Iranian Revolution

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Iran provided 90% of South Africa's oil. After the revolution, Iran cut South Africa off from its oil supply and financially supported the African National Congress. This was part of the larger want by Khomeini to support the "downtrodden" of the world, including,non-aligned countries. In 1980, the ANC attended the "Gather of World Liberation" hosted in Tehran for the third worldist movement. In 2015, the International Relations and Cooperation minister of South Africa said of Iran, "The Islamic Republic stood by us during our darkest days, cutting ties with the apartheid regime. Your revolution was our revolution. You showed us that emancipation was possible, whatever the odds". A connection with the ANC continued even when tested during the apartheid era and the Iran–Iraq war. In 1985, Iran and South Africa traded weapons for oil. The belief in third-worldism seemed to have superseded the change in behavior by Iran.

8683: 8698: 4703: 8613: 4872:. Other than the politicization of women, there were particular circumstances during the revolution which pushed women into being involved with politics. For example, "the combination of martial law with its curfew hours and the closing down of shops and workplaces, together with the cold of the fall and winter months resulted in the centers of political discussion often being within the home." Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as "the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone, regardless of age or sex." During 1978 and 1979 there were many gatherings in women's homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes. These personal accounts were valuable in a time where the official coverage of news was not trusted by many people. 4491: 8589: 3373: 4783:

counterparts. Not only participating through voting, women also contributed to the revolution through marches, demonstrations and chanting slogans. Women were involved in caring for the wounded, including doctors who responded to calls for help and opened their homes for those who needed assistance. While women themselves were often killed, tortured, arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities, most contributed in non-violent ways. Many women were instrumental not only in being involved in the revolution themselves but in mobilizing men and other non-political women. Many women protested while carrying children and their presence was one of the main reasons for disarming soldiers (who were there on behalf of the regime) who were ordered to shoot if necessary.

4467:. Bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister (a return to civilian rule), while the Shah and his family would leave the country. His royal duties would be carried out by a Regency Council, and three months after his departure a referendum would be submitted to the people deciding on whether Iran would remain a monarchy or become a republic. A former opponent of the Shah, Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini's intentions to implement hard-line religious rule rather than a democracy. Karim Sanjabi immediately expelled Bakhtiar from the National Front, and Bakhtiar was denounced by Khomeini (who declared that acceptance of his government was the equivalent of "obedience to false gods"). 3998:

refinery in Tehran called for higher wages and housing allowances. The government ignored the request, causing the workers to strike. The Shah's government responded by killing dozens of strikers in an event known as Black Friday. One day after this massacre, strikes began in Tehran, Abadan, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Kermanshah. This began the first wave of strikes, which SAVAK reports to include 11,000 workers. The oil strikes of 1978 were imperative to the Iranian Revolution's success, as they put extreme economic pressure on the Shah's regime. Oil revenues are a significant part of the government's income and regardless of the motivation behind those who strike, oil strikes will always threaten to destabilize Iranian regimes.

8625: 4833: 4822: 4322: 4311: 8408:. However, most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred. The policy enacted by the revolutionary government and its attempts to limit the rights of women were challenged by the mobilization and politicization of women that occurred during and after the revolution. Women's resistance included remaining in the work force in large numbers and challenging Islamic dress by showing hair under their head scarves. The Iranian government has had to reconsider and change aspects of its policies towards women because of their resistance to laws that restrict their rights. 3405:

beneficiary of the income generated by oil, and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred. By 1976, the Shah had accumulated upward of $ 1 billion from oil revenue; his family – including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between $ 5 and $ 20 billion; and the family foundation controlled approximately $ 3 billion. By mid-1977 economic austerity measures to fight inflation disproportionately affected the thousands of poor and unskilled male migrants settling in the cities working in the construction industry. Culturally and religiously conservative, many went on to form the core of the revolution's demonstrators and "martyrs".

4206: 3025:. Their resentment towards the Shah also grew as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers. The land reform, instead of allying the peasants with the government, produced large numbers of independent farmers and landless laborers who became loose political cannons, with no feeling of loyalty to the Shah. Many of the masses felt resentment towards the increasingly corrupt government; their loyalty to the clergy, who were seen as more concerned with the fate of the populace, remained consistent or increased. As 3614: 4541:, entered Iran. While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility, Huyser met with military leaders (but not the Shah) and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar's transitional government. Ambassador Sullivan disagreed, and attempted to pressure Huyser to ignore the military and work directly with Khomeini's opposition. Nevertheless, Huyser won out and continued to work with both the military and opposition. He left Iran on 3 February. The Shah was privately embittered by Huyser's mission and felt that the United States no longer wanted him in power. 4890:

examining the daily lives of women, their living conditions and their relationship to other groups to understand their participation in the socio-political events of the revolution. She further explains that the cultural, ideological, social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied to understand how the Iranian women's social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests. Caroline M. Brooks argues that women were left to express their concerns through the protest rather than in the

726: 8725: 4163:(king of kings), which he insisted on being called previously. In his speech he stated "I have heard the voice of your revolution...this revolution cannot but be supported by me, the king of Iran". He apologized for mistakes that were committed during his reign, and promised to ensure that corruption would no longer exist. He stated he would begin to work with the opposition to bring democracy, and would form a coalition government. In effect, the Shah intended to restrain the military government (which he described as a temporary caretaker government) from carrying out a full crackdown. 106: 8223: 3967: 7553:. Revolutionaries were angry because of how the Shah had left Iran which spawned rumors of another U.S.–backed coup in Iran that would re-install him. The occupation was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the Shah to stand trial in exchange for the hostages, and depose Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, who they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the U.S. The students held 52 American diplomats hostage for 444 days, which played a role in helping to pass the constitution, suppressing moderates, and otherwise radicalising the revolution. 4800:

the 'referendum of the streets'... women fought side by side with men in the struggle for their independence and their liberty." Khomeini pleaded for women to participate in anti-Shah demonstrations in various cities. Furthermore, women later responded to Khomeini's urgings to vote in favor of the Islamic Republic and the new constitution. Women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aide to ban women from coming to group audience, Khomeini said "I threw the Shah out with these women, there's no problem in their coming."

4217: 8668: 3891: 8577:". Some of the major issues highlighted were the government in Islam, the need for the clergy's independent financial organization, Islam as a way of life, advising and guiding youth and necessity of being community. Allameh Tabatabei refers to velayat as a political philosophy for Shia and velayat faqih for Shia community. There are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of Islam such as the publication of three volumes of Maktab Tashayyo. Also some believe that it is indispensable to revive the religious gathered in Hoseyniyeh-e-Ershad. 8656: 8644: 12106: 702: 691: 673: 655: 643: 632: 621: 610: 599: 16574: 10315: 3903: 13670: 7905:. Following the death of Sands in May 1981, the street in Tehran the British Embassy is on was renamed from "Winston Churchill Street" to "Bobby Sands Street". The IRA saw the Iranian revolution as aspirational, an example of mass action as a way to meet goals. Both the Iranian government and their opposition supported the hunger strikes, creating a competition for the favor of the IRA. The support by the government came after the UK sided with Iraq and Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq war. Oppositional groups like 868: 346: 4563: 56: 27488: 3058: 27979: 7721: 4954: 25792: 760: 749: 737: 715: 410: 683: 665: 7625: 4589: 8321:. While persecution occurred before the revolution since then more than 200 Baháʼís have been executed or presumed killed, and many more have been imprisoned, deprived of jobs, pensions, businesses, and educational opportunities. Baháʼí holy places have been confiscated, vandalized, or destroyed. More recently, Baháʼís in Iran have been deprived of education and work. Several thousand young Baháʼís between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities. 4507: 8855: 7287: 5895: 29660: 29298: 27922: 27431: 26760: 26269: 25736: 20688: 7593: 8533:

from $ 7762 in 1979 to $ 3699 at the end of the war in 1989. After three decades of reconstruction and growth since then, it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to $ 6751 in 2016. Data on GNI per capita in PPP terms is only available since 1990 globally. In PPP terms, GNI per capita has increased from Int. $ 11,425 in 1990 to Int. $ 18,544 in 2016. But most of this increase can be attributed to the rise in oil prices in the 2000s.

20698: 4476: 4392: 8063:. Most European countries, despite their significant investments within Iran, stood in solidarity with the United States and also imposed economic sanctions on the theocratic regime. Britain suspended all diplomatic relations with Iran and did not re-open their embassy in Tehran until 1988. The European country that maintained the closest relations with the new Iranian government was Switzerland, which was neither a part of the 25474: 27969: 27478: 25782: 8827: 2097: 8869: 5884: 2946: 15865: 4639: 4042: 3001:. Part of the reason for launching the White Revolution was that the Shah hoped to get rid of the influence of landlords and to create a new base of support among the peasants and working class. Thus, the White Revolution in Iran was an attempt to introduce reform from above and preserve traditional power patterns. Through land reform, the essence of the White Revolution, the Shah hoped to ally himself with the 17037: 4765:, the number executed by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated (8,000 opponents between June 1981 and June 1985) exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution. According to Tucker's estimations, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried, and between 8,000 and 9,500 Iranians were executed. 3821:, legalized all political parties and released political prisoners, increased freedom of expression, curtailed SAVAK's authority and dismissed 34 of its commanders, closed down casinos and nightclubs, and abolished the imperial calendar. The government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members. Sharif-Emami entered into negotiations with Shariatmadari and National Front leader 8841: 17033: 15835: 8384:

women's issues. During these decades, women became active in formerly male domains such as the parliament, the cabinet, armed forces, legal professions, and fields of science and technology. Additionally, women achieved the right to vote in 1963. Many of these achievements and rights that Iranian women had gained in the decades leading up to the revolution were reversed by the Islamic Revolution.

3124: 4437:" telegram). The telegram effectively declared his belief that the Shah would not survive the protests and that the US should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate. The United States would then help assemble a coalition of pro-Western military officers, middle class professionals, and moderate clergy, with Khomeini installed as a 15955: 2783:(renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1935), a British oil company, enjoyed a monopoly on sale and production of Iranian oil. It was the most profitable British business in the world. Most Iranians lived in poverty while the wealth generated from Iranian oil played a decisive role in maintaining Britain as a preeminent global power. In 1951, Iranian Prime Minister 2612:, it failed to provide a powerful alternative government. Therefore, in the decades following the establishment of the new parliament, a number of critical events took place. Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia, many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the parliament. 4218: 15827: 4220: 8269:, or even popular religious devotion. Opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction, including a "rift" between the revolutionary generation and younger Iranians who find it "impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about." To honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50,000 prisoners were forgiven by order 7679:). Most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty-four. These activists were either high school students or had recently graduated from universities in Iran and abroad. During the massacre, hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of 7671:. More recently, Rastyad Collective has verified the identities of more than 3,400 political dissidents who were executed between June 1981 and March 1982. These dissidents were sentenced to death by the Islamic Revolutionary Courts during show trials in more than eighty-five cities across the country on charges of spreading "corruption on Earth" ( 4221: 7831:, the secretary-general of the party and head of the Islamic Republic's judicial system. The government arrested thousands, and there were hundreds of executions against the MEK and its followers. Despite these and other assassinations the hoped-for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed. 4595: 4593: 4590: 4038:, France. The Shah hoped that Khomeini would be cut off from the mosques of Najaf and be cut off from the protest movement. Instead, the plan backfired badly. With superior French telephone and postal connections (compared to Iraqi ones), Khomeini's supporters flooded Iran with tapes and recordings of his sermons. 4594: 4673:

when one must stand firm and say no.... I have never seen a book about an Islamic republic; neither has anyone else for that matter.... Some of the people surrounding the Ayatollah are like violent vultures.... The clergy should go to Qom and build a wall around themselves and create their own Vatican.

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Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $ 90.392 billion in 1979 to $ 385.874 in 2015. GDP per capita (nominal) has grown from $ 2290 in 1979 to $ 5470 in 2016. Real GNI per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the Iran-Iraq war

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The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees, the closing of childcare centers, enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places, as well as preventing women from studying in 140

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for Constitution was elected that summer. Critics complained that "vote-rigging, violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information" was used to "produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy, all took active roles during the revolution and loyal to Khomeini."

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While the moderate Bazargan and his government (temporarily) reassured the middle class, it became apparent they did not have power over the "Khomeinist" revolutionary bodies, particularly the Revolutionary Council (the "real power" in the revolutionary state), and later the Islamic Republican Party.

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marched in support for the revolution and it was important that women very much linked to the government also turned against the Shah's regime. Yet, there was some tension later between feminists' dress and the revolution's stance on women's clothing and they began to feel uncomfortable at opposition

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The military leadership was increasingly paralyzed by indecision, and rank-and-file soldiers were demoralized, having been forced to confront demonstrators while prohibited from using their own weapons (and being condemned by the Shah if they did). Increasingly, Khomeini called on the soldiers of the

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government executed a police officer for the act, a man claiming to be the lone surviving arsonist claimed he was responsible for starting the fire. After forcing the resignation of the presiding judges in an attempt to hamper the investigation, the new government finally executed Hossein Talakhzadeh

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period that following modernization the society was heteronormalized. During the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a faux same-sex wedding occurred between two young men with ties to the royal court, which became a source of shame and outrage for some citizens and was utilized by Islamists as further

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in 1941, the discipline of the government decreased, and women were able to further exercise their rights, including the ability to wear the veil if they wanted. More organization of women's groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s, and they used the government's modernization to define and advocate for

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Hussein was confident that with Iraq's armed forces being well-equipped with new technology and with high morale would enjoy a decisive strategic advantage against an Iranian military that had recently had much of its command officers purged following the revolution. Iran was also struggling to find

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Supporters of the revolution both within and outside of Iran began calling for the overthrow of monarchies in the region and for them to be replaced by Islamic republics. This alarmed many of Iran's neighbours, particularly Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia as well as Western nations dependent on Middle

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movements like the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. The Pahlavis and South Africa had relations dating back to when Reza Shah went there in exile. After the first Shah's ousting by the Soviets and British during World War II, he spent the remainder of his life in Johannesburg. Pre-revolution

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After the revolution, human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand. The first to be executed were members of the old system – senior generals, followed by over 200 senior civilian officials – as punishment and to

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In addition to the president, the new constitution included a more powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for Khomeini, with control of the military and security services, and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials. It increased the power and number of clerics on the

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were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the Shah's regime. There were also other groups of women with various agendas that sometimes converged and sometimes diverged from the Islamic Republic's political positions. For example, organized feminism, which was around

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The final collapse of the provisional non-Islamist government came at 2 pm on 11 February when the Supreme Military Council declared itself "neutral in the current political disputes... in order to prevent further disorder and bloodshed." All military personnel were ordered back to their bases,

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Iran has one government. More than this is intolerable, either for me or for you or for any other Iranian. As a Muslim, I had not heard that jihad refers to one Muslim against other Muslims.... I will not give permission to Ayatollah Khomeini to form an interim government. In life there comes a time

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about the coming revolution. Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath, ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported. While it was increasingly clear to more secular Iranians that Khomeini was not a

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prayer was granted, in which 200,000–500,000 people attended. Instead, the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran, while the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter, unnerved, and confused. A few days later, even larger protests took place, and, for the

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Literacy has continued to increase under the Islamic Republic. By 2002, illiteracy rates dropped by more than half. Maternal and infant mortality rates have also been cut significantly. Population growth was first encouraged but discouraged after 1988. Overall, Iran's Human development Index rating

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drive since he took power in 1977, talked of "simultaneous triumph of Islamic ideology in both our countries" and that "Khomeini is a symbol of Islamic insurgence." Some American analysts noted that, at this point, Khomeini's influence and prestige in Pakistan was greater than Zia-ul-Haq's himself.

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and increasingly warmer in recent years following an international backlash over the annexation of Crimea in 2014 which led to sanctions by the Western powers. Russia had sought Iran on expanding arms trade over the past three decades especially with the cooperation with the Assad government during

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Between June 1981 and March 1982, the theocratic regime carried out the largest political massacre in Iranian history, targeting communists, socialists, social democrats, liberals, monarchists, moderate Islamists, and members of the Baha'i faith as part of the Iranian Cultural Revolution decreed by

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In late October 1979, the exiled and dying Shah was admitted into the United States for cancer treatment. In Iran there was an immediate outcry, and both Khomeini and leftist groups demanded the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution. On 4 November 1979 youthful Islamists, calling themselves

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There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women. While some argue that the micro-level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies, others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of

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Women who were activists, religious women and women dissatisfied with the regime were able to unite under the anti-Shah umbrella. However, "women were not united in their opinions of the revolution and its outcome as much as they were not united in their reasons for joining the revolution". Despite

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as a symbol of the revolution, saying that "a nation whose respected women demonstrate in modest garb to express their disgust with the Shah's regime- such a nation will be victorious." He also said that "women from all levels of society took part in the recent demonstrations, which we are calling

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Tensions between the two rival governments increased rapidly. To demonstrate his support, Khomeini called for demonstrators to occupy the streets throughout the country. He also sent a letter to American officials warning them to withdraw support for Bakhtiar. Bakhtiar became increasingly isolated,

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There were a variety of factors influencing the workers' decision to strike. The Shah's regime had relaxed oppression in 1977, giving people more access to protest and organizing. At the same time, the economy had faltered after doing better in the early 70s. The strikes began when the workers at a

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for setting the fire, and, due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere, the public also blamed the Shah for starting the fire, despite the government's insistence that they were uninvolved. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting "Burn the Shah!" and "The Shah is the guilty one!"

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declared heart attack as the cause of death, though many believed his death was attributed to SAVAK. Khomeini remained silent after the incident, while in Iran with the spread of the news came a wave of protest and mourning ceremonies in several cities. The mourning of Mostafa was given a political

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writes, "The regime succeeded in putting women back in the veil in public places, but not in resocializing them into fundamentalist norms." After the revolution, women often had to work hard to support their families as the post-revolutionary economy suffered. Women also asserted themselves in the

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Views differ on the impact of the revolution. For some it was "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history", while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when "for a few years we all lost our minds", and which "promised us heaven,

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However, Iran was "galvanized" by the invasion and the populace of Iran rallied behind their new government in an effort to repel the invaders. After some early successes, the Iraqi invasion stalled and was then repelled and by 1982, Iran had recaptured almost all of its territories. In June 1982,

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Oil strikes started in fall of 1978 and led to a 4.8 million drop of crude oil production every day, which was about seven percent of the world's supply. Prices rose from 13 dollars per barrel in 1979 to 34 dollars in 1980. While increased production from other countries, like Saudi Arabia, offset

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On 15 August 1953 a coup d'état was initiated to remove Mosaddegh, with the support of the United States, the United Kingdom and most of the Shia clergy. The Shah fled to Italy when the initial coup attempt on August 15 failed, but returned after a successful second attempt on August 19. Mosaddegh

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men were known to "indulge in intercourse with males." (1:152) These ancient practices continued into the Islamic period of Iran, with one scholar noting how "...homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military

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Internationally, the initial impact of the revolution was immense. In the non-Muslim world, it changed the image of Islam, generating much interest in Islam—both sympathetic and hostile—and even speculation that the revolution might change "the world balance of power more than any political event

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With great publicity the students released documents from the American embassy, which they labeled a "den of spies", showing that moderate Iranian leaders had met with U.S. officials (and did not release similar evidence of high-ranking Islamists having done the same). Among the casualties of the

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Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres. The revolution resulted in an unprecedented opening for Iranian women into politics (mostly through demonstrations and voting), and some authors

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After the revolution, Khomeini credited much of the success of the movement to women, even commending the women for mobilizing men, "you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement, you have proved that you lead the men, men get their inspiration from you, the men of Iran have

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be returned from exile. The protests grew incredibly fast, reaching between six million and nine million in strength in the first week. About 5% of the population had taken to the streets in the Muharram protests. Both beginning and ending in the month of Muharram, the protests succeeded, and the

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produced an "alarming" increase in inflation, waste and an "accelerating gap" between the rich and poor, the city and the country, along with the presence of tens of thousands of unpopular skilled foreign workers. Many Iranians were also angered by the fact that the Shah's family was the foremost

7983:. At the centre of Iraq's objectives was the annexation of the East Bank of the Shaat Al-Arab waterway that makes up part of the border between the two nations and which had been the site of numerous border skirmishes between the two countries going back to the late 1960s. The president of Iraq, 7658:, former Prime Minister of Iran. Between January 1980 and June 1981, when Bani-Sadr was impeached, at least 900 executions took place, for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups. 4782:

The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution; much of the new regime's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in society. Beyond rhetoric, thousands of women were also heavily mobilized in the revolution itself, and different groups of women actively participated alongside their male

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When news of the Shah's departure was announced, there were spontaneous scenes of joy throughout the country. Millions poured onto the streets, and virtually every remaining sign of the monarchy was torn down by the crowds. Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all remaining political prisoners. He

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On 10 and 11 December 1978, the days of Tasu'a and Ashura, between 6 and 9 million anti-Shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran. According to one historian, "even discounting for exaggeration, these figures may represent the largest protest event in history." The marches were led by Ayatollah

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administration cut spending and reduced business. However, the cutbacks led to a sharp rise in layoffs—particularly among young, unskilled, male workers living in the working-class districts. By summer 1978, the working class joined the street protests in massive numbers. In addition, it was the

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must water the "tree of Islam"), radicals pressured the mosques and moderate clergy to commemorate the deaths of the students, and used the occasion to generate protests. The informal network of mosques and bazaars, which for years had been used to carry out religious events, increasingly became

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The developments initiated by seminaries in the city of Qom closing on 7 January 1978 were followed by the bazaar and seminary closing, and students rallied towards the homes of the religious leaders on the next day. On 9 January 1978, seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city,

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The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered. The motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious, political and economic reasons and women participating were from

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Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution, he had become what some called a "semi-divine" figure, greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of 'Khomeini, O Imam, we salute you, peace be upon you.' Crowds were now known to chant "Islam, Islam, Khomeini, We Will

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More than 10% of the country marched in anti-Shah demonstrations on the two days, possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution. It is rare for a revolution to involve as much as 1 percent of a country's population; the French, Russian, and Romanian revolutions may have passed the 1

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The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers, but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes. By the beginning of November, many important officials in the Shah's government were demanding from the Shah forceful

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to visit prisons. Through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government. Against this background a first crucial manifestation of public expression of social discontent and political protest against the regime took place in October 1977, when the

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notes that "Khomeini's regime grossly overstated the revolution's death toll for propaganda purposes". Tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the Iranian Revolution (from January 1978 to February 1979), numbers between 532 and 2,781. According to the

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highlights this neglected aspect of the revolution, "Although women's participation in the events leading to the 11 February revolution was instrumental in its success, most studies have not addressed the reasons for their involvement or their contribution." Janet Baur argues the necessity of

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The songs most closely associated with the revolution are epic ballads, composed during and in support of the Islamic Revolution and in opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty. Before the revolution was consolidated, these chants were made by various political supporters, and were often recorded on

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Another interesting borderline case between authoritarianism and totalitarianism is Iran, where an almost totalitarian interpretation of a religious ideology is combined with elements of limited pluralism. Under the Islamist regime, Islam has been transformed into a political ideology with a

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found new opportunity to change conditions. Before them, Boroujerdi was considered a conservative Marja. They tried to reform conditions after the death of the ayatollah. They presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in Tehran. The result of the lectures was the book

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television station and using it to "broadcast demands and grievances." The regime reacted quickly, sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station, mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration. The party was suppressed, and in 1982

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power-grab," and that except for his core supporters, the members of the coalition thought Khomeini intended to be more of a spiritual guide than a ruler. Khomeini was in his mid-70s, never held public office, had been out of Iran for more than a decade, and told questioners "the religious

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The Shah himself was horrified by the events of Black Friday, and harshly criticized the events, though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting. While martial law officially remained in effect, the government decided not to break up any more

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analysis in August concluded that Iran "is not in a revolutionary or even a pre-revolutionary situation." These and later events in Iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the United States has experienced since the CIA was established in 1947.

3191:) as government, that Muslims—in fact everyone—required "guardianship," in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists. Such rule was ultimately "more necessary even than prayer and fasting" in Islam, as it would protect Islam from deviation from traditional 13563: 4592: 3033:. Instead, it paved the way for an Islamic Revolution." In theory, oil money funneled to the elite was supposed to be used to create jobs and factories, eventually distributing the money, but instead the wealth tended to remain concentrated in the hands of the very few at the top. 8006:

The war would continue for another six years during which time countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Gulf states provided financial assistance to Iraq in an effort to prevent an Iranian victory, even though their relations with Iraq were often hostile – Kuwait itself was

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Another view is Khomeini had "overwhelming ideological, political and organizational hegemony," and non-theocratic groups never seriously challenged Khomeini's movement in popular support. Supporters of the new rule themselves have claimed that Iranians who opposed Khomeini were

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Khomeini on 14 June 1980 with the intent of "purifying" Iranian society of non-Islamic elements. Between June 1981 and June 1982, Amnesty International documented 2,946 executions, with several thousand more killed in the next two years according to the anti-government guerilla

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to veto un-Islamic legislation, but had no guardian jurist ruler. Leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but Khomeini declared it 'correct'. To approve the new constitution and prevent leftist alterations, a relatively small seventy-three-member

14758: 4756:) claim 2,781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 1978–79 during the revolution. Khomeini reported of a much larger number; he said that "60,000 men, women and children were martyred by the Shah's regime". In reference to this 60,000 figure, the military historian 16055: 3985:

demonstrations or strikes (in effect, "martial law without there exactly being martial law," according to Sharif-Emami), instead continuing to negotiate with protest leaders. Consequently, protest gatherings often took place without any serious intervention by soldiers.

3080:. Khomeini was arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a "wretched miserable man" who had "embarked on the destruction of Islam in Iran." Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources. However, 4083:

flew to Paris to meet Khomeini. There the two signed an agreement for a draft constitution that would be "Islamic and democratic". It signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition. To help create a democratic façade, Khomeini placed

3946:, who was known for his severity against opponents. However, the Shah made clear that once martial law was lifted, he intended to continue with the liberalization. He retained Sharif-Emami's civilian government, hoping that protesters would avoid taking the streets. 7869:

The Islamic Republic positioned itself as a revolutionary beacon under the slogan "neither East nor West, only Islamic Republic" ("Na Sharq, Na Gharb, Faqat Jumhuri-e Islami," i.e., neither Soviet nor American / West European models) and called for the overthrow of

4710:

The armed rebels attacked a weapons factory, capturing nearly 50,000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting. The rebels began storming police stations and military bases throughout Tehran. The city's martial law commander General

4274:" ('God is great'). According to one witness, many of the clashes on the street had an air of playfulness rather than seriousness, with security forces using "kid gloves" against the opposition. Nevertheless, the government reported at least 12 opposition deaths. 3447:, and removed a potential revolutionary rival to Khomeini. Finally, in October Khomeini's son Mostafa died of an alleged heart attack, and his death was also blamed on SAVAK. A subsequent memorial service for Mostafa in Tehran put Khomeini back in the spotlight. 4350:, and on 8 December revoked the ban on street demonstrations. Permits were issued for the marchers, and troops were removed from the procession's path. In turn, Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations. 4884:

While there has been some academic literature exploring individual narratives of women on the revolution, most of the academic work produced focuses on the effect of the revolution on women rather than the role of Iranian women during the revolution. Scholar

4622:

On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar's government in a speech promising, "I shall kick their teeth in. I appoint the government, I appoint the government in support of this nation". On 5 February at his headquarters in the

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and committees at the expense of its remaining allies-turned-opponents, such as the MEK. While enormously costly and destructive, the war "rejuvenate the drive for national unity and Islamic revolution" and "inhibited fractious debate and dispute" in Iran.

4920:

had been overthrown, the economy and the apparatus of government had collapsed, and military and security forces were in disarray. Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, defeated local rebellions and consolidated power.

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on 4 November 1979. Bazargan's resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint, saying "Mr. Bazargan ... was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while." Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a "mistake."

4005:

was declared, with workers in virtually all major industries walking off their jobs, most damagingly in the oil industry and the print media. Special "strike committees" were set up throughout major industries to organize and coordinate the activities.

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The economy has become slightly more diversified since the revolution, with 80% of Iranian GDP dependent on oil and gas as of 2010. The Islamic Republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys.

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By mid-1981 matters came to a head. An attempt by Khomeini to forge a reconciliation between Banisadr and IRP leaders had failed, and now it was Banisadr who was the rallying point "for all doubters and dissidents" of the theocracy, including the MEK.

3629:

The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests and, to make matters worse, he often became indecisive during times of crisis; virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government and further inflamed the revolutionaries.

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hrough the guardianship that I have from the holy lawgiver , I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. The nation must obey him. This is not an ordinary government. It is a government based on the

4455:

Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. Based on the revolutionaries' responses, some American officials (especially Ambassador Sullivan) felt that Khomeini was genuinely intent on creating a democracy. According to historian

2657:

There were widespread social, economic, and political reforms introduced during his reign, a number of which led to public discontent that would provide the circumstances for the Iranian Revolution. Particularly controversial was the replacement of

7371:, was established by Khomeini on 5 May 1979, as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Shah's military. The guard eventually grew into "a full-scale" military force, becoming "the strongest institution of the revolution." 3540:'s security forces who shot live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent. Between 5–300 of the demonstrators were reportedly killed in the protest. 9 January 1978 (19 Dey) is regarded as a bloody day in Qom. 4807:

It has been argued that Khomeini and his fellow leaders danced around the issue of women's rights and rather focused their rhetoric on mobilizing women through encouraging them to participate in protests and fueling their anti-Shah sentiments.

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Fear of the shah and his regime had disappeared, and anti-government and pro-Khomeini demonstrations escalated, with the soldiers refusing to shoot the offenders, who went on a rampage, burning cinemas and destroying banks and some government

3953:

failed to disperse the crowd, troops fired directly into the crowd, killing 64, while General Oveissi claimed that 30 soldiers were killed by armed snipers in surrounding buildings. Additional clashes throughout the day, which would be called

2701:. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other religious leaders who followed him. Hence, no widespread anti-government attempts were organized by the clergy during the rule of Reza Shah. However, the future Ayatollah 13559: 16939: 2558:

Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for 50 years. At the time, the Persian tobacco industry employed over 200,000 people, so the concession represented a major blow to Persian farmers and

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various classes and backgrounds. Many Western educated upper-middle-class women from secular, urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working-class and rural backgrounds. There were groups as varied as the

2910:

was appointed as new Prime Minister by the Shah. The sovereign, who was mainly seen as a figurehead at the time, eventually managed to break free from the shackles of the Iranian elites and impose himself as an autocratic reformist ruler.

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On the other side of the ledger, at least one observer argues that despite great effort and expense the only countries outside Iran the revolution had a "measure of lasting influence" on are Lebanon and Iraq. Others claim the devastating

8345:, without whose official permission, "no books or magazines are published, no audiotapes are distributed, no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established. Men and women are not allowed to dance or swim with each other." 8200:"mortally wounded ... the ideal of spreading the Islamic revolution," or that the Islamic Republic's pursuit of an ideological rather than a "nationalist, pragmatic" foreign policy has weakened Iran's "place as a great regional power". 7356:

Inevitably, the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council (which had the power to pass laws) and Bazargan's government was a source of conflict, despite the fact that both had been approved by and/or put in place by Khomeini.

3180:, against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam, and that Muslims should reject the influence of both liberal capitalism and communism, ideas that inspired the revolutionary slogan "Neither East, nor West – Islamic Republic!" 14750: 4876:

this mobilization and high participation rate of women, they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution.

3351:, organized by the government, was attacked for its extravagance. "As the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by Islam, Iranians were not only excluded from the festivities, some were starving." Five years later, the Shah angered 7909:

claimed solidarity with the hunger strike and connected their Marxist influences. The Iranian government, Iranian leftist groups, and the IRA saw Britain as a colonizing force in both regions. For a time, Mojahedin-e-Khalq and the

7695:

In mid-August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing assembly, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down. When protests were organized by the

4219: 2859:, told their British counterparts that they were ready to move against Mosaddegh. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. Iran had immense oil wealth, a long border with the 8177:, Khomeini said, "it is a cause of joy that… all Pakistan has risen against the United States" and the struggle is not that of the US and Iran but "the entire world of disbelief and the world of Islam". According to journalist 4259:

On 2 December 1978, the Muharram protests began. Named for the Islamic month they began in, the Muharram protests were impressively huge and pivotal. Over two million protesters (many of whom were teenagers proselytized by the

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After the U.S. sanctions were tightened and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China became the main principal allies for Iran. Relations between the two countries improved

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attempted to apprehend the rebels, and an armed battle broke out. Soon large crowds took to the streets, building barricades and supporting the rebels, while Islamic-Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support.

