Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

2157: 2283:. It began on 26 August 2023, after a building that used to be the headquarters of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (which was used at the time by the Iraqi Armed Forces as a Joint Operations Command) was about to be transferred back to the former following an order by the Prime Minister of Iraq. Two days later, on 28 August, Arab and Turkmen anti-KDP residents of Kirkuk staged a sit-in in front of the building to prevent its transfer as well as blocked the main road between Erbil and Kirkuk. In response, pro-KDP Kurds iniated counter-protests as well as demanded the opening of the blocked road. Iraqi security forces responded by opening fire on the Kurdish protesters. Following this, the government imposed a curfew in Kirkuk. The Supreme Court of Iraq subsequently issued a verdict halting the transfer of the building back to KDP, which was criticized by the latter. 35: 99: 431: 935: 870: 850: 839: 828: 817: 800: 783: 766: 747: 730: 719: 702: 672: 659: 367: 341: 309: 685: 354: 187: 146: 646: 324: 264: 251: 810: 793: 776: 740: 712: 695: 4102: 291: 493: 482: 471: 460: 449: 113: 920: 227: 2033: 635: 602: 157: 135: 172: 209: 624: 613: 407: 194: 277: 575: 564: 553: 534: 523: 512: 124: 1850:. Saddam retaliated swiftly, battering Kirkuk with artillery and targeting hospitals in particular. Geographically the towns captured by the Kurdish rebels were difficult to defend as they sat on plains below mountains. The rebels were forced to retreat in the mountains, where reportedly the Iraqi helicopters threw flour on them (which was believed to be a grim legacy of the reputed powdery 2068:

stationed in the disputed area near Kirkuk, Iraqi Prime Minister Maliki's party – The State of Law – issued a statement that "the visit of the President of Kurdistan Region Massoud Barzani and his son wearing a military helmet to inspect the battlefronts in Kirkuk province is a 'declaration of war' on all Iraqis not only Maliki, and even on President Jalal Talabani".

1972:, American Lt. Col. Tovo divided his forces into six mixed peshmerga-Special Forces units. The peshmerga in two of these teams refused to contribute to the assault for various reasons including having lost too many personnel in previous fighting. The Peshmerga who did fight were once again armed with AK-47s, rocket-propelled grenades, and other assorted weapons. 1701:, the leader of the clan and the KDP, himself lost 37 members of his family to the Iraqi troops. They were reported to having been sent to Nugra Salman prison in the southern deserts of Iraq, where they were tortured. Subsequently, the remains of 512 Barzani men were discovered in a mass grave. On March 16, 1988, Iraqi troops began shelling the Kurdish town of 1376:. The Kingdom of Kurdistan lasted from September 1922 – 1924. With British forces greatly exceeding his in ammunition and training, Barzanji was finally subdued and the region reverted to central British Iraqi rule in 1924. Sheykh Mahmud retreated into the mountains, and eventually reached terms with the independent 2326:. At around noon, both sides exchanged mortar fire for two hours until a ceasefire was announced. The clashes resulted in six deaths in total, including the 18th Peshmerga Infantry Brigade commander and his deputy. Both sides denied being the aggressor. The town of Makhmour is situated strategically between 2088:

enacted its own hydrocarbon law in 2007. The Iraqi central government voiced its disapproval at both actions, and vowed to take legal action after the KRG started exporting oil to Turkey without its consent. Iraq subsequently issued an international arbitration case against Turkey in May 2014, at the

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Arriving in July 2002 to Iraqi Kurdistan, the CIA seldom worked with the Peshmerga, despite their claim to be on a counterterrorism mission against Ansar al-Islam. To the disappointment of PUK Peshmerga intent on destroying Ansar al-Islam, the true mission of the CIA was to acquire intelligence about

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in an attempt to establish an independent Kurdish state in northern Iraq. Throughout the 1960s the uprising escalated into a long war, which failed to resolve despite internal power changes in Iraq. The war ended with a stalemate by 1970, resulting in between 75,000 to 105,000 casualties. A series of

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was invited by new Iraqi President Qasim to return from exile, and was greeted with a "hero's welcome", as a former dissident to the now abolished Iraqi monarchy. As part of the deal arranged between Qasim and Barzani, Qasim promised to give the Kurds regional autonomy in return for Barzani's support

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urging him to mediate between Erbil and Baghdad on issues threatening the Kurdistan Region, stating: "I write to you now at another critical juncture in our history, one that I fear we may have difficulty overcoming. …e are bleeding economically and hemorrhaging politically. For the first time in my

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from Iraq, as opposed to retaining Iraqi unity with Iraqi Kurdistan as an autonomous region. It would change the long-term status which has existed in the country following the formation of the Kurdish autonomy in Northern Iraq in 1991 facilitated by the enforcement of the no-fly zones. Another term

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Region, consisting of the three Kurdish governorates and other adjacent districts that have been determined by census to have a Kurdish majority. The plan also gave Kurds representation in government bodies, to be implemented in four years. For its time it was the most serious attempt to resolve the

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Following the withdrawal of occupational forces from Iraq, tensions between Iraqi Kurdistan and the central Iraqi government mounted through 2011–2012 on the issues of power sharing, oil and gas, and territorial control. In April 2012, the president of Iraq's semi-autonomous northern Kurdish region

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Since October 2017, Kurdish news reports have made claims of Arabisation and forced demographic displacement of Kurds, most notably in Kirkuk, Tuz Khurmatu and Khanaqin. In June 2024, an Iraqi Kurdish source claimed that the Arabisation campaign of Kirkuk, under the administration of Arab governor

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targeting the Kurdistan Region, Abdul Rahman Zibari a Kurdish judge resigned in protest, describing the Court's actions as "a move towards centralization and a blatant violation of the constitutional rights of the Kurdistan Region". In his resignation statement, the judge hinted at concerns about

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for Kurdish autonomy had failed to be implemented by 1974. Unlike the previous guerilla campaign, waged by Barzani, the 1974 war was an attempt for symmetric warfare against the Iraqi Army, which eventually led to the quick collapse of the Kurds, lacking advanced and heavy weaponry. The war ended

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Yerevan Saeed, director of the 'Global Kurdish Initiative for Peace' at American University in Washington, expressed concerns in February 2024 about the future of the Kurdistan Region if problems persist. He stated that the combined effect of Baghdad's obstructive attitude towards the Kurdistan

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On December 11, Iraqi Kurdistan President Massoud Barzani, dressed in a military uniform, visited Kurdish-controlled areas of Kirkuk, a city long seen as a flashpoint for Arab-Kurdish tensions after the US military withdrawal in December 2011. Following Massoud Barzani's visit of Kurdish troops

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policies, led by the Ba'athist government of Iraq from 1960s to early 2000s, in order to shift the demographics of North Iraq towards Arab domination. The Baath party under Saddam Hussein engaged into active expulsion of minorities from the mid-1970s onwards. The campaigns took place during the

1957:'s decision to deny any official use of its territory, the Coalition was forced to modify the planned simultaneous attack from north and south. Special Operations forces from the CIA and US Army managed to build and lead the Kurdish Peshmerga into an effective force and assault for the North. 2264:

issued a verdict in favour of Iraq and on 25 March 2023, all oil exports from the Kurdistan Region were halted. Since then, the KRG has been officially rendered unable to resume the export of oil to Turkey without the permission of the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, as outlined in the ITP Agreement.

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On the night of November 19, it was reported that clashes between security forces of the central Iraqi government and the KRG forces in Tigrit left 12 Iraqi soldiers and one civilian dead, according to Doğan news agency. The clash erupted when Iraqi soldiers attempted to enter northern Iraq;

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which succeeded the CPA. In 2005 following months of deliberation and discussions represented by different components of the Iraqi population, the new constitution was issued and voted into effect. The new Iraqi constitution recognized the Kurdistan Region as a “federal region” with its own

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parliamentary elections dated June 10, 2024, citing "unconstitutional rulings against the Kurdistan Region in the past four years" and labeling the actions of the Supreme Court as "a clear and dangerous violation of the constitution” and an attempt to “return Iraq to a

1372:. Following his first insurrection in May 1919, Sheykh Mahmud was imprisoned and eventually exiled to India for a one-year period. When he returned he was once again appointed a governor, but shortly afterwards revolted again and declared himself the ruler of the 1275:

against the central Iraqi government. Since 1976 PUK and KDP relations quickly deteriorated, reaching the climax in April 1978, when PUK troops suffered a major defeat by KDP, which had the support of Iranian and Iraqi air forces. During this period, the

2048:(KRG) to transfer its powers over Peshmerga to the central government and the relations strained further by the formation of a new command center (Tigris Operation Command) for Iraqi forces to operate in a disputed area over which both Baghdad and the 1953:

the Iraqi government and military. CIA-Peshmerga operations eventually went beyond the scope of intelligence gathering however, as PUK Peshmerga were used to destroy key rail lines and buildings prior to the U.S. attack in March 2003. Following

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On 16 November 2012, a military clash between the Iraqi forces and the Peshmerga resulted in one person killed. CNN reported that 2 people were killed (one of them an Iraqi soldier) and 10 wounded in clashes at the Tuz Khurmato town.

