:11, 1993, pp. 5–12 3328:Early Christian Ireland 3283:Wallace and O'Floinn, 8 3134:Early Christian Ireland 2497:. HM Stationery Office. 2493:Woodman, Peter (1985). 2070:10.1126/science.1172873 1890:, died 392 –201 BC, NMI 1779:Protohistory of Ireland 1579:, is found in Britain. 1458:Clones, County Monaghan 27:Ireland until c. 400 AD 8403:Archaeology of Ireland 8069:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7805:Early medieval Ireland 7771:Late medieval Scotland 7766:High medieval Scotland 7739:Early medieval England 7070:Unchambered long cairn 6918:Mound Builders culture 6251:Neolithic architecture 5386:Prehistoric technology 4164:List of Irish kingdoms 3646:Exp. Clin. Immunogenet 3567:Waddell, John (1998). 3324:Thomas Charles-Edwards 3248:Kingship and Sacrifice 3130:Thomas Charles-Edwards 2985:Atlas of Irish History 2279:Cunliffe, 2012, p. 56. 1891: 1872:Early Irish literature 1851:on the north coast of 1785:Thomas Charles-Edwards 1735: 1703: 1649: 1635:Fore, County Westmeath 1625:of northern Britain). 1544:(i.e. speakers of the 1520: 1383: 1357: 1292: 1234:began once copper was 1208: 1055: 981:), Loughcrew (both in 948: 834:Irish megalithic tombs 761: 747:Linear Pottery culture 731:Linear Pottery culture 658: 622:; and the campsite at 580: 467:that extended up into 133: 55: 8398:Prehistory by country 8020:Prehistory of Europe 7852:Early modern Scotland 7815:Late medieval Ireland 7810:High medieval Ireland 7749:Late medieval England 7744:High medieval England 7700:Protohistoric Ireland 7426:Economic history 7421:British monarchs 6745:List of Stone Age art 5947:Microblade technology 5895:Langdale axe industry 5493:Ard / plough 5271:Mass media (Republic) 5215:National coat of arms 4103:IRA Northern Campaign 3732:Prehistoric Waterford 2822:Ireland in Prehistory 2741:Ireland in Prehistory 2293:BBC (21 March 2016). 2291:, Irish Archaeology; 1886: 1819:extracted from Irish 1729: 1698: 1643: 1546:Proto-Celtic language 1510: 1456:Gold Dress Fastener, 1396:Dunaverney flesh-hook 1381:Dunaverney flesh-hook 1378: 1351: 1276: 1199: 1080:Langdale axe industry 1041: 942: 864:Creevykeel Court Tomb 755: 648: 575: 446:Midlandian glaciation 417:Further information: 358:Economic history 353:British monarchs 124: 60:prehistory of Ireland 35: 7962:House of Plantagenet 7864:Early modern Ireland 7847:Early modern England 7842:Early modern Britain 7783:Early medieval Wales 7641:Prehistoric Shetland 7636:Prehistoric Scotland 7411:Gaelic monarchs 7325:Peoples and polities 7152:Prehistoric medicine 7147:Prehistoric counting 7130:Prehistoric religion 7125:Paleolithic religion 7103:Behavioral modernity 6460:Causewayed enclosure 6352:Abri de la Madeleine 5476:Neolithic Revolution 5193:County coats of arms 5085:List of Irish people 4159:List of Irish tribes 4009:Cromwellian conquest 3995:Plantation of Ulster 3926:Ireland (since 1922) 2354:(27–28): 3956–3971. 1839:, centred on modern 1519:(written c. 150 AD). 1122:apparently made for 840:megalithic monuments 614:; the cremations at 498:by the onset of the 425:Last Glacial Maximum 343:Gaelic monarchs 256:Peoples and polities 8383:Prehistoric Ireland 8285:States with limited 7939:Late modern Ireland 7833:Early modern period 7793:Late medieval Wales 7788:High medieval Wales 7660:Prehistoric Ireland 7631:Prehistoric England 7626:Prehistoric Britain 7366:Republic of Ireland 7337:Lordship of Ireland 7191:Prehistoric warfare 5937:Magdalenian culture 5900:Levallois technique 5831:Earliest toolmaking 5308:in Northern Ireland 5299:in Northern Ireland 5040:Legendary creatures 4953:Traditional singing 4789:Saint Patrick's Day 4424:Republic of Ireland 4353:Tourist attractions 4338:ROI–UK border 4323:of Northern Ireland 4276:in Northern Ireland 4108:IRA Border Campaign 4083:War of Independence 4053:Second Great Famine 4038:Act of Union (1800) 3990:Flight of the Earls 3847:Lordship of Ireland 3782:Republic of Ireland 3502:Royal Irish Academy 3500:Proceedings of the 3318:Royal Irish Academy 3196:, 1979, p. 211 3190:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 2983:After Duffy (ed.), 2526:2018JArSc..97..137P 2426:2020Natur.582..347S 2360:2010QSRv...29.3956T 2255:National Geographic 2249:James Owen (2018). 