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Whether the Islamic Republic has brought more or less severe political repression is disputed. Grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the Shah and his court is now directed against "the Mullahs." Fear of

4297:, in the 1930s. Even in his years in exile, Khomeini remained relevant in Iran. Supporting the protests from beyond Iran's borders, he proclaimed that "freedom and liberation from the bonds of imperialism" was imminent. 4794:

asserted that "You ladies here have proved that you are at the forefront of this movement. You have a great share in our Islamic movement. The future of our country depends on your support." He invoked the image of the

3016:

that helped create many of the problems the Shah had been trying to avoid. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the past—the

25748: 4057:(BBC), immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight. Khomeini rapidly became a household name in the West, portraying himself as an "Eastern mystic" who did not seek power, but instead sought to "free" his people from " 4894:. Thus, this created a "dangerous bargaining position for activist women" since rather than arguing their position through intellect they were only able to "argue by numbers in the streets and be repelled by force". 543: 4687:) defecting to Khomeini. The military was crumbling, with its leadership completely paralyzed, unsure of whether to support Bakhtiar or act on their own, and rank-and-file soldiers either demoralized or deserting. 7991:, substantially populated by Iranian Arabs. There was also concern that a Shia-centric revolution in Iran may stimulate a similar uprising in Iraq, where the country's Sunni minority ruled over the Shia majority. 4166:

The speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the Shah and "smelled blood". Khomeini announced that there would be no reconciliation with the Shah and called on all Iranians to overthrow him.

7600:

In early March 1979, Khomeini announced, "do not use this term, 'democratic.' That is the Western style," giving pro-democracy liberals (and later leftists) a taste of disappointments to come. In succession the

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would be held in 1979; censorship was relaxed; a resolution was drafted to help reduce corruption within the royal family and the government; and protesters were tried in civilian courts rather than by military

2306:, or disgruntled military. It occurred in a country experiencing relative prosperity, produced profound change at great speed, was very popular, resulted in a massive exile that characterizes a large portion of 2926:

groups attacked his government (often from outside Iran as they were suppressed within) for violating the Iranian constitution, political corruption, and the political oppression, torture, and killings, by the

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to attack and destroy western and secular symbols. The army and police, confused about their orders and under pressure from the Shah not to risk initiating violence, effectively gave up and did not intervene.

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasting until 1979. Mohammad Reza Shah's reform program was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system. It consisted of several elements including

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people attacked meeting places, bookstores, and newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists, driving them underground. Universities were closed to purge them of opponents of theocratic rule as a part of the

4774:

cassette tapes in underground and home studios. In schools, these songs were sung by students as part of the celebrations of Fajr Decades. "Iran Iran" or "Allah Allah" chants are famous revolutionary songs.

11759: 9108: 7380:, volunteers in everything from earthquake emergency management to attacking opposition demonstrators and newspaper offices. The Islamic Republican Party then fought to establish a theocratic government by 8574: 15641: 8121:

In the Muslim world, particularly in its early years, the revolution inspired enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western imperialism, intervention and influence. Islamist insurgents rose in

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with Iraqi forces all but expelled from Iranian territory, the Iraqi government offered a ceasefire. This was rejected by Khomeini, who declared that the only condition for peace was that "the regime in

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For example, Islamic Republic Party and allied forces controlled approximately 80% of the seats on the Assembly of Experts of Constitution. An impressive margin even allowing for electoral manipulation

3436:. In these "Ten Nights" (Dah Shab) 57 of Iran's most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression. 7824:

were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front's appeal. Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence.

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made progress difficult, and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy to accommodate the clerics. After the abdication of

7644:

eliminate the danger of a coup d'état. Brief trials lacking defense attorneys, juries, transparency or the opportunity for the accused to defend themselves were held by revolutionary judges such as

4868:

argue that this had a lasting impact on Iranian women's political participation and role in the public sphere. Some women were also part of the inner circle of the leaders of the new regime such as

4119:

broke out into a full-scale riot. Block after block of Western symbols such as movie theaters and department stores, as well as government and police buildings, were seized, looted, and burned. The

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The Islamic Republic of Iran experienced difficult relations with some Western countries, especially the United States and the Eastern Bloc nations led by the Soviet Union. Iran was under constant

7739:

had become a rallying point for Iranians who wanted democracy not theocracy. Riots broke out in Shariatmadari's Azeri home region with members of the MPRP and Shariatmadari's followers seizing the

4112:

to student protesters. Worse, the opposition was increasingly becoming armed with weapons, firing at soldiers and attacking banks and government buildings in an attempt to destabilize the country.

2240:

in 1964. However, as ideological tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, anti-government demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included

15052: 8071:. Relations with the USSR became strained as well after the Soviet government condemned Khomeini's repression of certain minorities after the revolution. Diplomatic relations between Iran and the 3814:

to the post of prime minister, himself a veteran prime minister. Emami was chosen due to his family ties to the clergy, although he had a reputation of corruption during his previous premiership.

3695:

to the opposition, and soon began to dismiss civil servants and government officials whom he felt the public blamed. In the first national concession, he replaced the hardline SAVAK chief General

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reports that approximately 5,000 homosexuals have been executed in Iran since the revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations.

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is a movie about an Iranian Jewish family. After creating a prosperous life in Iran, they may be forced to abandon everything as a revolution looms on the horizon. It is based on the 2007 novel

8303:

Iran has elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial, and local levels. Although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy – which has veto power over who can run for parliament (or

27474: 27140: 26989: 8333:, and other religious revolutionary enforcers. Violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy, and in any case extremely grave. Reports of 8173:, setting it on fire and taking hostages. While the crisis was quickly defused by the Pakistan military, the next day, before some 120 Pakistani army officers stationed in Iran on the road to 4615:. The welcoming crowd of several million Iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car taking him from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic welcoming crowd. 3825:

to help organize future elections. Censorship was effectively terminated, and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations, often highly critically and negatively of the Shah. The

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The value of Iran's currency declined precipitously after the revolution. Whereas on 15 March 1978, 71.46 rials equaled one U.S. dollar, in January 2018, 44,650 rials amounted to one dollar.

4072:. The BBC itself later issued a statement admitting to having a "critical" disposition to the Shah, saying that its broadcasts helped to "change the collective perception of the population." 27965: 16197: 12815: 8588: 7770: 4530:

The Shah, hoping to see Bakhtiar established, kept delaying his departure. Consequently, to the Iranian public, Bakhtiar was seen as the Shah's last prime minister, undermining his support.

3977:

The deaths shocked the country and damaged any attempt at reconciliation between the Shah and the opposition. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by

15925: 8712: 8624: 8556:

It is said that there were attempts to incorporate modern political and social concepts into Islamic canon since 1950. The attempt was a reaction to the secular political discourse namely

4463:

The Shah began to search for a new prime minister, one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition. On 28 December, he secured an agreement with another major National Front figure,

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cast by Khomeini's political credentials, their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile. This dimension of the ceremonies went beyond the religious credentials of the family.

3332:

In the post-Shah era, some revolutionaries who clashed with his theocracy and were suppressed by his movement complained of deception, but in the meantime anti-Shah unity was maintained.

2302:

The success of the Revolution was met with surprise around the world, as it was unusual. It lacked many customary causes of revolutionary sentiment, e.g. defeat in war, financial crisis,

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to be prime minister because of his mild-mannered approach to the situation. The cabinet he would choose was a military cabinet in name only and consisted primarily of civilian leaders.

28634: 8482:, a journalist asked Khomeini to justify the state-sanctioned shootings of homosexuals. In reply Khomeini compared them as well as other adulterers to gangrene, thieves, and murderers. 3601:'s house, killing one of his students. Shariatmadari immediately made a public announcement declaring his support for a "constitutional government," and a return to the policies of the 8682: 22474: 3949:

However, 5,000 protesters took to the streets, either in defiance or because they had missed hearing the declaration, and faced off with soldiers at Jaleh Square. After the firing of

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problems of the Shah's government (corruption and unequal income and development), while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions—particularly his plan for

3288:—had been weakened considerably by government repression. Despite this the guerrillas did help play an important part in the final February 1979 overthrow delivering "the regime its 15686: 7874:, American influence, and social injustice in the Middle East and the rest of the world. Revolutionary leaders in Iran gave and sought support from non-Muslim activists such as the 7560:, "This action has many benefits. ... This has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty ..." 4229:

Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests. He and the protest organizers planned a series of escalating protests during the holy Islamic month of

4293:

as its religious and political leader for life. Khomeini had been an opposition leader to Shah for many years, rising to prominence after the death of his mentor, renowned scholar

2820:, reported that Mosaddegh "would rather be fried in Persian oil than make the slightest concession to the British." The British considered an armed invasion, but UK Prime Minister 16250: 8898: 2440:(i.e., the United States) whose culture was affecting that of Iran. At the same time, support for the Shah may have waned among Western politicians and media—especially under the 13129: 12844: 2456:

policy which said that countries guilty of human-rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and

12911: 11900: 7449:, which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces. These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted between several months to over a year, depending on the region. 12659: 3657:

training nor equipment since 1963. As a result, police forces were unable to control demonstrations, thus the army was frequently deployed. Soldiers were instructed not to use

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and government buildings were burned, and a bus full of American workers was bombed. Due to his failure to stop the protests, Prime Minister Amuzegar offered his resignation.

2283:. By 11 February, the monarchy was brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed combat. Following the 110:

Mass demonstrations of people protesting against the Shah and the Pahlavi government on the day of Hosseini's Ashura on 11 December 1978 at College Bridge (now Hafez Bridge),

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in the oil industry. Street marches declined, and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels. In a symbolic blow to the opposition,

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by Hamid Ansari, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, translated by Seyed Manoochehr Moosavi, pp. 165–76

7519:

Khomeini (and the assembly) now rejected the constitution – its correctness notwithstanding – and Khomeini declared that the new government should be based "100% on Islam."

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As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control, many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah, begging him to stop the chaos.

17999: 12878: 12290: 9965: 9244:(...) thirty-seven days by a caretaker regime, which collapsed on 11 February when guerillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the shah in armed street fighting. 8544:

ranked Iran 136th out of 175 countries in transparency (i.e., lack of corruption) for its 2014 index; and the IRI was ranked 130th out of the 189 countries surveyed in the

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Some observers believe "what began as an authentic and anti-dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti-Shah forces was soon transformed into an

8289:

has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002, on a par with neighbouring Turkey. In the latest HDI, however, Iran has since fallen 8 ranks below Turkey.

2260:— served as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across Iran, and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country for the remainder of that year. 28455: 28180: 27466: 13330: 15185:"Iranian consecration of Irish nationalist 'martyrs': the Islamic Republic of Iran and the 1981 republican prisoners' hunger strike in Northern Ireland, Social History" 7704:... After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over. They are not allowed to publish newspapers. 3432:

German-Iranian Cultural Association in Tehran hosted a series of literature reading sessions, organized by the newly revived Iranian Writers Association and the German

28117: 27957: 18418: 14417: 7407:

Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the Shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups, were the moderate religious

4723:, marking the end of the monarchy in Iran. Bakhtiar escaped the palace under a hail of bullets, fleeing Iran in disguise. He was later assassinated by an agent of the 4434: 17253: 16964: 7886:

struggle in South Africa, even favoring far-left revolutionaries over Islamist (but ideologically different and strategically harmful) causes such as the neighboring

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Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women. During the reign of

4859:

since the Pahlavi dynasty, joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women's Affairs to appease the Islamists. Members of the

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Since the revolution, university enrollment and the number of women in the civil service and higher education has risen. and several women have been elected to the

3817:

Under the Shah's guidance, Sharif-Emami effectively began a policy of "appeasing the opposition's demands before they even made them." The government abolished the

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increasingly became locked in a debate about continued support for the monarchy. As early as November, ambassador William Sullivan sent a telegram to Carter (the "

16775:

Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

4611:, declaring that "We will soon have the honor of welcoming home the Ayatollah Khomeini". On 1 February 1979 Khomeini returned to Tehran in a chartered Air France 28082: 15631: 15130: 9119:

Researcher Emad al-Din Baghi at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid) counted 2,781 protesters killed in 1978–79, a total of 3,164 killed between 1963 and 1979.

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On 6 November, the Shah dismissed Sharif-Emami from the post of prime minister, and chose to appoint a military government in its place. The Shah chose General

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By August, the protests had "kick…into high gear," and the number of demonstrators mushroomed to hundreds of thousands. In an attempt to dampen inflation, the

3285: 8400:

Women – especially those from traditional backgrounds – participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution. They were encouraged by

4619:

Follow You", and even "Khomeini for King". When asked by a reporter how he felt returning to his home country after a long exile, Khomeini replied "Nothing".

3524:

newspaper. Written under a pseudonym by a government agent, it denounced Khomeini as a "British agent" and a "mad Indian poet" conspiring to sell out Iran to

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armed forces to defect to the opposition. Revolutionaries gave flowers and civilian clothes to deserters, while threatening retribution to those who stayed.

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whose livelihoods were largely dependent on the lucrative tobacco business. The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of

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The prestige of Khomeini and the hostage taking was further enhanced with the failure of a hostage rescue attempt, widely credited to divine intervention.

3715:

By summer, the protests had stagnated, remaining at a steady rate for four months, with about 10,000 participants in each major city—with the exception of

533: 16883: 11861: 9296: 7564:

hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages.

4719:

effectively yielding control of the entire country to Khomeini. Revolutionaries took over government buildings, TV and radio stations, and palaces of the

3593:. In an increasingly predictable pattern, deadly riots broke out in major cities, and again 40 days later, on 10 May. It led to an incident in which army 28369: 28329: 28152: 28147: 28142: 25425: 18371: 16821: 11196: 5374: 5113: 4424: 15805: 15221:"Iranian consecration of Irish nationalist 'martyrs': the Islamic Republic of Iran and the 1981 republican prisoners' hunger strike in Northern Ireland" 9079: 7957: 7945: 4544:

On the morning of 16 January 1979, Bakhtiar was officially appointed prime minister. The same day, a tearful Shah and his family left Iran for exile in

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Street demonstrations continued at full force with little response from the military; by late October, government officials effectively even ceded the

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When Ruhollah Khomeini came to power in 1979, he called for homosexuals to be "exterminated", and one of his first political actions was to institute

7894:. In terms of future relevance, the conflicts that originated from the Iranian Revolution continued to define geo-politics for the following decades. 2798:

the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and became a national hero. The British, however, were outraged and accused him of stealing. The British unsuccessfully

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The growing dissatisfaction continued until the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament, the

7530:

The new constitution was also approved overwhelmingly by the December 1979 constitutional referendum, but with more opposition and smaller turnout.

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served as "the eyes and ears" of the new rule and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property".

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The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, revealing the power of the people and the

2220:

and cultivated a close relationship with the US to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler. Relying heavily on American support amidst the

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On 28 June 1981, a bombing of the office of the IRP killed around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including

4256:

While the military authorities banned street demonstrations and extended the curfew, the Shah faced deep misgivings about the potential violence.

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and negotiation. The Shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his own government for charges of corruption, including former prime minister

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were deployed to the city to restore order. The death toll, according to the government was 6, while Khomeini claimed hundreds were "martyred."

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ordered the army to allow mass demonstrations, promised free elections and invited the revolutionaries into a government of "national unity".

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Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran's close cooperation with Israel and its

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Middle Eastern Posters Collection, Box 2, Poster 49, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library

9376: 3471:'s death in the United Kingdom shortly after led to another public demonstration, with the opposition accusing the Shah of murdering him. 29207: 29099: 28390: 28321: 28065: 27754: 27696: 27241: 26937: 26496: 26430: 26000: 25941: 25817: 25807: 25436: 25330: 23844: 22731: 20966: 20720: 19170: 15579: 13441: 12971: 12324: 12005: 10985: 8992: 8655: 8246: 8032: 7762:

was elected president of Iran. Though an adviser to Khomeini, he was a leftist who clashed with another ally of Khomeini, the theocratic

5474: 1046: 15409: 13973: 12771: 12721: 12049: 2573:(judicial decree). Within 2 years, Nasir al-Din Shah found himself powerless to stop the popular movement and cancelled the concession. 29202: 29187: 29152: 29122: 28887: 28751: 28592: 27925: 27759: 27452: 27368: 26711: 26381: 26240: 26220: 25892: 25400: 25142: 23834: 20861: 19538: 19054: 13125: 12840: 12503: 11818: 8943: 8100: 7906: 5923: 4452:

rejected a military crackdown; he and his supporters believed in the "moderate and progressive" intentions of Khomeini and his circle.

3723:, where they were smaller—protesting every 40 days. This amounted to a small minority of the more than 15 million adults in Iran. 528: 17: 12903: 11884: 29758: 29301: 28761: 28545: 28433: 28279: 27943: 27725: 27540: 27535: 26903: 26596: 26100: 25540: 25430: 23923: 21012: 16912: 16620: 12667: 12525: 9154:

example: "Secular Iranian writers of the early 1980s, most of whom supported the revolution, lamented the course it eventually took."

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first published in 2000 that depicts the author's childhood in Iran during and after the Islamic Revolution. The 2007 animated film

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Holding the hostages was very popular and continued even after the death of the Shah. As Khomeini explained to his future President

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This conflict lasted only a few months however. The provisional government fell shortly after American Embassy officials were taken

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paranoia and fears of communism influence, contributed to American strategic interests. On 20 January 1953, U.S. Secretary of State

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replacement parts for much of its US- and British-supplied equipment. Hussein believed that victory would therefore come swiftly.

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in Algeria on 19 January 1981. The hostages were formally released to United States custody the following day, just minutes after

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Ultimately only the Lebanese Islamists succeeded. The Islamic revolutionary government itself is credited with helping establish

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guerrillas came under attack in February 1980, a purge of universities started in March 1980, and the liberal Islamist President

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released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. It included a

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was underway. Secular opponents of the Shah began to meet in secret to denounce the government. Led by the leftist intellectual

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Iran's Sunni minority (about 8%) has seen some unrest. Five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities.

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On 5 November, demonstrations at University of Tehran became deadly after a fight broke out with armed soldiers. Within hours,

375: 255: 24603: 18322: 16385: 13338: 13153: 4635:, affiliated with the National Front) as his own prime minister, and commanded Iranians to obey Bazargan as a religious duty: 29229: 28617: 28587: 27893: 27525: 27383: 26581: 26440: 26085: 25951: 25723: 25380: 24731: 23799: 21734: 21421: 21399: 20060: 19890: 19835: 19704: 19570: 18468: 18311: 17973: 17872: 17672: 17604: 17539: 17492: 17394: 17373: 17289: 16697: 16310: 16285: 15573: 15493: 15403: 15046: 14616: 13967: 13940: 13853: 13513: 13416: 13384: 13109: 12965: 12809: 12765: 12715: 12574: 12483: 12403: 12378: 12318: 12085: 12043: 11999: 11894: 11855: 11828: 11723: 11692: 11326: 11059: 10979: 10950: 10871: 10813: 10741: 10702: 10651: 10182: 10149: 10102: 10073: 9796: 9642: 9553: 9508: 9237: 9208: 8154: 8014:

The war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups; the

7023: 6963: 4557: 4120: 2833: 2276: 22822: 18187: 17498: 17295: 16596: 15947: 14409: 13519: 12091: 10877: 10747: 10708: 9802: 9648: 9514: 4734:." 11 February is "Islamic Revolution's Victory Day", a national holiday with state sponsored demonstrations in every city. 2914:

Pahlavi maintained a close relationship with the U.S. government, as both regimes shared opposition to the expansion of the

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After more than a year of civil strife and street protests, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left Iran for exile in January 1979.

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Although the British were initially turned down in their request for American support by President Truman, the election of

2237: 780: 307: 168: 16071: 14546: 7480:, and several Kurdish parties opposed the vote. The results showed that 98.2% had voted in favor of the Islamic Republic. 7013: 4174:

province (Iran's main oil producing province) and deployed troops to its oil facilities. Navy personnel were also used as

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by some of the society's classes at that time. It also suffered from some basic functional failures that brought economic

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Narrative of Awakening : A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension

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called for a demonstration in June 1981 in favor of Banisadr, Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for

7732: 7700:(NDF), Khomeini angrily denounced them saying, "we thought we were dealing with human beings. It is evident we are not." 7606: 7408: 7308: 7166: 6792: 6483: 4907: 3515: 3423:

In 1977 the Shah responded to the "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights by the new American president,

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Azar Tabari (1982). "Mystifications of the Past and Illusions of the Future". In Nikki R. Keddie; Eric Hooglund (eds.).

13537: 10625: 8478:, and the death penalty for any sexual acts outside traditional Islamic heterosexual marriage. In a 1979 interview with 4130:

Many of the rioters were young teenage boys, often organized by the mosques in southern Tehran, and encouraged by their

2352:, Iran began to back Shia militancy across the region, to combat Sunni influence and establish Iranian dominance in the 29177: 29039: 28694: 28122: 27596: 27388: 27085: 27070: 26952: 26679: 26616: 26188: 26120: 25500: 24045: 23961: 23928: 23281: 22376: 21354: 21239: 21193: 21188: 21134: 19645: 19634: 19579: 19527: 19382: 19185: 18413: 18215: 8928: 8358: 8068: 7183: 6993: 6453: 3372: 3188: 3112: 2745:

The post-war years were characterized by political instability, as the Shah clashed with the pro-Soviet Prime Minister

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Following the events of the revolution, Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising

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decided not to use his 30,000 loyal Immortal Guards to crush the rebellion for fear of producing civilian casualties.

2650:, in 1925 and being designated monarch by the National Assembly, to be known thenceforth as Reza Shah, founder of the 29733: 28862: 28839: 28802: 28721: 28607: 28602: 28483: 27994: 27482: 27176: 26967: 26501: 26403: 26005: 25914: 25583: 25405: 25297: 25147: 25061: 24895: 24221: 24213: 23013: 22576: 21846: 21787: 20758: 20075: 20019: 19999: 19815: 19790: 19686: 19610: 19512: 19142: 18984: 18113: 18077: 18060: 18025: 17939: 17916: 17895: 17841: 17813: 17794: 17775: 17756: 17735: 17714: 17693: 17653: 17625: 17572: 17471: 17450: 17429: 17333: 16649: 15439: 14470: 14445: 14164: 14037: 13594: 13578: 11665: 11420: 10619: 10426: 10360: 9402: 8997: 8511: 8028: 8015: 7891: 7879: 7473: 7333: 7329: 7273: 6738: 6523: 5630: 5423: 2589: 568: 513: 450: 415: 31: 21584: 19909: 13889: 10081:

totalitarian bent, and the limited pluralism is allowed only among political groups loyal to the Islamic revolution.

10064:Özbudun, Ergun (2011). "Authoritarian Regimes". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). 9359: 7472:

over whether to replace the monarchy with an "Islamic republic". Khomeini called for a massive turnout and only the

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in Tehran and 11 other major cities throughout the country. All street demonstrations were banned, and a night-time

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liberal, he was widely perceived as a figurehead, and that power would eventually be handed to the secular groups.

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and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi, thus symbolizing the "unity" of the secular and religious opposition. The

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like those who ran the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Mosaddegh, however, learned of Churchill's plans and ordered the

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Translated from Polish by William R. Brand and Katarzyna Mroczkowska-Brand. New York: Vintage International, 1992.

16873:"State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" 13905: 10830: 10489:

Moaddel, Mansoor (1992). "Shi'i Political Discourse and Class Mobilization in the Tobacco Movement of 1890–1892".

7404:(the Party of God), "strong-arm thugs" who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of Khomeini. 7053: 3443:

died under mysterious circumstances. This both angered his followers, who considered him a martyr at the hands of

2604:), and approval of the first constitution. Although the constitutional revolution was successful in weakening the 29137: 28954: 28597: 28540: 28257: 27363: 27203: 27075: 27050: 26825: 26699: 26321: 26208: 25812: 25786: 25545: 25454: 25323: 25203: 24905: 24281: 23436: 22817: 22746: 22646: 22524: 22296: 22286: 21873: 21260: 20050: 19590: 19426: 19421: 19160: 18787: 18196: 16449: 16431: 15895: 8963: 8082:

stance. The former Israeli embassy in Tehran was handed over to the PLO, and Iran has allied itself with several

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The telegram touched off a vigorous debate in the American cabinet, with some, such as National Security Advisor

4342:(10 and 11 December) approached, to prevent a deadly showdown, the Shah began to draw back. In negotiations with 1486: 440: 435: 22211: 22098: 22086: 29763: 29748: 28535: 28520: 28264: 28024: 27657: 27617: 27378: 26865: 26804: 26689: 26684: 26606: 26198: 26193: 26110: 25686: 25461: 25244: 24266: 24169: 24019: 22867: 22636: 22216: 22118: 21851: 21295: 21290: 21084: 21057: 21007: 20980: 20854: 20779: 20655: 20480: 20360: 20344: 19830: 19765: 19666: 19615: 19387: 19338: 19323: 19227: 19217: 19197: 18989: 18648: 17545: 16872: 15828:"همکاری نزدیک لاریجانی با دولت در قرارداد 25 ساله با چین- اخبار مجلس و دولت ایران – اخبار سیاسی تسنیم – Tasnim" 11845: 11538: 9288: 9016: 8463:

evidence of the "immoral" monarchy. This also tied the monarchy to the West, which had begun to be regarded in

8307:) and whether its bills can become law – they have more power than equivalent organs in the Shah's government. 8083: 8078:

Israel had relations with Iran under the Shah, but relations were cut on 18 February 1979 when Iran adopted an

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The Shah increasingly felt that he was losing control of the situation and hoped to regain it through complete

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On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi went into exile as the last Iranian monarch by birth, leaving his duties to Iran's

2053: 1228: 28070: 27691: 27679: 22536: 22266: 21777: 21549: 20789: 20784: 20288: 19059: 18999: 16813: 11732: 11188: 9036: 8977: 8318: 7068: 4061:." Many western media outlets, usually critical of such claims, became one of Khomeini's most powerful tools. 3325:, which he believed most Iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by Western 2900: 2546:. The clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1891 2394: 28470: 28398: 28075: 27708: 27662: 27622: 27223: 27130: 26982: 26888: 26880: 26840: 26731: 23814: 22829: 22782: 22546: 22469: 22201: 21042: 20951: 20930: 20815: 20514: 19955: 19938: 19845: 19820: 19676: 19584: 19574: 18388: 16499: 15801: 14727: 9031: 8798: 8412: 8304: 7781: 7744:

Shariatmadari was "demoted" from the rank of Grand Ayatollah and many of his clerical followers were purged.

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and to negotiate rather than to use force against the still-nascent protest movement: he promised that fully

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as progress that was the basis of the Shah's secular reign, and to form the ideology of the 1979 revolution:

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Angered, Bakhtiar made a speech of his own. Reaffirming himself as the legitimate leader, he declared that:

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rather than to replace him with a theocracy, but lacked the cohesion and organization of Khomeini's forces.

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Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why has Islamic Government not been established?

9021: 8243: 7736: 7412: 7263: 7226: 7146: 7106: 7008: 7003: 4343: 3704: 3598: 3416:" campaigns—fining and jailing merchants for high prices – angered and politicized merchants while fueling 3304: 3271: 2224:, he remained the Shah of Iran for 26 years, keeping the country from swaying towards the influence of the 503: 430: 251: 20284: 16220: 14378: 4268:. Protesters frequently went out at night, defying the set curfew, often taking to rooftops and shouting " 3661:, yet there were instances of inexperienced soldiers reacting excessively, inflaming the violence without 3570:

On 18 February, 40 days after the Qom protests, demonstrations broke out in various different cities. The

2753:

grew in size and influence and the Iranian Army had to deal with Soviet-sponsored separatist movements in

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In this interim period of "disaffected calm," the budding Iranian revival began to undermine the idea of

2888: 2828:, who sympathized with nationalist movements like Mosaddegh's and had nothing but contempt for old-style 2727: 2690: 2090: 2078: 917: 488: 18330:

by Ted Grant, "In Defence of Marxism" website, International Marxist Tendency (Friday, 9 February 1979).

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camps, bathhouses and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (

4096:) as the public spokesmen of the opposition, and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a 29753: 29356: 29284: 29259: 29234: 28612: 28304: 28294: 27742: 27685: 27331: 27208: 27188: 26977: 26746: 26643: 26591: 26586: 26479: 26255: 26147: 26095: 26090: 25983: 25739: 25634: 25415: 25316: 25265: 25234: 24665: 24251: 23656: 22877: 22862: 22852: 22706: 22306: 21794: 21597: 21364: 21094: 20524: 19985: 19850: 19318: 19096: 18994: 17210: 16996:"Political Risk to Investment in Iran: Sanctions, Inflation, Protectionism, War, Bonyads, and the IRGC" 16167: 15515: 12451: 8541: 7784:(or MEK) – were being suppressed by Khomeini's forces. Khomeini attacked the MEK, referring to them as 7101: 6802: 6473: 5750: 5418: 5242: 5068: 4430: 4127:

nearly suffered the same fate. The event became known to foreign observers as "The Day Tehran Burned."

4019: 3666: 3491: 3210:, mosque sermons, and smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini among his opposition network of students ( 2799: 2686: 2441: 2206: 2202: 2048: 2009: 18352: 18210: 17149: 10672: 9882: 9342: 7780:

At the same time, erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini – the Islamist modernist guerrilla group

4664:

of Islam ... Revolt against God's government is a revolt against God. Revolt against God is blasphemy.

4366:

effectively policed the gathering, and protesters who attempted to initiate violence were restrained.

3734:, the Shah's policy appeared to have worked, leading Amuzegar to declare that "the crisis is over." A 2843:

as U.S. president in November 1952 changed the American stance toward the conflict. This, paired with

29718: 29708: 29626: 28771: 28672: 28570: 27846: 27830: 27825: 27393: 27353: 27213: 27161: 27017: 26957: 26812: 26648: 26621: 26554: 26334: 26152: 26125: 26058: 25856: 25664: 24746: 24092: 23885: 23761: 23706: 23526: 22514: 22221: 21782: 21394: 21311: 20847: 20628: 20219: 19989: 19770: 19696: 19558: 19533: 19456: 19207: 19106: 19049: 18461: 18358: 15601:

Halliday, Fred (Spring 1994). "An Elusive Normalization: Western Europe and the Iranian Revolution".

15354: 15220: 15184: 12395: 11536:"Dah Šab – Zehn Literaturabende in Teheran 1977: Der Kampf um das Monopol literarischer Legitimität." 9257: 8987: 8560:, liberalism and nationalism. Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, some of the scholars like 8354: 8159: 8050: 8040: 8036: 7918:) had consistent contact. Contact ended in June 1981 after fear of offending the Iranian Government. 7712:

attacked the protesters, and shortly after, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader.

7111: 7078: 6978: 6973: 6643: 6260: 5909: 5864: 5207: 4832: 4821: 4321: 4310: 4290: 4205: 3613: 3602: 3173:'s popularized retellings of the Shia faith all spread and gained listeners, readers and supporters. 2780: 2774: 2667: 1990: 1894: 1153: 17965:

A Time to Betray: The Astonishing Double Life of a CIA Agent Inside the Revolutionary Guards of Iran

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Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

4627:

in southern Tehran, he declared a provisional revolutionary government, appointed opposition leader

3742:

As a sign of easing of government restrictions, three prominent opposition leaders from the secular

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The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East

8953: 8786: 8044: 8008: 7898: 7821: 7503: 7341: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7028: 6603: 6006: 4632: 3259: 3227: 2111: 2073: 2068: 2058: 847: 480: 29316: 23251: 15802:"The new power couple: Russia and Iran in the Middle East – European Council on Foreign Relations" 15100: 10919: 10769: 10667: 6383: 4551: 3578:, which descended into a full-scale riot. "Western" and government symbols such as cinemas, bars, 3562:) are held 40 days after a person's death. Encouraged by Khomeini (who declared that the blood of 29636: 28488: 28225: 28210: 27866: 27805: 27581: 27515: 27310: 27233: 27193: 27135: 26962: 26653: 26386: 26157: 25897: 25520: 24379: 24291: 24286: 24246: 24176: 22741: 22686: 22671: 22611: 22419: 22399: 22159: 21836: 21441: 20985: 20570: 20544: 20535: 20405: 20365: 19969: 19905: 19865: 19600: 19451: 19308: 19267: 18525: 18402: 17384: 15603: 15510: 14435: 9685: 9319: 8526: 8522: 8262: 8163: 8103:

with China that includes "political, strategic and economic" components between the two nations.