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Following the reluctance of the KRG to heed the warnings, in October 2017, Iraq began to move its forces into areas seized by the KRG in 2014, and all the disputed areas outside the Kurdish Region, including Kirkuk. In a successful

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tenure as prime minister, I hold grave concerns that this dishonorable campaign against us may cause the collapse of … the very model of a Federal Iraq that the United States sponsored in 2003 and purported to stand by since."

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On November 25, it was reported that Iraqi Kurdistan sent reinforcements to a disputed area, where its troops are "involved in a standoff with the Iraqi army", despite calls on both sides for dialogue to calm the situation.

1448:. The revolt, initiating in 1943, was eventually put down by Iraqi military assault in late 1945, combined with the defection of a number of Kurdish tribes. As a result, the Barzanis retreated with much of their forces into 1646:

The policies are sometimes referred as "internal colonialism", described by Francis Kofi Abiew as a "Colonial 'Arabization'" program, including large-scale Kurdish deportations and forced Arab settlement in the region.

1175:, the number and scope of armed clashes between the central government of Iraq and the Kurds have decreased. In spite of that, however, there are still outstanding issues that continue to cause strife such as the 2115:. Peshmerga forces took control of Kirkuk and other Kurdish-populated areas outside the official territory of the KRG. Officials in Baghdad were angered by the sale of tankers worth of oil transported through the 1299:

and KDP also gaining military support by the Islamic Republic of Iran. By 1986 Iraqi leadership grew tired of the strengthening and non-loyal Kurdish entity in north Iraq and began a genocidal campaign, known as

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and his fighters returned to Iraq from exile, and an attempt was made to negotiate Kurdish autonomy in the north with the new Iraqi administration of Gen. Qasim. The negotiations ultimately failed and the

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and Turkish forces were drawn into the fighting, with additional involvement from the American forces. Between 3,000 and 5,000 fighters and civilians were killed throughout more than 3 years of warfare.

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Region as well as intra-Kurdish problems will “inevitably result in the diminishment of the Kurdistan Region’s political, legal, and economic influence, and could potentially lead to its dissolution."

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per Kirkuk hospital), 105 Peshmerga killed, 200 wounded, 45 detained as well as 400 Kurdish civilians killed, 200 missing in Kirkuk (per Kurdish sources) and 183,000 displaced (per United Nations)

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was a Kurdish nationalistic insurrection in the Kingdom of Iraq, during World War II. The revolt was led by Mustafa Barzani and later joined by his older brother Ahmed Barzani, the leader of the

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and rights to export oil and gas, leading to occasional disputes and armed clashes. In September 2023, following a series of punitive measures by the central government in Iraq against KRI,

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to initiate dialogue "in the framework of the constitution", ordered it to withdraw its forces from the disputed territories seized in 2014, and warned of a possible military retaliation.

1608:, which forced the KDP organization to declare a ceasefire and move into exile. Due to lack of foreign support, however, the guerrillas were only able to operate in the highest regions of 2947: 3626: 1968:. Beginning on 21 March 2003, U.S. forces launched Tomahawk missiles at selected Ansar al-Islam positions throughout the Sargat Valley. In preparation for the ground assault, nicknamed 1320:

by the United States, United Kingdom and France allowed the Kurds to attain de-facto autonomy. In the mid-1990s the conflict between the KDP and PUK erupted once again, resulting in a

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that lasted less than two weeks, the Iraqi Armed Forces defeated the Peshmerga and successfully reclaimed the area seized by the KRG, as well as later took control of the airports in

1422:. Although initially a tribal dispute, the involvement of the Iraqi government inadvertently led to the growth of Shaykh Ahmad and Mulla Mustafa Barzani as prominent Kurdish leaders. 998: 3545: 1896:

that exists is the "three-state solution", the name for a proposal to divide into three states for its three minorities: the Kurds, the Sunni Arabs and the Shias in the south.

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The 2023 unrest in Kirkuk was an incident which resulted in four Kurdish protesters being killed. The incident involved Arab, Kurdish and Turkmen residents of the city of

1263:

the conflict by providing Kurds with a recognized autonomy in north Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), the negotiations failed in 1974, resulting in resumed hostilities known as the

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called on the Iraqi people to stage an uprising against Saddam Hussein. This was followed by a series of rebellions in many parts of the country, such as the south by

3779: 2355:, the political system adopted after the US-led invasion of Iraq. The Supreme Court subsequently announced that the resignation of Zibari will not hinder its work. 5627: 3656: 591: 3177: 1235:, succeeded in defeating a number of other Kurdish tribes. He ultimately failed and took refuge in Turkey. The next serious Kurdish secession attempt was made by 5368: 4675: 2503: 4511: 3507: 6496: 6218: 6118: 4543: 3681: 1922:

in the mid-1990s, most notably the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan vs. the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Over the course of the conflict, Kurdish factions from

991: 1689:(KDP) as they aligned forces with Iran in the conflict. In 1983, to avenge this liaison, he ordered the Army to abduct as many as 8,000 men and boys from 6178: 5266: 4516: 4253: 1281: 1065: 1975:

Despite their well-armed adversaries, during the operation only 24 Peshmerga were killed in the fighting, compared the opposite body count of over 300.

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or about 90 minutes after the lapse of the 48-hour deadline, at 05:33 local time, explosions were heard in Baghdad, signaling the beginning of the

5485: 5480: 5417: 5412: 1348:, Iraq has taken steps to weaken the Kurdistan Region and expand its own authorities in order to shift the political dynamics of the country towards a 5222: 3634: 3123: 3821: 3215: 2765: 2005:

as well as the establishment of the new Iraqi government following general elections. In 2004, UN Resolution 1546 stipulated the installation of an

5312: 4059: 3583: 3155: 1623: 1583: 1277: 3751: 3196: 3091: 2951: 1195:, Kurdish authorities in Iraq expressed dissatisfaction at what can be perceived as an evident shift of the political system in Iraq back towards 6546: 6359: 5036: 4420: 4246: 4241: 3482: 3463: 2988: 2425: 1495:

First Iraqi–Kurdish War or Barzani Rebellion was a major event of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, lasting from 1961 to 1970. The struggle was led by

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Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

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in 1943, but that revolt failed as well, resulting in the exiling of Mustafa to Iran, where he participated in an attempt to form the Kurdish

4576: 4258: 2842: 2716: 2256:. Iraq claimed Turkey had breached provisions of the Iraq-Turkey Pipeline Agreement (ITPA 1973) by not heeding the instructions of the Iraqi 1341: 1380:

in 1932, over his return from the underground. Shaykh Mahmud revolts are considered the first chapter of the modern Iraqi–Kurdish conflict.

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Peshmergas tried to prevent the Iraqi soldiers from entering the area upon Barzani's instructions. There was no confirmation of the event.

1566: 1519: 1513: 1501: 1260: 5361: 5240: 4429: 3553: 3532: 3835: 5867: 5465: 5069: 3766:"ICC Arbitration Tribunal Finally Issues Ruling In The Iraq-Turkey Pipeline Dispute – What It Means For Iraq And The Kurdistan Region" 3442: 3424: 1267:, which resulted in the collapse of the Kurdish militias and the reconquest of northern Iraq by Iraqi government troops. As a result, 5475: 5407: 1336:

as a federal entity within the Republic of Iraq in the new constitution adopted in 2005, relations between Kurdistan Region and the

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Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq (page 67)

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Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, p.157,

5059: 3270: 6536: 6236: 6108: 5354: 4647: 1759:, reportedly due to its vast oil reserves, which would have helped him pay off the debts he owed to other countries during the 2785: 1872:

In August 1991, the United States, United Kingdom and France enforced two no-fly zones in Iraq after the latter’s loss in the

5248: 4455: 4160: 3891: 3378: 2922: 2881: 2690: 2671: 2615: 2597: 2579: 2561: 2543: 2106: 2027: 1880:

in the south a sense of security after they had taken part in their own uprising against Saddam, which is referred to as the

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forces were eventually overpowered by the Iraqi Army with British support, forcing the leaders of Barzan to go underground.