2153:2006MGeol.232....1K 2062:2009Sci...325..710C 2046:Mitrovica, Jerry X. 2010:, Irish Archaeology 1992:, Irish Archaeology 1939:Royal Irish Academy 1813:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 1192:Bell Beaker culture 1184:Chalcolithic Europe 979:World Heritage Site 618:on the bank of the 296:Republic of Ireland 267:Lordship of Ireland 8388:Prehistoric Europe 7967:House of Lancaster 7920:World Wars (Wales) 7880:Late modern period 7857:Early modern Wales 7646:Prehistoric Orkney 7617:Prehistoric period 7449:Ireland portal 7342:Kingdom of Ireland 7253:History of Ireland 7142:Origin of language 7135:Spiritual drug use 7045:Rectangular dolmen 6947:Dartmoor kistvaens 6760:Carved stone balls 6472:Circular enclosure 6431:Other architecture 6374:Alp pile dwellings 5962:Solutrean industry 5873:Gravettian culture 5523:Secondary products 5345:Ireland portal 4663:Skirts and kidneys 4169:List of High Kings 4088:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4028:First Great Famine 4013:Settlement of 1652 3985:Tyrone's Rebellion 3975:Desmond Rebellions 3864:Kingdom of Ireland 2654:10.3390/nu14173594 2042:Wohlfarth, Barbara 1963:Irish independence 1892: 1736: 1704: 1650: 1521: 1384: 1358: 1305:Lakes of Killarney 1293: 1279:Gleninsheen gorget 1209: 1136:cup and ring marks 1056: 1034:Portable artefacts 949: 908:Poulnabrone dolmen 762: 659: 653:tools and blades, 612:County Londonderry 581: 518:radiocarbon dating 496:continental Europe 381:Ireland portal 272:Kingdom of Ireland 134: 129:, amber necklace, 86:period covers the 56: 52:Boyne valley tombs 8370: 8369: 7986: 7985: 7869:Early modern Mann 7756:Medieval Scotland 7714:Sub-Roman Britain 7709:End of Roman rule 7653:Prehistoric Wales 7455: 7454: 7348:United Kingdom of 7219: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7164:Prehistoric music 7113:music archaeology 6770:Cup and ring mark 6595:Clothing/textiles 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 5982:Yubetsu technique 5967:Striking platform 5932:Lithic technology 5817: 5816: 5802:Game drive system 5721:Projectile points 5613:Mortar and pestle 5352: 5351: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5325: 4737: 4736: 4628:Bacon and cabbage 4580: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4447:Foreign relations 4370: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4297:Notable buildings 4191: 4190: 4187: 4186: 3607:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3385: 3354:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí 2949:Ó Cróinín, p. lx. 2824:(1996), pp.115–6. 2807:978-1-4073-5925-0 2420:(7812): 347–349. 2056:(5941): 710–714. 1857:Carlingford Lough 1631:Keshcarrigan Bowl 1400:Hallstatt culture 1188:Bronze Age Europe 1172:Dingle peninsulas 1140:Atlantic rock art 1130:Open-air rock art 415: 414: 278:United Kingdom of 72:historical record 16:(Redirected from 8410: 8323:Dependencies and 8027:Sovereign states 8013: 8006: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7944:Late modern Mann 7915:Second World War 7900:Edwardian period 7895:Victorian period 7800:Medieval Ireland 7734:Medieval England 7676:Classical period 7665:Prehistoric Mann 7610: 7567:Northern Ireland 7482: 7475: 7468: 7459: 7458: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7370:Northern Ireland 7361:Irish Free State 7319: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7223: 7222: 7179:Divje Babe flute 7086:Archaeoastronomy 6829:Petrosomatoglyph 6563: 6562: 6546: 6545: 6395:Water management 6198: 6197: 6185: 6184: 6088:Denticulate tool 5910:Lithic reduction 5643: 5642: 5464: 5463: 5451: 5450: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5020:Tuatha Dé Danann 4608: 4607: 4599: 4598: 4586: 4585: 4521:Northern Ireland 4499: 4489: 4479: 4389: 4388: 4376: 4375: 4210: 4209: 4197: 4196: 4073:Home Rule crisis 3903:Northern Ireland 3816: 3815: 3803: 3802: 3790:Northern Ireland 3761: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3690: 3667:Human Immunology 3661: 3640: 3630: 3590: 3405: 3398:Ir. 