7805:", and 20,000 teachers and nearly 8,000 military officers deemed too westernized were dismissed. 7512: 7438: 7428: 7161: 7151: 7116: 6832: 6478: 6069: 5981: 5827: 4839: 4599:

Video of people welcoming Ayatollah Khomeini in the streets of Tehran after his return from exile

4460:, this resulted in the United States effectively helping to facilitate Khomeini's rise to power. 4065: 3413: 2816: 2639: 2631: 2551: 2429: 2303: 1636: 1392: 973: 455: 209: 24404: 21644: 16325: 13883: 13755: 13604: 13588: 5567: 3356: 2201:, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. The ousting of Pahlavi, the last 29713: 29698: 29688: 29264: 29147: 28796: 28786: 28659: 28309: 28220: 28215: 28200: 27871: 27561: 26415: 26398: 26374: 25926: 25909: 25885: 25444: 24820: 24534: 24459: 24316: 24226: 24164: 23982: 23954: 23531: 23035: 22429: 22103: 21579: 21339: 21334: 21127: 20961: 20660: 20299: 20040: 19995: 19719: 19681: 19409: 19165: 14751:"Onderzoekers lanceren online database over de grootste massamoord uit de Iraanse geschiedenis" 13899: 9677: 9384: 8755: 8507: 8056: 7980: 7763: 7171: 7156: 6688: 6623: 6172: 6162: 6099: 5695: 5131: 4974:

dignitaries do not want to rule." However, nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the

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learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of Iran ...You are in the vanguard of the movement."

4691: 4684: 4418: 3267: 3223: 3128: 3048: 2436:, and inflation. The Shah was perceived by many as beholden to—if not a puppet of—a non-Muslim 2311: 2296: 2272: 2264: 1953: 1456: 930: 498: 365: 264: 25373: 23741: 18243: 15563: 15485: 13957: 13915: 13480:, but also "Fedayins and Kurds as well as Tudeh, National Front, and Shariatmadari supporters" 13465:

The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History

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Forty days later, on 29 March, demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities, including

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Kabalan, Marwan J. (2020). "Iran-Iraq-Syria". In Mansour, Imad; Thompson, William R. (eds.).

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to be closed in October 1952, forcing all British diplomats and agents to leave the country.

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Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet

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The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran

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114 billion in 1980 to $ 858 billion in 2010. GDP per capita (PPP) has grown from

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In addition, the media coverage eroded the influence of other, more moderate clergy such as

3412:—all other parties were banned. That party's attempt to fight inflation with populist "anti- 2626:

Insecurity and chaos created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General

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Burns, Gene (1996). "Ideology, Culture, and Ambiguity: The Revolutionary Process in Iran".

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Islamic discourse as immoral due to "...female nudity and open adult male homosexuality.".

8424: 8330: 8254: 8145:, it has been noted that the "press was largely favorable towards the new government"; the 8123: 7637: 7524: 7201: 6943: 6882: 6245: 6167: 6074: 6041: 5685: 5479: 5073: 4851: 4109: 3924: 3856: 3759: 3571: 3549: 3095:, to American government personnel in Iran. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and 2840: 2414: 2292: 2063: 492: 460: 247: 105: 24434: 17516:"Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty" 16908: 9055:

According to Kurzman, scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include:

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judge. By January 1980 "at least 582 persons had been executed." Among those executed was

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A series of escalating protests broke out in major cities, and deadly riots broke out in

3758:—were allowed to pen an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the 3638: 3393: 3381: 3281: 3092: 2971: 2864: 2750: 1796: 1666: 1095: 891: 538: 395: 269: 22606: 22519: 16251:"Large number of Iranian prisoners to be pardoned for revolution anniversary – Khamenei" 8222: 7605:

was banned in August 1979, the provisional government was disempowered in November, the

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Pictures of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the revolution, Shah and wife in Morocco

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Source: Letter from Amnesty International to the Shaul Bakhash, 6 July 1982. Quoted in

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government of South Africa were completely severed following Khomeini's rise to power.

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Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles, Histories, Historiographies

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The same day, the Shah made a speech on Iranian television. He referred to himself as

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Parsi, Arsham (2014). "Iranian Queers and Laws: Fighting for Freedom of Expression".

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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran

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Iran is currently one of the world's only jurisdictions to actively execute gay men.

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The Islamic Republic changed the foreign policy of the Pahlavi dynasty by supporting

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movement by both the Shah's reign—who considered them a minor threat compared to the

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Islamic Values and World View: Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics

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supported the left, while perhaps the most senior and influential ayatollah in Iran—

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Imam Khomeini life, thought and legacy: essays from an Islamic movement perspective

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the decline in supply slightly there was still a 10 percent drop in available oil.

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Slideshow with audio commentary of the legacy of Islamic revolution after 30 years

17526:. Vol. 6: Helden – Heroisierungen – Heroismen. Würzburg: Ergon. pp. 229–244. 17519: 16637:

My Sister, Guard Your Veil, My Brother, Guard Your Eyes: Uncensored Iranian Voices

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At the same time, events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the

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On 9 February, a rebellion of pro-Khomeini air force technicians broke out at the

3981:," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. 3770: 3289: 3270:. They were based in the urban middle class, and wanted the Shah to adhere to the 2824:

decided on a coup after being refused American military support by U.S. President

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Iranian Jews in Israel: Between Persian Cultural Identity and Israeli Nationalism

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as a core objective, post-revolutionary Iran aimed to undermine the influence of

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The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on 5 February.

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On 11 December, a dozen officers were shot dead by their own troops at Tehran's

4018:

Hoping to break Khomeini's contacts with the opposition, the Shah pressured the

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protests to be carried out as a one-day stay. Although tensions remained in the

3012:

What the Shah did not expect, however, was that the White Revolution led to new

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The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Islamic Revolution

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Bakhtiar's premiership and Ayatollah Khomeini's return (January–February, 1979)

4438: 4246: 4175: 4085: 4002: 3902: 3677: 3647: 3634: 3525: 3456: 3369:. "Iran jumped overnight from the Muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535." 3318: 3263: 3136: 3057: 3018: 3013: 2990: 2983: 2880: 2621: 2555: 2495: 2484: 2213: 1846: 1526: 1506: 1446: 1082: 993: 730: 214: 18428: 18423: 18046:

Iran Erupts: Independence: News and Analysis of the Iranian National Movement.

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and gave it control over elections as well as laws passed by the legislature.

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All Iranians were required to join and pay dues to a new political party, the

3310:

Khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him (except for the unwanted '

3296:—was leftist Islamist and opposed the influence of the clergy as reactionary. 41:"1979 Revolution" redirects here. For the video game based on the events, see 29677: 29595: 29559: 29466: 29054: 29029: 29024: 28979: 28974: 28964: 28959: 28939: 28919: 27978: 27876: 27785: 27703: 27040: 26773: 26464: 25968: 25167: 24835: 24710: 24631: 24626: 24494: 24479: 24424: 24394: 24306: 24121: 24104: 24065: 23890: 23736: 23631: 23596: 23581: 23541: 23083: 22913: 22651: 22561: 22424: 22404: 22291: 22052: 22030: 21995: 21574: 21569: 21524: 21446: 21406: 21155: 20992: 20691: 20595: 20580: 20550: 20495: 20375: 20330: 20279: 20249: 18952: 18846: 18811: 18533: 18433: 18376: 18278: 18259: 18142: 16707: 16100: 15378: 15304: 13863: 13533: 12637: 11783: 10347: 9563: 8704: 8372: 7720: 7575: 7058: 6892: 6862: 6772: 6678: 6673: 6648: 6628: 6468: 6340: 6315: 6290: 6275: 6265: 6250: 6205: 5971: 5947: 5817: 5725: 5710: 5660: 5645: 5597: 5577: 5503: 5249: 5186: 4730:

This period, from 1 to 11 February, is celebrated every year in Iran as the "

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This article is about the 1979 revolution. For the 1905–1911 revolution, see

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The Islamic Revolution and the Islamic Republic: Proceedings of a Conference

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US Officials and the Fall of the Shah: Some Safe Contraction Interpretations

12392:

Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001

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Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons From the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War

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American and internal negotiations with the opposition (late December, 1978)

2906:

was removed from power and put under house arrest, while lieutenant general

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History of Undefeated, A few words in commemoration of the 1979 Revolution

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The Seductions of Islamism, Revisiting Foucault and the Islamic Revolution

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Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism

11760:"The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978" 10174: 9672:. 2009. "Mass Protests in the Islamic Revolution, 1977–79." Pp. 162–78 in 9545: 7911: 7624: 4391: 2764: 809:

Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared

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and promoted the education of young girls. However, the push-back of the

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Iranian 20 Rials coin – monument of 3rd anniversary of Iranian Revolution

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Bakhtiar invited Khomeini back to Iran, with the intention of creating a

4449: 4186: 3935: 3911: 3807: 3796: 3703:. The government also negotiated with moderate religious leaders such as 3579: 3483: 3385: 3326: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3100: 3006: 2963: 2829: 2746: 2424:

The Shah's regime was seen as an oppressive, brutal, corrupt, and lavish

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The priest and the king: an eyewitness account of the Islamic revolution

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All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

10224:

Keddie, N. R. (1983). "Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective".

9714: 8854: 8810:, a three-part British documentary series shown in February 2009 on the 7286: 5894: 4289:

After the success of what would become known as a revolution, Ayatollah

3299:

Some important clergy did not follow Khomeini's lead. Popular ayatollah

3149:—that Western culture was a plague or an intoxication to be eliminated; 2310:, and replaced a pro-Western secular and authoritarian monarchy with an 29511: 29089: 28909: 28857: 28622: 27903: 25482: 25004: 24876: 24864: 24700: 24583: 24499: 24082: 24000: 23480: 23191: 23161: 23115: 23030: 22998: 22990: 22933: 22621: 22336: 22025: 21913: 21519: 20055: 19446: 18968: 18936: 18862: 18830: 18640: 18292: 18282: 18159: 18038:

Nafisi, Azar. "Reading Lolita in Tehran." New York: Random House, 2003.

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The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

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Siddiqui, Abdar Rahman Koya with an introduction by Iqbal, ed. (2009).

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the opposition, and receiving official condemnation from the Shah. The

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Washington, DC: GPO, 1983. JX 1417 A56 1977–80 REF – 67 pages on Iran.

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American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945

11263: 10510: 10119:"The religious-ideological reason Iran calls for Israel's destruction" 9356: 8011:

two years after the peace agreement between Iraq and Iran was signed.

3880:

Declaration of martial law and the Jaleh Square Massacre (8 September)

3439:

Also in 1977, the popular and influential modernist Islamist theorist

29270: 24670: 24611: 24593: 24519: 24241: 23776: 23621: 23470: 23443: 23256: 23211: 23120: 23088: 23068: 23060: 22389: 22179: 19181:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

18901: 18878: 18672: 18605: 18573: 17386:

Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy

16383:

Adult education offers new opportunities and options to Iranian women

15887: 12617: 12559:

Oil Crises of the 1970s and the Transformation of International Order

10974:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 198. 9338: 9203:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 243–246. 8380: 8368: 8185: 8167: 8072: 7883: 6718: 6398: 6094: 5986: 5369: 5166: 5005:, whom they later eliminated from Iran's political stage one by one. 4571: 4335: 4234: 4171: 4097: 3529: 3376:

The Shah of Iran (left) meeting with members of the U.S. government:

3277: 3177: 3070: 2884: 2868: 2627: 2605: 2488: 2256:— claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's 2245: 2241: 1806: 1776: 1766: 1476: 1314: 1172: 390: 177: 25308: 17515: 16880:

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association

15858:"ربیعی: برنامه ۲۵ ساله همکاری با چین، شکست انزوای ایران را ثابت کرد" 15511:"The transatlantic and Cold War dynamics of Iran sanctions, 1979–80" 13434:"Iran Chamber Society: The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran" 12629: 12165: 11535: 10413:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian mythology and Islamic revolution

10237: 9395:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution

7979:

In September 1980, Iraq took advantage of the febrile situation and

4138: 3829:(Parliament) also began issuing resolutions against the government. 2356:, ultimately aiming to achieve an Iranian-led Shia political order. 29346: 28300:

Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

28195: 27405: 25473: 24890: 24773: 24769: 24301: 24154: 23990: 23970: 23355: 23196: 23093: 22968: 22787: 22691: 21831: 21689: 21143: 20839: 20091: 19431: 19313: 18565: 16870: 16069:

Professor Hamid Algar, the Distinguished Shia Muslim Scholar in USA

13778:

Moments of Strength: Iranian Women's Rights and the 1979 Revolution

12864: 12862: 11154: 9372:. 2006. from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2020. 9080:

Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Importance of Islamic Government

8450: 8274: 8146: 8142: 7773: 7708:

Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when

6563: 6320: 6084: 6021: 5349: 5225: 5091: 5033: 4646:

was an advocate of democracy and civil rights. He also opposed the

4516:, 16 January 1979, featuring (on the top) the now-famous headline " 4506: 4495: 4480: 4379: 4264:

from the mosques of southern Tehran) took to the streets, crowding

4230: 4154: 4045:

Ayatollah Khomeini in Neauphle-le-Château surrounded by journalists

3727: 3673: 3594: 3543: 3340:

Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution.

3036: 2923: 2844: 2739: 2702: 2698: 2503: 2498:, with the Shah playing the role of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant 2457: 2433: 2371: 2249: 2221: 1626: 1616: 1182: 1069: 97: 22475:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

17277: 14719: 13931:

Richard C. Martín, ed. (2004). "article by Stockdale, Nancy, L.".

8802:, a 2016 video game set in the backdrop of the Iranian Revolution. 8458:) were legally recognized and paid taxes." It was during the late 3029:

pointed out: "The White Revolution had been designed to preempt a

2181:), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the 28513: 27898: 27295: 24847: 24791: 24675: 24347: 24231: 24035: 23995: 23301: 23186: 23176: 23125: 22666: 21411: 20634: 18557: 18216:

The Islamic revolution: 30 years on, its legacy still looms large

14782:"Op zoek naar de verdwenen slachtoffers van de Iraanse revolutie" 12995:"Two Weeks in January: America's secret engagement with Khomeini" 12526:"What Iran's 1979 revolution meant for US and global oil markets" 12149:"Iran's Islamic Revolution: Lessons for the Arab Spring of 2011?" 11095: 11093: 9312: 8635: 8557: 8334: 8227: 8000: 7786: 5334: 5096: 4978:, and the other factions were too small to have any real impact. 4412: 4404: 4363: 3978: 3915: 3788: 3781: 3726:

Against the wishes of Khomeini, Shariatmadari called for 17 June

3716: 3314: 3311: 3236: 3204:

This idea of rule by Islamic jurists was spread through his book

3198: 3002: 2811: 2560: 2499: 2460:

in the hope that the repression by the government might subside.

1816: 1304: 1135: 1125: 1115: 1033: 1006: 28747:

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

16081: 12859: 10829:

Dehghan, Saeed Kamali; Norton-Taylor, Richard (19 August 2013).

10043: 8899:

Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

4638: 4041: 3176:

Most importantly, Khomeini preached that revolt, and especially

2945: 2583: 29739:

Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran

28635:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

24109: 23369: 23171: 23110: 22045: 20440: 19760: 18589: 18181: 16336: 16006:

The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine

14720:"Rastyad: online database concerning the 1981 Massacre in Iran" 13023: 12898: 12896: 10169:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 491, 505–506. 10097:. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–221. 9538:

U.S. foreign policy in perspective: clients, enemies and empire

8594:

An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime

8515: 7740: 7650: 7452: 6240: 5255: 5153: 4879: 4522: 4408: 4359: 4339: 4261: 4238: 4131: 4116: 3939: 3844: 3826: 3784:, bringing a sense of increased religiosity among many people. 3771:

Appointment of Jafar Sharif-Emami as prime minister (11 August)

3720: 3684: 3642: 3622: 3590: 3575: 3563: 3193: 2852: 2675: 2600: 2425: 2333: 2280: 1202: 1105: 111: 25563:

Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)

18446: 16463: 14410:"History of Iran: Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution" 11516: 11125:"The Last Great Revolution Turmoil and Transformation in Iran" 11090: 10473:

Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891–92

4943: 4386: 4346:, the Shah ordered the release of 120 political prisoners and 28498: 27591: 25525: 24999: 24830: 24236: 24131: 24115: 23854: 23810:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

23316: 23099: 21178: 19298: 18139:

Special volume of Iranian Studies, 1980. Volume 13, nos. 1–4.

17150:"GNI per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $ ) | Data" 15993:

Iran and Pakistan: Security, Diplomacy and American Influence

15709:"Khamenei says Iran wants removal of Israel state not people" 12430: 12428: 12426: 12424: 11408:

The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil And Transformation in Iran

11362: 11211: 10435: 9535: 8326: 7792: 7376: 5274: 5262: 5214: 5048: 4796: 4545: 4300: 4035: 4023: 3864: 3688: 3487: 3444: 3352: 3123: 2979: 2953:

The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms in

2928: 2679: 2671: 2569: 2538: 2468: 2257: 1010: 385: 17220:. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. p. 15. 15355:"A battle of principles: South Africa's relations with Iran" 13706:"The role of women in the victory of the Islamic revolution" 13660: 13658: 13656: 13654: 12893: 11374: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 8285:

have had to flee Iran since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

4103: 3958:

by the opposition, brought the opposition death toll to 89.

295:

Massive exile that characterizes a large portion of today's

27968: 27477: 25781: 23939: 23394: 23276: 21168: 21112: 20744: 19078: 18541: 18477: 18163:

The Near East Since the First World War: A History to 1995.

17998:. Vol. LIV, no. 44 (published 18 December 1978). 15918:"Gov't Approves 25-Year Roadmap for Iran-China Cooperation" 15773:"Russia and Iran Put on a Show of Unity — Against the U.S." 15457: 15445: 15004: 14994: 14992: 14821: 14819: 14696: 14289: 14287: 14250: 14248: 13825: 13823: 13821: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13068:"'A Darker Horizon': The Assassination of Shapour Bakhtiar" 12289:. Vol. LIV, no. 44 (published 18 December 1978). 11352: 11350: 11040: 9980: 8249:

in government. Criticisms have been raised with regards to

8174: 4975: 4913: 4678:

Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy (February, 1979)

4538: 4250: 4027: 3197:

law and in so doing eliminate poverty, injustice, and the "

3005:

in the countryside, and hoped to sever their ties with the

2989:

The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards

2958: 2954: 2659: 2643: 2492: 2190: 1023: 28118:

Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

17211:"Regional Economic Outlook – Middle East and Central Asia" 16408: 14330: 14134: 14098: 14046: 13802: 13800: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13483: 13391:

IranianVoice.org, 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar

13288: 13185: 12421: 12354: 12344: 12342: 11560: 11429: 11278: 11223: 10610:. American Values Projected Abroad. Vol. 13. Lanham: 10447: 10291: 9228:

Chalcraft, John (2016). "The Iranian Revolution of 1979".

4916:

was in a "revolutionary crisis mode." After the system of

4898:

information, symbols and context which should be studied.

4842:

women in the Tehran Ashura Demonstration, 11 December 1978

3988: 3183:

Away from public view, Khomeini developed the ideology of

2502:. Other factors include the underestimation of Khomeini's 28424:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

23849: 23829: 23824: 20056:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

18323:"The Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran" 16690:

In the eye of the storm: women in post-revolutionary Iran

15093:"Man of the Year: The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred" 14929: 14893: 14354: 14308: 14306: 14304: 14302: 14073: 14069:. Washington DC: Middle East Institute. pp. 101–124. 13985: 13983: 13651: 13423:

IranianVoice.org 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar

13072: 11290: 11105: 11012: 11000: 10892: 10279: 10021: 10019: 9570: 8811: 4811: 4608: 3735: 3482:. He mysteriously died at midnight on 23 October 1977 in 3427:, by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the 2738:

as Shah. Iran remained under Soviet occupation until the

2689:. On the other hand, during the early rise of Reza Shah, 28650:

Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

28556:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

17865:

Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and its Consequences

17595:

Reconstructed lives: women and Iran's Islamic revolution

16936:"Trump and Gay Rights The Future of the Global Movement" 16556:"A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran" 15016: 14989: 14953: 14917: 14905: 14816: 14493: 14284: 14245: 14221: 14173: 13841: 13812: 11548: 11347: 11171: 11169: 10549:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

10303: 9738:

Shocks and Rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa

9702:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

9230:

Popular Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East

8703:

People accompanying Ayatollah Khomeini from Mehrabad to

8649:

Shah visiting Bakhtiar cabinet before his exit from Iran

8003:

must fall and must be replaced by an Islamic republic".

7675:), "espionage", "terrorism", or "enmity against Allah" ( 5001:

by exploiting temporary allies such as Mehdi Bazargan's

4030:, instead moving to a house bought by Iranian exiles in 2709:

Anglo-Soviet invasion and Mohammad Reza Shah (1941–1951)

2685:

In 1935, dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the

2252:. In August 1978, the deaths of about 400 people in the 28083:

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights

17278:

Samih K. Farsoun; Mehrdad Mashayekhi (7 January 1993).

14965: 14941: 14883: 14881: 14856: 14854: 14804: 14638: 14372: 13959:

Class, Politics, and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution

13797: 13728: 12926: 12339: 12231: 12229: 12227: 12225: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12207: 11886:

British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978–1981

10582: 9992: 9958:"October 14th, 2019 | Vol. 194, No. 15 | International" 3851:

movie theatre and set it on fire. In what would be the

2765:

Mosaddegh and The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (1951–1952)

2452:

earlier in the decade. When President Carter enacted a

28767:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

26849:

Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus

20742: 18355:

By Mansoor Hekmat, Communist Thinker and Revolutionary

18250:

an audio program featuring the pre-Revolutionary elite

18085:

Iran After the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State.

17751:. Translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. 16726: 16714: 14866: 14662:

Nasiri, Shahin; Faghfouri Azar, Leila (28 July 2022).

14585: 14573: 14505: 14299: 14260: 14233: 14209: 14185: 13980: 13875: 13873: 13197: 12409: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12187: 11480: 11386: 10943:

Liberal Nationalism in Iran: The failure of a movement

10644:

Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran

10327: 10016: 10004: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9855: 9258:"Islamic Revivalism and the Quest for Political Power" 9193:"IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 6)" 9137:

opposition included some clerics, including Ayatollah

8158:

After Khomeini claimed that Americans were behind the

8149:

parties were even more enthusiastic; while the ruler,

6920: 4787:

Ayatollah Khomeini's rhetoric on women's participation

4498:

giving a speech after arranging a press-conference at

4185:

However, the government still continued the policy of

4013: 3894:

Demonstration of 8 September 1978. The placard reads:

3859:

in the US in 2001, 422 people inside the theatre were

3765: 3243: 2787:

pledged to throw the company out of Iran, reclaim the

2550:. On 20 March 1890, the long-standing Iranian monarch 2185:

in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the

29128:

Academic relations between Iran and the United States

28777:

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

18008:

Middle East Contemporary Survey: Volume III, 1978–79.

17911:. Miami, FL: Florida International University Press. 17484:

Reinventing Khomeini: the struggle for reform in Iran

17442:

Women of Iran: the conflict with fundamentalist Islam

17034:"Iran: 5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 16362:"National Literacy Policies/Islamic Republic of Iran" 15948:"برنامه ۲۵ ساله همکاری‌های جامع ایران و چین تصویب شد" 14609:

Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic

12592:"The importance of the oil workers' strike in Iran |" 12555:"The Oil Crises of the 1970s and the Global Cold War" 12276: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12264: 11991:

Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic

11504: 11441: 11335: 11166: 10570: 10558: 10378: 10366: 10252: 10144:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 241. 10140:

Nasr, Vali (2006). "The Battle for the Middle East".

10031: 9843: 9415: 9413: 8521:

Since the revolution Iran's GDP (PPP) has grown from

8433:

Homosexuality has a long history in pre-modern Iran.

7929: 7766:(IRP) – the controlling power in the new parliament. 7690: 7328:

The most important bodies of the revolution were the

4683:

with members of the government (including the entire

4200: 4123:

was partially burned and vandalized as well, and the

3357:

changing the first year of the Iranian solar calendar

3106: 2315: 2314:

Islamist theocratic monarchy based on the concept of

2176: 2151: 64:

A request that this article title be changed to

29193:

Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America

28113:

Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei

26560:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

26312: 26064:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

18096:

All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran.

17685:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

17420:

Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

15952:خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency 15038:

The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari

14977: 14878: 14851: 14661: 14561: 14450: 14342: 14318: 14272: 14197: 14122: 14110: 13276: 13209: 12310:

The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order

12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12244: 11492: 11468: 11078: 10828: 8822: 8226:

People celebrating anniversary of the revolution in

7842:) assassinated an important lieutenant of Khomeini, 4470: 4233:, to culminate with massive protests on the days of 4212:

in the Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978

3942:

was established. Tehran's martial law commander was

3799:

was declared in the city on 11 August as symbols of

3582:, and police stations were set ablaze. Units of the 3567:

consolidated as a coordinated protest organization.

3153:'s vision of Islam as the one true liberator of the 2662:

with Western ones and the forbidding of traditional

2491:

Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a

2291:, the new government began drafting the present-day 28330:

Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner

18165:

London: Longman, 1996. Chapter 13: Iran, 1960–1989.

18154:

American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977–1980.

18053:

Class and Labor in Iran; Did the Revolution Matter?

16688:Mahnaz., Afkhami; Erika., Friedl (1 January 1994). 16633: 16349:

Iran, the Essential Guide to a Country on the Brink

16110: 16037: 15107: 13400:E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', 13353:"Iran marks 25th anniversary of Islamic revolution" 13308:"Iran marks 20th anniversary of Islamic revolution" 13126:"The Prescott Courier – Google News Archive Search" 12835: 12833: 12184: 11317:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 10390: 9892: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9770: 7899:

Hunger strikes in the H-Block of the HM Prison Maze

7715: 7400:Also enforcing the will of the government were the 4225:

People marching during the Iranian Revolution, 1979

3896:

We want an Islamic government, led by Imam Khomeini

21075:Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 17883: 17592: 17180:"Iran Currency Exchange Rate History: 1975 – 2018" 16871:Aengus Carroll; Lucas Paoli Itaborahy (May 2015). 16617:"Ministers of Murder: Iran's New Security Cabinet" 15477: 13221: 13097: 13024:Saeed Kamali Dehghan; David Smith (10 June 2016). 10408: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9410: 8730:Ayatollah Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school 8392:against these changes, and as activist and writer 8363:International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979 8190:Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq 5008: 4948: 3914:, the holiday celebrating the end of the month of 3906:Demonstration of "Black Friday" (8 September 1978) 3503: 2536:At the end of the 19th century, the Shi'a clergy ( 34:. For the series of reforms launched in 1963, see 28835:Iranian Students Association in the United States 18048:Stanford: Iran-America Documentation Group, 1978. 16488:. Archived from the original on 22 December 2002. 16008:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (2008), p. 140 13930: 13328: 12660:"How the BBC helped bring the Ayatollah to power" 12241: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11629: 10945:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 23. 9092:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas 8277:". Many religious minorities such as Christians, 7897:In February 1981, the Iranian Republic supported 7570:The hostage crisis ended with the signing of the 4997:design for an Islamic republic led by himself as 4502:, France, the day after the departure of the Shah 4411:, many soldiers were returned to their barracks. 4139:Appointment of a military government (6 November) 3131:with pictures of Ruhollah Khomeini in their hands 2978:of forests and pastures; formation of a literacy 29675: 28370:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 23795:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 18334:Class Analysis of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 17036:. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. 16482:"Iran's unsung rebellion By Syed Saleem Shahzad" 15480:The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict 13700: 13698: 12830: 11843: 11687:. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. p. 41. 11627: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11459: 10940: 10488: 8449:were tolerant towards homosexual behaviour, and 7628:Executed generals of the Imperial Iranian Army: 7549:, invaded the US embassy compound in Tehran and 4520:". The front cover of the same day's edition of 4425:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 3707:, apologizing to him for the raid on his house. 3544:Consolidation of the opposition (February–March) 3498: 3037:Rise and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini (1963–1979) 2463:The revolution that substituted the monarchy of 29347:People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran 26602:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 26106:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 22232:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 21639:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 19117:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 17281:Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic 17027: 17025: 16959: 16957: 16756: 16754: 16554:Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2007). 16056:The soul of Iran: a nation's journey to freedom 15565:Historical dictionary of British foreign policy 15127:"Iranian Revolution: Arafat and the Ayatollahs" 14375:"Iranian Government Constitution, English Text" 13160:, ABC Evening News for Monday, 15 January 1979. 12492: 12390:Jones, Milo L., and Philippe Silberzahn. 2013. 10402: 10066:International Encyclopedia of Political Science 9825:1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran 9747: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9448: 8894:Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution 8661:People celebrating Shah's exit from the country 8234:Internally, Iran has had some success with the 8059:, which were tightened under the presidency of 7987:, also wanted to annex the Iranian province of 7498:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 7494:1979 Iranian Constitutional Convention election 4286:Shah stepped down from power later that month. 4159:('Master King'), instead of the more grandiose 3053:Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran § Exile 2934: 2366:Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution 574:Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society 28581:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 28561:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 28531:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports 28419:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq 28108:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush 28020:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz 28015:Interests Section of Iran in the United States 27284:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive 27219:2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria 26803: 24768: 19203:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 19102:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 18438: 18010:New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1980. 16761:Afary, Janet; Anderson, Kevin (15 July 2010). 14717: 13926: 13924: 13237:by Michel Foucault, Chicago: University Press. 12992: 12841:"Lakeland Ledger – Google News Archive Search" 12142: 12140: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12128: 10863:Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After 9446: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9428: 8735: 8113:The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution 7483: 7464:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 4768: 4660:. Opposing this government means opposing the 4373: 3934:At midnight on 8 September, the Shah declared 3832: 3084:sources conjectured that just 32 were killed. 2332:. In addition to declaring the destruction of 544:İran communist Party (Marxism-Leninist-Maoism) 29744:History of civil rights and liberties in Iran 29332: 28727:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 27951: 27460: 26789: 26298: 25764: 25324: 23955: 21128: 20855: 20728: 18985:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 18462: 18318:, vol. 10, no. 1, whole no. 37 (Summer 2004). 18188:"Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution" 17932:Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism 17928:"Iran: Revolutionary Fundamentalism in Power" 17634: 16993: 16760: 16687: 15328:"SA condemns sanctions against Iran | SAnews" 14152: 14027: 13695: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11820:The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D) 11606: 11545:Die Welt des Islams 55, Nr. 1 (2015): 83–111. 11404: 11380: 11160: 11046: 10223: 7890:. The revolution itself was supported by the 7457: 7309: 5917: 4395:A protester giving flowers to an army officer 4327:Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978 4170:Military authorities declared martial law in 4010:measures to bring the strikers back to work. 3876:for "setting the fire on the Shah's orders". 3463:, the Iranian Writers Association met at the 2894: 2806:and the United Nations, sent warships to the 2678:off women who resisted his ban on the public 2584:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 2170: 2119: 28849:Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans 28845:Organization of Iranian American Communities 27770:2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London 27750:2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel 26722:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 26231:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 23871:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 21422:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 20061:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 17617:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 17120:"GNI per capita (constant 2010 US$ ) | Data" 17022: 16954: 16751: 15281:"South Africa and Iran in the Apartheid Era" 15251:"Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography | Britannica" 14749:Amsterdam, Universiteit van (21 June 2022). 13949: 13623:International Journal of Middle East Studies 13505:Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam 13171:"The Khomeini Era: Iran Becomes a Theocracy" 11936: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11464:. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 285. 10968:"Historiography, class, and Iranian workers" 10965: 10051:International Journal of Middle East Studies 9740:. Georgetown University Press. p. 113. 8551: 7581: 7578:was sworn in as the new American president. 7453:Establishment of Islamic republic government 5487:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 4880:Academic literature on women's participation 4448:, rejecting it outright. Secretary of State 3961: 3653:Iran's security forces had not received any 3633:The Shah decided to continue on his plan of 3474:The chain of events began with the death of 3345:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire 2867:prime minister. The prospect of a fall into 2725:invasion of allied British and Soviet troops 2705:was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha'eri. 2518:opponents of the government—who thought the 2370:Reasons advanced for the revolution and its 2293:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 81:this article until the discussion is closed. 29208:United States and state-sponsored terrorism 28066:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 27755:2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel 27697:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 27242:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists 22732:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 19171:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 18429:NIGHT AFTER THE REVOLUTION English Version 17590: 17347:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 16933: 16683: 16681: 16539:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 16221:"Iran may release huge number of prisoners" 16078:, imamreza.net 1998, (assessed 1 June 2010) 15770: 15218: 15182: 14366: 14064: 13921: 13829: 13664: 13407: 13394: 12699: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12302: 12300: 12125: 10822: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9425: 9232:. Cambridge University Press. p. 445. 8993:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 8766:is an autobiographical series of comics by 8750:, a film on the US government rescuing the 8397:arts, literature, education, and politics. 7547:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 4944:Ayatollah Khomeini's consolidation of power 4387:Demoralization of the army (December, 1978) 3863:. Khomeini immediately blamed the Shah and 3791:where protesters fought for the release of 3258:liberals—the democratic, reformist Islamic 3201:" of Muslim land by foreign non-believers. 139:(1 year, 1 month and 4 days) 29339: 29325: 29203:United States involvement in regime change 29188:Opposition to military action against Iran 28752:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act 28593:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 27958: 27944: 27760:2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran 27467: 27453: 26796: 26782: 26712:Opposition to military action against Iran 26305: 26291: 26221:Opposition to military action against Iran 25771: 25757: 25331: 25317: 25143:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 23962: 23948: 23835:United States involvement in regime change 21390:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 21135: 21121: 20862: 20848: 20735: 20721: 19677:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 19539:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 19055:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 18469: 18455: 18106:The Shah's last ride: The death of an ally 17351: 17345:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 17342: 17321: 16987: 16864: 16748:, University of Cambridge Press, 2000, p76 16679: 16677: 16675: 16673: 16671: 16669: 16667: 16665: 16663: 16661: 16558:. 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Human Dignity Trust. 13 February 2019. 16019:Hezbollah, the Changing Face of Terrorism 15740:"Iran and Russia in 'strategic alliance'" 15568:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Incorporated. 14748: 14679: 13634: 13257: 13061: 13059: 13057: 13055: 13053: 13051: 12868: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12467: 12465: 12445: 12443: 12366:Keeping the Faith: Memoirs of a President 12027: 12025: 12023: 11915: 11052: 10092: 9227: 9187: 7820:"if they did not repent". Leaders of the 5781:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 4104:University of Tehran protest (5 November) 3292:." The most powerful guerrilla group—the 3127:Residents of Tehran participating in the 3061:Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini 2525: 2475:is credited in part to the spread of the 2359: 2236:. Due to his opposition to modernization 822:Prime Minister of the Interim Government. 29173:International Conference on Hollywoodism 28391:America can't do a damn thing against us 28010:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran 28000:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States 26973:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 25437:America can't do a damn thing against us 19005:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 18033:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. 17904: 17765: 17487:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 17480: 17415: 17382: 16746:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism 16218: 15663:Bishku, Michael B. (21 September 2010). 15600: 15555: 15239:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 15203:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 14998: 14959: 14911: 14841: 14810: 14779: 14611:. 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University of Texas Press, p. 248 10459: 9090:Marxist guerrillas groups were the 8718:Ayatollah Khomeini in Behesht Zahra 8529:4,295 in 1980 to $ 11,396 in 2010. 6793:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 4908:Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution 4014:Khomeini moves to France (November) 3766:Renewed protests (August–September) 3516:Iran and Red and Black Colonization 3244:Opposition groups and organizations 2791:and free Iran from foreign powers. 2674:. Police forcibly removed and tore 2638:in February 1921. He established a 2344:political ascendancy and exporting 2193:, as the monarchical government of 2171: 2147: 24: 29178:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 29040:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 28248:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 28123:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 28030:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 27765:2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute 27597:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 27389:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 27086:January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident 27071:January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike 26953:January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident 26695:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 26680:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 26617:Abha International Airport attacks 26204:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 26189:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 26184:Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry 26121:Abha International Airport attacks 25724:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 23881:Soviet Union–United States summits 21355:1947 Polish parliamentary election 21240:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 18995:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 18403:The Islamic Revolution in Pictures 18211:The Islamic revolution, Britannica 18137:Islamic Revolution in Perspective. 17990:Kraft, Joseph (10 December 1978). 17824: 17665:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 17646:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 17070:from the original on 11 March 2019 16889:from the original on 23 April 2019 16812:Fallaci, Oriana (7 October 1979). 15665:"South Africa and the Middle East" 14032:. 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Women 8203: 8069:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 7930:Persian Gulf and the Iran–Iraq War 7691:Closing of non-Islamist newspapers 5499:Principles of State and Government 5475:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 4989:Khomeini and his loyalists in the 4961:interviewed by Italian journalist 4558:Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran 4277:The protesters demanded that Shah 4201:Muharram protests (early December) 3923:first time, protesters called for 3719:, where protests were larger, and 3683:As early as the February riots in 3365:to the ascension to the throne by 3113:Ideology of the Iranian Revolution 3107:Ideology of the Iranian Revolution 2322:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 25: 29775: 28863:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 28840:National Iranian American Council 28803:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran 28762:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act 28603:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 27995:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. 27177:2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 27116:August 2019 Syria missile strikes 26582:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 26404:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 26086:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 25915:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 25584:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini 25406:Council of the Islamic Revolution 25148:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress 22642:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 22577:United States invasion of Grenada 21847:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 21788:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 20066:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 19687:Supreme National Security Council 19513:Persian Constitutional Revolution 19143:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 19050:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 19040:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 18170: 18055:Syracuse University Press. 2006. 17986:, Harvard University Press, 1996. 17890:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 17190:from the original on 29 June 2017 16634:Zanganeh, Lila Azam, ed. (2006). 16470:from the original on 8 July 2017. 16446:"Turkey: Human Development Index" 16372:from the original on 11 May 2011. 16160:"Dialogue with the Islamic World" 15928:from the original on 14 July 2020 15868:from the original on 29 June 2020 15630:Klose, Kevin (9 September 1979). 14792:from the original on 23 June 2022 14481:from the original on 11 July 2022 14420:from the original on 21 May 2010. 13335:Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 13318:from the original on 6 June 2007. 13080:from the original on 9 June 2016. 13065: 13036:from the original on 13 July 2019 12871:"Muharram Protests in Iran, 1978" 11844:Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette (2015). 9141:, and by secularists such as the 9096:Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas 8998:Persian Constitutional Revolution 8506:has a significant state-owned or 8504:Iran's post-revolutionary economy 8219:but... created a hell on earth." 7892:Palestine Liberation Organization 7533: 5424:List of Islamic political parties 4486:, leaving Iran on 16 January 1979 4471:The Shah leaves (16 January 1979) 4283:Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 3518:" appeared in the national daily 3254:Other opposition groups included 2986:schemes for workers in industry. 2879:) terrified the Dulles brothers. 2810:, and finally imposed a crushing 2697:and created important changes in 2590:Persian Constitutional Revolution 2542:) had a significant influence on 2197:was superseded by the theocratic 569:Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan 514:Confederation of Iranian Students 451:Islamic Association of Physicians 32:Persian Constitutional Revolution 29664:Category:People executed by Iran 29659: 29658: 29371:Politicians and noblemen of the 29297: 29296: 29100:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees 28414:Disappearance of Robert Levinson 28285:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani 28275:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 28270:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 27977: 27967: 27921: 27920: 27628:British military network in Iran 27486: 27476: 27430: 27429: 27339:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 27096:March 2017 Israel–Syria incident 26926:2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid 26921:2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 26861:Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries 26759: 26758: 26707:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 26565:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26550:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26545:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 26314:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 26268: 26267: 26216:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 26069:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26054:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26049:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 25790: 25780: 25735: 25734: 25472: 25036: 22717:United States invasion of Panama 22567:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 22207:1971 Turkish military memorandum 22170:Communist insurgency in Thailand 22140:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 22072:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 21899:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 21827:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 21345:Restatement of Policy on Germany 20998:2015 Fitilieh programme protests 20696: 20687: 20686: 19662:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 17968:. New York: simon and schuster. 17836:. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. 17271: 17202: 17172: 17160:from the original on 2 July 2018 17142: 17130:from the original on 1 July 2018 17112: 17082: 17052: 17010:from the original on 18 May 2015 16975:from the original on 13 May 2015 16927: 16901: 16836: 16805: 16778: 16769: 16738: 16627: 16586: 16547: 16506: 16474: 16456: 16438: 16420: 16395: 16354: 16342: 16319: 16294: 16269: 16243: 16212: 16182: 16152: 16122: 16093: 16061: 16049: 16024: 16011: 15998: 15982: 15958:from the original on 2 July 2020 15940: 15910: 15880: 15850: 15820: 15794: 15764: 15731: 15701: 15683:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2010.00457.x 15656: 15623: 15594: 15502: 15469: 15434:. Simon & Schuster. p. 126. 15424: 15385: 15353:Onderco, Michal (2 April 2016). 15346: 15320: 15311: 15243: 15176: 15152:Ozalp, Mehmet (17 August 2021). 15145: 15119: 15099:. 7 January 1980. Archived from 15085: 15059: 15035:Davari, Mahmood (October 2004). 15028: 14831: 14773: 14742: 14625: 14597: 14517: 14462: 14440:. p. 10, New York: Grove Press. 14424: 14402: 14393: 14377:. iranonline.com. Archived from 14146: 14058: 14021: 13835: 13610: 13552: 13526: 13471: 13426: 13345: 13300: 13240: 13163: 13144: 13017: 12986: 12960:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 12881:from the original on 16 May 2015 12652: 12609: 12583: 12518: 12452:"The Rise of Low-Tech Terrorism" 12384: 12307:Hayward, Stephen (9 June 2009). 11876: 11837: 11810: 11705: 11674: 11660:. New York, NY: Hyperion Books. 11528: 11453: 11398: 10780:from the original on 8 June 2019 9157: 9148: 9131: 9122: 9113: 9027:Leftist guerrilla groups of Iran 8867: 8853: 8839: 8825: 8723: 8711: 8696: 8681: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8634:, in a Revolutionary protest in 8623: 8611: 8599: 8587: 8418: 8404:to join him in overthrowing the 8373:mandated the removal of the veil 8117:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 7956: 7944: 7747: 7735:(MPRP) and its spiritual leader 7733:Muslim People's Republican Party 7716:Muslim People's Republican Party 7609:was banned in January 1980, the 7607:Muslim People's Republican Party 7409:Muslim People's Republican Party 7285: 6813:Discourses Concerning Government 5893: 5882: 4831: 4820: 4631:(from the religious-nationalist 4607:-like state in the holy city of 4320: 4309: 4055:British Broadcasting Corporation 4049:Worse for the Shah was that the 3234:), and traditional businessmen ( 2216:, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the 2095: 866: 758: 747: 735: 724: 713: 700: 689: 681: 671: 663: 653: 641: 630: 619: 608: 597: 509:Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran 446:Islamic Association of Engineers 408: 344: 54: 29138:Anti-American sentiment in Iran 28618:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes 28598:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 28541:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 28258:February 2019 Warsaw Conference 27204:2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 27076:May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 27051:Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 26990:Projectile attacks from Lebanon 26916:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 26497:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 26001:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 25813:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran 25204:Contemporary Islamic philosophy 23437:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 22818:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 22747:Fall of the inner German border 22647:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 22297:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 22287:Spanish transition to democracy 22247:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 21874:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 21380:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 21261:Occupation of the Baltic states 19861:Military equipment manufactured 19427:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 19191:United States withdrawal (2018) 19112:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 18476: 18293:Islamic Revolution: An Exchange 17853:Iran: From Monarchy to Republic 17706:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 17599:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. 16428:"Iran: Human Development Index" 15632:"Khomeini Denounced By Soviets" 14539:"Iran's Bloody Decade of 1980s" 13785:from the original on 4 May 2016 13250:, vol. 5, p. 31, translated in 12914:from the original on 2 May 2015 12754:Zabir, Sepehr (27 April 2012). 12590:Karim, Matin (15 August 2020). 11302: 11235: 11181: 11141: 11117: 11062:. emadbaghi.com. Archived from 11024: 10959: 10934: 10904: 10853: 10762: 10723: 10684: 10660: 10635: 10594: 10538: 10525: 10482: 10339: 10217: 10204: 10191: 10158: 10133: 10111: 10086: 10057: 9949: 9879:Britannica Student Encyclopedia 9867: 9817: 9729: 9707: 9663: 9529: 9101: 9084: 9072: 9049: 8964:Non-cooperation movement (2024) 8359:Women's rights movement in Iran 8236:governmental promotion of Islam 7901:by Irish Republicans including 7079:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 5009:Organizations of the revolution 4949:Conflicts among revolutionaries 4936:'s Iraq, and the presidency of 4777: 4378:Much of Iranian society was in 4241:, the latter commemorating the 3699:with the more moderate General 3669:in the US also refused to sell 3504:Beginning of protests (January) 3478:, chief aide and eldest son of 441:Islamic Association of Teachers 436:Islamic Association of Students 28737:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act 28536:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 28521:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani 28181:United States support for Iraq 28025:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 27658:Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz 27379:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel 26607:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 26111:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 25462:The Satanic Verses controversy 25138:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 24267:Justice and Construction Party 22217:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 21852:Mozambican War of Independence 21291:Indonesian National Revolution 20743:Changes in political power in 20421:modern / contemporary 19667:Expediency Discernment Council 18990:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 18979:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 18503: 18408:Islamic revolution in pictures 18098:New York: Penguin Books, 1986. 17748:The Failure of Political Islam 17328:. Princeton University Press. 16765:. University of Chicago Press. 16405:, Mage publishers, 2002, p. 89 12993:Kambiz Fattahi (3 June 2016). 12804:. W. W. Norton & Company. 12704:Brotons, Jean-Charles (2010). 12616:Ahmed, Ismael (January 1975). 12478:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 12475:Defying the Iranian Revolution 11309:Fischer, Michael M.J. (2003). 9634:The Life and Times of the Shah 9316:. Archived on 31 October 2009. 9280: 9249: 9221: 9181: 9098:(IPFG), and some minor groups. 9017:International rankings of Iran 8162:, student protesters from the 7882:(IRA) in Ireland and the anti- 7433:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran 7014:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 6994:German Revolution of 1918–1919 5003:Provisional Government of Iran 4526:also feature the same headline 4281:step down from power and that 4001:By late October, a nationwide 3536:which was cracked down by the 3119:Islamic fundamentalism in Iran 3065:The post-revolutionary leader— 2993:, and it was a way for him to 2804:International Court of Justice 2596:National Consultative Assembly 2450:OPEC petroleum price increases 831:Head of Revolutionary Council. 825: 816: 803: 790: 13: 1: 28608:2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident 27663:British occupation of Bushehr 27623:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 27483:Iran–United Kingdom relations 27364:Warsaw Middle East conference 27224:2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen 27131:July 2022 Damascus airstrikes 27126:January 2021 Syria airstrikes 26983:2024 Lebanon pager explosions 26968:2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings 26700:Warsaw Middle East conference 26502:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 26209:Warsaw Middle East conference 26006:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 25209:Islamic response to modernity 23815:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 22830:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 22783:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 22505:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 22470:Seven Days to the River Rhine 22202:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 21489:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 21417:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 19635:state-sponsorship allegations 19365: 18299:, with reply by Bernard Lewis 18135:Society for Iranian Studies, 18072:, Stein & Day Pub, 1980, 17834:Iran: A Revolution in Turmoil 16692:. Syracuse University Press. 16592:Taheri, Amir (25 July 2005) " 15371:10.1080/14662043.2016.1151168 15297:10.1080/03057070.2016.1201330 15279:Chehabi, H.E. (3 July 2016). 15237:10.1080/03071022.2018.1472884 15219:Bonakdarian, Mansour (2018). 15201:10.1080/03071022.2018.1472884 15183:Bonakdarian, Mansour (2018). 14840:, 20.8.78–21.8.78, quoted in 14681:10.1080/14623528.2022.2105027 13935:. Thomson Gale. p. 357. 12904:"Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini" 10970:. In Lockman, Zachary (ed.). 10730:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 10691:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 10646:. University of Texas Press. 9791:. Syracuse University Press. 9497:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 9169: 8799:1979 Revolution: Black Friday 8329:has been replaced by fear of 8305:Islamic Consultative Assembly 8029:Iran–United Kingdom relations 7687:by the revolutionary courts. 5641:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 4737: 3499:Approaching revolution (1978) 3129:demonstrations of 5 June 1963 2715:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 2630:, the commander of the elite 2238:Khomeini was exiled from Iran 2205:, formally marked the end of 1243: 1207: 1087: 1074: 1051: 1038: 1015: 998: 948: 935: 922: 909: 896: 475:Liberal Democratic Opposition 44:1979 Revolution: Black Friday 29759:Iran–United States relations 28732:Iran Freedom and Support Act 28717:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 28451:Detention of American hikers 28375:1980 October Surprise theory 27974:Iran–United States relations 27557:Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801 27091:April 2015 Qalamoun incident 27000:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 26943:2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt 26458:Iranian intervention in Iraq 26340:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 25964:Iranian intervention in Iraq 25862:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 25546:Khomeini's 8-article command 25426:Engagement with Jimmy Carter 23969: 22808:Fall of communism in Albania 22778:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 22727:Polish Round Table Agreement 22067:1968 Polish political crisis 21884:Eritrean War of Independence 21650:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 21545:East German uprising of 1953 21477:Chinese Communist Revolution 21142: 20092:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 19484: 19393:twin towns and sister cities 18699:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 18576:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 18552:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 18372:Iran: Revolution and Beyond 18287:The New York Review of Books 17727:Women and revolution in Iran 17667:. Harvard University Press. 