6300: 6091: 5946: 5902: 5744: 4236: 4052: 3298: 2806: 2112: 1656: 3941: 3919: 6506: 6491: 6410: 5783: 5279: 5002: 4494: 4413: 2897:

Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq

2102: 1876:, one in the north and one in the south. This gave the Kurds de-facto autonomy in the north for the first time, and the 5897: 5809: 4943: 4229: 4224: 3695: 3181: 2261: 2216: 1988: 1835: 397: 6501: 6364: 6331: 6125: 5819: 5767: 5682: 5153: 4523: 3356: 3253: 3053: 3029: 2816: 2532: 2245: 2177: 2090: 1830:

were trained into hardened guerrillas, who managed to infiltrate the Jash, a Saddam-orientated Kurdish militia (see

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demanded that officials agree to their demands or face consequences of a secession from Baghdad by September 2012.

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erupted on 11 September 1961, lasting until 1970 and inflicting 75,000–105,000 casualties. Despite the attempts to

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The first chapter of the Iraqi–Kurdish dispute followed the end of World War I and the arrival of British forces.

6069: 5495: 5427: 5209: 4298: 4286: 4192: 4045: 2208: 2151: 1998: 1345: 1104: 161: 1681:

considered the group as 'Iranians' and began a campaign to drive the settlers out of the area as a part of his '

6213: 6103: 6025: 5920: 5825: 5538: 5439: 5170: 4406: 4291: 2116: 1617: 358: 5025: 4776: 1729:). Over 5,000 people are believed to have been killed in the attack, which was considered to be a part of the 6526: 6516: 5434: 5049: 4690: 4482: 4219: 2508: 2347: 2249: 2200: 2077: 2049: 2045: 2011: 1368:

were a series of armed uprisings against the British forces in the newly conquered Mesopotamia and later the

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grew strained between 2011 and 2012 due to power-sharing issues and the export of oil. Following the failed

6531: 6385: 6086: 5124: 5030: 4844: 4586: 4209: 4174: 3611: 2488: 2412: 1823: 1706: 1605: 1593: 1548: 1264: 1223:, began to actively oppose the central rule of the Mandatory Iraq during the 1920s. The first of the major 1055: 128: 3219: 3133: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6521: 6354: 6349: 6173: 6030: 5449: 5444: 5259: 4839: 4627: 4505: 4489: 4274: 3864:"Kurdish judge resigns from Iraq's supreme federal court in protest of recent ruling on Kurdistan Region" 3163: 2634: 2459: 2406: 2363: 2212: 2173: 2085: 2015: 1867: 1562: 1531: 1490: 1344:

in 2017, as well as the subsequent defeat of the Peshmerga at the hands of the Iraqi armed forces in the

1317: 1256: 1050: 237: 3200: 3101: 1304:, to oust the Kurdish fighters and take revenge on the Kurdish population—an act often described as the 6455: 6064: 6020: 5655: 5591: 5164: 5129: 4965: 4960: 4938: 4713: 4685: 4632: 2493: 2359: 2253: 2219:. Masoud Barzani subsequently announced his resignation and the referendum was effectively abandoned. 2131: 1815: 1686: 1601: 1478: 392: 117: 3490: 3467: 2244:

in late 2013, on 23 May 2014, Iraq issued an international arbitration case against the latter at the

6015: 5793: 5788: 5762: 5502: 5381: 5112: 4733: 4727: 2431: 4004:

Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves

2456:) – 300 Islamists killed, at least 24 Peshmerga killed; unknown number of Iraqi agents "eliminated". 1810:. Meanwhile, the Kurds in the north staged their own uprising for autonomy, under the leadership of 1191:

to intervene. In March 2024, after several court rulings issued against the Kurdistan Region by the

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In 2014, Iraqi army units withdrew from large parts of northern Iraq in the face of attacks by the

2006: 1993:

The invasion of Iraq in 2003 saw a full military occupation of the country and the toppling of the

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Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, being largely motivated by the Kurdish-Arab ethnic and political conflict.

1554: 3807: 2138:(forced displacement of Arabs) in Kirkuk, namely by bulldozing homes and banishing the residents. 6380: 6146: 5107: 5102: 4680: 4550: 3348: 2720: 2453: 2443: 2388: 1969: 1947: 1911: 1905: 1803: 1788: 1726: 1613: 1365: 1321: 1212: 1160: 1109: 1094: 1026: 377: 150: 2663: 2318:

On 22 October 2023, clashes between Iraqi security forces and Peshmerga occurred in the town of

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In September 2023, Al-Monitor published an article claiming that the Prime Minister of the KRG,

6395: 6074: 6048: 5941: 5204: 5188: 5054: 3446: 3428: 3237: 2368: 2257: 2192: 2141: 1784: 1783:

and other troops liberated the country in 1991 and Iraqi troops were forced out of Kuwait (see

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projects in North Iraq, aiming to shift demographics and thus destabilize Kurdish power bases.

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and most of the KDP leadership fled to Iran, while PUK gained power in the vacuum, leading an

6251: 6246: 5962: 5708: 5528: 5044: 4857: 4596: 4460: 3528: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2449: 2313: 2274: 2123: 1965: 1116: 1099: 139: 2916:"Chapter 1: Introduction: The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga" 2772: 5533: 5305: 5119: 5092: 4997: 4975: 4933: 4617: 4214: 4111: 3410: 2394: 2002: 1881: 1807: 1441: 1388: 1373: 1313: 1216: 1187:

expressing concerns about a possible collapse of the Kurdistan Region, and calling for the

1172: 1156:, while others relate to the conflict as only the post-1961 insurrection by the Barzanis. 1153: 1080: 1031: 751: 430: 103: 3737: 8: 5601: 5564: 5512: 5299: 5159: 5064: 4992: 4811: 4801: 4719: 4707: 4697: 4591: 4312: 4136: 4077: 3156:"FRONTLINE/WORLD . Iraq - Saddam's Road to Hell - A journey into the killing fields. PBS" 2400: 1734: 1639: 1453: 1437: 1431: 1316:

happened in the north and south of the country. This, combined with the enforcing of the

1244: 1036: 804: 787: 639: 579: 382: 3597: 3197:"FRONTLINE/WORLD. Iraq - Saddam's Road to Hell - A journey into the killing fields. PBS" 1713:

fighters. Subsequently, the town was attacked with a mix of chemical substances such as

1301: 5814: 5703: 5559: 5097: 4980: 4949: 4895: 4863: 4806: 4642: 4533: 3982: 3320: 2656: 1465: 1404: 939: 689: 650: 557: 1616:, and Iran supporting the Iraqis at various occasions. The insurgency dimmed with the 18:

Series of wars and rebellions by ethnic Kurds against successive Iraqi administrations

6470: 6390: 5739: 5596: 5019: 4566: 4472: 4443: 4329: 4144: 4128: 3352: 3324: 3249: 3049: 3025: 2982: 2812: 2667: 2528: 2229: 1994: 1855: 1791: 1760: 1730: 1662: 1535: 1469: 1449: 1415: 1329: 1292: 723: 676: 628: 371: 79: 4032: 3723: 2018:

within the Federal Republic of Iraq. The military occupation of Iraq ended in 2011.

6434: 6326: 6241: 6113: 5988: 5983: 5936: 5840: 5724: 5470: 5402: 5232: 5215: 5176: 4851: 4786: 4781: 4753: 4652: 4612: 4387: 4186: 4101: 3905: 3657:"Iraq: Kurdish authorities bulldoze homes and banish hundreds of Arabs from Kirkuk" 3310: 3005:, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp.118–120, 1977 1984: 1851: 1714: 1674: 1570:

with the exile of the Iraqi KDP and between 7,000 and 20,000 deaths on both sides.