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Earth Sci 3383: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3012:Dáibhí Ó Cróinín 3005: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2793: 2787: 2782: 2776: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2666: 2656: 2632: 2626: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2490: 2484: 2473: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2437: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2334:. 18 April 2021. 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2261:on 13 March 2021 2257:. Archived from 2246: 2240: 2225: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2116:. pp. 19–34 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2011: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1959:Northern Ireland 1904:Stoneyisland Man 1824:rapid recovery. 1755:Black Pig's Dyke 1706:The headland of 1577:Common Brittonic 1557:Celtic languages 1485: 1469: 1453: 1438: 1423: 1144:County Fermanagh 926: 904: 882: 860: 844:megalithic tombs 775: 772: 767:Dingle Peninsula 638:to the south in 600:hunter-gatherers 568:Irish Mesolithic 514:Palaeolithic Age 457:hunter-gatherers 407: 400: 393: 379: 378: 377: 300:Northern Ireland 291:Irish Free State 191: 181: 163: 162: 138:megalithic tombs 49: 46: 21: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8324: 8318: 8304:Northern Cyprus 8286: 8280: 8201:North Macedonia 8022: 8017: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7949: 7948: 7910:Interwar period 7905:First World War 7874: 7873: 7827: 7826: 7725:Medieval period 7719: 7718: 7670: 7669: 7611: 7602: 7601: 7585:Channel Islands 7521:Isles of Scilly 7491: 7486: 7456: 7451: 7443: 7441: 7435: 7374: 7352: 7349: 7320: 7311: 7255: 7250: 7220: 7207: 7074: 7060:Stone box grave 7030:Megalithic tomb 6935:Cotswold-Severn 6887: 6792:Guardian stones 6720:Prehistoric art 6714: 6557: 6532: 6521:Timber trackway 6426: 6390: 6386:Wattle and daub 6239: 6218:Standing stones 6192: 6171: 5986: 5813: 5790: 5715: 5632: 5542:Food processing 5537: 5486:New World crops 5458: 5445: 5388: 5383: 5353: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5322: 5290:outside Ireland 5261:Historic houses 5229: 5210:Irish Wolfhound 5181:Brighid's Cross 5167: 5138:Gaelic handball 5133:Gaelic football 5104: 5075:Hiberno-Normans 5044: 4957: 4905: 4860: 4841:Hiberno-English 4827: 4772: 4733: 4687: 4593: 4572: 4515: 4497: 4487: 4477: 4418: 4409:Ulster loyalism 4383: 4362: 4280: 4204: 4183: 4142: 4068:Dublin lock-out 4004:Confederate War 3955:Norman invasion 3942:Battles of Tara 3930: 3886:1801–1923 3874:1691–1800 3869:1536–1691 3857:1169–1536 3810: 3797: 3773: 3765: 3697: 3597: 3587: 3540: 3488: 3392: 3390:Further reading 3309:The Irish Times 3296:"100 objects", 3293: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3258: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3188: 3184: 3176:Barry Raftery, 3175: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2506: 2502: 2491: 2487: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2459: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2343: 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8328: 8326: 8325:other entities 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8276:United Kingdom 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8089:Czech Republic 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7889:United Kingdom 7885: 7884: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7778:Medieval Wales 7775: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7697: 7692: 7690:Roman Scotland 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7633: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7582: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7548:Outer Hebrides 7545: 7543:Inner Hebrides 7540: 7535: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7506:United Kingdom 7502: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7453: 7452: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7363: 7358: 7356:Irish Republic 7353: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7332:Gaelic Ireland 7328: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7169:Alligator drum 7161: 7160: 7159: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7096:lunar