17648:. Harvard University Press. 17416:Arjomand, Said Amir (1988). 17356:. Columbia University Press. 17325:Iran Between Two Revolutions 16814:"An Interview With KHOMEINI" 16787:Harvard International Review 16301:Cecolin, Alessandra (2015). 16130:"Children of the Revolution" 15954:(in Persian). 21 June 2020. 15894:(in Persian). 24 June 2020. 15864:(in Persian). 23 June 2020. 15484:. Psychology Press. p. 14668:Journal of Genocide Research 14373:Manou & Associates Inc. 14159:. Harvard University Press. 14156:The Trail of Political Islam 14005:Democracy? I meant theocracy 12567:10.5040/9781350416093.ch-001 12080:. Cornell University Press. 10912:"Iran: The White Revolution" 10668:"Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi" 10345:Cooper, Andrew Scott. 2011. 9174: 9139:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 9022:Island of Stability (speech) 8548:2015 Doing Business Report. 7737:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 7413:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 7367:The Revolutionary Guard, or 7264:Republic without republicans 7009:11 September 1922 Revolution 7004:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 4901: 4861:Women's Organization of Iran 4574:on 22 January 1978 issue of 3927:and the establishment of an 3910:The 4th of September marked 3558:customs, memorial services ( 3335: 3305:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 3272:Iranian Constitution of 1906 2935:White Revolution (1963–1979) 2883:was born, in which the only 2871:and a "second China" (after 2158:[ʔeɴɢeˌlɒːbeʔiːɾɒːn] 504:Movement of Militant Muslims 431:Combatant Clergy Association 252:Persian Constitution of 1906 130:– 11 February 1979 7: 29422:Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani 28853:United Against Nuclear Iran 28429:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi 26831:1999 arrest of Iranian Jews 25787:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 25411:Islamic Revolutionary Court 25354:1963 demonstrations in Iran 24812:Militant Islamism based in 24455:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi 22682:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 22410:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 22155:Corrective Movement (Syria) 22119:New People's Army rebellion 22114:Sino-Soviet border conflict 21842:Angolan War of Independence 21705:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 21585:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 21230:Jamaican political conflict 21003:2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 20883:Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20371:Water supply and sanitation 20128: 20102:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 19741: 19161:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 18536:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 18490: 18234:The Story of the Revolution 18006:Legum, Colin, et al., eds. 17984:Memoirs of Shapour Bakhtiar 17982:Habib Ladjevardi (editor), 17591:Isfandiyārī, Hālāh (1997). 17564:Iran, the Illusion of Power 17424:. Oxford University Press. 17383:Amuzegar, Jahangir (1991). 17352:Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). 17343:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). 17322:Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). 16594:Ganji: Iran's Boris YELTSIN 16107:, Norton paperback, p. 156. 11994:. Oxford University Press. 11883:Ali, Luman (19 July 2018). 11715:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 11592:Ritter, Daniel (May 2010). 11411:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 11381:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 11161:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 11047:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 10612:University Press of America 10409:Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003). 9262:Journal of Conflict Studies 8818: 8736:Depictions in Western media 8065:European Economic Community 7484:Writing of the constitution 6999:Turkish War of Independence 6921: 5435:Militant Islamism based in 4991:revolutionary organizations 4769:Songs of Iranian Revolution 4374:Revolution (late 1978–1979) 3833:Cinema Rex fire (19 August) 3793:Ayatollah Jalaluddin Taheri 3691:officials in the city as a 3650:and were quickly released. 3450: 2350:aftermath of the revolution 2316: 2199:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 2177: 2152: 489:Party of the Iranian People 456:Islamic Coalition Societies 10: 29780: 29285:Not for the Faint of Heart 29260:Saint Peter Church, Tehran 29235:American School of Isfahan 29198:State Sponsor of Terrorism 28772:Dames & Moore v. Regan 28613:2022 Erbil missile attacks 28305:Operation Martyr Soleimani 28295:Thirteen revenge scenarios 28265:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 27743:Satanic Verses controversy 27686:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case 27209:2022 Erbil missile attacks 27189:2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 26978:2024 Haret Hreik airstrike 26805:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26747:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 26732:People's Mujahedin of Iran 26690:Arab League–Iran relations 26685:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26592:2018 Riyadh missile strike 26480:Operation Blow to the Head 26256:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 26199:Arab League–Iran relations 26194:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26096:2018 Riyadh missile strike 25984:Operation Blow to the Head 25635:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini 25266:Political aspects of Islam 24666:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 24252:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami 22878:Sino-Indian border dispute 22707:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 22637:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 22395:1976 Argentine coup d'état 22307:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 22257:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 21941:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 21909:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 21598:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 21365:Asian Relations Conference 19851:Economy of the Middle East 19228:2021–2022 Iranian protests 19218:2019–2020 Iranian protests 19198:2017–2018 Iranian protests 18659:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 18439:Iranian Revolution of 1979 18389:Islamic Revolution, Photos 18152:U.S. Department of State, 17905:Esposito, John L. (1990). 17522:; R. von den Hoff (eds.). 17314: 16403:Inside Iran: Women's Lives 16276:Baumer, Christoph (2016). 14755:Universiteit van Amsterdam 13508:. BRILL. pp. 142–43. 12553:Painter, David S. (2023). 12472:Ganji, Manouchehr (2002). 11712:Harmon, Daniel E. (2004). 10736:. Macmillan. p. 115. 10697:. Macmillan. p. 124. 10226:American Historical Review 10093:R. Newell, Walter (2019). 9308:Islamic Revolution of Iran 9094:(OIPFG) and the breakaway 9032:People's Mujahedin of Iran 8580: 8542:Transparency International 8496: 8422: 8352: 8296: 8207: 8110: 8048: 8026: 7933: 7914:(the political arm of the 7858: 7849: 7782:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7751: 7669:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7611:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7585: 7537: 7487: 7461: 7458:Referendum of 12 Farvardin 7426: 7415:, and the secular leftist 7054:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 6803:The Commonwealth of Oceana 5751:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 5419:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 5012: 4905: 4741: 4555: 4537:, the Deputy Commander of 4422: 4407:barracks. Fearing further 3944:General Gholam-Ali Oveissi 3883: 3836: 3547: 3507: 3247: 3189:guardianship of the jurist 3116: 3110: 3046: 3040: 2949:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2938: 2898: 2895:Iranian coup d'état (1953) 2768: 2712: 2687:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 2642:, deposing the last Qajar 2619: 2587: 2529: 2413:Anger over a short, sharp 2363: 2295:; Khomeini emerged as the 2207:Iran's historical monarchy 286:Hijab for all women by law 169:Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini 40: 29: 18:Iranian revolution of 1979 29655: 29627:Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani 29609: 29574:Other political opponents 29573: 29550: 29450: 29370: 29352: 29294: 29123:1998 FIFA World Cup match 29115: 28817: 28722:Iran Nonproliferation Act 28673:Maximum pressure campaign 28658: 28571:2021 Erbil rocket attacks 28320: 28168: 28048: 27987: 27917: 27847:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 27839: 27831:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 27826:Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht 27778: 27650: 27605: 27549: 27508: 27496: 27426: 27394:Iranian support for Hamas 27319: 27232: 27214:2022 Istanbul terror plot 27162:Operation Outside the Box 27154: 27061: 27026: 27018:Operation Full Disclosure 26998: 26958:Operation Northern Shield 26889:Israeli–Lebanese conflict 26881:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 26879: 26866:Iranian strikes in Israel 26841:2024 Iran–Israel conflict 26839: 26811: 26755: 26672: 26630: 26555:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 26527: 26362: 26335:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 26320: 26264: 26176: 26134: 26059:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 26031: 25857:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 25842: 25826: 25800: 25732: 25674: 25665:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 25607: 25554: 25481: 25470: 25346: 25287: 25253: 25222: 25186: 25123:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization 25113: 25046: 25042: 25031: 24977: 24916: 24805: 24784: 24780: 24763: 24724: 24681:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 24656: 24602: 24571: 24564: 24560: 24547: 24365: 24335: 24222:Freedom and Justice Party 24212: 24147: 24140: 24028: 23981: 23977: 23914: 23863: 23785: 23762:William Appleman Williams 23707:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 23489: 23461: 23410: 23342: 23335: 23269: 23134: 23059: 22989: 22982: 22891: 22838: 22770: 22483: 22222:Bangladesh Liberation War 22212:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 22127: 22099:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 22087:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 21750: 21525:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 21502: 21212: 21150: 20944: 20891: 20875: 20824: 20803: 20772: 20751: 20682: 20648: 20594: 20397: 20388: 20318: 20270: 20202: 20149: 20140: 20136: 20123: 20084: 20076:National Development Fund 20039: 19996:Telecommunications and IT 19990:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 19919: 19816:Foreign direct investment 19761:Bonyad (charitable trust) 19753: 19749: 19736: 19695: 19654: 19496: 19492: 19479: 19373: 19360: 19240: 19107:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 19097:Interim Government (1979) 19076: 19024: 19017: 18913: 18823: 18740: 18731: 18708: 18625: 18518: 18511: 18502: 18498: 18485: 18444: 18020:, Mage Publishers, 2000, 17882:Daniel, Elton L. (2000). 17766:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 17663:Kurzman, Charles (2005). 17644:Kurzman, Charles (2004). 17620:. Yale University Press. 17481:Brumberg, Daniel (2001). 17368:. Yale University Press. 17000:Journal of Political Risk 16498:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16388:28 September 2013 at the 16103:. Molavi, Afshin (2005), 15745:. Third World Quarterly. 15529:10.1080/14682740903218854 15398:. Rosen Pub. p. 72. 14030:Iran Since the Revolution 13956:Moaddel, Mansoor (2013). 13636:10.1017/S0020743800052326 12801:The Ayatollah's Democracy 12396:Stanford University Press 12181:, pp. 510, 512, 513. 11776:10.1017/S0145553200012554 11758:Kurzman, Charles (2003). 11460:Gelvin, James L. (2008). 10941:Siavoshi, Sussan (1990). 10808:. John Wiley & Sons. 10165:M. Lüthi, Lorenz (2020). 9335:Vis à Vis Beyond the Veil 9306:Brumberg, Daniel. 2009." 8988:Kurdish Rebellion of 1983 8882:Revolution-related topics 8552:Islamic political culture 8238:, and the elimination of 8160:1979 Grand Mosque seizure 8051:Foreign relations of Iran 7698:National Democratic Front 7603:National Democratic Front 7582:Suppression of opposition 7474:National Democratic Front 7417:National Democratic Front 7227:The Emperor's New Clothes 6979:5 October 1910 revolution 6974:French Revolution of 1848 5997:Liberty as non-domination 5865:Islam and other religions 5375:International propagation 5114:International propagation 4694:. A unit of the pro-Shah 4291:Khomeini returned to Iran 4121:British embassy in Tehran 3962:Reactions to Black Friday 3103:), until the revolution. 2982:; and the institution of 2781:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2775:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2734:, and installed his son, 2405:1973 oil revenue windfall 2348:doctrines abroad. In the 786: 778: 773: 592: 587: 336: 331: 233: 203: 192: 155: 143: 118: 103: 95: 90: 29734:20th-century revolutions 29240:Community School, Tehran 29000:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 28878:National Council of Iran 28873:Kingdom Assembly of Iran 28792:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 28551:2019 K-1 Air Base attack 28466:Strait of Hormuz dispute 28399:Beirut barracks bombings 28355:Operation Credible Sport 28231:Operation Praying Mantis 28071:1953 Iranian coup d'état 27692:1953 Iranian coup d'état 27680:1921 Persian coup d'état 27640:British support for Iraq 27577:Anglo-Russian Convention 27106:Operation House of Cards 26727:Gulf Cooperation Council 26507:Houthi takeover in Yemen 26475:Operation Scorched Earth 26394:2011 Egyptian revolution 26236:Gulf Cooperation Council 26011:Houthi takeover in Yemen 25979:Operation Scorched Earth 25905:2011 Egyptian revolution 25629:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 25097:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970) 24896:in the Arabian Peninsula 24737:Islamic religious police 24297:Prosperous Justice Party 24257:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan 22537:1980 Turkish coup d'état 22372:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 22342:1978 Somali coup attempt 22302:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 22267:1973 Chilean coup d'état 22092:Revolutionary Government 21986:South African Border War 21778:1960 Turkish coup d'état 21695:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 21550:1953 Iranian coup d'état 21530:1952 Egyptian revolution 21048:2018 university protests 19826:International oil bourse 19591:Ministry of Intelligence 19176:Syrian civil war (2011–) 19000:1921 Persian coup d'état 17851:Barthel, Günter (1983). 17785:Shirley, Edward (1997). 17768:The Constitution of Iran 17635:Khomeini; Algar (1981). 17582:Harney, Desmond (1998). 17524:Sakralität und Heldentum 17284:. Taylor & Francis. 16845:Iran: Islamic Penal Code 16640:. Beacon Press. p. 16099:Akhbar Ganji talking to 16090:, pp. 98, 104, 195. 15154:"The Iranian Revolution" 15082:, Norton, (2006), p. 138 15041:. Taylor & Francis. 13467:. ABC-CLIO. p. 439. 13151:"Demonstrations allowed" 12760:. Taylor & Francis. 12038:. Springer. p. 90. 11823:. Taylor & Francis. 11102:, pp. 215, 264–265. 10866:. Longman. p. 140. 10802:Kinzer, Stephen (2008). 10642:Rajaee, Farhang (2010). 10601:Rajaee, Farhang (1983). 9715:"The Iranian Revolution" 9348:27 February 2009 at the 9329:27 February 2009 at the 9320:Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi 9043: 8978:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8954:Preference falsification 8787:The Septembers of Shiraz 8348: 8319:heretical and subversive 7822:Freedom Movement of Iran 7395:Revolutionary Committees 7346:Revolutionary Committees 7342:Islamic Republican Party 7069:1987 Fijian coups d'état 7029:1952 Egyptian revolution 6007:Political representation 5527:Governance of the Jurist 4650:and US embassy takeover. 4441:-like spiritual leader. 4435:Thinking the Unthinkable 4249:, the third Shia Muslim 3855:in history prior to the 3853:largest terrorist attack 3810:. He decided to appoint 3260:Freedom Movement of Iran 3228:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2972:enfranchisement of women 2901:1953 Iranian coup d'état 2691:Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi 2554:granted a concession to 2191:Islamic Republic of Iran 481:Freedom Movement of Iran 237:Revolutionaries victory 122:7 January 1978 29637:Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi 28742:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment 28489:Nuclear program of Iran 28226:Operation Nimble Archer 28211:Operation Eager Glacier 27867:Imperial Bank of Persia 27582:Anglo-Persian Agreement 27516:Embassy of Iran, London 27311:2023 Iran drone attacks 27234:Nuclear program of Iran 27194:2012 Burgas bus bombing 27155:International incidents 27136:2023 Damascus airstrike 26963:2019 Beirut drone crash 26871:Israeli strikes on Iran 26514:Second Libyan civil war 26453:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 26387:Qatar diplomatic crisis 26018:Second Libyan civil war 25898:Qatar diplomatic crisis 25692:Death and state funeral 24380:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 24292:Malaysian Islamic Party 24287:National Iraqi Alliance 24247:Islamic Salvation Front 24177:Islamic Defenders Front 22742:Fall of the Berlin Wall 22687:People Power Revolution 22672:Central American crisis 22612:1986 Black Sea incident 22262:1973 Afghan coup d'état 22160:Western Sahara conflict 21971:1966 Syrian coup d'état 21894:1963 Syrian coup d'état 21837:Portuguese Colonial War 21800:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 21565:1954 Syrian coup d'état 21442:Annexation of Hyderabad 21385:1947–1949 Palestine war 20986:2011 Khuzestan protests 20350:scientists and scholars 19856:Milad Tower and complex 19646:Women's rights movement 19641:White Revolution (1963) 19309:Peoples of the Caucasus 18651:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 18544:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 18398:Photos from Kave Kazemi 18203:28 October 2009 at the 18127:10 October 2016 at the 18122:The Islamic Revolution. 17934:. New York: Routledge. 17867:. London: John Murray. 17682:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 17561:Graham, Robert (1980). 17463:Reign of the Ayatollahs 17460:Bakhash, Shaul (1984). 16599:13 October 2006 at the 16134:BBC Radio World Service 16058:By Afshin Molavi p. 225 15832:خبرگزاری تسنیم – Tasnim 15604:The Middle East Journal 15562:Neville, Peter (2013). 14525:Guests of the Ayatollah 14471:"Into the Den of Spies" 14436:Guests of the Ayatollah 13382:"A Question of Numbers" 13096:Huyser, Robert (1986). 12074:Jervis, Robert (2011). 11654:Pahlavi, Farah (2004). 10860:Ansari, Ali M. (2003). 10673:Encyclopædia Britannica 9883:Encyclopædia Britannica 9875:Islamic Republic | Iran 9837:24 October 2014 at the 9686:Oxford University Press 9163:It reached 66% in 2003. 8606:Protests in summer 1978 8445:) that the laws of the 8293:Politics and government 8171:attacked the US embassy 8164:Quaid-e-Azam University 8057:US unilateral sanctions 7429:1979 Khuzestan uprising 7338:Revolutionary Tribunals 7049:1969 Libyan coup d'état 6833:Discourse on Inequality 5982:Consent of the governed 5631:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 4993:implemented Khomeini's 4642:Iranian prime minister 4580:, during the revolution 4344:Ayatollah Shariatmadari 4066:Ayatollah Shariatmadari 3266:, and the more secular 2817:Frankfurter Neue Presse 2742:withdrew in June 1946. 2668:separation of the sexes 2640:constitutional monarchy 2632:Persian Cossack Brigade 2271:, the opposition-based 918:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 29265:Tehran American School 29148:CIA activities in Iran 28818:Groups and individuals 28797:Certain Iranian Assets 28787:United States v. Banki 28526:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou 28310:2020 Camp Taji attacks 28221:Operation Prime Chance 28216:Operation Earnest Will 28076:Abadan Crisis Timeline 27872:Persian Gulf Residency 27562:Treaty of Paris (1857) 27332:Russia–Hamas relations 26894:South Lebanon conflict 26587:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 26416:First Libyan civil war 26399:2011 Bahraini uprising 26375:Action of June 5, 1984 26091:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 25927:First Libyan civil war 25910:2011 Bahraini uprising 25886:Action of June 5, 1984 25445:Supreme Leader of Iran 24821:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 24535:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab 24460:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 24317:State of Law Coalition 24227:Green Algeria Alliance 23036:Neoclassical economics 22547:Gulf of Sidra incident 22104:1969 Libyan revolution 21795:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 21580:1954 Geneva Conference 21340:Turkish straits crisis 21335:Corfu Channel incident 20661:Anti-Iranian sentiment 20656:Science and technology 20481:Intellectual movements 20361:International rankings 20345:Intellectual movements 19831:International rankings 19324:Heads of state of Iran 19130:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 18691:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 18528:culture (3400–2000 BC) 18366:In pictures and videos 18328:The Islamic Revolution 18266:The Islamic revolution 18260:The Islamic revolution 18254:The Islamic Revolution 18066:Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza 17962:Kahlili, Reza (2010). 17832:Afshar, Haleh (1985). 17724:Nashat, Guity (1983). 17709:. Thomas Dunne Books. 17614:Keddie, Nikki (2003). 17567:. St. Martin's Press. 17366:Iran: A Modern History 17354:History of Modern Iran 16034:Norton, (2006), p. 141 16017:Harik, Judith Palmer, 15392:Karsh, Efraim (2009). 14153:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 14028:Zabih, Sepehr (1982). 14010:25 August 2010 at the 13845:In the shadow of Islam 11764:Social Science History 11541:15 August 2021 at the 11405:Wright, Robin (2000). 11163:, pp. 52, 54, 80. 11149:Theology of Discontent 9785:Milani, Abbas (2008). 9324:The Islamic Revolution 9061:Michael M. J. Fischer; 9037:Persecution of Baháʼís 8756:Iranian hostage crisis 8688:Ayatollah Khomeini at 8439:Outlines of Scepticism 8355:Women's rights in Iran 8231: 8099:. Iran also began its 7777: 7764:Islamic Republic Party 7728: 7727:and Ayatollah Khomeini 7706: 7640: 7597: 5696:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 5132:Islamic fundamentalism 4971:Islamic fundamentalist 4966: 4752:, a researcher at the 4748:Some sources (such as 4707: 4692:Doshan Tappeh Air Base 4675: 4666: 4651: 4600: 4581: 4527: 4503: 4487: 4396: 4226: 4213: 4193:and former SAVAK head 4046: 3974: 3907: 3899: 3780:Islamic holy month of 3626: 3397: 3224:Mohammad-Javad Bahonar 3132: 3062: 3049:Movement of 15 Khordad 2950: 2634:who seized power in a 2580:influence among them. 2526:Tobacco Protest (1891) 2360:Background (1891–1977) 2324:), straddling between 2297:Supreme Leader of Iran 2275:. On 1 February 1979, 2187:Imperial State of Iran 1457:Masmughans of Damavand 931:Zayandeh River Culture 352:Imperial State of Iran 265:Supreme Leader of Iran 29764:Civil wars by country 29749:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 29517:Mohammad Taghi Majidi 29183:Iranian frozen assets 29005:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan 28712:Executive Order 13876 28707:Executive Order 13780 28690:Executive Order 13769 28685:Executive Order 12172 28680:Executive Order 12170 28645:Tower 22 drone attack 28404:Khobar Towers bombing 28350:Guadeloupe Conference 27733:Iranian Embassy siege 27721:Guadeloupe Conference 27354:Arab–Israeli alliance 27267:Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan 27252:Massoud Ali-Mohammadi 27182:2012 Bangkok bombings 27167:2009 Sudan airstrikes 27146:Hezbollah involvement 26622:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 26540:Khobar Towers bombing 26426:Hezbollah involvement 26409:insurgency in Bahrain 26126:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 26044:Khobar Towers bombing 25937:Hezbollah involvement 25920:insurgency in Bahrain 24924:Hibatullah Akhundzada 24747:Sufi–Salafi relations 24390:Hibatullah Akhundzada 23886:Russia–NATO relations 23767:Jonathan Reed Winkler 23051:Democratic capitalism 23046:Supply-side economics 23014:American conservatism 22813:Breakup of Yugoslavia 22702:Bougainville conflict 22617:South Yemen civil war 22552:Martial law in Poland 22415:Nicaraguan Revolution 22390:Dirty War (Argentina) 22197:1971 JVP insurrection 22011:Years of Lead (Italy) 21889:North Yemen civil war 21807:Berlin Crisis of 1961 21783:Albanian–Soviet split 21715:1959 Tibetan uprising 21680:Syrian Crisis of 1957 21535:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 21395:1948 Arab–Israeli War 21043:2018 protest movement 21018:2018 Dervish protests 20952:2003 student protests 20936:1999 student protests 19949:Shetab Banking System 19939:Banking and insurance 19901:Tehran Stock Exchange 19821:Intellectual property 19166:PJAK conflict (2004–) 18939:Turcomans (1378–1508) 18931:Turcomans (1374–1468) 18880:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 18683:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 18283:"Islamic Revolution," 18218:– audio slideshow by 18149:(Ayatollah Khomeini). 17808:. Adler & Adler. 17804:Taheri, Amir (1985). 17745:Roy, Olivier (1994). 17532:10.5771/9783956503085 17439:Azari, Farah (1983). 17247:"Doing Business 2015" 15804:. 13 September 2016. 15738:Tarock, Adam (1997). 15430:Wright, Robin (1989) 15103:on 20 September 2010. 13419:4 August 2014 at the 13414:A Question of Numbers 13387:4 August 2014 at the 13269:13 April 2008 at the 12147:Eisenstadt, Michael. 11123:Wright, Robin (2000) 11060:"Emad Baghi: English" 10966:Bayar, Assef (1994). 10531:Lambton, Ann (1987). 10175:10.1017/9781108289825 9546:10.4324/9780203799451 8919:Guadeloupe conference 8618:Revolutionary victims 8487:Amnesty International 8225: 8208:Further information: 8041:Iran–Russia relations 8037:Iran–Israel relations 7912:Provisional Sinn Féin 7880:Irish Republican Army 7859:Further information: 7772: 7723: 7702: 7627: 7595: 7470:a referendum was held 7427:Further information: 7423:1979 ethnic uprisings 7330:Revolutionary Council 7217:Criticism of monarchy 7039:North Yemen civil war 6853:The Federalist Papers 6148:Federal parliamentary 5769:Criticism of Islamism 5763:Criticism of Islamism 5681:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 5608:Hibatullah Akhundzada 4956: 4742:Further information: 4705: 4670: 4653: 4641: 4598: 4565: 4509: 4493: 4478: 4431:Carter administration 4394: 4279:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 4224: 4208: 4075:In November, secular 4044: 3969: 3905: 3893: 3886:Jaleh Square massacre 3687:, the Shah fired all 3667:Carter administration 3616: 3584:Imperial Iranian Army 3402:oil boom of the 1970s 3375: 3280:groups—primarily the 3126: 3060: 2948: 2885:democratic government 2736:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2719:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2616:Reza Shah (1921–1941) 2465:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2195:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2161:), also known as the 1335:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 1289:3rd-century BC–132 BC 1255:Kingdom of Cappadocia 1211: 6th century BC 1193:Neo-Babylonian Empire 774:Casualties and losses 604:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 416:Revolutionary Council 242:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 227:Armed street fighting 163:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 29522:Manouchehr Khosrodad 29397:Abbas Ali Khalatbari 29105:Abdul Majid Muhammed 28830:Iran–America Society 28576:2021 Natanz incident 28566:2020 Iran explosions 28360:Operation Eagle Claw 28322:Incidents after 1979 28133:Joint Plan of Action 28061:Persian Gulf Command 27306:2021 Natanz incident 27301:2020 Iran explosions 27247:Ardeshir Hosseinpour 27036:Gaza War (2008–2009) 27028:Gaza–Israel conflict 26742:Shia–Sunni relations 26664:United Arab Emirates 26519:Western Iran clashes 26441:Spillover in Lebanon 26251:Shia–Sunni relations 26168:United Arab Emirates 26023:Western Iran clashes 25952:Spillover in Lebanon 25713:Homafaran Allegiance 25591:Islam and Revolution 25369:1978 Tabriz protests 25163:September 11 attacks 25133:Grand Mosque seizure 24939:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 24934:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 24696:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 24405:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 24322:Islamic Action Front 23307:Non-Aligned Movement 22929:Peaceful coexistence 22883:North Borneo dispute 22798:German reunification 22793:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 22491:Salvadoran Civil War 22440:Grand Mosque seizure 22435:Yemenite War of 1979 22327:Mozambican Civil War 22282:Carnation Revolution 22237:Yemenite War of 1972 22175:1970 Polish protests 22006:1967 Hong Kong riots 21981:Argentine Revolution 21931:Guatemalan Civil War 21859:Cuban Missile Crisis 21773:Bay of Pigs Invasion 21645:1956 Poznań protests 21623:Geneva Summit (1955) 21225:Hukbalahap Rebellion 21204:Non-Aligned Movement 21102:Mahsa Amini protests 21038:August 2018 uprising 20972:2009 Ashura protests 20914:1978 Tabriz protests 19910:Technology start-ups 19811:Environmental issues 19801:Economic Reform Plan 19715:Provincial governors 19405:Environmental issues 19153:Iran Air Flight 655 18894:Jalayirid Sultanate 18766:Caliphate (750–1258) 18608:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 18192:Iran Chamber Society 18182:The Iran Revolution. 18108:, Touchstone, 1989, 17949:Kapuściński, Ryszard 17926:Hiro, Dilip (1989). 17703:Moin, Baqer (2000). 17637:Islam and Revolution 17209:IMF (October 2010). 16848:. 20 November 1991. 16331:16 June 2006 at the 16074:12 June 2010 at the 15977:Fundamentalist Power 15715:. 15 November 2019. 15476:Hiro, Dilip (1991). 15454:, pp. 241, 251. 15067:The Shah's Last Ride 15065:Shawcross, William, 14938:, pp. 234, 239. 14718:Rastyad Collective. 13712:. 12 December 2012. 13502:Torab, Azam (2007). 13359:. 11 February 2004. 13341:on 13 February 2007. 12313:. Crown Publishing. 11195:. 12 November 2021. 11151:(1993), pp. 419, 443 11130:23 July 2016 at the 10353:Simon & Schuster 10300:, pp. 236, 260. 10129:on 24 February 2022. 9885:. Archived from the 9383:. Archived from the 9362:29 June 2010 at the 9352:on 27 February 2009. 9341:. Archived from the 9299:29 June 2011 at the 9293:Iran Chamber Society 8781:Septembers of Shiraz 8776:is based upon on it. 8675:University of Tehran 8512:Revolutionary Guards 8425:LGBT history in Iran 8331:Revolutionary Guards 8273:to receive "Islamic 8101:economic cooperation 8045:China–Iran relations 7855:International impact 7812:When leaders of the 7638:Manouchehr Khosrodad 7525:Council of Guardians 7377:Baseej-e Mostaz'afin 7334:Revolutionary Guards 7202:Classical radicalism 6944:Republic of Florence 6883:Democracy in America 6042:Separation of powers 6017:Public participation 5568:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 5525:Islamic Government: 4110:University of Tehran 3857:September 11 attacks 3760:constitution of Iran 3639:democratic elections 3550:1978 Tabriz protests 3317:'), focusing on the 2957:launched in 1963 by 2841:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2522:could be sidelined. 2415:economic contraction 813:on 11 February 1979. 29642:Asadollah Lajevardi 29492:Seyyed Javad Zabihi 29472:Pervez Amini Afshar 29407:Gholamreza Kianpour 29153:Copyright relations 28484:2016 Naval incident 28340:Iran hostage crisis 28191:Iran Air Flight 655 28103:Island of Stability 28035:Iranian Directorate 27887:Tehran War Cemetery 27291:Bid Kaneh explosion 26535:1987 Mecca incident 26431:Iranian involvement 26350:1979 Qatif Uprising 26039:1987 Mecca incident 25942:Iranian involvement 25872:1979 Qatif Uprising 25541:Letter to Gorbachev 25396:Cultural Revolution 25374:Neauphle-le-Château 25095:Islamic Declaration 24644:Young Kashgar Party 23752:Alex von Tunzelmann 23742:Vladimir Tismăneanu 23667:Thomas J. McCormick 23662:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 23562:Robert Hugh Ferrell 23425:Crusade for Freedom 23222:Illiberal democracy 23106:Ho Chi Minh Thought 22909:Eisenhower Doctrine 22762:Peaceful Revolution 22757:Romanian Revolution 22737:Revolutions of 1989 22722:1988 Polish strikes 22632:Operation INFEKTION 22627:1987 Lieyu massacre 22532:Eritrean Civil Wars 22515:Peruvian Revolution 22465:1979 Herat uprising 22455:Sino-Vietnamese War 22420:Uganda–Tanzania War 22400:Egyptian–Libyan War 22367:Third Indochina War 22362:Sino-Albanian split 22352:Ethiopian Civil War 22252:Eritrean Civil Wars 22192:Ping-pong diplomacy 22165:Cambodian Civil War 21991:Korean DMZ Conflict 21976:Cultural Revolution 21946:Dominican Civil War 21924:Tlatelolco massacre 21710:1959 Mosul uprising 21700:1958 Lebanon crisis 21427:Al-Wathbah uprising 21350:First Indochina War 21320:Iran crisis of 1946 21090:2021 water protests 21033:2018 water protests 20919:Black Friday (1978) 20899:1963 demonstrations 20310:Freedom of religion 19896:Supreme Audit Court 19775:Automotive industry 19422:Iranian Balochistan 19148:1987 Mecca incident 19045:Iran crisis of 1946 19034:dynasty (1925–1979) 18963:Dynasty (1751–1794) 18904:dynasty (1338–1357) 18896:dynasty (1335–1432) 18888:dynasty (1314–1393) 18873:dynasty (1244–1381) 18857:dynasty (1077–1231) 18841:dynasty (1011–1215) 18758:Caliphate (661–750) 18750:Caliphate (632–661) 18718:Empire (AD 224–651) 18635:Empire (550–330 BC) 18616:Empire (626–539 BC) 18600:Empire (678–549 BC) 18584:Empire (911–609 BC) 18343:by Satya J. Gabriel 18273:Analytical articles 18228:Historical articles 18070:Response to History 17886:The History of Iran 17806:The Spirit of Allah 17514:Gölz, Olmo (2017). 