1337: 1333: 1325: 1168: 969: 925: 878: 858: 755: 706: 663: 583: 568: 542: 501: 411: 290: 232: 5346: 3822:"In letter to Biden, Barzani warns of Iraqi Kurdistan's collapse, urges mediation" 3709: 2698: 1665:

commenced. One of the groups targeted in particular by Iraqi authorities were the

6272: 6201: 5872: 5734: 5622: 4928: 4905: 4622: 4581: 4068: 3780:"Iraq halts northern crude exports after winning arbitration case against Turkey" 3385: 3233: 3019: 2892: 2741: 2622: 2604: 2586: 2568: 2550: 2498: 2292: 2196: 1919: 1892: 1811: 1738: 1698: 1631: 1609: 1558: 1496: 1473: 1445: 1392: 1377: 1268: 1251: 1240: 1232: 1208: 1180: 1149: 453: 434: 345: 3850:"Qarachugh clashes: struggle to control strategic, military and economic region" 2248:

based in Paris, regarding Turkey’s role in the illegal sale of crude oil by the

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The "two-state solution" for the conflict refers to the permanent separation of

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had fled. However, subsequently, an international coalition force consisting of

1573: 6305: 6153: 6096: 5729: 5698: 5319: 4900: 4883: 4878: 4748: 4334: 3949: 3927: 3724:"UN probe confirms 100s of houses, businesses burned or bombed in Tuz Khurmatu" 3338: 3275: 2418: 2384:

Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure until 2003; 163,800–345,100):

2181: 1915: 1819: 1776: 1768: 1678: 1589: 1579: 1527: 1400: 1308:, with an estimated 50,000–200,000 casualties. In the aftermath of the Persian 1296: 1272: 1141: 1075: 1060: 770: 516: 486: 475: 329: 313: 269: 3046:

Effectively Urbanized - Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar

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after it was handed over to the Iraqi forces following the withdrawal of the

2169: 2135: 1772: 1694: 1553:

Second Iraqi–Kurdish War was an offensive, led by Iraqi forces against rebel

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Failed Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, Peshmerga defeated in Kirkuk

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for his policies. Meanwhile, during 1959–60, Barzani became the head of the

4669: 4571: 4037: 2974: 2296: 1780: 1408: 1184: 874: 843: 387: 186: 2967:"All wars in the 20th century, since 1900 | the Polynational War Memorial" 2235: 2001:(CPA) tasked with administering the country until the issuance of the new 6465: 6460: 5333: 4791: 4743: 4738: 4467: 4449: 3483:"Two dead, 10 wounded after Iraqi, Kurdish forces clash in northern Iraq" 3245: 1877: 1843: 1831: 1722: 1682: 1666: 1650: 1627: 1148:. Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by 1145: 976: 734: 4324: 3962:– via Political Asylum Research and Documentation Service (PARDS). 1418:, where he was held in detention and then sent to exile in the south of 5490: 5422: 3079:

The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention

3006: 2478:– 2 Iraqi soldiers killed, 6 injured and 4 Peshmerga killed, 5 injured 2352: 2240:

In light of the Kurdistan Region initiating independent oil exports to

1795: 1755:

On 2 August 1990, Saddam launched a military invasion onto neighboring

1670: 1219:. Though Mahmud's insurrections were defeated, another Kurdish sheikh, 832: 538: 3849: 3752:"Arabization in Kirkuk reaches critical level amid demographic shifts" 3627:"Iraqi Kurdistan Gets Around $ 100 Million for First Major Oil Export" 3529:

Iraqi Kurdistan send more troops into standoff with Iraq Arab-led army

3443:"Iraqi Kurd leader threatens secession unless power share demands met" 4354: 4197: 4123: 3576:"Maliki's Party Says Troop Review Was Barzani's 'Declaration of War'" 2228:

Rakan Al-Jubouri, surpasses even the level committed by the previous

2127: 2032: 1827: 1710: 1635: 1227:

revolts took place in 1931, after Barzani, one of the most prominent

3021:

The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War without End

2286: 6163: 5378: 5146: 5086: 4369: 4359: 2319: 2071: 1885: 1873: 1764: 1309: 3878:"Kurdish Judge withdraws in protest against Federal Supreme Court" 3674:"Iraqi PM calls on Kurdistan to cancel referendum, start dialogue" 1132:

consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes between the

3808:"Iraq wins landmark case against Turkey over Kurdish oil exports" 2910:

The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga

1705:, in retaliation for an attack on Iraqi positions carried out by 1702: 1459: 5336:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

3836:"Iraqi Court's Decision Threatens to Undermine Kurdish Autonomy" 2199:, demanded the cancellation of the referendum and called on the 1787:). Subsequently, one month after the Gulf War in February 1991, 1733:, directed against Kurds by the government under the command of 4428: 3906:"KDP says will not participate in upcoming Kurdistan elections" 2335: 2280: 2241: 2081: 1954: 1927: 1847: 1756: 1685:' policy in 1980., Saddam Hussein was severely critical of the 1332:

and the adoption of federalism. Despite the recognition of the

282: 177: 1407:, succeeded in unifying a number of other Kurdish tribes. The 4477: 3546:"Iraq's Barzani says Kurds ready to fight over disputed city" 2331: 2327: 2161: 1839: 1799: 1718: 1690: 1574:

Arabization of Iraqi Kurdistan and PUK insurgency (1976–1979)

1228: 1140:

starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the

1133: 214: 57:(105 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 4 days) 2362:

also announced that it will not participate in the upcoming

39:

Kurdish refugees in camps along the Turkey-Iraq border, 1991

3398:

Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq

3271:"Netanyahu Finally Supports a Two-State Solution — In Iraq" 2808:

Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II

1931: 1923: 1884:. The no-fly zones effectively ended with the start of the 1612:'s mountains. The PUK also faced the KDP, the KDPI, led by 1597: 1523: 1419: 1137: 934: 869: 849: 838: 827: 816: 799: 782: 765: 746: 729: 718: 701: 671: 658: 623: 612: 406: 366: 340: 308: 199: 68: 3892:"Federal Supreme Court's role in Baghdad-Erbil relations" 3128: 3096: 2882:"The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the 2838: 2323: 2080:

announced that it had started independent oil exports to

1961: 1452:, joining the local Kurdish elements in establishing the 3696:"'We don't want armed confrontation': Iraqi PM on Kurds" 1914:

was a military conflict, which took place between rival

1504:

followed the war in an attempt to resolve the conflict.

3794:"Iraq wins arbitration over KRG's Turkey crude exports" 3738:"Demographic change threatens Khanaqin, officials warn" 2236:

2023 ICC ruling on illegal Kurdistan Region oil exports

1854:

which were used by the Iraqi administration during the

1661:

Between 1980 and 1988, the conflict intensified as the

1542: 3508:"Iraq tensions added to regional turmoil - World News" 2504:

Legislative Council of the Autonomous Kurdistan Region

2472:– 4 Kurdish protesters killed, 16 injured, 40 detained 2346:

In March 2024, after a series of court rulings by the

2222: 1651:

Kurdish rebellion during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

1484: 1324:, which ended in 1997. Another critical event was the 3464:"Iraqi Kurdish leader says region will defend itself" 3400:, Mike Tucker, Charles Faddis, 2008, The Lyons Press. 3242:

History of the Present: Kurdistan in the 21st Century

3066:

International Politics: Concepts, Theories and Issues

1561:

during 1974–75. The war came in the aftermath of the

2044:

In September 2012, the Iraqi government ordered the

5376: 3425:"Iraqi Kurdistan president visits forces in Kirkuk" 3299:"Iraq's Kurds and Turkey: Challenges for US Policy" 2786:"The Iraqi State and Kurdish Resistance, 1918–2003" 2655: 1978: 1838:). The rebels soon managed to capture the town of 5114:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 3710:"Arabization helps no one, but hurts Kirkuk most" 3238:"The two-state solution: Divide and Democratise!" 2710: 2708: 2287:Concerns about possible Kurdistan Region collapse 1295:, with the Kurdish parties collaborating against 6483: 6126:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) 5709:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) 3972: 3480: 2950:. University of Central Arkansas. Archived from 2867:Prince, J. (1993), "A Kurdish State in Iraq" in 2845:. CIA. December 1948. p. 11. Archived from 2653: 2072:Kurdistan Region initiates oil exports to Turkey 1899: 6301:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 6092:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 5508:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) 5267:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 4254:Two-state solution (Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations) 2426:Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein 2096: 1481:(KDP), which was granted legal status in 1960. 1215:in 1919 and in 1922 proclaimed the short-lived 3598:"Kurdistan Region Begins Oil Export to Turkey" 3470:on August 9, 2022 – via www.reuters.com. 3458: 3456: 2902: 2779: 2705: 1460:Negotiations over Kurdish autonomy (1958–1960) 1360: 5362: 4577:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 4414: 4053: 3337: 3303:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 2908:Michael G. Lortz. (Chapter 1, Introduction). 2462:– 150 Iraqi forces (Army + PMU) killed (7 in 1624:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq 1584:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq 992: 5486:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) 5481:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) 5435:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) 4067: 4018:Syria's Kurds: history, politics and society 2913: 2186:2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum 2148:2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum 1280:took the opportunity to perform large-scale 6497:Military history of Kurdistan Region (Iraq) 5496:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 5428:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 4430:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3502: 3500: 3453: 3178:"1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack" 3011: 2987:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2964: 2351:Baghdad's departure from the principles of 2341: 5968:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) 5418:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5413:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5369: 5355: 4421: 4407: 4060: 4046: 3987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3934: 3184:on May 5, 2023 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 3044:Eva Savelsberg, Siamend Hajo, Irene Dulz. 2830: 2828: 2649: 2647: 2126:reported that Kurdish authorities (namely 1960:On March 20, 2003, at approximately 02:30 1941: 1673:Kurds settled in the southern area of the 1414:Ahmed Barzani was later forced to flee to 1006: 999: 985: 5768:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 5683:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 5440:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 4001: 3573: 3314: 3232: 3038: 3017: 1592:was a low-level militant campaign by the 1507: 6087:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 5820:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present) 5763:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 5503:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) 5313:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 3948:. University of Maryland. Archived from 3912: 3497: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 2654:Al-Marashi, Ibra; Salama, Sammy (2008). 2307: 2268: 2155: 2031: 1744: 1514:Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970 4986:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 3920:"Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls" 3574:al-Rubayi, Zaidan (December 12, 2012). 2874: 2825: 2644: 2178:President of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region 6547:Wars involving Kurdistan Region (Iraq) 6484: 5868:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 5466:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 3668: 3666: 3213: 3194: 3018:Galbraith, Peter (September 4, 2008). 2800: 2798: 1626:were forced displacement and cultural 1425: 1383: 1328:which resulted in the toppling of the 6016:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 5555:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) 5476:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5408:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5350: 4402: 4041: 3481:Mohammed Tawfeeq (16 November 2012). 3365: 3268: 2714: 2107:Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014) 2028:Disputed territories of Northern Iraq 2021: 1861: 1737:, head of the Northern Bureau of the 1177:disputed territories of northern Iraq 1171:(KRI) as a federal entity in the new 980: 6159:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) 5947:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 3624: 3296: 2719:. GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from 2409:(1961–1970) – 12,000–105,000 killed. 2113:Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant 2036:Kurdish flag in the Kurdistan Region 1997:and the installation of a temporary 1657:1983-1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq 1543:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975) 1395:revolts, taking place in 1931 after 6247:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) 6080:Western Iran clashes (2016–present) 4242:Foreign missions in Iraqi Kurdistan 3663: 3552:. December 11, 2012. Archived from 3466:. November 18, 2012. Archived from 2837:, p. 11, December 1948, ORE 71-48, 2804: 2795: 2223:Arabisation of disputed territories 2103:Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) 1638:, Turkmen, Mandeans), in line with 1485:First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970) 1167:in 2005 and the recognition of the 13: 6268:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 6237:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) 6197:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 6147:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 6142:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) 5513:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) 5223:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 4648:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 4026: 3427:. 10 December 2012. Archived from 3269:Dubin, Rhys (September 13, 2017). 2945: 2432:Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982–1988) 2262:International Court of Arbitration 1836:National Defense Battalions (Iraq) 14: 6568: 5963:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) 5784:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) 5597:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present) 5060:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 3531:EKurd Daily. November 25, 2012. ( 3048:. Etudes rurales 2010/2 (n°186). 2246:International Chamber of Commerce 2091:International Chamber of Commerce 1846:and ultimately the oil center of 1522:was reached in March 1970 by the 1391:refers to the first of the major 6283:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) 5633:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 5534:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) 5450:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) 5098:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 4100: 3977:. Beirut. pp. 485, 499–501. 3614:. Kurdistan Regional Parliament. 3411:"Iraqi Constitution article 117" 3180:. March 16, 1988. Archived from 2446:(1994–1997) – 3,000–5,000 killed 2438:1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah 1438:1943–1945 Kurdish revolt in Iraq 933: 918: 868: 848: 837: 826: 815: 808: 798: 791: 781: 774: 764: 745: 738: 728: 717: 710: 700: 693: 683: 670: 657: 644: 633: 622: 611: 600: 573: 562: 551: 532: 521: 510: 491: 480: 469: 458: 447: 429: 405: 365: 352: 339: 322: 307: 289: 275: 262: 249: 225: 207: 192: 185: 170: 155: 144: 133: 122: 111: 97: 33: 6512:Kurdistan independence movement 6435:Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 6327:Syrian Civil War (2011–present) 6310:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021) 5725:Myanmar conflict (1948–present) 5471:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 5403:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 5280:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 5249:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 5003:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 4010: 3995: 3973:Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010). 3966: 3898: 3884: 3870: 3856: 3842: 3828: 3814: 3800: 3786: 3772: 3758: 3744: 3730: 3716: 3702: 3688: 3649: 3618: 3604: 3590: 3567: 3538: 3522: 3474: 3445:. 