calendar 7093: 7082: 7080: 7079:Other cultural 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6883:Venus figurine 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6814:Megalithic art 6811: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6767: 6765:Cave paintings 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6724: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6567:Material goods 6559: 6558: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6290: 6285: 6283:Cliff dwelling 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5868:Fire hardening 5865: 5860: 5858:Clovis culture 5855: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5827: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5781:Manis Mastodon 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5725: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5660:throwing stick 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5472: 5470: 5460: 5459: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5256:Heritage Sites 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5080:Irish diaspora 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5068:Gaelic Ireland 5060: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4811: 4809:Rose of Tralee 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4618:List of dishes 4614: 4612: 4605: 4595: 4594: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4534:D'Hondt method 4525: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4495:Seanad Éireann 4491: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4385: 4384: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4235:Extreme points 4232: 4227: 4225:Climate change 4222: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4205: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4043:1803 Rebellion 4040: 4035: 4033:1798 Rebellion 4030: 4025: 4020: 4018:Williamite War 4015: 4006: 4000:1641 Rebellion 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3980:Spanish Armada 3977: 3972: 3970:Tudor conquest 3967: 3962: 3960:Bruce campaign 3957: 3952: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3905:(1921–present) 3900: 3895: 3893:Irish Republic 3890: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3852:800–1169 3843:Gaelic Ireland 3840: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3812: 3811: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3695:External links 3693: 3692: 3691: 3662: 3652:(4): 250–263. 3641: 3619:10.1086/424697 3613:(4): 693–704. 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3564: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3496: 3487: 3486:Irish Dark Age 3484: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3446: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3417: 3406: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3369: 3356:, ed. (2008). 3351: 3341: 3335: 3321: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3256: 3240: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3198: 3182: 3180:, London, 1994 3169: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3122: 3113: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3037: 3025: 3016: 3000: 2989: 2976: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2912: 2903: 2892: 2880: 2871: 2859: 2848: 2837: 2826: 2813: 2806: 2788: 2777: 2758: 2749: 2732: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2678: 2627: 2616: 2588: 2579: 2555: 2500: 2485: 2468: 2457: 2400: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2337: 2323: 2311: 2281: 2272: 2241: 2215: 2201: 2181: 2141:Marine Geology 2127: 2100: 2091: 2032: 2023: 2012: 2003:Irish Examiner 1994: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1943:Dublin Society 1935:British Museum 1926: 1923: 1919:Clonycavan Man 1888:Clonycavan Man 1880: 1877: 1853:County Donegal 1774: 1771: 1682:Broighter Gold 1678:Romano-British 1561:Insular Celtic 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1418: 1281:, 800-700 BC, 1179: 1176: 1152:County Wicklow 1148:County Donegal 1131: 1128: 1072:Rathlin Island 1035: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1016: 1002: 968: 937: 936: 928: 921: 919: 906: 