16938:. Foreign Affairs. 16417:, pp. 287–288. 16004:Yaroslav Trofimov, 15637:The Washington Post 15466:, pp. 128–129. 15129:. 17 January 2019. 15025:, pp. 241–242. 15013:, pp. 158–159. 14926:, pp. 234–235. 14844:, p. 51, also 14828:, pp. 219–220. 14705:, pp. 221–222. 14502:, pp. 248–249. 14381:on 23 November 2010 14257:, pp. 210–211. 14143:, pp. 241–242. 13562:. 9 February 2013. 13314:. 31 January 1999. 13233:6 July 2010 at the 13156:10 May 2011 at the 12710:. Lexington Books. 11569:, pp. 182–183. 11557:, pp. 184–185. 11525:, pp. 501–503. 11371:, pp. 478–479. 11287:, pp. 145–146. 11232:, pp. 144–145. 11220:, pp. 502–503. 11114:, pp. 201–207. 10676:. 22 October 2023. 10444:, pp. 533–534. 10417:. Praeger. p. 9989:, pp. 4, 9–12. 9145:who urged a boycott 8939:Iran hostage crisis 8476:corporal punishment 8429:LGBT rights in Iran 8317:have been declared 8313:The members of the 8188:in Lebanon and the 8124:Saudi Arabia (1979) 8107:In the Muslim world 8016:Revolutionary Guard 7803:Cultural Revolution 7760:Abolhassan Banisadr 7725:Kazem Shariatmadari 7615:Abolhassan Banisadr 7540:Iran hostage crisis 7513:Assembly of Experts 7292:Politics portal 7097:Antigua and Barbuda 7044:Zanzibar Revolution 6954:American Revolution 6843:The Social Contract 6012:Popular sovereignty 5900:Politics portal 5853:Islam and modernity 5529:("Velayat-e faqih") 5511:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 4938:Abolhassan Banisadr 4926:Iran hostage crisis 4648:cultural revolution 4548:, never to return. 4500:Neauphle-le-Château 4479:Shah and his wife, 4446:Zbigniew Brzezinski 4247:Imam Husayn ibn Ali 4070:Ayatollah Taleghani 4032:Neauphle-le-Château 3711:Early summer (June) 3609:Government reaction 3394:Zbigniew Brzezinski 3355:Iranian Muslims by 3282:Tudeh Party of Iran 3093:diplomatic immunity 2794:In 1952, Mosaddegh 2598:(also known as the 2565:Mirza Hasan Shirazi 2386:A backlash against 2382:character include: 2189:by the present-day 1991:Contemporary period 1895:Early modern period 1797:Jalayirid Sultanate 1667:Khwarazmian dynasty 1096:Neo-Assyrian Empire 974:Kura–Araxes culture 892:Baradostian culture 425:Islamist Opposition 270:Iran hostage crisis 29729:Civil wars in Iran 29724:Rebellions in Iran 29684:Iranian Revolution 29632:Mohammad Reyshahri 29552:Left-wing politics 29542:Nematollah Nassiri 29507:Ali Hojjat Kashani 29462:Amir Hossein Rabii 29382:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda 29250:Iran Bethel School 29225:Alborz High School 29060:Abdolreza Shahlaei 29035:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh 29020:Mohammad Mosaddegh 28995:Amir Mirza Hekmati 28985:Mahmoud Reza Banki 28935:Erwin David Rabhan 28900:Howard Baskerville 28782:Oil Platforms case 28757:Public Law 113-100 28434:2008 Naval dispute 28335:Iranian Revolution 28201:Iran–Contra affair 28186:Bridgeton incident 27909:The New Great Game 27862:East India Company 27821:Fowzi Badavi Nejad 27716:Iranian Revolution 27349:Axis of Resistance 27344:Ahmad Reza Djalali 27272:Mohsen Fakhrizadeh 26821:Iranian Revolution 26737:Iran International 26577:2015 Mina stampede 26446:Axis of Resistance 26330:Iranian Revolution 26246:Iran International 26081:2015 Mina stampede 25957:Axis of Resistance 25852:Iranian Revolution 25697:Alef-Laam Khomeini 25682:Jamaran Hussainiya 25598:The Greatest Jihad 25501:Shiite clericalism 25416:Interim Government 25386:Iranian Revolution 25153:Algerian Civil War 25128:Iranian Revolution 25087:Islamic Government 24985:Islam and violence 24959:Juhayman al-Otaybi 24872:Sub-Saharan Africa 24617:Authenticity Party 24385:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 24192:Muslim Brotherhood 24041:Islamic governance 23906:Russian Revolution 23702:Mary Elise Sarotte 23687:William B. Pickett 23612:Patrick J. Hearden 23592:Gabriel Gorodetsky 23587:Timothy Garton Ash 23572:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 23167:Ethnic nationalism 22919:Hallstein Doctrine 22803:Yemeni unification 22592:1985 Geneva Summit 22557:Casamance conflict 22460:New Jewel Movement 22445:Iranian Revolution 22430:Chadian–Libyan War 22377:Cambodian conflict 22357:Lebanese Civil War 22347:Western Sahara War 22322:June 1976 protests 22317:Cambodian genocide 22082:17 July Revolution 22036:Nigerian Civil War 21951:Rhodesian Bush War 21936:Colombian conflict 21879:Ramadan Revolution 21618:Bandung Conference 21494:Operation Valuable 21375:Partition of India 21095:2022 food protests 21085:2021–2022 protests 21058:2019–2020 protests 21008:2017–2018 protests 20993:2015 Mahabad riots 20981:2011–2012 protests 20926:Women Day protests 20904:Iranian Revolution 20441:Persian New Year ( 19846:Main economic laws 19417:Iranian Azerbaijan 19319:Monarchs of Persia 19263:Persianate society 18971:Empire (1789–1925) 18955:Empire (1736–1796) 18947:Empire (1501–1736) 18923:Empire (1370–1507) 18849:Empire (1037–1194) 18814:dynasty (934–1062) 18806:dynasty (931–1090) 18798:dynasty (861–1003) 18667:Empire (312–63 BC) 18568:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 18383:iranrevolution.com 18339:2 May 2014 at the 18289:(21 January 1988). 18177:Islamic Revolution 18145:, 7 January 1980. 18102:Shawcross, William 18031:Munson, Henry Jr. 17992:"Letter from Iran" 17730:. Westview Press. 17154:data.worldbank.org 17124:data.worldbank.org 17032:IMF (March 2010). 16818:The New York Times 16744:Julia Annas (ed), 16452:on 13 August 2007. 16194:The New York Times 16136:. 1 October 2008. 15776:The New York Times 15670:Middle East Policy 15432:In the Name of God 15255:www.britannica.com 13830:Isfandiyārī (1997) 13665:Isfandiyārī (1997) 13461:Tucker, Spencer C. 12670:on 24 October 2014 12502:. iranrights.org. 12283:"Letter from Iran" 11256:10.1007/BF00158262 11244:Theory and Society 11136:The New York Times 10922:on 1 February 2011 10503:10.1007/BF01117556 10491:Sociological Forum 10456:, pp. 293–34. 10312:, pp. 19, 96. 10123:The Jerusalem Post 9670:Abrahamian, Ervand 9391:Hoveyda, Fereydoon 8959:Russian Revolution 8889:1979 energy crisis 8480:The New York Times 8413:Iranian parliament 8402:Ayatollah Khomeini 8341:is handled by the 8232: 8151:General Zia-ul-Haq 7878:in Nicaragua, the 7861:1979 energy crisis 7778: 7729: 7656:Amir Abbas Hoveida 7641: 7598: 7369:Pasdaran-e Enqelab 7258:Primus inter pares 7074:Nepalese Civil War 7064:Iranian Revolution 7034:14 July Revolution 6989:Russian Revolution 6984:Chinese Revolution 6934:Republic of Venice 6783:Discourses on Livy 5798:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 5774:Criticism of Islam 5636:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 5454:Sub-Saharan Africa 5414:Muslim Brotherhood 5399:Iranian Revolution 5309:Islamic Golden Age 5162:Islamic governance 4967: 4792:Ayatollah Khomeini 4754:Martyrs Foundation 4727:in 1991 in Paris. 4708: 4652: 4601: 4582: 4566:Cartoon depicting 4528: 4504: 4488: 4397: 4227: 4214: 4195:Nematollah Nassiri 4191:Amir Abbas-Hoveyda 4148:Gholam-Reza Azhari 4047: 4022:to expel him from 3975: 3918:. A permit for an 3908: 3900: 3812:Jafar Sharif-Emami 3697:Nematollah Nassiri 3627: 3398: 3294:People's Mujahedin 3286:Fedaian guerrillas 3207:Islamic Government 3133: 3091:, or extension of 3082:anti-revolutionary 3063: 2951: 2887:Iran ever had was 2849:John Foster Dulles 2789:petroleum reserves 2785:Mohammad Mosaddegh 2779:From 1901 on, the 2771:Mohammad Mosaddegh 2755:Iranian Azerbaijan 2512:Islamic socialists 2444:of U.S. President 2299:in December 1979. 2167:Islamic Revolution 2140:Iranian Revolution 2010:Interim Government 2000:Iranian Revolution 1787:Muzaffarid dynasty 1491:864 – 14th century 1481:791 – 11th century 1407:Rashidun Caliphate 1229:Kingdom of Armenia 878:Prehistoric period 707:Gholam Ali Oveissi 637:Gholam Reza Azhari 626:Jafar Sharif-Emami 523:Leftist Opposition 171:(religious sector) 91:Iranian Revolution 68:Iranian revolution 29754:Ruhollah Khomeini 29671: 29670: 29617:Ruhollah Khomeini 29591:Mona Mahmudnizhad 29586:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 29487:Hossein-Ali Bayat 29442:Manutchehr Salimi 29437:Manouchehr Azmoun 29412:Gholamreza Nikpey 29314: 29313: 29308: 29307: 29010:Mohammad Hosseini 28905:William J. Fallon 28825:Iran Action Group 28640:2024 Erbil attack 28446:Project Cassandra 28206:Operation Staunch 28093:Project Dark Gene 27933: 27932: 27726:Conspiracy theory 27613:Anglo-Persian War 27587:Tehran Conference 27572:D'Arcy Concession 27567:Reuter concession 27503: 27502: 27442: 27441: 26771: 26770: 26631:Iranian relations 26487:Yemeni revolution 26470:Houthi insurgency 26436:Saudi involvement 26280: 26279: 26135:Iranian relations 25991:Yemeni revolution 25974:Houthi insurgency 25947:Saudi involvement 25746: 25745: 25570:Tahrir al-Wasilah 25531:Islamic democracy 25340:Ruhollah Khomeini 25306: 25305: 25283: 25282: 25279: 25278: 25027: 25026: 25023: 25022: 24995:Islamic terrorism 24990:Islamic extremism 24969:Ayman al-Zawahiri 24964:Omar Abdel-Rahman 24770:Militant Islamism 24759: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24691:Rabee al-Madkhali 24652: 24651: 24543: 24542: 24510:Haji Shariatullah 24470:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 24450:Abul A'la Maududi 24445:Ruhollah Khomeini 24435:Alija Izetbegović 24420:Rached Ghannouchi 24410:Necmettin Erbakan 24367:Political leaders 24361: 24360: 24353:Islamic modernism 24282:National Congress 24214:Political parties 24127:Two-nation theory 24061:Islamic socialism 24051:Islamic democracy 23937: 23936: 23924:List of conflicts 23772:Rudolph Winnacker 23717:Giles Scott-Smith 23692:Ronald E. Powaski 23647:Melvyn P. Leffler 23577:John Lewis Gaddis 23552:Robert D. English 23517:Warren H. Carroll 23507:Michael Beschloss 23476:Nuclear arms race 23457: 23456: 23363:Neues Deutschland 23265: 23264: 23247:White nationalism 23217:Liberal democracy 22954:Ulbricht Doctrine 22944:Brezhnev Doctrine 22752:Velvet Revolution 22496:Soviet–Afghan War 22312:Angolan Civil War 22109:Goulash Communism 21966:ASEAN Declaration 21919:Mexican Dirty War 21817:Annexation of Goa 21768:1960 U-2 incident 21742:Sino-Soviet split 21720:Laotian Civil War 21560:Bricker Amendment 21540:Mau Mau rebellion 21484:Malayan Emergency 21472:Chinese Civil War 21432:Tito–Stalin split 21286:Division of Korea 21110: 21109: 21063:Mahshahr massacre 20957:2005 Ahvaz unrest 20837: 20836: 20710: 20709: 20678: 20677: 20674: 20673: 20644: 20643: 20551:Opium consumption 20384: 20383: 20220:Ethnic minorities 20194:Iranian languages 20119: 20118: 20115: 20114: 19732: 19731: 19728: 19727: 19611:Political parties 19549:Children's rights 19534:Foreign relations 19528:2009 presidential 19475: 19474: 19437:Iranian Kurdistan 19356: 19355: 19352: 19351: 19236: 19235: 19208:COVID-19 pandemic 19067:Revolution (1979) 19013: 19012: 18833:Empire (977–1186) 18790:dynasty (864–928) 18782:dynasty (821–873) 18774:dynasty (819–999) 18727: 18726: 18643:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 18238:BBC World Service 17975:978-1-4391-8903-0 17874:978-1-848-54066-8 17674:978-0-674-01843-3 17606:978-0-8018-5618-1 17541:978-3-95650-308-5 17518:. In F. Heinzer; 17494:978-0-226-07758-1 17396:978-0-7914-0731-8 17375:978-0-300-11254-2 17291:978-0-203-99351-4 17090:"Iran per capita" 16699:978-0-8156-2634-3 16312:978-0-85772-788-6 16287:978-1-83860-934-4 16170:on 5 October 2010 15922:Financial Tribune 15575:978-0-8108-7173-1 15495:978-0-415-90407-0 15405:978-1-4358-7499-2 15395:The Iran-Iraq War 15332:www.sanews.gov.za 15048:978-0-203-33523-9 14902:, pp. 89–90. 14618:978-0-19-046896-5 14605:Axworthy, Michael 14363:, pp. 74–82. 14339:, pp. 22–23. 14107:, pp. 24–32. 14082:, pp. 78–82. 13969:978-0-231-51607-5 13942:978-0-02-865603-8 13855:978-0-86232-022-5 13515:978-90-04-15295-3 13490:Abrahamian (2008) 13478:Mojahedin-e Khalq 13295:Abrahamian (1982) 13192:Abrahamian (2008) 13111:978-0-06-039053-2 13104:. Andre Deutsch. 13100:Mission to Tehran 12967:978-0-8078-7761-6 12811:978-0-393-08039-1 12767:978-1-136-81270-5 12717:978-0-7391-3340-8 12576:978-1-350-41609-3 12485:978-0-275-97187-8 12435:Abrahamian (1982) 12404:978-0-8047-9336-0 12379:978-0-553-05023-3 12320:978-0-307-45370-9 12179:Abrahamian (1982) 12120:Abrahamian (1982) 12087:978-0-8014-5761-6 12045:978-1-4039-7710-6 12001:978-0-19-932226-8 11986:Axworthy, Michael 11896:978-3-319-94406-7 11857:978-1-317-60582-9 11830:978-1-136-82089-2 11725:978-1-4381-0656-4 11694:978-967-5062-25-4 11523:Abrahamian (1982) 11436:Abrahamian (1982) 11369:Abrahamian (1982) 11357:Abrahamian (1993) 11328:978-0-299-18474-2 11297:Abrahamian (1982) 11218:Abrahamian (1982) 11019:Abrahamian (2008) 11007:Abrahamian (2008) 10981:978-0-7914-1665-5 10952:978-0-8133-7413-0 10901:, pp. 72–73. 10873:978-0-582-35685-6 10815:978-0-470-18549-0 10743:978-0-230-34038-1 10704:978-0-230-34038-1 10653:978-0-292-77436-0 10631:on 26 March 2009. 10591:, pp. 94–95. 10442:Abrahamian (1982) 10286:Abrahamian (1982) 10184:978-1-108-41833-1 10151:978-0-393-32968-1 10104:978-1-108-71391-7 10075:978-1-4522-6649-7 9889:on 16 March 2006. 9798:978-0-8156-0907-0 9644:978-0-520-94216-5 9584:Abrahamian (1982) 9555:978-0-415-70134-1 9510:978-0-230-34038-1 9387:on 6 August 2006. 9239:978-1-107-00750-5 9210:978-0-933273-89-4 8971:Related conflicts 8807:Iran and the West 8570:Mahmoud Taleghani 8566:Muhammad Beheshti 8562:Murtaza Mutahhari 8371:, the government 8263:economic equality 8251:political freedom 8179:Yaroslav Trofimov 8023:Foreign relations 7907:Mojahedin-e-Khalq 7888:Afghan Mujahideen 7844:Morteza Motahhari 7834:In May 1979, the 7829:Mohammad Beheshti 7790:(hypocrites) and 7758:In January 1980, 7754:Socialism in Iran 7662:The 1981 massacre 7502:In June 1979 the 7326: 7325: 7269:Republican empire 7242:List of republics 7091:National variants 7019:Spanish Civil War 6959:French Revolution 6939:Republic of Genoa 6823:The Spirit of Law 6756:Theoretical works 6100:Neo-republicanism 5934: 5933: 5808:Abdelwahab Meddeb 5736:Haji Shariatullah 5701:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 5686:Abul A'la Maududi 5676:Ruhollah Khomeini 5656:Rached Ghannouchi 5588:Alija Izetbegović 5573:Ruhollah Khomeini 5480:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 5380:by country/region 5269:Two-nation theory 5221:Islamic terrorism 5182:Islamic socialism 5172:Islamic democracy 5148:Apostasy in Islam 5119:by country/region 4918:despotic monarchy 4852:Fida'iyan-i Khalq 4763:Ervand Abrahamian 4758:Spencer C. Tucker 4596: 4533:American General 4465:Shahpour Bakhtiar 4222: 4210:Mohammad Beheshti 4090:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 4088:figures (such as 4053:, especially the 4034:, a village near 3925:Khomeini's return 3752:Shahpour Bakhtiar 3603:1906 Constitution 3580:state-owned banks 3480:Ruhollah Khomeini 3359:from the Islamic 3301:Mahmoud Taleghani 3256:constitutionalist 3232:Mohammad Mofatteh 3220:Mohammad Beheshti 3216:Morteza Motahhari 3171:Morteza Motahhari 3074:Ruhollah Khomeini 3043:Ruhollah Khomeini 3027:Ervand Abrahamian 2877:Chinese Civil War 2851:and his brother, 2822:Winston Churchill 2800:sought punishment 2759:Iranian Kurdistan 2552:Nasir al-Din Shah 2417:in 1977–1978; and 2304:peasant rebellion 2277:Khomeini returned 2136: 2135: 2028: 2027: 1981: 1980: 1944: 1943: 1885: 1884: 1827:Afrasiyab dynasty 1727:Khorshidi dynasty 1717:Pishkinid dynasty 1607:Ghaznavid dynasty 1427:Abbasid Caliphate 1417:Umayyad Caliphate 1383: 1382: 1379:550s–11th century 1275:Kingdom of Pontus 1219:Achaemenid Empire 1183:Anshanite Kingdom 1144: 1143: 1047:Oxus Civilization 955: 954: 840: 839: 798:Ruhollah Khomeini 754:Mohammad Beheshti 742:Morteza Motahhari 720:Ruhollah Khomeini 660:Nematollah Nasiri 615:Jamshid Amouzegar 583: 582: 279:Beginning of the 261:Ruhollah Khomeini 196:Overthrow of the 86: 85: 16:(Redirected from 29771: 29719:Protests in Iran 29709:1979 in politics 29662: 29661: 29622:Sadegh Khalkhali 29537:Nasser Moghaddam 29451:Soldiers of the 29427:Mahmoud Jafarian 29417:Farrokhroo Parsa 29341: 29334: 29327: 29318: 29317: 29300: 29299: 29255:Iranzamin School 29245:Damavand College 29218:Alavi Foundation 29213:650 Fifth Avenue 29163:Dual containment 29158:Death to America 29070:Masoud Soleimani 28990:Haleh Esfandiari 28955:Michael R. White 28700:Trump travel ban 28504:Operation Merlin 28243:Yemeni Civil War 28238:Syrian civil war 28088:Exercise Delawar 28056:Persian Corridor 27988:Diplomatic posts 27982: 27981: 27972: 27971: 27960: 27953: 27946: 27937: 27936: 27924: 27923: 27852:Bahrain province 27816:Ghoncheh Ghavami 27791:Anoosheh Ashoori 27618:Persian Campaign 27509:Diplomatic posts 27499: 27498: 27491: 27490: 27481: 27480: 27469: 27462: 27455: 27446: 27445: 27433: 27432: 27262:Fereydoon Abbasi 27063:Syrian civil war 27046:Israel–Hamas war 26933:2006 Lebanon War 26798: 26791: 26784: 26775: 26774: 26762: 26761: 26612:2019 Afif attack 26492:Yemeni civil war 26421:Syrian civil war 26307: 26300: 26293: 26284: 26283: 26271: 26270: 26116:2019 Afif attack 25996:Yemeni civil war 25932:Syrian civil war 25801:Diplomatic posts 25795: 25794: 25785: 25784: 25773: 25766: 25759: 25750: 25749: 25738: 25737: 25647:Hussein Khomeini 25623:Mostafa Khomeini 25506:Death to America 25476: 25364:1978 Qom protest 25333: 25326: 25319: 25310: 25309: 25194:Anti-imperialism 25089:(Khomeini, 1970) 25065:(Khomeini, 1940) 25044: 25043: 25033: 25032: 24782: 24781: 24765: 24764: 24569: 24568: 24562: 24561: 24549: 24548: 24515:Hassan Al-Turabi 24327:United Arab List 24145: 24144: 24076:Islamic republic 24071:Islamic monarchy 24056:Islamic feminism 23979: 23978: 23964: 23957: 23950: 23941: 23940: 23682:David S. Painter 23607:John Earl Haynes 23537:Nicholas J. Cull 23522:Adrian Cioroianu 23502:Thomas A. Bailey 23449:Voice of America 23340: 23339: 23252:White separatism 23232:Social democracy 23227:Guided democracy 23207:Authoritarianism 23157:Ultranationalism 23147:Anti-imperialism 23074:Marxism–Leninism 22987: 22986: 22974:Kinmen Agreement 22939:Johnson Doctrine 22924:Kennedy Doctrine 22840:Frozen conflicts 22823:1991 August Coup 22712:Afghan Civil War 22607:Reykjavík Summit 22602:Somali Rebellion 22542:Ugandan Bush War 22520:Gdańsk Agreement 22041:Protests of 1968 22021:War of Attrition 21730:Cuban Revolution 21666:We will bury you 21633:Cyprus Emergency 21613:Kashmir Princess 21603:Jebel Akhdar War 21452:Western betrayal 21137: 21130: 21123: 21114: 21113: 20909:1978 Qom protest 20870:Protests in Iran 20864: 20857: 20850: 20841: 20840: 20829:Politics of Iran 20737: 20730: 20723: 20714: 20713: 20700: 20690: 20689: 20541:National symbols 20395: 20394: 20210:Iranian citizens 20147: 20146: 20138: 20137: 20125: 20124: 20107:Research centers 19796:Economic history 19751: 19750: 19738: 19737: 19672:Guardian Council 19494: 19493: 19481: 19480: 19362: 19361: 19339:Electric history 19334:Military history 19248:Ancient Persians 19156: 19155:shootdown (1988) 19138: 19125: 19122:Iranian Embassy 19092: 19081: 19079:Islamic Republic 19068: 19060:1953 coup d'état 19035: 19022: 19021: 18980: 18977:Khanates of the 18972: 18964: 18956: 18948: 18940: 18932: 18924: 18905: 18897: 18889: 18881: 18874: 18866: 18858: 18850: 18842: 18834: 18815: 18807: 18799: 18791: 18783: 18775: 18767: 18759: 18751: 18738: 18737: 18719: 18700: 18692: 18684: 18676: 18668: 18660: 18652: 18644: 18636: 18617: 18609: 18601: 18593: 18585: 18577: 18569: 18561: 18553: 18545: 18537: 18529: 18516: 18515: 18500: 18499: 18487: 18486: 18471: 18464: 18457: 18448: 18447: 18435: 18434: 18119:Smith, Frank E. 18042:Nobari, Ali Reza 18003: 17979: 17945: 17922: 17901: 17889: 17878: 17856: 17847: 17819: 17800: 17787:Know Thine Enemy 17781: 17762: 17741: 17720: 17699: 17678: 17659: 17640: 17631: 17610: 17598: 17587: 17578: 17557: 17555: 17553: 17510: 17508: 17506: 17477: 17456: 17445:. Ithaca Press. 17435: 17423: 17412: 17410: 17408: 17379: 17357: 17348: 17339: 17308: 17307: 17305: 17303: 17275: 17269: 17268: 17266: 17264: 17258: 17252:. Archived from 17251: 17243: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17232: 17226: 17215: 17206: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17195: 17184:www.farsinet.com 17176: 17170: 17169: 17167: 17165: 17146: 17140: 17139: 17137: 17135: 17116: 17110: 17109: 17107: 17105: 17086: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17075: 17056: 17050: 17049: 17047: 17045: 17029: 17020: 17019: 17017: 17015: 16991: 16985: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16971:. 7 March 2015. 16961: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16947: 16931: 16925: 16924: 16922: 16920: 16905: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16894: 16888: 16877: 16868: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16857: 16840: 16834: 16833: 16831: 16829: 16809: 16803: 16802: 16782: 16776: 16773: 16767: 16766: 16758: 16749: 16742: 16736: 16730: 16724: 16718: 16712: 16711: 16685: 16656: 16655: 16631: 16625: 16624: 16613: 16607: 16590: 16584: 16578: 16572: 16571: 16569: 16567: 16551: 16545: 16544: 16538: 16530: 16528: 16526: 16510: 16504: 16503: 16497: 16489: 16478: 16472: 16471: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16448:. Archived from 16442: 16436: 16435: 16434:on 13 July 2007. 16430:. Archived from 16424: 16418: 16412: 16406: 16399: 16393: 16380: 16374: 16373: 16358: 16352: 16346: 16340: 16323: 16317: 16316: 16298: 16292: 16291: 16273: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16262: 16253:. MSN. Reuters. 16247: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16236: 16216: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16205: 16186: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16175: 16166:. Archived from 16156: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16145: 16126: 16120: 16114: 16108: 16105:The Soul of Iran 16097: 16091: 16085: 16079: 16065: 16059: 16053: 16047: 16041: 16035: 16032:The Shia Revival 16028: 16022: 16015: 16009: 16002: 15996: 15986: 15980: 15979:, Martin Kramer. 15974: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15963: 15944: 15938: 15937: 15935: 15933: 15924:. 22 June 2020. 15914: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15903: 15884: 15878: 15877: 15875: 15873: 15854: 15848: 15847: 15845: 15843: 15824: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15813: 15798: 15792: 15791: 15789: 15787: 15768: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15757: 15751: 15744: 15735: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15724: 15705: 15699: 15698: 15696: 15694: 15660: 15654: 15653: 15651: 15649: 15627: 15621: 15620: 15598: 15592: 15591: 15589: 15587: 15559: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15548: 15516:Cold War History 15506: 15500: 15499: 15483: 15473: 15467: 15461: 15455: 15449: 15443: 15428: 15422: 15421: 15419: 15417: 15389: 15383: 15382: 15350: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15339: 15324: 15318: 15315: 15309: 15308: 15276: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15262: 15247: 15241: 15240: 15216: 15205: 15204: 15180: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15169: 15149: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15138: 15123: 15117: 15111: 15105: 15104: 15089: 15083: 15080:The Shia Revival 15076: 15070: 15063: 15057: 15056: 15032: 15026: 15020: 15014: 15008: 15002: 14996: 14987: 14981: 14975: 14969: 14963: 14957: 14951: 14945: 14939: 14933: 14927: 14921: 14915: 14909: 14903: 14897: 14891: 14885: 14876: 14870: 14864: 14858: 14849: 14835: 14829: 14823: 14814: 14808: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14797: 14777: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14766: 14746: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14715: 14706: 14700: 14694: 14693: 14683: 14659: 14648: 14642: 14636: 14629: 14623: 14622: 14601: 14595: 14589: 14583: 14577: 14571: 14565: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14554: 14534: 14528: 14521: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14497: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14486: 14466: 14460: 14454: 14448: 14428: 14422: 14421: 14406: 14400: 14397: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14370: 14364: 14358: 14352: 14346: 14340: 14334: 14328: 14322: 14316: 14310: 14297: 14291: 14282: 14276: 14270: 14264: 14258: 14252: 14243: 14237: 14231: 14225: 14219: 14213: 14207: 14201: 14195: 14189: 14183: 14177: 14171: 14170: 14150: 14144: 14138: 14132: 14126: 14120: 14114: 14108: 14102: 14096: 14089: 14083: 14077: 14071: 14070: 14062: 14056: 14055:, p. 93–94. 14050: 14044: 14043: 14025: 14019: 14002: 13993: 13987: 13978: 13977: 13953: 13947: 13946: 13928: 13919: 13909: 13903: 13893: 13887: 13877: 13868: 13867: 13839: 13833: 13827: 13810: 13804: 13795: 13794: 13792: 13790: 13772: 13759: 13749: 13743: 13737: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13702: 13693: 13687: 13668: 13662: 13649: 13648: 13638: 13614: 13608: 13598: 13592: 13582: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13560:"Iran Iran song" 13556: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13530: 13524: 13523: 13499: 13493: 13487: 13481: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13457: 13446: 13445: 13430: 13424: 13411: 13405: 13398: 13392: 13379: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13349: 13343: 13342: 13337:. 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Archived from 10609: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10562: 10556: 10542: 10536: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10486: 10480: 10466: 10457: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10416: 10406: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10370: 10364: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10221: 10215: 10208: 10202: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10142:The Shia Revival 10137: 10131: 10130: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10061: 10055: 10054:19, 1987, p. 261 10047: 10041: 10035: 10029: 10023: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9953: 9947: 9938: 9917: 9911: 9890: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9830:BBC: On This Day 9821: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9788:Eminent Persians 9782: 9745: 9744: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9711: 9705: 9695: 9689: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9628: 9587: 9581: 9568: 9567: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9494: 9423: 9417: 9408: 9381:Jubilee Campaign 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9197:Yarshater, Ehsan 9189:Yarshater, Ehsan 9185: 9164: 9161: 9155: 9152: 9146: 9135: 9129: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064:Nikkie R. Keddie 9053: 8909:Civil resistance 8904:White Revolution 8877: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8849: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8727: 8715: 8700: 8690:Mehrabad Airport 8685: 8670: 8658: 8646: 8627: 8615: 8603: 8591: 8441:(written c. 200 8435:Sextus Empiricus 8299:Politics of Iran 8267:self-sufficiency 8214:Politics of Iran 8153:, himself on an 8097:Syrian civil war 7960: 7948: 7646:Sadegh Khalkhali 7551:seized its staff 7508:Guardian Council 7504:Freedom Movement 7318: 7311: 7304: 7290: 7289: 7274:Republican Party 7252:Peasant republic 7212:Communitarianism 6929:Classical Athens 6924: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6868: 6858: 6848: 6838: 6828: 6818: 6808: 6798: 6788: 6778: 6768: 6002:Mixed government 5936: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5898: 5897: 5889:Islam portal 5887: 5886: 5885: 5791:in North America 5741:Hassan Al-Turabi 5691:Abul Hasan Nadwi 5299:Anti-imperialism 5197:Islamic republic 5192:Islamic monarchy 5177:Islamic feminism 5036: 5030: 5029: 5019: 5018: 4984:fifth columnists 4930:invasion of Iran 4870:Marzieh Hadidchi 4838:The presence of 4835: 4824: 4725:Islamic republic 4633:Freedom Movement 4597: 4568:Shapour Bakhtiar 4518:The Shah Is Gone 4324: 4313: 4223: 4125:American embassy 4026:. Khomeini left 4020:Iraqi government 3929:Islamic republic 3873:Islamic republic 3756:Dariush Forouhar 3701:Nasser Moghaddam 3619:Resurgence Party 3526:neo-colonialists 3510:1978 Qom protest 3492:Iraqi government 3476:Mostafa Khomeini 3465:Goethe Institute 3461:Saeed Soltanpour 3434:Goethe-Institute 3382:William Sullivan 3157:from oppressive 3141:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 3078:White Revolution 2966:; sales of some 2941:White Revolution 2908:Fazlollah Zahedi 2749:, the communist 2664:Islamic clothing 2326:authoritarianism 2319: 2308:Iranian diaspora 2289:Islamic republic 2269:Shapour Bakhtiar 2234:White Revolution 2180: 2178:Enqelâb-e Eslâmī 2174: 2173: 2163:1979 Revolution, 2160: 2155: 2149: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2069:Military history 2059:Economic history 2037:Related articles 2020:Islamic Republic 1996: 1995: 1959: 1958: 1900: 1899: 1857:Kar-Kiya dynasty 1777:Chobanid dynasty 1767:Ilkhanate Empire 1547:Sallarid dynasty 1517:Saffarid dynasty 1403: 1402: 1248: 1245: 1213:–11th century AD 1212: 1209: 1173:Scythian Kingdom 1159: 1158: 1089: 1076: 1053: 1040: 1017: 1000: 970: 969: 950: 937: 924: 911: 898: 888: 887: 870: 860: 842: 841: 832: 829: 823: 820: 814: 807: 801: 794: 763: 762: 761: 752: 751: 750: 740: 739: 738: 729: 728: 727: 718: 717: 716: 705: 704: 696:Abbas Gharabaghi 694: 693: 685: 678:Nasser Moghaddam 676: 675: 668: 667: 658: 657: 648:Shapour Bakhtiar 646: 645: 635: 634: 624: 623: 613: 612: 602: 601: 534:Fadaiyan-e-Khalq 461:Fadaiyan-e-Islam 419: 413: 412: 411: 349: 348: 347: 338: 337: 313:Anti-Americanist 297:Iranian diaspora 263:becomes the new 220:Civil resistance 161:Discontent with 137: 135: 129: 127: 108: 88: 87: 74:under discussion 70: 58: 57: 50: 36:White Revolution 21: 29779: 29778: 29774: 29773: 29772: 29770: 29769: 29768: 29674: 29673: 29672: 29667: 29651: 29605: 29601:Sirous Rowshani 29581:Khosrow Qashqai 29569: 29546: 29532:Nader Jahanbani 29502:Saeed Mehdiyoun 29482:Hassan Pakravan 29477:Habib Elghanian 29446: 29432:Mansour Rouhani 29366: 29348: 29345: 29315: 29310: 29309: 29304: 29290: 29111: 28970:Saeid Aboutaleb 28950:Craig Wadsworth 28925:Stephen D. Mull 28915:Joseph Macmanus 28813: 28654: 28509:Charming Kitten 28471:RQ-170 incident 28439:Filipino Monkey 28385:Algiers Accords 28316: 28253:Abraham Accords 28164: 28158:U.S. withdrawal 28044: 27983: 27976: 27966: 27964: 27934: 27929: 27913: 27835: 27774: 27668:Tobacco Protest 27646: 27601: 27545: 27504: 27492: 27485: 27475: 27473: 27443: 27438: 27422: 27359:Abraham Accords 27315: 27257:Majid Shahriari 27228: 27150: 27057: 27022: 27013:Victoria Affair 27008:Karine A affair 26994: 26875: 26835: 26807: 26802: 26772: 26767: 26751: 26668: 26632: 26626: 26523: 26358: 26316: 26311: 26281: 26276: 26260: 26172: 26136: 26130: 26027: 25838: 25822: 25796: 25789: 25779: 25777: 25747: 25742: 25728: 25670: 25661:(granddaughter) 25653:Hassan Khomeini 25617:Khadijeh Saqafi 25603: 25550: 25521:Sex segregation 25477: 25468: 25455:Israeli support 25421:1979 Referendum 25401:Supreme Council 25342: 25337: 25307: 25302: 25275: 25271:Political Islam 25249: 25218: 25214:Islamic revival 25182: 25115: 25109: 25105:(Gaddafi, 1975) 25038: 25019: 24973: 24944:Osama bin Laden 24929:Anwar al-Awlaki 24912: 24906:in North Africa 24853:Lashkar-e-Taiba 24801: 24797:Salafi jihadism 24776: 24751: 24720: 24686:Safar al-Hawali 24648: 24598: 24556: 24554:Salafi movement 24539: 24415:Muammar Gaddafi 24400:Hassan al-Banna 24368: 24357: 24331: 24262:Jamiat-e Islami 24208: 24182:Jamaat-e-Islami 24170:in Central Asia 24148:Socio-political 24136: 24024: 24013:Salafi jihadism 23973: 23968: 23938: 23933: 23910: 23901:Second Cold War 23859: 23787: 23781: 23757:Odd Arne Westad 23747:Patrick Vaughan 23732:Athan Theoharis 23712:Ellen Schrecker 23697:Yakov M. Rabkin 23672:Timothy Naftali 23617:Tvrtko Jakovina 23602:Jussi Hanhimäki 23485: 23463: 23453: 23431:Paix et Liberté 23406: 23350:Active measures 23331: 23261: 23242:White supremacy 23202:Totalitarianism 23130: 23055: 22978: 22964:Reagan Doctrine 22959:Carter Doctrine 22899:Truman Doctrine 22887: 22834: 22766: 22661:Soviet reaction 22572:Ndogboyosoi War 22479: 22450:Saur Revolution 22277:1973 oil crisis 22242:Munich massacre 22150:Alcora Exercise 22145:Black September 22123: 21869:Sino-Indian War 21763:Simba rebellion 21746: 21590:Capture of the 21498: 21437:Berlin Blockade 21370:May 1947 crises 21360:Truman Doctrine 21325:Greek Civil War 21314:Blacklist Forty 21281:Gouzenko Affair 21268:Cursed soldiers 21220:Morgenthau Plan 21208: 21146: 21141: 21111: 21106: 20940: 20887: 20871: 20868: 20838: 20833: 20820: 20799: 20768: 20747: 20741: 20711: 20706: 20670: 20640: 20619:Rap and hip-hop 20590: 20571:Public holidays 20556:Persian gardens 20545:Imperial Anthem 20536:National Jewels 20491:Iranian studies 20380: 20314: 20266: 20198: 20159:Persian (Farsi) 20132: 20111: 20080: 20042: 20035: 19970:Pharmaceuticals 19915: 19906:Venture capital 19881:Rial (currency) 19866:Nuclear program 19745: 19724: 19691: 19650: 19601:Nuclear program 19566:Judicial system 19488: 19471: 19442:Iranian plateau 19369: 19348: 19232: 19154: 19136: 19123: 19091:History (1979–) 19090: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19066: 19033: 19009: 18978: 18970: 18962: 18954: 18946: 18938: 18930: 18922: 18909: 18903: 18895: 18887: 18879: 18872: 18864: 18856: 18848: 18840: 18832: 18819: 18813: 18805: 18797: 18789: 18781: 18773: 18765: 18757: 18749: 18733: 18723: 18717: 18704: 18698: 18690: 18682: 18674: 18666: 18658: 18650: 18642: 18634: 18621: 18615: 18614:Neo-Babylonian 18607: 18599: 18592:(860 BC–590 BC) 18591: 18583: 18575: 18567: 18560:(c.2300–675 BC) 18559: 18551: 18543: 18535: 18527: 18507: 18494: 18481: 18475: 18440: 18385:by Akbar Nazemi 18374:– slideshow by 18368: 18341:Wayback Machine 18307:Michel Foucault 18275: 18230: 18205:Wayback Machine 18173: 18168: 18147:Man of the Year 18129:Wayback Machine 17976: 17942: 17919: 17898: 17875: 17844: 17827: 17825:Further reading 17822: 17816: 17797: 17778: 17759: 17738: 17717: 17696: 17675: 17656: 17628: 17607: 17575: 17551: 17549: 17542: 17504: 17502: 17495: 17474: 17466:. Basic Books. 