26 April 2012. Archived from 3435: 3417: 3403: 3391: 3344:The End of the American Century 3331: 3290: 3262: 3226: 3207: 3188: 3170: 3148: 3116: 3084: 3071: 3058: 2995: 2958: 2948:"18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)" 2939: 2861: 2758: 2727: 1999:Coalition Provisional Authority 1979:Invasion and occupation of Iraq 1630:of minorities (Kurds, Yezidis, 1342:Kurdish independence referendum 1163:and the subsequent adoption of 162:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq 6179:ISIL insurgency (2017–present) 6075:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) 5815:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 5810:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 5704:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) 5560:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 3216:"The Crimes of Saddam Hussein" 2843:"The Kurdish Minority Problem" 2805:Heo, Uk (September 15, 2007). 2683: 2627: 2609: 2591: 2573: 2555: 2537: 2521: 2380: 2297:President of the United States 1989:Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) 1677:near Iraq's border with Iran. 1618:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran 1185:President of the United States 1: 6537:History of the Kurdish people 5699:Papua conflict (1969–present) 5050:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 4691:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 3003:Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds 2691:"Army - Iraq Special Weapons" 2515: 2509:A Modern History of the Kurds 2403:(1943–1945) – hundreds killed 2397:(1931–1932) – hundreds killed 2374: 2250:Kurdistan Regional Government 2191:Angered by the decision, the 2078:Kurdistan Regional Government 2050:Kurdistan Regional Government 2046:Kurdistan Regional Government 1900:Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997) 1282:displacement and colonization 1202: 1136:and the central authority of 970:displaced and turned refugees 296:Kurdistan Regional Government 24:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1919- 6401:Yemeni crisis (2011–present) 6169:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 5841:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) 5539:JVP insurrection (1987–1989) 5254:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 5241:Turkish involvement in Syria 5125:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 4956:Political violence in Turkey 4890:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 4797:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 4676:Italian bombing of Palestine 4638:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 4587:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 4091:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 3625:Emre, Peker (23 June 2014). 2835:The Kurdish Minority Problem 2097:2014 Northern Iraq offensive 1824:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 1707:Iranian Revolutionary Guards 1693:province, where the clan of 1594:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 1399:, one of the most prominent 1350:centralised political system 1152:to establish an independent 1071:1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions 7: 6406:Houthi takeover (2014–2015) 6273:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 6219:Syrian arena (2012–present) 6202:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 6119:Syrian arena (2012–present) 6070:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 5656:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 5592:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 5445:Religious violence in India 4506:Turkish War of Independence 4490:Unification of Saudi Arabia 4247:Missions of Iraqi Kurdistan 3975:Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon 3612:"Kurdistan Oil and Gas law" 3124:"PBS: The Missing Barzanis" 2717:"Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)" 2482: 2460:2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict 2415:(1974–1975) – 9,000 killed. 2295:, had sent a letter to the 2152:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 2086:Kurdistan Region Parliament 1868:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict 1596:(PUK) against the state of 1361:Mahmud Barzanji (1919–1924) 1352:, the one it had pre-2005. 1346:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1105:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 398:National Defense Battalions 10: 6573: 6507:Kurdish separatism in Iraq 6456:Operation Inherent Resolve 6278:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 6214:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 6207:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 6104:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 6065:Kurdish separatism in Iran 5171:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 5165:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 5154:Balochi insurgency in Iran 5130:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 4966:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 4961:Islamist uprising in Syria 4939:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 4828:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 4714:Kurdish separatism in Iran 4633:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 4292:Taqtaq-Feshkhabur pipeline 2494:Kurdish separatism in Iran 2311: 2272: 2254:Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline 2160:Pro-independence rally in 2145: 2117:Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline 2100: 2052:(KRG) claim jurisdiction. 2025: 1982: 1945: 1903: 1865: 1816:Kurdistan Democratic Party 1748: 1687:Kurdistan Democratic Party 1654: 1602:Kurdistan Democratic Party 1600:, after the defeat of the 1577: 1546: 1530:, in the aftermath of the 1520:Kurdish Autonomy agreement 1511: 1502:Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations 1488: 1479:Kurdistan Democratic Party 1429: 1355: 1291:re-emerged as part of the 412:Central Government of Iraq 6443: 6425: 6373: 6342: 6319: 6293: 6260: 6229: 6189: 6134: 6109:South Lebanon (1985–2000) 6057: 6041: 6008: 6001: 5976: 5955: 5929: 5913: 5860: 5853: 5802: 5776: 5755: 5717: 5691: 5675: 5668: 5648: 5628:Maritime border incidents 5610: 5584: 5577: 5547: 5521: 5458: 5395: 5388: 5329: 5292: 5197: 5138: 5078: 5011: 4929:Black September in Jordan 4921: 4820: 4764: 4661: 4605: 4559: 4436: 4378: 4347: 4320: 4311: 4282: 4273: 4182: 4173: 4119: 4110: 4097: 4076: 4002:Al-Hakeem, Sahib (2003). 2821:– via Google Books. 2735:"Iraq Overview (page 17)" 2421:(1976–1978) – 800 killed. 1534:, for the creation of an 1018: 965: 960: 889: 422: 89: 43: 32: 23: 6502:Military history of Iraq 6411:Civil War (2014–present) 6360:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 6049:Bahraini uprising (2011) 5745:Civil war (2021–present) 5031:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 5026:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4845:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 4777:1953 Iranian coup d'état 4772:1952 Egyptian revolution 4500:1919 Egyptian revolution 4483:Mount Lebanon starvation 3659:. Amnesty International. 3349:Rowman & Littlefield 2489:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 2434:– 50,000–198,000 killed. 2413:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 2342:Growing state centralism 2260:. In February 2023, the 2168:Following the defeat of 2007:interim Iraqi government 1806:in what is known as the 1767:). Within 24 hours, the 1606:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 1549:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 1338:Iraqi central government 1265:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 1056:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 6396:South Yemen (2009–2015) 6252:Lebanon conflict (2008) 6174:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 5989:Andijan massacre (2005) 5984:Fergana massacre (1989) 5529:JVP insurrection (1971) 5260:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 5108:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 5103:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 4913:1966 Syrian coup d'état 4840:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 4681:Allied invasion of Iraq 4628:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 4551:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 4259:Independence referendum 3631:The Wall Street Journal 3316:10.55540/0031-1723.2219 2899:, 2005-10-28. Chapter 1 2454:Operation Viking Hammer 2444:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 2407:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 2389:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1970:Operation Viking Hammer 1948:Operation Viking Hammer 1942:Operation Viking Hammer 1912:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 1906:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 1789:United States President 1727:Halabja chemical attack 1614:Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou 1565:(1961–70), as the 1970 1563:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 1539:long-running conflict. 1532:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 1491:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 1442:previous Kurdish revolt 1370:British Mandate in Iraq 1366:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1257:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 1161:US-led invasion of Iraq 1051:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 1027:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 6492:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5942:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 5205:2011 Bahraini uprising 5189:South Yemen insurgency 5070:Abu Nidal's executions 5055:1986 Damascus bombings 4834:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4686:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4456:Middle Eastern theatre 4086:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4033:Iraqi Insurgent Groups 3092:"PBS: The Fayli Kurds" 3024:. Simon and Schuster. 