899: 897: 884: 877: 875: 862: 855: 852: 851: 832:Main article: 829: 826: 812:aspect of the 774: 4350 BC 722: 719: 636:County Donegal 566:Main article: 563: 560: 434:glacial period 413: 412: 410: 409: 402: 395: 387: 384: 383: 370: 369: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 293: 288: 286:Irish Republic 283: 276: 274: 269: 264: 262:Gaelic Ireland 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 184: 183: 174: 173: 166: 160: 157: 64:archaeological 48: 3200 BC 26: 18:Irish Iron Age 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8415: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8337:Faroe Islands 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8309:South Ossetia 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161:Liechtenstein 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8002: 8000: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7972:House of York 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7891:(since 1707) 7890: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7823: 7822:Medieval Mann 7820: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7704:Roman Ireland 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7685:Roman Britain 7683: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516:Isle of Wight 7514: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7450: 7438: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7242: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7055:Simple dolmen 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7040:Passage grave 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6986:Gallery grave 6984: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6901:Burial mounds 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861:Statue menhir 6859: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6849:Stone carving 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Sewing needle 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:Timber circle 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6465:Tor enclosure 6463: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6453:fulacht fiadh 6451: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5689:spear-thrower 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5667:Bow and arrow 5665: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576:Grinding slab 5574: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508:Domestication 5506: 5504: 5503:Digging stick 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481:Founder crops 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5422:New Stone Age 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5347: 5346: 5333: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5313:Public houses 5311: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4569: 4568:Peace process 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4498:(upper house) 4496: 4492: 4490: 4488:(lower house) 4486: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Republicanism 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4118:Peace process 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098:The Emergency 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4078:Easter Rising 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4063:Fenian Rising 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838:Early history 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3588: 3586:9781901421101 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3555:Clark (1970) 3554: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3463:Waddell, J., 3462: 3459: 3458:0-7734-5880-8 3455: 3451: 3448:Thompson, T. 3447: 3445: 3444:0-312-21881-8 3441: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3425:0-521-84811-3 3422: 3418: 3415: 3414:0-415-18208-5 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3366:0-19-922665-2 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3349:0-415-04889-3 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3020: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2753: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2620: 2605: 2604:Ireland's DNA 