17453: 17432: 17406: 17404: 17397: 17376: 17336: 17317: 17312: 17311: 17301: 17299: 17292: 17276: 17272: 17262: 17260: 17256: 17249: 17245: 17244: 17240: 17230: 17228: 17224: 17213: 17207: 17203: 17193: 17191: 17178: 17177: 17173: 17163: 17161: 17148: 17147: 17143: 17133: 17131: 17118: 17117: 17113: 17103: 17101: 17088: 17087: 17083: 17073: 17071: 17058: 17057: 17053: 17043: 17041: 17030: 17023: 17013: 17011: 16992: 16988: 16978: 16976: 16963: 16962: 16955: 16945: 16943: 16932: 16928: 16918: 16916: 16907: 16906: 16902: 16892: 16890: 16886: 16875: 16869: 16865: 16855: 16853: 16842: 16841: 16837: 16827: 16825: 16810: 16806: 16783: 16779: 16774: 16770: 16759: 16752: 16743: 16739: 16731: 16727: 16719: 16715: 16700: 16686: 16659: 16652: 16632: 16628: 16615: 16614: 16610: 16601:Wayback Machine 16591: 16587: 16579: 16575: 16565: 16563: 16552: 16548: 16532: 16531: 16524: 16522: 16511: 16507: 16491: 16490: 16480: 16479: 16475: 16462: 16461: 16457: 16444: 16443: 16439: 16426: 16425: 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13611: 13599: 13595: 13583: 13579: 13569: 13567: 13558: 13557: 13553: 13543: 13541: 13532: 13531: 13527: 13516: 13500: 13496: 13488: 13484: 13476: 13472: 13458: 13449: 13438:iranchamber.com 13432: 13431: 13427: 13421:Wayback Machine 13412: 13408: 13404:, 30 July 2003. 13399: 13395: 13389:Wayback Machine 13380: 13376: 13366: 13364: 13351: 13350: 13346: 13327: 13323: 13306: 13305: 13301: 13293: 13289: 13281: 13277: 13271:Wayback Machine 13262: 13258: 13245: 13241: 13235:Wayback Machine 13226: 13222: 13214: 13210: 13202: 13198: 13190: 13186: 13181:on 4 June 2011. 13169: 13168: 13164: 13158:Wayback Machine 13149: 13145: 13135: 13133: 13124: 13123: 13119: 13112: 13094: 13085: 13064: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13022: 13018: 13008: 13006: 12991: 12987: 12977: 12975: 12968: 12952: 12939: 12931: 12927: 12917: 12915: 12902: 12901: 12894: 12884: 12882: 12867: 12860: 12850: 12848: 12839: 12838: 12831: 12821: 12819: 12812: 12796: 12787: 12777: 12775: 12768: 12752: 12737: 12727: 12725: 12718: 12702: 12683: 12673: 12671: 12664:Telegraph Blogs 12658: 12657: 12653: 12630:10.2307/3011472 12614: 12610: 12600: 12598: 12588: 12584: 12577: 12551: 12544: 12534: 12532: 12524: 12523: 12519: 12509: 12507: 12498: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12470: 12463: 12448: 12441: 12433: 12422: 12414: 12410: 12389: 12385: 12359: 12355: 12347: 12340: 12330: 12328: 12321: 12305: 12298: 12279: 12242: 12234: 12185: 12177: 12166: 12158: 12151: 12145: 12126: 12118: 12107: 12097: 12095: 12088: 12072: 12065: 12055: 12053: 12046: 12030: 12021: 12011: 12009: 12002: 11983: 11916: 11906: 11904: 11897: 11881: 11877: 11867: 11865: 11858: 11842: 11838: 11831: 11815: 11811: 11801: 11799: 11756: 11749: 11739:Brumberg (2001) 11737: 11733: 11726: 11710: 11706: 11695: 11679: 11675: 11668: 11652: 11607: 11590: 11573: 11565: 11561: 11553: 11549: 11543:Wayback Machine 11533: 11529: 11521: 11517: 11509: 11505: 11497: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11473: 11469: 11458: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11423: 11403: 11399: 11391: 11387: 11379: 11375: 11367: 11363: 11355: 11348: 11340: 11336: 11329: 11307: 11303: 11295: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11240: 11236: 11228: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11202: 11200: 11187: 11186: 11182: 11174: 11167: 11159: 11155: 11146: 11142: 11132:Wayback Machine 11122: 11118: 11110: 11106: 11098: 11091: 11083: 11079: 11069: 11067: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11045: 11041: 11029: 11025: 11017: 11013: 11005: 11001: 10991: 10989: 10982: 10964: 10960: 10953: 10939: 10935: 10925: 10923: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10899:Arjomand (1988) 10897: 10893: 10883: 10881: 10874: 10858: 10854: 10844: 10842: 10827: 10823: 10816: 10800: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10774:www.cbsnews.com 10768: 10767: 10763: 10753: 10751: 10744: 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10705: 10689: 10685: 10666: 10665: 10661: 10654: 10640: 10636: 10628: 10622: 10607: 10599: 10595: 10587: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10563: 10559: 10545:Mottahedeh, Roy 10543: 10539: 10530: 10526: 10487: 10483: 10467: 10460: 10454:Schirazi (1997) 10452: 10448: 10440: 10436: 10429: 10407: 10403: 10395: 10391: 10383: 10379: 10371: 10367: 10344: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10322:Brumberg (2001) 10320: 10316: 10308: 10304: 10296: 10292: 10284: 10280: 10272: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10238:10.2307/1864588 10222: 10218: 10209: 10205: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10163: 10159: 10152: 10138: 10134: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10091: 10087: 10076: 10062: 10058: 10048: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10024: 10017: 10011:Amuzegar (1991) 10009: 10005: 9999:Arjomand (1988) 9997: 9993: 9987:Amuzegar (1991) 9985: 9981: 9971: 9969: 9954: 9950: 9941:Amuzegar (1991) 9939: 9920: 9912: 9893: 9872: 9868: 9860: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9839:Wayback Machine 9822: 9818: 9808: 9806: 9799: 9783: 9748: 9734: 9730: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9698:Mottahedeh, Roy 9696: 9692: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9652: 9645: 9629: 9590: 9582: 9571: 9556: 9534: 9530: 9520: 9518: 9511: 9495: 9426: 9418: 9411: 9364:Wayback Machine 9350:Wayback Machine 9331:Wayback Machine 9301:Wayback Machine 9285: 9281: 9271: 9269: 9254: 9250: 9240: 9226: 9222: 9211: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9158: 9153: 9149: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9089: 9085: 9077: 9073: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9002: 8968: 8924:History of Iran 8873: 8868: 8866: 8861:Politics portal 8859: 8852: 8845: 8840: 8838: 8831: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8768:Marjane Satrapi 8738: 8731: 8728: 8719: 8716: 8707: 8701: 8692: 8686: 8677: 8671: 8662: 8659: 8650: 8647: 8638: 8628: 8619: 8616: 8607: 8604: 8595: 8592: 8583: 8554: 8501: 8499:Economy of Iran 8495: 8493:Economic impact 8447:Parthian Empire 8437:asserts in his 8431: 8421: 8406:Pahlavi dynasty 8365: 8351: 8301: 8295: 8253:, governmental 8216: 8206: 8204:Domestic impact 8119: 8109: 8053: 8047: 8027:Main articles: 8025: 8009:invaded by Iraq 7973: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7938: 7932: 7916:Provisional IRA 7863: 7857: 7852: 7796:(unbelievers). 7756: 7750: 7718: 7693: 7664: 7590: 7588:Nojeh coup plot 7584: 7572:Algiers Accords 7542: 7536: 7500: 7488:Main articles: 7486: 7466: 7460: 7455: 7435: 7425: 7383:velayat-e faqih 7322: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7197: 7189: 7188: 7092: 7084: 7083: 6969:Trienio Liberal 6910: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6886: 6876: 6866: 6856: 6846: 6836: 6826: 6816: 6806: 6796: 6786: 6776: 6766: 6757: 6749: 6748: 6484:Flynn (Stephen) 6369: 6361: 6360: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6118: 6110: 6109: 6065: 6057: 6056: 6052:Social equality 6047:Social contract 6037:Self-governance 5992:Democratization 5967:Anti-corruption 5962:Anti-monarchism 5957: 5941:Politics series 5930: 5892: 5883: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5848: 5838: 5837: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5651:Hassan al-Banna 5621: 5613: 5612: 5563:Muammar Gaddafi 5548: 5540: 5539: 5526: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5404:Jamaat-e-Islami 5327: 5319: 5318: 5314:Islamic revival 5289: 5281: 5280: 5238:Political Islam 5143: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5109:Salafi movement 5087: 5079: 5078: 5044: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5011: 4995:velayat-e faqih 4951: 4946: 4910: 4904: 4882: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4814: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4750:Emadeddin Baghi 4746: 4740: 4721:Pahlavi dynasty 4696:Immortal Guards 4685:Regency Council 4680: 4588: 4560: 4554: 4510:Front cover of 4473: 4427: 4421: 4389: 4376: 4334:As the days of 4332: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4303: 4216: 4203: 4141: 4106: 4016: 3991: 3964: 3888: 3882: 3861:burned to death 3841: 3839:Cinema Rex fire 3835: 3819:Rastakhiz Party 3801:Western culture 3773: 3768: 3713: 3611: 3597:opened fire on 3552: 3546: 3512: 3506: 3501: 3453: 3410:Rastakhiz Party 3378:Alfred Atherton 3367:Cyrus the Great 3338: 3252: 3246: 3240:) inside Iran. 3185:velayat-e faqih 3163:neo-colonialism 3121: 3115: 3109: 3097:sent into exile 3055: 3045: 3039: 3014:social tensions 2999:Pahlavi dynasty 2976:nationalization 2943: 2937: 2931:secret police. 2903: 2897: 2834:British embassy 2826:Harry S. Truman 2777: 2769:Main articles: 2767: 2721: 2713:Main articles: 2711: 2652:Pahlavi dynasty 2624: 2618: 2592: 2586: 2548:Tobacco protest 2544:Iranian society 2534: 2532:Tobacco Protest 2528: 2481:Islamic revival 2479:version of the 2368: 2362: 2330:totalitarianism 2317:Velâyat-e Faqih 2265:Regency Council 2254:Cinema Rex fire 2183:Pahlavi dynasty 2132: 2102:Iran portal 2096: 2094: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2074:Women's history 2038: 2030: 2029: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1956: 1946: 1945: 1897: 1887: 1886: 1737:Qutlugh-Khanids 1687:Atabegs of Yazd 1587:Rawadid dynasty 1557:Ziyarid dynasty 1497:Tahirid dynasty 1395: 1393:Medieval period 1385: 1384: 1369:6th century–785 1355:Sasanian Empire 1325:Kings of Persis 1295:Parthian Empire 1265:Seleucid Empire 1246: 1210: 1156: 1154:Imperial period 1146: 1145: 1060:Akkadian Empire 1007:Lullubi Kingdom 967: 957: 956: 905:Zarzian culture 880: 858: 851: 836: 835: 830: 826: 821: 817: 808: 804: 795: 791: 769: 768: 759: 757: 756: 748: 746: 744: 736: 734: 733: 725: 723: 722: 714: 712: 709: 699: 698: 688: 687: 686: 670: 669: 652: 651: 650: 640: 639: 629: 628: 618: 617: 607: 606: 596: 579: 578: 525: 524: 519: 518: 477: 476: 471: 470: 427: 426: 421: 420: 409: 407: 406: 401: 400: 371:Rastakhiz Party 366:Regency Council 362: 361: 360:Pro-Shah Groups 356: 355: 345: 343: 324:Nojeh coup plot 302:Islamic revival 291:1979 oil crisis 198:Pahlavi dynasty 151: 138: 133: 131: 125: 123: 114: 82: 66: 59: 55: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 29777: 29767: 29766: 29761: 29756: 29751: 29746: 29741: 29736: 29731: 29726: 29721: 29716: 29711: 29706: 29701: 29696: 29691: 29686: 29669: 29668: 29656: 29653: 29652: 29650: 29649: 29644: 29639: 29634: 29629: 29624: 29619: 29613: 29611: 29607: 29606: 29604: 29603: 29598: 29593: 29588: 29583: 29577: 29575: 29571: 29570: 29568: 29567: 29565:Hassan Azarfar 29562: 29556: 29554: 29548: 29547: 29545: 29544: 29539: 29534: 29529: 29524: 29519: 29514: 29509: 29504: 29499: 29494: 29489: 29484: 29479: 29474: 29469: 29464: 29458: 29456: 29448: 29447: 29445: 29444: 29439: 29434: 29429: 29424: 29419: 29414: 29409: 29404: 29402:Abdollah Riazi 29399: 29394: 29389: 29387:Parviz Nikkhah 29384: 29378: 29376: 29368: 29367: 29365: 29364: 29359: 29353: 29350: 29349: 29344: 29343: 29336: 29329: 29321: 29312: 29311: 29306: 29305: 29295: 29292: 29291: 29289: 29288: 29281: 29274: 29267: 29262: 29257: 29252: 29247: 29242: 29237: 29232: 29227: 29222: 29221: 29220: 29210: 29205: 29200: 29195: 29190: 29185: 29180: 29175: 29170: 29165: 29160: 29155: 29150: 29145: 29140: 29135: 29133:American Islam 29130: 29125: 29119: 29117: 29113: 29112: 29110: 29109: 29108: 29107: 29097: 29092: 29087: 29085:Karan Vafadari 29082: 29080:Kian Tajbakhsh 29077: 29072: 29067: 29062: 29057: 29052: 29047: 29042: 29037: 29032: 29027: 29022: 29017: 29012: 29007: 29002: 28997: 28992: 28987: 28982: 28977: 28972: 28967: 28962: 28957: 28952: 28947: 28942: 28937: 28932: 28927: 28922: 28917: 28912: 28907: 28902: 28897: 28895:Elliott Abrams 28892: 28891: 28890: 28880: 28875: 28870: 28865: 28860: 28855: 28850: 28847: 28842: 28837: 28832: 28827: 28821: 28819: 28815: 28814: 28812: 28811: 28806: 28799: 28794: 28789: 28784: 28779: 28774: 28769: 28764: 28759: 28754: 28749: 28744: 28739: 28734: 28729: 28724: 28719: 28714: 28709: 28704: 28703: 28702: 28697: 28687: 28682: 28677: 28676: 28675: 28664: 28662: 28656: 28655: 28653: 28652: 28647: 28642: 28637: 28632: 28620: 28615: 28610: 28605: 28600: 28595: 28590: 28585: 28584: 28583: 28573: 28568: 28563: 28558: 28553: 28548: 28543: 28538: 28533: 28528: 28523: 28518: 28517: 28516: 28511: 28506: 28501: 28496: 28486: 28481: 28473: 28468: 28463: 28458: 28453: 28448: 28443: 28442: 28441: 28431: 28426: 28421: 28416: 28411: 28406: 28401: 28396: 28395: 28394: 28387: 28382: 28377: 28372: 28367: 28365:Canadian Caper 28362: 28357: 28352: 28347: 28337: 28332: 28326: 28324: 28318: 28317: 28315: 28314: 28313: 28312: 28307: 28302: 28297: 28292: 28282: 28277: 28272: 28267: 28262: 28261: 28260: 28255: 28245: 28240: 28235: 28234: 28233: 28228: 28223: 28218: 28213: 28208: 28203: 28198: 28193: 28188: 28183: 28172: 28170: 28166: 28165: 28163: 28162: 28161: 28160: 28155: 28150: 28145: 28140: 28135: 28130: 28120: 28115: 28110: 28105: 28100: 28095: 28090: 28085: 28080: 28079: 28078: 28068: 28063: 28058: 28052: 28050: 28046: 28045: 28043: 28042: 28037: 28032: 28027: 28022: 28017: 28012: 28007: 28002: 27997: 27991: 27989: 27985: 27984: 27963: 27962: 27955: 27948: 27940: 27931: 27930: 27918: 27915: 27914: 27912: 27911: 27906: 27901: 27896: 27891: 27890: 27889: 27882:Gholhak Garden 27879: 27874: 27869: 27864: 27859: 27854: 27849: 27843: 27841: 27837: 27836: 27834: 27833: 27828: 27823: 27818: 27813: 27811:Kamal Foroughi 27808: 27806:Arthur Edwards 27803: 27798: 27793: 27788: 27782: 27780: 27776: 27775: 27773: 27772: 27767: 27762: 27757: 27752: 27747: 27746: 27745: 27738:Salman Rushdie 27735: 27730: 27729: 27728: 27723: 27713: 27712: 27711: 27701: 27700: 27699: 27689: 27682: 27677: 27676: 27675: 27665: 27660: 27654: 27652: 27648: 27647: 27645: 27644: 27643: 27642: 27632: 27631: 27630: 27620: 27615: 27609: 27607: 27603: 27602: 27600: 27599: 27594: 27589: 27584: 27579: 27574: 27569: 27564: 27559: 27553: 27551: 27547: 27546: 27544: 27543: 27538: 27533: 27528: 27523: 27518: 27512: 27510: 27506: 27505: 27501: 27497: 27494: 27493: 27472: 27471: 27464: 27457: 27449: 27440: 27439: 27427: 27424: 27423: 27421: 27420: 27413: 27408: 27403: 27398: 27397: 27396: 27386: 27381: 27376: 27371: 27366: 27361: 27356: 27351: 27346: 27341: 27336: 27335: 27334: 27323: 27321: 27317: 27316: 27314: 27313: 27308: 27303: 27298: 27293: 27288: 27287: 27286: 27276: 27275: 27274: 27269: 27264: 27259: 27254: 27249: 27238: 27236: 27230: 27229: 27227: 27226: 27221: 27216: 27211: 27206: 27201: 27196: 27191: 27186: 27185: 27184: 27174: 27169: 27164: 27158: 27156: 27152: 27151: 27149: 27148: 27143: 27138: 27133: 27128: 27123: 27118: 27113: 27108: 27103: 27098: 27093: 27088: 27083: 27078: 27073: 27067: 27065: 27059: 27058: 27056: 27055: 27054: 27053: 27043: 27038: 27032: 27030: 27024: 27023: 27021: 27020: 27015: 27010: 27004: 27002: 26996: 26995: 26993: 26992: 26987: 26986: 26985: 26980: 26970: 26965: 26960: 26955: 26950: 26948:Francop Affair 26945: 26940: 26935: 26930: 26929: 26928: 26923: 26913: 26912: 26911: 26906: 26901: 26896: 26885: 26883: 26877: 26876: 26874: 26873: 26868: 26863: 26858: 26857: 26856: 26845: 26843: 26837: 26836: 26834: 26833: 26828: 26823: 26817: 26815: 26809: 26808: 26801: 26800: 26793: 26786: 26778: 26769: 26768: 26756: 26753: 26752: 26750: 26749: 26744: 26739: 26734: 26729: 26724: 26719: 26714: 26709: 26704: 26703: 26702: 26692: 26687: 26682: 26676: 26674: 26673:Related topics 26670: 26669: 26667: 26666: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26640: 26638: 26628: 26627: 26625: 26624: 26619: 26614: 26609: 26604: 26599: 26594: 26589: 26584: 26579: 26574: 26569: 26568: 26567: 26562: 26557: 26552: 26542: 26537: 26531: 26529: 26525: 26524: 26522: 26521: 26516: 26511: 26510: 26509: 26504: 26499: 26494: 26489: 26484: 26483: 26482: 26477: 26462: 26461: 26460: 26450: 26449: 26448: 26443: 26438: 26433: 26428: 26418: 26413: 26412: 26411: 26406: 26396: 26391: 26390: 26389: 26379: 26378: 26377: 26366: 26364: 26360: 26359: 26357: 26356: 26355: 26354: 26353: 26352: 26345:Qatif conflict 26342: 26337: 26326: 26324: 26318: 26317: 26310: 26309: 26302: 26295: 26287: 26278: 26277: 26265: 26262: 26261: 26259: 26258: 26253: 26248: 26243: 26238: 26233: 26228: 26223: 26218: 26213: 26212: 26211: 26201: 26196: 26191: 26186: 26180: 26178: 26174: 26173: 26171: 26170: 26165: 26160: 26155: 26150: 26144: 26142: 26132: 26131: 26129: 26128: 26123: 26118: 26113: 26108: 26103: 26098: 26093: 26088: 26083: 26078: 26073: 26072: 26071: 26066: 26061: 26056: 26046: 26041: 26035: 26033: 26029: 26028: 26026: 26025: 26020: 26015: 26014: 26013: 26008: 26003: 25998: 25993: 25988: 25987: 25986: 25981: 25966: 25961: 25960: 25959: 25954: 25949: 25944: 25939: 25929: 25924: 25923: 25922: 25917: 25907: 25902: 25901: 25900: 25890: 25889: 25888: 25878: 25877: 25876: 25875: 25874: 25867:Qatif conflict 25864: 25859: 25848: 25846: 25840: 25839: 25837: 25836: 25830: 25828: 25824: 25823: 25821: 25820: 25815: 25810: 25804: 25802: 25798: 25797: 25776: 25775: 25768: 25761: 25753: 25744: 25743: 25733: 25730: 25729: 25727: 25726: 25721: 25716: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25694: 25689: 25684: 25678: 25676: 25672: 25671: 25669: 25668: 25662: 25659:Zahra Eshraghi 25656: 25650: 25644: 25641:Ahmad Khomeini 25638: 25632: 25626: 25620: 25613: 25611: 25605: 25604: 25602: 25601: 25594: 25587: 25580: 25577:Kashf al-Asrar 25573: 25566: 25558: 25556: 25552: 25551: 25549: 25548: 25543: 25538: 25533: 25528: 25523: 25518: 25513: 25508: 25503: 25498: 25493: 25491:American Islam 25487: 25485: 25479: 25478: 25471: 25469: 25467: 25466: 25465: 25464: 25459: 25458: 25457: 25442: 25441: 25440: 25433: 25428: 25423: 25418: 25413: 25408: 25403: 25398: 25393: 25383: 25381:Return to Iran 25378: 25377: 25376: 25371: 25366: 25356: 25350: 25348: 25344: 25343: 25336: 25335: 25328: 25321: 25313: 25304: 25303: 25301: 25300: 25295: 25288: 25285: 25284: 25281: 25280: 25277: 25276: 25274: 25273: 25268: 25263: 25257: 25255: 25254:Related topics 25251: 25250: 25248: 25247: 25245:United Kingdom 25242: 25237: 25232: 25226: 25224: 25220: 25219: 25217: 25216: 25211: 25206: 25201: 25196: 25190: 25188: 25184: 25183: 25181: 25180: 25175: 25170: 25165: 25160: 25158:Faith campaign 25155: 25150: 25145: 25140: 25135: 25130: 25125: 25119: 25117: 25111: 25110: 25108: 25107: 25103:The Green Book 25099: 25091: 25083: 25075: 25067: 25059: 25057:(Iqbal, 1930s) 25055:Reconstruction 25050: 25048: 25040: 25039: 25029: 25028: 25025: 25024: 25021: 25020: 25018: 25017: 25015:Talibanization 25012: 25007: 25002: 24997: 24992: 24987: 24981: 24979: 24975: 24974: 24972: 24971: 24966: 24961: 24956: 24951: 24949:Akhtar Mansour 24946: 24941: 24936: 24931: 24926: 24920: 24918: 24914: 24913: 24911: 24910: 24909: 24908: 24903: 24898: 24888: 24887: 24886: 24885: 24884: 24879: 24869: 24868: 24867: 24860:Southeast Asia 24857: 24856: 24855: 24850: 24840: 24839: 24838: 24833: 24828: 24826:Fatah al-Islam 24823: 24809: 24807: 24803: 24802: 24800: 24799: 24794: 24788: 24786: 24778: 24777: 24761: 24760: 24757: 24756: 24753: 24752: 24750: 24749: 24744: 24739: 24734: 24728: 24726: 24722: 24721: 24719: 24718: 24713: 24708: 24706:Salman al-Ouda 24703: 24698: 24693: 24688: 24683: 24678: 24673: 24668: 24662: 24660: 24654: 24653: 24650: 24649: 24647: 24646: 24641: 24636: 24635: 24634: 24624: 24619: 24614: 24608: 24606: 24600: 24599: 24597: 24596: 24591: 24589:Sahwa movement 24586: 24581: 24575: 24573: 24566: 24558: 24557: 24545: 24544: 24541: 24540: 24538: 24537: 24532: 24527: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24492: 24487: 24485:Ata Abu Rashta 24482: 24477: 24472: 24467: 24462: 24457: 24452: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24432: 24430:Muhammad Iqbal 24427: 24422: 24417: 24412: 24407: 24402: 24397: 24392: 24387: 24382: 24377: 24375:Muhammad Abduh 24371: 24369: 24366: 24363: 24362: 24359: 24358: 24356: 24355: 24350: 24345: 24339: 24337: 24333: 24332: 24330: 24329: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24312:Fatah Alliance 24309: 24304: 24299: 24294: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24274: 24269: 24264: 24259: 24254: 24249: 24244: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24224: 24218: 24216: 24210: 24209: 24207: 24206: 24205: 24204: 24199: 24189: 24184: 24179: 24174: 24173: 24172: 24167: 24160:Hizb ut-Tahrir 24157: 24151: 24149: 24142: 24138: 24137: 24135: 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24112: 24107: 24102: 24097: 24096: 24095: 24085: 24080: 24079: 24078: 24073: 24063: 24058: 24053: 24048: 24043: 24038: 24032: 24030: 24026: 24025: 24023: 24022: 24017: 24016: 24015: 24005: 24004: 24003: 23993: 23987: 23985: 23975: 23974: 23967: 23966: 23959: 23952: 23944: 23935: 23934: 23932: 23931: 23926: 23921: 23915: 23912: 23911: 23909: 23908: 23903: 23898: 23893: 23888: 23883: 23878: 23873: 23867: 23865: 23861: 23860: 23858: 23857: 23852: 23847: 23842: 23837: 23832: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23807: 23802: 23797: 23791: 23789: 23783: 23782: 23780: 23779: 23774: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23727:Timothy Snyder 23724: 23719: 23714: 23709: 23704: 23699: 23694: 23689: 23684: 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23659: 23657:Vojtech Mastny 23654: 23652:Geir Lundestad 23649: 23644: 23642:Walter Laqueur 23639: 23637:Walter LaFeber 23634: 23629: 23624: 23619: 23614: 23609: 23604: 23599: 23594: 23589: 23584: 23579: 23574: 23569: 23567:André Fontaine 23564: 23559: 23554: 23549: 23544: 23539: 23534: 23529: 23524: 23519: 23514: 23509: 23504: 23499: 23497:Gar Alperovitz 23493: 23491: 23487: 23486: 23484: 23483: 23478: 23473: 23467: 23465: 23459: 23458: 23455: 23454: 23452: 23451: 23446: 23440: 23439: 23434: 23427: 23422: 23414: 23412: 23408: 23407: 23405: 23404: 23397: 23392: 23385: 23378: 23373: 23366: 23359: 23352: 23346: 23344: 23337: 23333: 23332: 23330: 23329: 23324: 23319: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23299: 23294: 23289: 23284: 23279: 23273: 23271: 23267: 23266: 23263: 23262: 23260: 23259: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23237:Third-Worldism 23234: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23214: 23209: 23204: 23199: 23194: 23189: 23184: 23179: 23174: 23169: 23164: 23159: 23154: 23149: 23144: 23138: 23136: 23132: 23131: 23129: 23128: 23123: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23103: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23065: 23063: 23057: 23056: 23054: 23053: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23026:Libertarianism 23023: 23018: 23017: 23016: 23006: 23004:Chicago school 23001: 22995: 22993: 22984: 22980: 22979: 22977: 22976: 22971: 22966: 22961: 22956: 22951: 22949:Nixon Doctrine 22946: 22941: 22936: 22931: 22926: 22921: 22916: 22911: 22906: 22901: 22895: 22893: 22892:Foreign policy 22889: 22888: 22886: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22865: 22860: 22855: 22850: 22844: 22842: 22836: 22835: 22833: 22832: 22827: 22826: 22825: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22774: 22772: 22768: 22767: 22765: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22734: 22729: 22724: 22719: 22714: 22709: 22704: 22699: 22694: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22677:Operation RYAN 22674: 22669: 22664: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22582:Able Archer 83 22579: 22574: 22569: 22564: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22529: 22528: 22527: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22498: 22493: 22487: 22485: 22481: 22480: 22478: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22402: 22397: 22392: 22387: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22332:Oromo conflict 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22272:Yom Kippur War 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22224: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22194: 22189: 22182: 22177: 22172: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22131: 22129: 22125: 22124: 22122: 22121: 22116: 22111: 22106: 22101: 22096: 22095: 22094: 22084: 22079: 22074: 22069: 22064: 22055: 22050: 22049: 22048: 22038: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21927: 21926: 21916: 21911: 21906: 21904:Aden Emergency 21901: 21896: 21891: 21886: 21881: 21876: 21871: 21866: 21861: 21856: 21855: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21822:Papua conflict 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21803: 21802: 21792: 21791: 21790: 21780: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21754: 21752: 21748: 21747: 21745: 21744: 21739: 21738: 21737: 21727: 21725:Kitchen Debate 21722: 21717: 21712: 21707: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21685:Sputnik crisis 21682: 21677: 21669: 21662: 21657: 21655:Polish October 21652: 21647: 21642: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21555:Pact of Madrid 21552: 21547: 21542: 21537: 21532: 21527: 21522: 21517: 21512: 21510:Bamboo Curtain 21506: 21504: 21500: 21499: 21497: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21480: 21479: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21409: 21404: 21403: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21317: 21309: 21301: 21293: 21288: 21283: 21278: 21270: 21265: 21264: 21263: 21258: 21250: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21216: 21214: 21210: 21209: 21207: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21159: 21151: 21148: 21147: 21140: 21139: 21132: 21125: 21117: 21108: 21107: 21105: 21104: 21099: 21098: 21097: 21092: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21066: 21065: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20989: 20988: 20978: 20977: 20976: 20975: 20974: 20962:Green Movement 20959: 20954: 20948: 20946: 20942: 20941: 20939: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20922: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20901: 20895: 20893: 20889: 20888: 20886: 20885: 20879: 20877: 20873: 20872: 20867: 20866: 20859: 20852: 20844: 20835: 20834: 20832: 20831: 20825: 20822: 20821: 20819: 20818: 20813: 20807: 20805: 20801: 20800: 20798: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20776: 20774: 20770: 20769: 20767: 20766: 20761: 20755: 20753: 20749: 20748: 20740: 20739: 20732: 20725: 20717: 20708: 20707: 20705: 20704: 20694: 20683: 20680: 20679: 20676: 20675: 20672: 20671: 20669: 20668: 20663: 20658: 20652: 20650: 20646: 20645: 20642: 20641: 20639: 20638: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20600: 20598: 20592: 20591: 20589: 20588: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20558: 20553: 20548: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20522: 20508: 20503: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20414: 20408: 20398: 20392: 20386: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20333: 20328: 20322: 20320: 20316: 20315: 20313: 20312: 20307: 20297: 20292: 20282: 20276: 20274: 20268: 20267: 20265: 20264: 20263: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20217: 20206: 20204: 20200: 20199: 20197: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20155: 20153: 20144: 20134: 20133: 20121: 20120: 20117: 20116: 20113: 20112: 20110: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20088: 20086: 20082: 20081: 20079: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20047: 20045: 20037: 20036: 20034: 20033: 20028: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20003: 19993: 19983: 19978: 19973: 19963: 19958: 19953: 19952: 19951: 19946: 19936: 19925: 19923: 19917: 19916: 19914: 19913: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19783: 19778: 19768: 19763: 19757: 19755: 19747: 19746: 19734: 19733: 19730: 19729: 19726: 19725: 19723: 19722: 19720:Supreme Leader 19717: 19712: 19707: 19701: 19699: 19693: 19692: 19690: 19689: 19684: 19682:Local councils 19679: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19658: 19656: 19652: 19651: 19649: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19582: 19577: 19568: 19563: 19562: 19561: 19559:Women's rights 19556: 19551: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19521: 19516: 19506: 19500: 19498: 19490: 19489: 19477: 19476: 19473: 19472: 19470: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19413: 19412: 19410:Climate change 19402: 19397: 19396: 19395: 19390: 19380: 19374: 19371: 19370: 19358: 19357: 19354: 19353: 19350: 19349: 19347: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19294:Jiroft culture 19291: 19290: 19289: 19282:Iranic peoples 19279: 19278: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19270: 19258:Persianization 19255: 19250: 19244: 19242: 19238: 19237: 19234: 19233: 19231: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19194: 19193: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19132: 19127: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19086: 19084: 19074: 19073: 19071: 19070: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19028: 19026: 19019: 19015: 19014: 19011: 19010: 19008: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18974: 18966: 18958: 18950: 18942: 18934: 18926: 18917: 18915: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18907: 18899: 18891: 18883: 18876: 18868: 18865:(1135/36-1225) 18860: 18852: 18844: 18836: 18827: 18825: 18821: 18820: 18818: 18817: 18809: 18801: 18793: 18785: 18777: 18769: 18761: 18753: 18744: 18742: 18735: 18729: 18728: 18725: 18724: 18722: 18721: 18712: 18710: 18706: 18705: 18703: 18702: 18694: 18686: 18678: 18675:(c.295–220 BC) 18670: 18662: 18654: 18646: 18638: 18629: 18627: 18623: 18622: 18620: 18619: 18611: 18603: 18595: 18587: 18579: 18571: 18563: 18555: 18547: 18539: 18534:Proto-Elamite 18531: 18522: 18520: 18513: 18509: 18508: 18496: 18495: 18483: 18482: 18474: 18473: 18466: 18459: 18451: 18445: 18442: 18441: 18432: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18393:Kaveh Golestan 18386: 18380: 18367: 18364: 18363: 18362: 18356: 18350: 18344: 18331: 18325: 18321:Moojan Momen, 18319: 18309: 18300: 18290: 18274: 18271: 18270: 18269: 18263: 18257: 18251: 18241: 18240:Persian Branch 18229: 18226: 18225: 18224: 18213: 18208: 18194: 18185: 18172: 18171:External links 18169: 18167: 18166: 18157: 18150: 18140: 18133: 18117: 18099: 18092: 18081: 18063: 18049: 18039: 18036: 18029: 18011: 18004: 17996:The New Yorker 17987: 17980: 17974: 17959: 17946: 17940: 17923: 17917: 17902: 17896: 17879: 17873: 17857: 17848: 17842: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17820: 17814: 17801: 17795: 17782: 17776: 17763: 17757: 17742: 17736: 17721: 17715: 17700: 17694: 17679: 17673: 17660: 17654: 17641: 17632: 17626: 17611: 17605: 17588: 17586:. I.B. Tauris. 17579: 17573: 17558: 17540: 17511: 17493: 17478: 17472: 17457: 17451: 17436: 17430: 17413: 17395: 17389:. SUNY Press. 17380: 17374: 17358: 17349: 17340: 17334: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17310: 17309: 17290: 17270: 17259:on 18 May 2015 17238: 17201: 17171: 17141: 17111: 17081: 17051: 17021: 16986: 16953: 16926: 16900: 16863: 16835: 16804: 16777: 16768: 16750: 16737: 16735:, p. 286. 16725: 16723:, p. 227. 16713: 16698: 16657: 16650: 16626: 16608: 16585: 16581:Shirley (1997) 16573: 16546: 16505: 16473: 16455: 16437: 16419: 16407: 16401:Howard, Jane. 16394: 16375: 16353: 16341: 16318: 16311: 16293: 16286: 16268: 16242: 16211: 16181: 16151: 16121: 16119:, p. 199. 16109: 16092: 16088:Shirley (1997) 16080: 16060: 16048: 16046:, p. 193. 16036: 16023: 16010: 15997: 15981: 15969: 15939: 15909: 15879: 15849: 15819: 15793: 15763: 15730: 15700: 15677:(3): 153–174. 15655: 15622: 15611:(2): 309–326. 15593: 15574: 15554: 15523:(3): 371–393. 15501: 15494: 15468: 15464:Bakhash (1984) 15456: 15444: 15423: 15404: 15384: 15365:(2): 252–267. 15345: 15319: 15310: 15291:(4): 687–709. 15268: 15257:. 4 April 2024 15242: 15231:(3): 293–331. 15225:Social History 15206: 15195:(3): 293–331. 15189:Social History 15175: 15144: 15118: 15116:, p. 175. 15106: 15084: 15071: 15058: 15047: 15027: 15015: 15011:Bakhash (1984) 15003: 15001:, p. 127. 14988: 14986:, p. 238. 14976: 14974:, p. 153. 14972:Bakhash (1984) 14964: 14962:, p. 144. 14952: 14950:, p. 123. 14948:Bakhash (1984) 14940: 14928: 14916: 14914:, p. 156. 14904: 14900:Bakhash (1984) 14892: 14890:, p. 232. 14877: 14873:Bakhash (1984) 14865: 14863:, p. 219. 14850: 14830: 14815: 14803: 14772: 14741: 14707: 14703:Bakhash (1984) 14695: 14674:(2): 164–187. 14649: 14647:, p. 111. 14645:Bakhash (1984) 14637: 14633:Bakhash (1984) 14624: 14617: 14596: 14594:, p. 291. 14584: 14580:Bakhash (1984) 14572: 14570:, p. 208. 14560: 14529: 14523:Bowden, Mark, 14516: 14514:, p. 249. 14504: 14492: 14461: 14459:, p. 228. 14449: 14423: 14401: 14392: 14365: 14361:Bakhash (1984) 14353: 14351:, p. 218. 14341: 14329: 14327:, p. 217. 14317: 14313:Bakhash (1984) 14298: 14296:, p. 153. 14283: 14281:, p. 211. 14271: 14267:Bakhash (1984) 14259: 14244: 14242:, p. 275. 14232: 14230:, p. 151. 14220: 14218:, p. 371. 14208: 14206:, p. 222. 14196: 14194:, p. 245. 14184: 14182:, p. 135. 14172: 14165: 14145: 14133: 14131:, p. 203. 14121: 14119:, p. 224. 14109: 14097: 14084: 14080:Bakhash (1984) 14072: 14057: 14045: 14038: 14020: 13994: 13992:, p. 241. 13979: 13968: 13948: 13941: 13920: 13904: 13888: 13869: 13854: 13834: 13811: 13809:, p. 152. 13807:Kurzman (2005) 13796: 13760: 13744: 13742:, p. 151. 13740:Kurzman (2005) 13727: 13694: 13669: 13650: 13629:(2): 283–298. 13609: 13593: 13577: 13551: 13525: 13514: 13494: 13492:, p. 181. 13482: 13470: 13447: 13425: 13406: 13393: 13374: 13344: 13321: 13299: 13297:, p. 529. 13287: 13285:, p. 206. 13275: 13256: 13248:Sahifeh-ye Nur 13239: 13220: 13218:, p. 200. 13208: 13206:, p. 146. 13196: 13194:, p. 161. 13184: 13162: 13143: 13117: 13110: 13083: 13047: 13016: 12985: 12966: 12937: 12935:, p. 122. 