2193:Prime Minister of Iraq 2165: 2084:. This came after the 2037: 1930:, as well as Iranian, 1785:Operation Desert Storm 1751:1991 uprisings in Iraq 1508:Cease-fire (1970–1974) 1130:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1010:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 966:163,800–345,100 killed 822:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 423:Commanders and leaders 5903:Republican insurgency 5602:Tibetan unrest (2008) 5045:South Yemen civil war 4944:Shatt al-Arab clashes 4869:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 4858:North Yemen civil war 4807:1958 Iraqi revolution 4734:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4728:Arab–Israeli conflict 4597:Sheikh Said rebellion 4461:Battle of Robat Karim 3684:on December 15, 2018. 3586:on December 18, 2012. 3518:on December 25, 2022. 3413:. Constitute Project. 3218:. PBS. Archived from 3199:. PBS. Archived from 2701:on November 22, 2022. 2662:. Routledge. p. 2476:2023 Makhmour clashes 2470:2023 unrest in Kirkuk 2450:2003 invasion of Iraq 2391:(1919–1924) – unknown 2348:Supreme Court of Iraq 2314:2023 Makhmour clashes 2308:2023 Makhmour clashes 2275:2023 unrest in Kirkuk 2269:2023 Unrest in Kirkuk 2159: 2124:Amnesty International 2035: 2026:Further information: 1745:1991 Kurdish uprising 1314:a series of uprisings 1278:Ba'athist authorities 1193:Supreme Court of Iraq 1183:sent a letter to the 1117:2023 Makhmour clashes 1100:2003 invasion of Iraq 1066:Arabization campaigns 961:Casualties and losses 6527:History of Kurdistan 6517:20th century in Iraq 6386:al-Qaeda (1998–2015) 6365:Turkey–ISIL conflict 6164:Iraq War (2003–2011) 5184:Fatah–Hamas conflict 5120:Operation Desert Fox 5093:1991 Iraqi uprisings 5087:Gulf War (1990–1991) 4998:Grand Mosque seizure 4976:Yemenite War of 1979 4934:Yemenite War of 1972 4874:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 4864:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 4618:Ahmed Barzani revolt 4529:Turkish–Armenian War 4161:Disputed territories 3339:Stewart Mason, David 3077:Francis Kofi Abiew. 2971:www.war-memorial.net 2954:on October 23, 2021. 2946:Arnold; et al. 2395:Ahmed Barzani revolt 2134:) had taken part in 1804:Islamic Da'awa Party 1389:Ahmed Barzani revolt 1374:Kingdom of Kurdistan 1217:Kingdom of Kurdistan 1154:Kingdom of Kurdistan 1032:Ahmed Barzani revolt 905:50,000-60,000 (1974) 901:15,000–20,000 (1962) 752:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 104:Kingdom of Kurdistan 6532:Wars involving Iraq 5565:Operation All Clear 5332:This list includes 5300:2021 Beirut clashes 5160:2004 Qamishli riots 5037:Turkey–PKK conflict 4993:1979 Qatif Uprising 4812:1959 Mosul uprising 4802:1958 Lebanon crisis 4749:1973 Yom Kippur War 4720:Iran crisis of 1946 4708:Al-Wathbah uprising 4698:1943 Barzani revolt 4592:Great Syrian Revolt 4572:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 4495:Simko Shikak revolt 4189:(autonomous region) 4006:. pp. 489–492. 3512:Hürriyet Daily News 3297:Park, Bill (2004). 2658:Iraq's armed forces 2440:– 700–2,000 killed. 2401:1943 Barzani revolt 2369:centralized system. 1735:Ali Hassan al-Majid 1640:settler colonialist 1526:government and the 1454:Republic of Mahabad 1432:1943 Barzani revolt 1426:1943 Kurdish revolt 1384:1931 Kurdish revolt 1273:insurgency campaign 1245:Republic of Mahabad 1239:'s younger brother 1037:1943 Barzani revolt 805:Taha Yassin Ramadan 788:Ali Hassan al-Majid 640:Abdul Aziz al-Hakim 383:Iraqi Ground Forces 242:UNSC Resolution 688 6557:Civil wars in Iraq 6552:Kurdish rebellions 6542:Separatism in Iraq 6522:Rebellions in Iraq 6471:Colour revolutions 6391:Houthi (2004–2015) 6332:Regional spillover 6242:Lebanon War (2006) 6114:Lebanon War (2006) 4981:Iranian Revolution 4950:Lebanese Civil War 4896:1948 Palestine war 4643:1935 Yazidi revolt 4534:Franco-Turkish War 4210:Presidency Council 3946:Minorities at Risk 3930:on April 17, 2023. 3810:. Financial Times. 3493:on March 26, 2023. 3388:, Michael G. Lortz 3384:2013-10-29 at the 3236:(9 January 2019). 3064:Prof. Rimki Basu. 2914:Michael G. Lortz. 2891:2013-10-29 at the 2880:Lortz, Michael G. 2775:on August 7, 2011. 2723:on April 17, 2023. 2621:2013-10-29 at the 2603:2013-10-29 at the 2585:2013-10-29 at the 2567:2013-10-29 at the 2549:2013-10-29 at the 2209:military operation 2184:, facilitated the 2166: 2122:In November 2016, 2076:In late 2013, the 2038: 2022:2011–2012 tensions 1882:Sha'ban revolution 1862:Iraqi no-fly zones 1808:Sha’ban revolution 1405:Southern Kurdistan 1213:secession attempts 1173:Iraqi constitution 968:Millions of Kurds 940:Iraqi Armed Forces 690:Abd al-Karim Qasim 651:John Shalikashvili 558:Nawshirwan Mustafa 6479: 6478: 6426:Inter-continental 6421: 6420: 6355:DHKP/C insurgency 6350:Maoist insurgency 5997: 5996: 5849: 5848: 5740:Rohingya conflict 5664: 5663: 5573: 5572: 5491:Kargil War (1999) 5423:Kargil War (1999) 5382:conflicts in Asia 5344: 5343: 4567:Franco-Syrian War 4524:Greco-Turkish War 4512:Anglo-Turkish War 4478:Assyrian genocide 4473:Armenian genocide 4444:Italo-Turkish War 4396: 4395: 4343: 4342: 4307: 4306: 4269: 4268: 4237:Foreign relations 4169: 4168: 3894:. The New Region. 3431:on March 6, 2022. 2977:on July 27, 2018. 2965:Wars since 1900. 2678:Iraq 60,000 1969. 2673:978-0-415-40078-7 2511:by David McDowall 2164:in September 2017 1966:U.S.-led invasion 1856:Al-Anfal Campaign 1792:George H. W. Bush 1731:Al-Anfal Campaign 1669:, a community of 1470:Abdul Karim Qasim 1450:Iranian Kurdistan 1125: 1124: 1095:1994–97 Civil War 975: 974: 724:Abdul Rahman Arif 677:Faisal II of Iraq 629:Ali Sayad Shirazi 334: 219: 204: 182: 85: 84: 58: 6564: 6381:Civil war (1994) 6006: 6005: 5937:1990 Osh clashes 5921:Ethnic conflicts 5858: 5857: 5835: 5828: 5673: 5672: 5638:2017–2018 crisis 5616: 5582: 5581: 5393: 5392: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5306:Israel–Hamas war 5233:Syrian civil war 5216:Sinai insurgency 5177:2006 Lebanon War 4852:Dhofar Rebellion 4787:Cyprus Emergency 4782:Jebel Akhdar War 4754:1982 Lebanon War 4744:1967 Six-Day War 4653:Dersim rebellion 4613:Ararat rebellion 4517:Al-Jazeera Front 4423: 4416: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4318: 4317: 4280: 4279: 4205: 4187:Kurdistan Region 4180: 4179: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4132: 4117: 4116: 4105: 4104: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3926:. 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Archived from 3478: 3472: 3471: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3449:on May 28, 2023. 3439: 3433: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3318: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3234:Mirawdeli, Kamal 3230: 3224: 3223: 3222:on May 22, 2023. 3211: 3205: 3204: 3203:on May 10, 2023. 3192: 3186: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3166:on May 10, 2023. 3162:. Archived from 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3132:. Archived from 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3100:. Archived from 3088: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3015: 3009: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2978: 2973:. Archived from 2962: 2956: 2955: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2921:. Archived from 2920: 2906: 2900: 2878: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2802: 2793: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2771:. Archived from 2770: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2740:. Archived from 2739: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2697:. 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4348:Security forces 4339: 4303: 4265: 4199: 4165: 4154: 4146: 4138: 4130: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4072: 4069:Iraqi Kurdistan 4066: 4029: 4027:Further reading 4024: 4015: 4011: 4000: 3996: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3956: 3953:(Word document) 3952: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3924:users.erols.com 3918: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3623: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3527: 3523: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3479: 3475: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3386:Wayback Machine 3377: 3366: 3359: 3351:. p. 150. 