2598: 2592: 2583: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2276: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2235:, pp 19-34, " 2234: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2204: 2202:9789400757578 2198: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2027: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1967:Ulster Museum 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:British Isles 1922: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1868:protohistoric 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845:County Antrim 1842: 1841:County Dublin 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:Roman Britain 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809:Barry Raftery 1805: 1803: 1802:Roman Britain 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1767:corduroy road 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1712:Roman Britain 1709: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674:Book of Kells 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:La Tène style 1647: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1588:Great Britain 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1550:Indo-European 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:carbon-dating 1526: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 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89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 53: 50:. One of the 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 8314:Transnistria 7659: 7272:Protohistory 7266: 6996:wedge-shaped 6981:Funeral pyre 6974:Great dolmen 6930:Chamber tomb 6911:Round barrow 6866:Stone circle 6738:Blombos Cave 6666:Grooved ware 6590:Chalcolithic 6494:Thornborough 6412:Flush toilet 6347:Blombos Cave 6342:Rock shelter 6298:Quiggly hole 6190:Architecture 6165:illustration 5807:Buffalo jump 5628:Storage pits 5591:Aşıklı Höyük 5581:Ground stone 5417:Subdivisions 5336: 5306: / 5297: / 5288: / 5266:Homelessness 5185: 5153:Road bowling 5148:Martial arts 5095:Ulster Scots 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4976:Mythological 4923: 4883: 4856:Ulster Scots 4816: / 4755: 4683:Three-in-One 4494: 4485:Dáil Éireann 4484: 4474: 4432:Constitution 4321: / 4292:Architecture 4274: / 4147:Other topics 4128:Celtic Tiger 4113:The Troubles 4011: / 4002: / 3948: / 3944: / 3845: / 3833:Protohistory 3827: 3673:(1): 66–77. 3670: 3666: 3649: 3645: 3610: 3606: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3499: 3492: 3478: 3471: 3470:Waddell, J., 3464: 3449: 3401: 3397: 3372: 3357: 3327: 3303: 3298: 3279: 3270: 3259: 3243: 3234: 3222: 3201: 3193: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3116: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3061: 3049: 3040: 3028: 3019: 3007: 3003: 2992: 2984: 2979: 2961: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2915: 2906: 2895: 2874: 2862: 2851: 2840: 2829: 2821: 2816: 2797: 2791: 2780: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2681: 2647:(17): 3594. 2644: 2640: 2630: 2619: 2607:. 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Retrieved 2113: 2103: 2094: 2053: 2049: 2035: 2026: 2015: 2002: 1997: 1985: 1952: 1928: 1908: 1896:over a dozen 1893: 1865: 1826: 1806: 1790:Roman Empire 1782: 1752: 1747: 1740:Hill of Tara 1737: 1734:, c. 100 BC. 1705: 1700:Dún Aonghasa 1662:Petrie Crown 1651: 1648:, c. 100 BC. 1627: 1623:Corionototae 1596: 1581: 1554: 1522: 1504: 1490:County Clare 1460:, 800-700 BC 1428:Dowris Hoard 1426:Part of the 1412: 1410:is another. 1388:Dowris Hoard 1385: 1367: 1359: 1356:, Limerick. 