3336: 3332: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3231: 3227: 3212: 3208: 3193: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3136:on May 22, 2023 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3104:on May 10, 2023 3090: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3063: 3059: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3016: 3012: 3000: 2996: 2980: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2907: 2903: 2893:Wayback Machine 2879: 2875: 2869:Current History 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2803: 2796: 2784: 2780: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2713: 2706: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2652: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2623:Wayback Machine 2614: 2610: 2605:Wayback Machine 2596: 2592: 2587:Wayback Machine 2578: 2574: 2569:Wayback Machine 2560: 2556: 2551:Wayback Machine 2542: 2538: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2499:Rojava conflict 2485: 2377: 2344: 2316: 2310: 2293:Masrour Barzani 2289: 2277: 2271: 2258:Ministry of Oil 2238: 2225: 2197:Haider al-Abadi 2174:Battle of Mosul 2154: 2146:Main articles: 2144: 2109: 2101:Main articles: 2099: 2074: 2030: 2024: 1991: 1983:Main articles: 1981: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1920:Iraqi Kurdistan 1908: 1902: 1893:Iraqi Kurdistan 1870: 1864: 1812:Massoud Barzani 1798:groups such as 1753: 1747: 1699:Massoud Barzani 1659: 1653: 1610:Iraqi Kurdistan 1586: 1578:Main articles: 1576: 1559:Mustafa Barzani 1551: 1545: 1516: 1510: 1497:Mustafa Barzani 1493: 1487: 1474:Mustafa Barzani 1462: 1446:Kingdom of Iraq 1434: 1428: 1386: 1378:Kingdom of Iraq 1363: 1358: 1269:Mustafa Barzani 1252:Mustafa Barzani 1241:Mustafa Barzani 1209:Mahmud Barzanji 1205: 1181:Masrour Barzani 1150:Mahmud Barzanji 1126: 1121: 1090: 1085: 1046: 1041: 1023: 1021:Early conflicts 1014: 1009: 1007: 1005: 967: 954: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 932: 926:Iraqi Kurdistan 919: 917: 915: 913: 911: 906: 904: 902: 900: 885: 879: 867: 865: 859: 847: 846: 836: 835: 825: 824: 814: 813: 797: 796: 780: 779: 763: 762: 756: 744: 743: 727: 726: 716: 715: 699: 698: 684: 682: 680: 669: 667: 656: 643: 634: 632: 631: 621: 620: 610: 609: 601: 599: 598: 594: 592:Uthman Abd-Asis 590: 584: 574: 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6308: 6306:Qatif conflict 6297: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6154:Iraqi conflict 6151: 6150: 6149: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6097:Qatif conflict 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6012: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 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Kurdistan24. 3869: 3866:. Gulan Media. 3855: 3841: 3827: 3813: 3799: 3785: 3771: 3757: 3754:. Kurdistan24. 3743: 3729: 3715: 3701: 3687: 3662: 3648: 3617: 3603: 3589: 3566: 3537: 3521: 3496: 3473: 3452: 3434: 3416: 3402: 3390: 3364: 3357: 3330: 3289: 3276:Foreign Policy 3261: 3254: 3225: 3206: 3187: 3169: 3147: 3115: 3083: 3070: 3057: 3037: 3030: 3010: 2994: 2957: 2938: 2901: 2873: 2860: 2824: 2817: 2794: 2778: 2757: 2726: 2704: 2682: 2672: 2643: 2626: 2608: 2590: 2572: 2554: 2536: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2457: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2419:PUK insurgency 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2376: 2373: 2343: 2340: 2312:Main article: 2309: 2306: 2288: 2285: 2273:Main article: 2270: 2267: 2237: 2234: 2224: 2221: 2182:Masoud Barzani 2143: 2140: 2098: 2095: 2073: 2070: 2023: 2020: 1980: 1977: 1946:Main article: 1943: 1940: 1904:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1866:Main article: 1863: 1860: 1820:Jalal Talabani 1769:Emir of Kuwait 1749:Main article: 1746: 1743: 1679:Saddam Hussein 1655:Main article: 1652: 1649: 1590:PUK 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Al-monitor. 3823: 3817: 3809: 3803: 3796:. Argusmedia. 3795: 3789: 3781: 3775: 3767: 3761: 3753: 3747: 3739: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3556:on 2012-12-14 3555: 3551: 3550:Today's Zaman 3547: 3541: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3358:9780742557024 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3255:9781728383088 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3054:9782713222955 3051: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3031:9781847396129 3027: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3001:G.S. Harris, 2998: 2990: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2928:on 2013-10-29 2924: 2917: 2912:. pp. 39–42. 2911: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2864: 2849:on 2012-03-08 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2818:9781851099191 2814: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2747:on 2011-07-23 2743: 2736: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2533:0-8032-3733-2 2530: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2276: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176:, the former 2175: 2171: 2170:Islamic State 2163: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2136:Kurdification 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2034: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1949: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:Iran–Iraq War 1758: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Barzani Kurds 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Iran–Iraq War 1658: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604:(KDP) in the 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:military coup 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:Ahmed Barzani 1394: 1390: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1293:Iran–Iraq War 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237:Ahmed Barzani 1234: 1233:Northern Iraq 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:Ahmed Barzani 1218: 1214: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189:United States 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 988: 983: 982: 979: 971: 964: 959: 955: 945:90,000 (1974) 943:48,000 (1969) 941: 936: 930: 928:70,000 (2003) 927: 916: 909: 908:KDP & PUK 898: 894: 893: 888: 884: 882: 876: 871: 866: 864: 862: 856: 855:Qusay Hussein 851: 845: 840: 834: 829: 823: 818: 811: 806: 801: 794: 789: 784: 777: 772: 767: 761: 759: 753: 748: 741: 736: 731: 725: 720: 713: 708: 703: 696: 691: 679: 678: 673: 666: 665: 660: 654: 652: 647: 642: 641: 630: 625: 619: 618:Mohsen Rezaee 614: 608: 607:Aziz Muhammad 597: 596:Ahmed Chalabi 593: 589: 587: 581: 570: 559: 548: 546: 540: 529: 528:Ibrahim Ahmad 518: 507: 505: 499: 498:Mahmoud Ezidi 488: 477: 466: 465:Idris Barzani 455: 443: 442: 441:Ahmed Barzani 437: 436: 432: 427: 426: 421: 417: 413: 408: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 373: 368: 361: 360: 348: 347: 342: 335: 331: 319: 318:Supported by: 315: 310: 304: 301: 297: 292: 284: 273: 271: 260: 258: 257:United States 247: 246: 245: 243: 239: 234: 221: 216: 203:(before 1988) 201: 188: 179: 167: 166:Supported by: 163: 152: 141: 130: 119: 107: 105: 94: 93: 88: 81: 78: 75: 74: 70: 66: 63: 62: 54: 50: 47: 46: 42: 36: 31: 27: 22: 16: 6294:Saudi Arabia 6141: 6002:Western Asia 5854:Central Asia 5331: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5278: 5277: 5265: 5258: 5239: 5231: 5230: 5221: 5214: 5169: 5152: 5145: 5113: 5085: 5035: 5018: 4948: 4888: 4856: 4833: 4832: 4726: 4712: 4670:World War II 4668: 4504: 4448: 4299:Demographics 4287:Oil reserves 4201: 4193:Human rights 4085: 4017: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3974: 3968: 3957:. 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France24. 3678:www.efe.com 3246:AuthorHouse 3160:www.pbs.org 3140:22 November 3108:22 November 2715:John Pike. 1844:Sulaimaniya 1832:Jash (term) 1723:mustard gas 1697:was based. 1683:Arabization 1667:Feyli Kurds 1634:, Shabaks, 1628:Arabization 1403:leaders in 1231:leaders in 1146:World War I 1088:Later phase 735:Tahir Yahya 333:(1922–1924) 238:No-Fly Zone 218:(1980–1988) 181:(1961–1970) 6486:Categories 6031:Second War 6009:Azerbaijan 5977:Uzbekistan 5956:Tajikistan 5930:Kyrgyzstan 5914:Kazakhstan 5877:Civil War 5777:East Timor 5615:and South) 5389:South Asia 4215:Parliament 3959:2012-05-06 3782:. Reuters. 3580:Al-Monitor 3560:2012-12-13 2932:2014-10-16 2871:, January. 2853:2012-03-15 2751:2011-04-06 2516:References 2375:Casualties 2353:federalism 2016:parliament 2012:government 1567:peace plan 1555:KDP troops 1536:Autonomous 1464:After the 1203:Background 1197:centralism 1165:federalism 1159:Since the 1044:Main phase 833:Tariq Aziz 580:Mama Risha 539:Ali Askari 393:Mukhabarat 236:Enforcing 6261:Palestine 6021:First War 5891:1996–2001 5886:1992–1996 5881:1989–1992 5692:Indonesia 5578:East Asia 5522:Sri Lanka 4355:Peshmerga 4220:President 4202:Peshmerga 4198:Military 4155:(Slêmanî) 4139:(Helebce) 4124:Kurdistan 4112:Geography 3983:cite book 3768:. Mondaq. 3325:151138570 3309:(3): 25. 3282:10 August 2884:Peshmerga 2635:"Page 24" 2230:Ba'athist 2128:Peshmerga 1828:Peshmerga 1711:Peshmerga 1636:Armenians 1632:Assyrians 1472:in 1958, 1250:In 1958, 6428:conflict 5756:Thailand 5676:Cambodia 5459:Pakistan 5379:Cold War 5147:Iraq War 4383:Category 4370:Zeravani 4360:Parastin 4175:Politics 4137:Halabja 4131:(Hewlêr) 3908:. Rudaw. 3740:. Rudaw. 3726:. Rudaw. 3712:. Rudaw. 3600:. Rudaw. 3382:Archived 3341:(2009). 2983:cite web 2889:Archived 2619:Archived 2601:Archived 2583:Archived 2565:Archived 2547:Archived 2483:See also 2428:- 25,000 2364:regional 2320:Makhmour 2232:regime. 1886:Iraq war 1874:Gulf War 1802:and the 1773:American 1765:Gulf War 1310:Gulf War 1302:Al-Anfal 1289:conflict 890:Strength 64:Location 6230:Lebanon 6042:Bahrain 5718:Myanmar 4539:Revolts 4313:Culture 4275:Economy 4147:(Dihok) 4078:History 3641:24 June 3533:Archive 2790:Archive 2695:fas.org 2616:Page 59 2598:Page 54 2580:Page 48 2562:Page 47 2544:Page 39 2172:in the 2132:Asayish 1916:Kurdish 1796:Shi'ite 1777:British 1703:Halabja 1671:Shi'ite 1444:in the 1401:Kurdish 1393:Barzani 1356:History 1261:resolve 1229:Kurdish 1225:Barzani 881:† 861:† 758:† 586:† 545:† 504:† 416:present 300:present 80:Ongoing 53:present 26:present 6343:Turkey 6190:Israel 5803:Others 5649:Taiwan 5613:(North 5611:Korea 5548:Others 4388:Portal 4365:Asaish 4335:People 4325:Anthem 4145:Dohuk 4129:Erbil 3838:. 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