1340: 1331:gold lunulae 1328: 1317: 1309:County Kerry 1300: 1294: 1286: 1285:, no. 12 in 1263: 1256: 1252:Chalcolithic 1229: 1210: 1160:County Louth 1133: 1115:Phoenix Park 1112: 1088: 1064:porcellanite 1057: 1044:porcellanite 1028: 1023:County Clare 1005:Portal tombs 987:County Sligo 983:County Meath 953:Court cairns 932: 911: 890:passage tomb 889: 872:County Sligo 837: 822: 802: 778:Céide Fields 763: 724: 703:animal skins 697:, fruit and 660: 604:Mount Sandel 597: 585:last ice age 582: 553: 542: 526:County Clare 511: 504: 493: 450: 422: 209:Protohistory 203: 142: 135: 116:Christianity 88:Palaeolithic 59: 57: 41:passage tomb 29: 8352:Isle of Man 8287:recognition 8261:Switzerland 8196:Netherlands 7695:Roman Wales 7579:Isle of Man 7018:unchambered 7013:Long barrow 7003:Grave goods 6959:Court cairn 6954:Clava cairn 6906:Bowl barrow 6844:Rock cupule 6787:Golden hats 6780:Hill figure 6681:Unstan ware 6661:Cord-marked 6526:Sweet Track 6448:Burnt mound 6369:Stilt house 6357:Sibudu Cave 6150:Tally stick 6118:Quern-stone 6103:Hammerstone 6093:Fire plough 6064:Pesse canoe 6022:Bannerstone 5992:Other tools 5905:Lithic core 5853:Aurignacian 5741:Bare Island 5623:Quern-stone 5286:Place names 5163:Rugby union 5058:Anglo-Irish 4943:Instruments 4799:The Twelfth 4763:Set dancing 4563:LGBT rights 4469:LGBT rights 4399:Nationalism 3965:Black Death 3538:Archaeology 2520:: 137–146. 1950:, by 1890. 1925:Collections 1855:and around 1817:Pollen data 1759:Cliadh Dubh 1748:Emain Macha 1670:Insular art 1666:Gallo-Roman 1548:) and thus 1494:NMI, Dublin 1443:Hunt Museum 1379:End of the 1363:grave goods 1354:Hunt Museum 1324:Scandinavia 1313:County Cork 1301:Ross Island 1270:, process. 1264:cire perdue 1217:Ross Island 1213:Bell Beaker 1205:Blessington 1201:Gold lunula 1019:Wedge tombs 930:Labbacallee 912:portal tomb 868:court cairn 782:County Mayo 735:La Hoguette 640:County Cork 624:Lough Boora 507:land bridge 423:During the 178:History of 84:prehistoric 74:around 400 8377:Categories 8231:San Marino 8191:Montenegro 8171:Luxembourg 8151:Kazakhstan 8054:Azerbaijan 7267:Prehistory 7260:Chronology 7157:trepanning 7050:Ring cairn 7008:Jar burial 6991:transepted 6923:U.S. sites 6824:Petroglyph 6750:Bird stone 6708:wine press 6381:Stone roof 6364:Roundhouse 6256:long house 6233:Stonehenge 6201:Ceremonial 6145:Stone tool 5972:Tool stone 5942:Metallurgy 5846:Mousterian 5823:Toolmaking 5761:Cumberland 5734:Transverse 5704:Schöningen 5596:Qesem cave 5564:Earth oven 5518:Irrigation 5429:Technology 5397:Prehistory 5187:Cláirseach 5090:Travellers 4948:Rock music 4931:Folk music 4866:Literature 4668:Soda bread 4551:Government 4478:parliament 4475:Oireachtas 4452:Government 4392:Ideologies 4023:Penal Laws 3914:since 1922 3828:Prehistory 3577:10379/1357 3404:: 133–144. 3381:0717128296 3291:References 2971:1000908777 2572:6 November 2147:(1–2): 1. 2120:2 December 1910:Cashel Man 1900:bog bodies 1879:Bog bodies 1861:Inhumation 1849:the Rosses 1777:See also: 1744:Navan Fort 1732:Navan Fort 1690:Alexandria 1658:Celtic art 1613:) and the 1534:River Inny 1523:The Irish 1517:Geographia 1474:Castlederg 1386:The large 1260:Bronze Age 1248:Copper Age 1232:Bronze Age 1182:See also: 1174:in Kerry. 1119:periwinkle 1074:, both in 933:wedge tomb 916:The Burren 806:German rye 715:Bann flake 691:microliths 651:Bann flake 589:Mesolithic 429:ice sheets 204:Prehistory 198:Chronology 149:bog bodies 100:Bronze Age 92:Mesolithic 8342:Gibraltar 8166:Lithuania 7386:Conflicts 7302:1801–1923 7297:1691–1800 7292:1536–1691 7287:1169–1536 7201:symbolism 7065:Tor cairn 7023:Grønsalen 6964:Cremation 6856:Sculpture 6834:Pictogram 6819:Petroform 6639:amber use 6607:Cosmetics 6417:Reservoir 6402:Check dam 6332:Pueblitos 6327:Pit-house 6310:Longhouse 6244:Dwellings 6113:Microlith 6044:Bow drill 6039:Bone tool 6032:prismatic 5841:Acheulean 5756:Cresswell 5729:Arrowhead 5655:Boomerang 5571:Granaries 5533:Terracing 5412:Stone Age 5318:Squatting 5034:Fomorians 4963:Mythology 4833:Languages 4818:Halloween 4794:Bealtaine 4777:Festivals 4768:Stepdance 4673:Spice Bag 4658:Irish fry 4648:Colcannon 4623:Barmbrack 4546:Education 4504:President 4442:Education 4358:Transport 4333:Provinces 4255:Mountains 4230:Coastline 4202:Geography 4093:Civil War 4048:Tithe War 3332:Cambridge 3014:(Editor). 2767:The Celts 2641:Nutrients 2550:134546502 2542:0305-4403 2452:219730055 2169:128396341 1720:ringforts 1708:Drumanagh 1599:Brigantes 1569:Brittonic 1408:scabbards 1303:, at the 1060:stone axe 991:Newgrange 961:Kilcommon 945:Newgrange 828:Monuments 818:Triticeae 776:. At the 727:Neolithic 711:microlith 667:hazelnuts 663:wild boar 608:Coleraine 549:shellfish 545:Irish Sea 538:Doneraile 534:Irish Sea 475:included 318:Conflicts 239:1801–1923 234:1691–1800 229:1536–1691 224:1169–1536 96:Neolithic 80:Near East 37:Newgrange 8362:Svalbard 8347:Guernsey 8294:Abkhazia 8246:Slovenia 8241:Slovakia 8216:Portugal 8074:Bulgaria 7977:Monarchs 7595:Guernsey 7560:Anglesey 7533:Shetland 7528:Scotland 7497:Overview 7401:Kingdoms 7282:795–1169 6839:Rock art 6802:painting 6775:Geoglyph 6600:timeline 6580:Beadwork 6320:Mehrgarh 6315:Mudbrick 6223:megalith 6098:Fire-saw 5920:debitage 5915:analysis 5883:Hand axe 5863:Cupstone 5441:Glossary 5402:Timeline 5276:Monastic 5241:Calendar 5225:Shamrock 5220:Red Hand 5158:Rounders 4823:Wren Day 4757:Sean-nós 4709:Guinness 4653:Drisheen 4529:Assembly 4511:Taxation 4414:Unionism 4381:Politics 4314:Counties 4058:Land War 3950:Clontarf 3946:Glenmama 3820:Timeline 3687:14700598 3637:15309688 3595:Genetics 3316:and the 3136:, p. 145 2987:, p. 15. 2673:36079850 2444:32555481 2304:27 April 2299:BBC News 2078:19661421 1898:ancient 1837:Leinster 1619:Corinion 1615:Coriondi 1565:Goidelic 1525:Iron Age 1392:testicle 1369:Crannogs 1297:Cornwall 1268:lost wax 1244:Cornwall 1124:funerary 798:Limerick 743:Holocene 687:harpoons 675:red deer 530:Drogheda 500:Holocene 477:reindeer 461:refugium 438:glaciers 333:Kingdoms 219:795–1169 169:a series 167:Part of 104:Iron Age 8271:Ukraine 8221:Romania 8181:Moldova 8139:Ireland 8134:Iceland 8129:Hungary 8119:Germany 8114:Georgia 8104:Finland 8099:Estonia 8094:Denmark 8079:Croatia 8064:Belgium 8059:Belarus 8049:Austria 8044:Armenia 8039:Andorra 8034:Albania 7954:Related 7574:Ireland 7511:England 7416:Judaism 7396:Cuisine 7277:400–795 7196:Symbols 6807:pigment 6693:Weaving 6656:Cardium 6651:Pottery 6646:Mirrors 6634:Jewelry 6575:Baskets 6555:culture 6407:Cistern 6213:Pyramid 6155:Weapons 6133:Scraper 6123:Racloir 6083:Cleaver 6071:Chopper 5977:Uniface 5888:Grooves 5878:Hafting 5836:Oldowan 5795:Systems 5746:Cascade 5709:woomera 5699:harpoon 5672:history 5638:Hunting 5618:Pottery 5559:Cooking 5468:Farming 5434:history 5407:Outline 5246:Castles 5173:Symbols 5143:Hurling 5128:Camogie 5027:Firbolg 5013:Immrama 5006:Echtrai 4936:session 4919:Ballads 4896:Theatre 4885:Gaeilge 4879:Fiction 4814:Samhain 4729:Whiskey 4603:Cuisine 4591:Culture 4541:Economy 4437:Economy 4245:Islands 4220:Climate 4213:Natural 3808:History 3768:Ireland 3658:9523161 3628:1182057 3559:of the 3305:An Post 3250:, NMI; 3132:(2000) 2775:(2007). 2664:9460423 2609:27 June 2522:Bibcode 2422:Bibcode 2356:Bibcode 2265:2 April 2174:2 April 2149:Bibcode 2086:1324559 2058:Bibcode 2050:Science 1794:Ptolemy 1672:of the 1607:Menapii 1603:Manapii 1513:Ptolemy 1343:amulets 1236:alloyed 1168:Iveragh 1100:chisels 1091:jadeite 1048:Belfast 1013:tumulus 1009:dolmens 957:Faulagh 707:hearths 699:berries 593:7000 BC 481:aurochs 348:Judaism 328:Cuisine 214:400–795 180:Ireland 145:bogland 68:Ireland 8357:Jersey 8299:Kosovo 8266:Turkey 8256:Sweden 8236:Serbia 8226:Russia 8211:Poland 8206:Norway 8186:Monaco 8156:Latvia 8124:Greece 8109:France 8084:Cyprus 7590:Jersey 7581:(Mann) 7538:Orkney 7406:States 7379:Topics 7174:flutes 6969:Dolmen 6893:Burial 6703:winery 6676:Linear 6506:Midden 6484:Cursus 6477:Goseck 6337:Pueblo 6288:Dugout 6273:Burdei 5952:Mining 5776:Lamoka 5771:Folsom 5751:Clovis 5608:Metate 5586:Hearth 5554:Basket 5528:Sickle 5251:Cinema 5050:People 4999:Aos Sí 4986:Ulster 4981:Fenian 4971:Cycles 4901:Triads 4891:Poetry 4874:Annals 4851:Shelta 4804:Lúnasa 4784:Imbolc 4719:Poitín 4699:Coffee 4692:Drinks 4643:Coddle 4309:Cities 4260:Rivers 4250:Loughs 3935:Events 3793:topics 3785:topics 3771:topics 3685: 3656: 3635: 3625: 3583: 3524:Emania 3517:Emania 3510:Emania 3456: 3442: 3423: 3412: 3379: 3364: 3347: 3334:, 2000 3320:, 2017 2969: 2804: 2671: 2661: 2548: 2540: 2450: 2442: 2414:Nature 2208:2 July 2199: 2167: 2084: 2076: 1961:after 1811:, and 1584:Romans 1538:Lackan 1404:chapes 1341:bullae 1190:, and 1108:Knowth 1096:amulet 999:Knowth 886:Knowth 794:Ulster 790:barley 683:arrows 679:spears 632:lithic 485:Sweden 465:Iberia 442:tundra 338:States 312:Topics 171:on the 153:wicker 112:Romans 108:Europe 82:. 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Prehistoric Ireland

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