12933:Kurzman (2004) 12925: 12892: 12858: 12829: 12810: 12785: 12766: 12735: 12716: 12681: 12651: 12608: 12582: 12575: 12542: 12517: 12491: 12484: 12461: 12439: 12437:, p. 515. 12420: 12416:Kurzman (2004) 12408: 12383: 12353: 12351:, p. 117. 12349:Kurzman (2004) 12338: 12319: 12296: 12287:The New Yorker 12240: 12183: 12164: 12124: 12105: 12086: 12063: 12044: 12019: 12000: 11914: 11895: 11875: 11856: 11836: 11829: 11809: 11770:(3): 287–325. 11747: 11731: 11724: 11704: 11693: 11673: 11666: 11605: 11598:(PhD thesis). 11571: 11559: 11547: 11527: 11515: 11503: 11501:, p. 174. 11491: 11489:, p. 226. 11479: 11477:, p. 163. 11467: 11452: 11440: 11438:, p. 444. 11428: 11421: 11397: 11395:, p. 240. 11385: 11373: 11361: 11346: 11344:, p. 276. 11334: 11327: 11301: 11299:, p. 495. 11289: 11285:Kurzman (2004) 11277: 11250:(3): 349–388. 11234: 11230:Kurzman (2004) 11222: 11210: 11180: 11178:, p. 196. 11165: 11153: 11140: 11116: 11104: 11089: 11077: 11051: 11039: 11023: 11021:, p. 140. 11011: 11009:, p. 143. 10999: 10980: 10958: 10951: 10933: 10903: 10891: 10872: 10852: 10821: 10814: 10791: 10761: 10742: 10722: 10703: 10683: 10659: 10652: 10634: 10620: 10593: 10581: 10577:Bakhash (1984) 10569: 10567:, p. 184. 10557: 10537: 10524: 10481: 10458: 10446: 10434: 10427: 10401: 10399:, p. 178. 10389: 10387:, p. 238. 10377: 10375:, p. 214. 10365: 10338: 10336:, p. 207. 10334:Shirley (1997) 10326: 10314: 10302: 10290: 10288:, p. 437. 10278: 10263: 10259:Bakhash (1984) 10251: 10216: 10203: 10190: 10183: 10157: 10150: 10132: 10110: 10103: 10085: 10074: 10056: 10042: 10040:, p. 897. 10030: 10028:, p. 121. 10026:Kurzman (2004) 10015: 10003: 10001:, p. 191. 9991: 9979: 9948: 9918: 9914:Kurzman (2004) 9891: 9866: 9864:, p. 111. 9862:Kurzman (2004) 9854: 9852:, p. 228. 9842: 9816: 9797: 9746: 9728: 9706: 9690: 9662: 9643: 9588: 9586:, p. 479. 9569: 9554: 9528: 9509: 9424: 9422:, p. 229. 9409: 9407: 9406: 9388: 9373: 9353: 9317: 9304: 9279: 9248: 9238: 9220: 9209: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9156: 9147: 9143:National Front 9130: 9121: 9112: 9100: 9083: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9001: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8864: 8850: 8847:History portal 8836: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8803: 8795: 8777: 8759: 8752:Canadian Caper 8737: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8710: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8693: 8687: 8680: 8678: 8672: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8641: 8639: 8629: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8553: 8550: 8494: 8491: 8420: 8417: 8394:Mahnaz Afkhami 8350: 8347: 8297:Main article: 8294: 8291: 8205: 8202: 8136:Lebanon (1983) 8108: 8105: 8024: 8021: 7985:Saddam Hussein 7968: 7967: 7962: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7934:Main article: 7931: 7928: 7923:third worldist 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7840:Guruh-i Furqan 7814:National Front 7752:Main article: 7749: 7746: 7717: 7714: 7692: 7689: 7681:ifsad-fi-alarz 7673:ifsad-fi-alarz 7663: 7660: 7621:in June 1981. 7583: 7580: 7538:Main article: 7535: 7534:Hostage crisis 7532: 7485: 7482: 7462:Main article: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7447:Gonbad-e Qabus 7424: 7421: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7222:Egalitarianism 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7198: 7196:Related topics 7195: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7167:United Kingdom 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6949:Dutch Republic 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6917: 6915:Roman Republic 6911: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6889: 6879: 6869: 6859: 6849: 6839: 6829: 6819: 6809: 6799: 6789: 6779: 6769: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356:Wollstonecraft 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5849: 5846:Related topics 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5813:Maryam Namazie 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5716:Ata Abu Rashta 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5666:Muhammad Iqbal 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5626:Muhammad Abduh 5622: 5620:Key ideologues 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5603:House of Thani 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5558:Omar al-Bashir 5555: 5549: 5547:Heads of state 5546: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5520: 5513:("Milestones") 5507: 5495: 5483: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5449:Southeast Asia 5446: 5441: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5394:Hizb ut-Tahrir 5385: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5367: 5365:Sahwa movement 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5340:Dawat-e-Islami 5337: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5294:Anti-communism 5290: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5211: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5013:Main article: 5010: 5007: 4999:Supreme Leader 4963:Oriana Fallaci 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4934:Saddam Hussein 4906:Main article: 4903: 4900: 4881: 4878: 4837: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4739: 4736: 4732:Decade of Fajr 4679: 4676: 4644:Mehdi Bazargan 4629:Mehdi Bazargan 4556:Main article: 4553: 4550: 4472: 4469: 4423:Main article: 4420: 4417: 4388: 4385: 4375: 4372: 4370:percent mark. 4326: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4266:Shahyad Square 4202: 4199: 4176:strikebreakers 4140: 4137: 4105: 4102: 4077:National Front 4015: 4012: 4003:general strike 3990: 3987: 3963: 3960: 3884:Main article: 3881: 3878: 3837:Main article: 3834: 3831: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3744:National Front 3712: 3709: 3678:rubber bullets 3648:courts-martial 3635:liberalization 3610: 3607: 3545: 3542: 3508:Main article: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3457:liberalization 3452: 3449: 3337: 3334: 3319:socio-economic 3268:National Front 3264:Mehdi Bazargan 3248:Main article: 3245: 3242: 3137:Westernization 3111:Main article: 3108: 3105: 3041:Main article: 3038: 3035: 3031:Red Revolution 3021:and the urban 3019:intelligentsia 2991:westernization 2984:profit-sharing 2939:Main article: 2936: 2933: 2899:Main article: 2896: 2893: 2881:Operation Ajax 2766: 2763: 2710: 2707: 2620:Main article: 2617: 2614: 2588:Main article: 2585: 2582: 2530:Main article: 2527: 2524: 2496:Husayn ibn Ali 2485:westernization 2483:. It resisted 2442:administration 2422: 2421: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2401: 2391: 2364:Main article: 2361: 2358: 2273:prime minister 2214:1953 Iran coup 2153:Enqelâb-e Irân 2134: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2054:Heads of state 2051: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1847:Timurid Empire 1843: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1637:Nasrid dynasty 1633: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1531:pre-879 – 1215 1529: 1527:Ghurid dynasty 1523: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1507:Samanid Empire 1503: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1487:Alid dynasties 1483: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1083:Avestan period 1079: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1003: 1002: 996: 994:Jiroft culture 990: 989: 986: 980: 979: 976: 968: 965:Ancient period 963: 962: 959: 958: 953: 952: 951:5th millennium 946: 940: 939: 938:6th millennium 933: 927: 926: 920: 914: 913: 907: 901: 900: 894: 881: 876: 875: 872: 871: 863: 862: 853: 852: 845: 838: 837: 834: 833: 824: 815: 802: 788: 787: 784: 783: 776: 775: 771: 770: 731:Mehdi Bazargan 711: 710: 595: 594: 593: 590: 589: 585: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 522: 521: 520: 517: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 474: 473: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 424: 423: 422: 405: 404: 402: 399: 398: 393: 388: 383: 381:Imperial Guard 378: 373: 368: 359: 358: 357: 342: 341: 334: 333: 329: 328: 327: 326: 321: 316: 310: 305: 299: 293: 288: 283: 277: 272: 267: 258: 245: 235: 231: 230: 229: 228: 225: 222: 217: 212: 210:Demonstrations 205: 201: 200: 194: 190: 189: 188: 187: 180: 172: 166: 157: 153: 152: 147: 145: 141: 140: 120: 116: 115: 109: 101: 100: 93: 92: 84: 83: 80: 62: 60: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29776: 29765: 29762: 29760: 29757: 29755: 29752: 29750: 29747: 29745: 29742: 29740: 29737: 29735: 29732: 29730: 29727: 29725: 29722: 29720: 29717: 29715: 29714:1979 in Islam 29712: 29710: 29707: 29705: 29702: 29700: 29699:1979 protests 29697: 29695: 29692: 29690: 29689:1978 protests 29687: 29685: 29682: 29681: 29679: 29666: 29665: 29654: 29648: 29645: 29643: 29640: 29638: 29635: 29633: 29630: 29628: 29625: 29623: 29620: 29618: 29615: 29614: 29612: 29608: 29602: 29599: 29597: 29596:Kamran Samimi 29594: 29592: 29589: 29587: 29584: 29582: 29579: 29578: 29576: 29572: 29566: 29563: 29561: 29560:Bahram Afzali 29558: 29557: 29555: 29553: 29549: 29543: 29540: 29538: 29535: 29533: 29530: 29528: 29525: 29523: 29520: 29518: 29515: 29513: 29510: 29508: 29505: 29503: 29500: 29498: 29495: 29493: 29490: 29488: 29485: 29483: 29480: 29478: 29475: 29473: 29470: 29468: 29467:Ayat Mohaqeqi 29465: 29463: 29460: 29459: 29457: 29454: 29449: 29443: 29440: 29438: 29435: 29433: 29430: 29428: 29425: 29423: 29420: 29418: 29415: 29413: 29410: 29408: 29405: 29403: 29400: 29398: 29395: 29393: 29390: 29388: 29385: 29383: 29380: 29379: 29377: 29374: 29369: 29363: 29360: 29358: 29355: 29354: 29351: 29342: 29337: 29335: 29330: 29328: 29323: 29322: 29319: 29303: 29293: 29287: 29286: 29282: 29280: 29279: 29275: 29272: 29268: 29266: 29263: 29261: 29258: 29256: 29253: 29251: 29248: 29246: 29243: 29241: 29238: 29236: 29233: 29231: 29228: 29226: 29223: 29219: 29216: 29215: 29214: 29211: 29209: 29206: 29204: 29201: 29199: 29196: 29194: 29191: 29189: 29186: 29184: 29181: 29179: 29176: 29174: 29171: 29169: 29166: 29164: 29161: 29159: 29156: 29154: 29151: 29149: 29146: 29144: 29141: 29139: 29136: 29134: 29131: 29129: 29126: 29124: 29121: 29120: 29118: 29114: 29106: 29103: 29102: 29101: 29098: 29096: 29093: 29091: 29088: 29086: 29083: 29081: 29078: 29076: 29073: 29071: 29068: 29066: 29063: 29061: 29058: 29056: 29055:Maryam Rajavi 29053: 29051: 29048: 29046: 29043: 29041: 29038: 29036: 29033: 29031: 29030:Siamak Namazi 29028: 29026: 29025:Baquer Namazi 29023: 29021: 29018: 29016: 29013: 29011: 29008: 29006: 29003: 29001: 28998: 28996: 28993: 28991: 28988: 28986: 28983: 28981: 28980:Sirous Asgari 28978: 28976: 28975:Shahram Amiri 28973: 28971: 28968: 28966: 28965:Saeed Abedini 28963: 28961: 28960:Roxana Saberi 28958: 28956: 28953: 28951: 28948: 28946: 28943: 28941: 28940:Jason Rezaian 28938: 28936: 28933: 28931: 28928: 28926: 28923: 28921: 28920:Robert Malley 28918: 28916: 28913: 28911: 28908: 28906: 28903: 28901: 28898: 28896: 28893: 28889: 28886: 28885: 28884: 28881: 28879: 28876: 28874: 28871: 28869: 28866: 28864: 28861: 28859: 28856: 28854: 28851: 28848: 28846: 28843: 28841: 28838: 28836: 28833: 28831: 28828: 28826: 28823: 28822: 28820: 28816: 28810: 28807: 28805: 28804: 28800: 28798: 28795: 28793: 28790: 28788: 28785: 28783: 28780: 28778: 28775: 28773: 28770: 28768: 28765: 28763: 28760: 28758: 28755: 28753: 28750: 28748: 28745: 28743: 28740: 28738: 28735: 28733: 28730: 28728: 28725: 28723: 28720: 28718: 28715: 28713: 28710: 28708: 28705: 28701: 28698: 28696: 28693: 28692: 28691: 28688: 28686: 28683: 28681: 28678: 28674: 28671: 28670: 28669: 28666: 28665: 28663: 28661: 28657: 28651: 28648: 28646: 28643: 28641: 28638: 28636: 28633: 28631: 28630: 28626: 28621: 28619: 28616: 28614: 28611: 28609: 28606: 28604: 28601: 28599: 28596: 28594: 28591: 28589: 28586: 28582: 28579: 28578: 28577: 28574: 28572: 28569: 28567: 28564: 28562: 28559: 28557: 28554: 28552: 28549: 28547: 28544: 28542: 28539: 28537: 28534: 28532: 28529: 28527: 28524: 28522: 28519: 28515: 28512: 28510: 28507: 28505: 28502: 28500: 28497: 28495: 28492: 28491: 28490: 28487: 28485: 28482: 28480: 28479: 28478:Maersk Tigris 28474: 28472: 28469: 28467: 28464: 28462: 28459: 28457: 28454: 28452: 28449: 28447: 28444: 28440: 28437: 28436: 28435: 28432: 28430: 28427: 28425: 28422: 28420: 28417: 28415: 28412: 28410: 28407: 28405: 28402: 28400: 28397: 28393: 28392: 28388: 28386: 28383: 28381: 28378: 28376: 28373: 28371: 28368: 28366: 28363: 28361: 28358: 28356: 28353: 28351: 28348: 28346: 28343: 28342: 28341: 28338: 28336: 28333: 28331: 28328: 28327: 28325: 28323: 28319: 28311: 28308: 28306: 28303: 28301: 28298: 28296: 28293: 28291: 28288: 28287: 28286: 28283: 28281: 28278: 28276: 28273: 28271: 28268: 28266: 28263: 28259: 28256: 28254: 28251: 28250: 28249: 28246: 28244: 28241: 28239: 28236: 28232: 28229: 28227: 28224: 28222: 28219: 28217: 28214: 28212: 28209: 28207: 28204: 28202: 28199: 28197: 28194: 28192: 28189: 28187: 28184: 28182: 28179: 28178: 28177: 28176:Iran–Iraq War 28174: 28173: 28171: 28167: 28159: 28156: 28154: 28151: 28149: 28146: 28144: 28141: 28139: 28136: 28134: 28131: 28129: 28126: 28125: 28124: 28121: 28119: 28116: 28114: 28111: 28109: 28106: 28104: 28101: 28099: 28096: 28094: 28091: 28089: 28086: 28084: 28081: 28077: 28074: 28073: 28072: 28069: 28067: 28064: 28062: 28059: 28057: 28054: 28053: 28051: 28047: 28041: 28038: 28036: 28033: 28031: 28028: 28026: 28023: 28021: 28018: 28016: 28013: 28011: 28008: 28006: 28003: 28001: 27998: 27996: 27993: 27992: 27990: 27986: 27980: 27975: 27970: 27961: 27956: 27954: 27949: 27947: 27942: 27941: 27938: 27928: 27927: 27916: 27910: 27907: 27905: 27902: 27900: 27897: 27895: 27892: 27888: 27885: 27884: 27883: 27880: 27878: 27877:Rhum gasfield 27875: 27873: 27870: 27868: 27865: 27863: 27860: 27858: 27855: 27853: 27850: 27848: 27845: 27844: 27842: 27838: 27832: 27829: 27827: 27824: 27822: 27819: 27817: 27814: 27812: 27809: 27807: 27804: 27802: 27799: 27797: 27794: 27792: 27789: 27787: 27786:Kameel Ahmady 27784: 27783: 27781: 27777: 27771: 27768: 27766: 27763: 27761: 27758: 27756: 27753: 27751: 27748: 27744: 27741: 27740: 27739: 27736: 27734: 27731: 27727: 27724: 27722: 27719: 27718: 27717: 27714: 27710: 27707: 27706: 27705: 27704:Abadan Crisis 27702: 27698: 27695: 27694: 27693: 27690: 27688: 27687: 27683: 27681: 27678: 27674: 27671: 27670: 27669: 27666: 27664: 27661: 27659: 27656: 27655: 27653: 27649: 27641: 27638: 27637: 27636: 27635:Iran–Iraq War 27633: 27629: 27626: 27625: 27624: 27621: 27619: 27616: 27614: 27611: 27610: 27608: 27604: 27598: 27595: 27593: 27590: 27588: 27585: 27583: 27580: 27578: 27575: 27573: 27570: 27568: 27565: 27563: 27560: 27558: 27555: 27554: 27552: 27548: 27542: 27539: 27537: 27534: 27532: 27529: 27527: 27524: 27522: 27519: 27517: 27514: 27513: 27511: 27507: 27500: 27495: 27489: 27484: 27479: 27470: 27465: 27463: 27458: 27456: 27451: 27450: 27447: 27437: 27436: 27425: 27419: 27418: 27414: 27412: 27409: 27407: 27404: 27402: 27399: 27395: 27392: 27391: 27390: 27387: 27385: 27382: 27380: 27377: 27375: 27372: 27370: 27367: 27365: 27362: 27360: 27357: 27355: 27352: 27350: 27347: 27345: 27342: 27340: 27337: 27333: 27330: 27329: 27328: 27325: 27324: 27322: 27318: 27312: 27309: 27307: 27304: 27302: 27299: 27297: 27294: 27292: 27289: 27285: 27282: 27281: 27280: 27277: 27273: 27270: 27268: 27265: 27263: 27260: 27258: 27255: 27253: 27250: 27248: 27245: 27244: 27243: 27240: 27239: 27237: 27235: 27231: 27225: 27222: 27220: 27217: 27215: 27212: 27210: 27207: 27205: 27202: 27200: 27197: 27195: 27192: 27190: 27187: 27183: 27180: 27179: 27178: 27175: 27173: 27170: 27168: 27165: 27163: 27160: 27159: 27157: 27153: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27139: 27137: 27134: 27132: 27129: 27127: 27124: 27122: 27119: 27117: 27114: 27112: 27109: 27107: 27104: 27102: 27099: 27097: 27094: 27092: 27089: 27087: 27084: 27082: 27079: 27077: 27074: 27072: 27069: 27068: 27066: 27064: 27060: 27052: 27049: 27048: 27047: 27044: 27042: 27041:2014 Gaza War 27039: 27037: 27034: 27033: 27031: 27029: 27025: 27019: 27016: 27014: 27011: 27009: 27006: 27005: 27003: 27001: 26997: 26991: 26988: 26984: 26981: 26979: 26976: 26975: 26974: 26971: 26969: 26966: 26964: 26961: 26959: 26956: 26954: 26951: 26949: 26946: 26944: 26941: 26939: 26936: 26934: 26931: 26927: 26924: 26922: 26919: 26918: 26917: 26914: 26910: 26907: 26905: 26902: 26900: 26897: 26895: 26892: 26891: 26890: 26887: 26886: 26884: 26882: 26878: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26855: 26852: 26851: 26850: 26847: 26846: 26844: 26842: 26838: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26826:Iran–Iraq war 26824: 26822: 26819: 26818: 26816: 26814: 26810: 26806: 26799: 26794: 26792: 26787: 26785: 26780: 26779: 26776: 26766: 26765: 26754: 26748: 26745: 26743: 26740: 26738: 26735: 26733: 26730: 26728: 26725: 26723: 26720: 26718: 26715: 26713: 26710: 26708: 26705: 26701: 26698: 26697: 26696: 26693: 26691: 26688: 26686: 26683: 26681: 26678: 26677: 26675: 26671: 26665: 26662: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26641: 26639: 26637:member states 26636: 26629: 26623: 26620: 26618: 26615: 26613: 26610: 26608: 26605: 26603: 26600: 26598: 26595: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26580: 26578: 26575: 26573: 26570: 26566: 26563: 26561: 26558: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26547: 26546: 26543: 26541: 26538: 26536: 26533: 26532: 26530: 26526: 26520: 26517: 26515: 26512: 26508: 26505: 26503: 26500: 26498: 26495: 26493: 26490: 26488: 26485: 26481: 26478: 26476: 26473: 26472: 26471: 26468: 26467: 26466: 26465:Yemeni crisis 26463: 26459: 26456: 26455: 26454: 26451: 26447: 26444: 26442: 26439: 26437: 26434: 26432: 26429: 26427: 26424: 26423: 26422: 26419: 26417: 26414: 26410: 26407: 26405: 26402: 26401: 26400: 26397: 26395: 26392: 26388: 26385: 26384: 26383: 26380: 26376: 26373: 26372: 26371: 26370:Iran–Iraq War 26368: 26367: 26365: 26361: 26351: 26348: 26347: 26346: 26343: 26341: 26338: 26336: 26333: 26332: 26331: 26328: 26327: 26325: 26323: 26319: 26315: 26308: 26303: 26301: 26296: 26294: 26289: 26288: 26285: 26275: 26274: 26263: 26257: 26254: 26252: 26249: 26247: 26244: 26242: 26239: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26227: 26224: 26222: 26219: 26217: 26214: 26210: 26207: 26206: 26205: 26202: 26200: 26197: 26195: 26192: 26190: 26187: 26185: 26182: 26181: 26179: 26175: 26169: 26166: 26164: 26161: 26159: 26156: 26154: 26151: 26149: 26146: 26145: 26143: 26141:member states 26140: 26133: 26127: 26124: 26122: 26119: 26117: 26114: 26112: 26109: 26107: 26104: 26102: 26099: 26097: 26094: 26092: 26089: 26087: 26084: 26082: 26079: 26077: 26074: 26070: 26067: 26065: 26062: 26060: 26057: 26055: 26052: 26051: 26050: 26047: 26045: 26042: 26040: 26037: 26036: 26034: 26030: 26024: 26021: 26019: 26016: 26012: 26009: 26007: 26004: 26002: 25999: 25997: 25994: 25992: 25989: 25985: 25982: 25980: 25977: 25976: 25975: 25972: 25971: 25970: 25969:Yemeni crisis 25967: 25965: 25962: 25958: 25955: 25953: 25950: 25948: 25945: 25943: 25940: 25938: 25935: 25934: 25933: 25930: 25928: 25925: 25921: 25918: 25916: 25913: 25912: 25911: 25908: 25906: 25903: 25899: 25896: 25895: 25894: 25891: 25887: 25884: 25883: 25882: 25881:Iran–Iraq War 25879: 25873: 25870: 25869: 25868: 25865: 25863: 25860: 25858: 25855: 25854: 25853: 25850: 25849: 25847: 25845: 25841: 25835: 25832: 25831: 25829: 25825: 25819: 25816: 25814: 25811: 25809: 25806: 25805: 25803: 25799: 25793: 25788: 25783: 25774: 25769: 25767: 25762: 25760: 25755: 25754: 25751: 25741: 25731: 25725: 25722: 25720: 25717: 25715: 25714: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25683: 25680: 25679: 25677: 25673: 25667:(grandfather) 25666: 25663: 25660: 25657: 25654: 25651: 25648: 25645: 25642: 25639: 25636: 25633: 25630: 25627: 25624: 25621: 25618: 25615: 25614: 25612: 25610: 25606: 25600: 25599: 25595: 25593: 25592: 25588: 25586: 25585: 25581: 25579: 25578: 25574: 25572: 25571: 25567: 25565: 25564: 25560: 25559: 25557: 25553: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25532: 25529: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25517: 25514: 25512: 25509: 25507: 25504: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25488: 25486: 25484: 25480: 25475: 25463: 25460: 25456: 25453: 25452: 25451: 25450:Iran–Iraq War 25448: 25447: 25446: 25443: 25439: 25438: 25434: 25432: 25429: 25427: 25424: 25422: 25419: 25417: 25414: 25412: 25409: 25407: 25404: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25388: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25375: 25372: 25370: 25367: 25365: 25362: 25361: 25360: 25359:Life in exile 25357: 25355: 25352: 25351: 25349: 25345: 25341: 25334: 25329: 25327: 25322: 25320: 25315: 25314: 25311: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25290: 25289: 25286: 25272: 25269: 25267: 25264: 25262: 25259: 25258: 25256: 25252: 25246: 25243: 25241: 25238: 25236: 25233: 25231: 25228: 25227: 25225: 25221: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25197: 25195: 25192: 25191: 25189: 25185: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25169: 25168:War on terror 25166: 25164: 25161: 25159: 25156: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25144: 25141: 25139: 25136: 25134: 25131: 25129: 25126: 25124: 25121: 25120: 25118: 25112: 25106: 25104: 25100: 25098: 25096: 25092: 25090: 25088: 25084: 25082: 25080: 25076: 25074: 25072: 25068: 25066: 25064: 25060: 25058: 25056: 25052: 25051: 25049: 25045: 25041: 25034: 25030: 25016: 25013: 25011: 25008: 25006: 25003: 25001: 24998: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24983: 24982: 24980: 24976: 24970: 24967: 24965: 24962: 24960: 24957: 24955: 24952: 24950: 24947: 24945: 24942: 24940: 24937: 24935: 24932: 24930: 24927: 24925: 24922: 24921: 24919: 24917:Major figures 24915: 24907: 24904: 24902: 24899: 24897: 24894: 24893: 24892: 24889: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24874: 24873: 24870: 24866: 24863: 24862: 24861: 24858: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24845: 24844: 24841: 24837: 24834: 24832: 24829: 24827: 24824: 24822: 24819: 24818: 24817: 24814: 24813: 24811: 24810: 24808: 24804: 24798: 24795: 24793: 24790: 24789: 24787: 24783: 24779: 24775: 24771: 24766: 24762: 24748: 24745: 24743: 24740: 24738: 24735: 24733: 24730: 24729: 24727: 24723: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24711:Ali al-Tamimi 24709: 24707: 24704: 24702: 24699: 24697: 24694: 24692: 24689: 24687: 24684: 24682: 24679: 24677: 24674: 24672: 24669: 24667: 24664: 24663: 24661: 24659: 24658:Major figures 24655: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24633: 24632:Islamist Bloc 24630: 24629: 24628: 24627:Al-Nour Party 24625: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24610: 24609: 24607: 24605: 24601: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24576: 24574: 24570: 24567: 24563: 24559: 24555: 24550: 24546: 24536: 24533: 24531: 24528: 24526: 24523: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24495:Navvab Safavi 24493: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24483: 24481: 24480:Tariq Ramadan 24478: 24476: 24473: 24471: 24468: 24466: 24463: 24461: 24458: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24438: 24436: 24433: 24431: 24428: 24426: 24425:Safwat Hegazi 24423: 24421: 24418: 24416: 24413: 24411: 24408: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24395:Muhammad Asad 24393: 24391: 24388: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24372: 24370: 24364: 24354: 24351: 24349: 24346: 24344: 24341: 24340: 24338: 24334: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24307:Welfare Party 24305: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24268: 24265: 24263: 24260: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24250: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24219: 24217: 24215: 24211: 24203: 24200: 24198: 24195: 24194: 24193: 24190: 24188: 24185: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24175: 24171: 24168: 24166: 24163: 24162: 24161: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24152: 24150: 24146: 24143: 24139: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24122:Turkish model 24120: 24118: 24117: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24105:Post-Islamism 24103: 24101: 24098: 24094: 24091: 24090: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24077: 24074: 24072: 24069: 24068: 24067: 24066:Islamic state 24064: 24062: 24059: 24057: 24054: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24042: 24039: 24037: 24034: 24033: 24031: 24027: 24021: 24020:Shia Islamism 24018: 24014: 24011: 24010: 24009: 24006: 24002: 23999: 23998: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23988: 23986: 23984: 23980: 23976: 23972: 23965: 23960: 23958: 23953: 23951: 23946: 23945: 23942: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23920: 23917: 23916: 23913: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23891:War on terror 23889: 23887: 23884: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23868: 23866: 23862: 23856: 23853: 23851: 23848: 23846: 23843: 23841: 23838: 23836: 23833: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23793: 23792: 23790: 23786:Espionage and 23784: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23737:Andrew Thorpe 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23632:Gabriel Kolko 23630: 23628: 23625: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23615: 23613: 23610: 23608: 23605: 23603: 23600: 23598: 23597:Fred Halliday 23595: 23593: 23590: 23588: 23585: 23583: 23582:Lloyd Gardner 23580: 23578: 23575: 23573: 23570: 23568: 23565: 23563: 23560: 23558: 23555: 23553: 23550: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23542:Norman Davies 23540: 23538: 23535: 23533: 23530: 23528: 23527:John Costello 23525: 23523: 23520: 23518: 23515: 23513: 23510: 23508: 23505: 23503: 23500: 23498: 23495: 23494: 23492: 23488: 23482: 23479: 23477: 23474: 23472: 23469: 23468: 23466: 23462:Technological 23460: 23450: 23447: 23445: 23442: 23441: 23438: 23435: 23433: 23432: 23428: 23426: 23423: 23421: 23420: 23416: 23415: 23413: 23409: 23403: 23402: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23391: 23390: 23386: 23384: 23383: 23379: 23377: 23374: 23372: 23371: 23367: 23365: 23364: 23360: 23358: 23357: 23353: 23351: 23348: 23347: 23345: 23343:Pro-communist 23341: 23338: 23334: 23328: 23325: 23323: 23320: 23318: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23274: 23272: 23270:Organizations 23268: 23258: 23255: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23213: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23203: 23200: 23198: 23195: 23193: 23190: 23188: 23185: 23183: 23180: 23178: 23175: 23173: 23170: 23168: 23165: 23163: 23160: 23158: 23155: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23143: 23140: 23139: 23137: 23133: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23101: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23084:Eurocommunism 23082: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23066: 23064: 23062: 23058: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23015: 23012: 23011: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22996: 22994: 22992: 22988: 22985: 22981: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22967: 22965: 22962: 22960: 22957: 22955: 22952: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22935: 22932: 22930: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22920: 22917: 22915: 22914:Domino theory 22912: 22910: 22907: 22905: 22902: 22900: 22897: 22896: 22894: 22890: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22868:South Ossetia 22866: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22849: 22846: 22845: 22843: 22841: 22837: 22831: 22828: 22824: 22821: 22820: 22819: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22779: 22776: 22775: 22773: 22769: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22720: 22718: 22715: 22713: 22710: 22708: 22705: 22703: 22700: 22698: 22695: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22662: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22652:8888 Uprising 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22597:Iran–Iraq War 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22562:Falklands War 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22526: 22523: 22522: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22488: 22486: 22482: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22425:NDF Rebellion 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22405:German Autumn 22403: 22401: 22398: 22396: 22393: 22391: 22388: 22386: 22385: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22292:Metapolitefsi 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22228: 22225: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22190: 22188: 22187: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22132: 22130: 22126: 22120: 22117: 22115: 22112: 22110: 22107: 22105: 22102: 22100: 22097: 22093: 22090: 22089: 22088: 22085: 22083: 22080: 22078: 22075: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22065: 22063: 22061: 22056: 22054: 22053:Prague Spring 22051: 22047: 22044: 22043: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22031:Al-Wadiah War 22029: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21996:12-3 incident 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21942: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21925: 21922: 21921: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21910: 21907: 21905: 21902: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21890: 21887: 21885: 21882: 21880: 21877: 21875: 21872: 21870: 21867: 21865: 21862: 21860: 21857: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21839: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21801: 21798: 21797: 21796: 21793: 21789: 21786: 21785: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21755: 21753: 21749: 21743: 21740: 21736: 21733: 21732: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21675: 21670: 21667: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21640: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21593: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21575:Domino theory 21573: 21571: 21570:Petrov Affair 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21533: 21531: 21528: 21526: 21523: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21508: 21507: 21505: 21501: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21478: 21475: 21474: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21447:Madiun Affair 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21407:Marshall Plan 21405: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21387: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21315: 21310: 21308: 21307: 21302: 21300: 21299: 21294: 21292: 21289: 21287: 21284: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21276: 21271: 21269: 21266: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21256: 21251: 21249: 21248: 21243: 21242: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21217: 21215: 21211: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21164: 21160: 21158: 21157: 21156:United States 21153: 21152: 21149: 21145: 21138: 21133: 21131: 21126: 21124: 21119: 21118: 21115: 21103: 21100: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21087: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21064: 21061: 21060: 21059: 21056: 21054: 21053:2019 protests 21051: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21023:2018 protests 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20987: 20984: 20983: 20982: 20979: 20973: 20970: 20969: 20968: 20965: 20964: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20949: 20947: 20943: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20931:1981 protests 20929: 20927: 20924: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20906: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20896: 20894: 20890: 20884: 20881: 20880: 20878: 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19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19192: 19189: 19188: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19137:War (1980–88) 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19088: 19087: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19069: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19030: 19029: 19027: 19023: 19020: 19016: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18975: 18973: 18967: 18965: 18959: 18957: 18951: 18949: 18943: 18941: 18935: 18933: 18929:Qara Qoyunlu 18927: 18925: 18919: 18918: 18916: 18912: 18906: 18900: 18898: 18892: 18890: 18884: 18882: 18877: 18875: 18869: 18867: 18861: 18859: 18853: 18851: 18845: 18843: 18837: 18835: 18829: 18828: 18826: 18822: 18816: 18810: 18808: 18802: 18800: 18794: 18792: 18786: 18784: 18778: 18776: 18770: 18768: 18762: 18760: 18754: 18752: 18746: 18745: 18743: 18739: 18736: 18730: 18720: 18714: 18713: 18711: 18707: 18701: 18695: 18693: 18687: 18685: 18679: 18677: 18671: 18669: 18663: 18661: 18655: 18653: 18647: 18645: 18639: 18637: 18631: 18630: 18628: 18626:550 BC–AD 224 18624: 18618: 18612: 18610: 18604: 18602: 18596: 18594: 18588: 18586: 18582:Neo-Assyrian 18580: 18578: 18572: 18570: 18564: 18562: 18556: 18554: 18548: 18546: 18540: 18538: 18532: 18530: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18517: 18514: 18510: 18506: 18501: 18497: 18493: 18488: 18484: 18479: 18472: 18467: 18465: 18460: 18458: 18453: 18452: 18449: 18443: 18436: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18390: 18387: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18378: 18377:Life magazine 18373: 18370: 18369: 18360: 18357: 18354: 18351: 18348: 18345: 18342: 18338: 18335: 18332: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18320: 18317: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18304: 18301: 18298: 18294: 18291: 18288: 18284: 18280: 18279:Bernard Lewis 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17861:Buchan, James 17858: 17854: 17849: 17845: 17843:0-333-36947-5 17839: 17835: 17830: 17829: 17817: 17815:0-09-160320-X 17811: 17807: 17802: 17798: 17796:0-8133-3588-4 17792: 17788: 17783: 17779: 17777:1-86064-253-5 17773: 17769: 17764: 17760: 17758:0-674-29140-9 17754: 17750: 17749: 17743: 17739: 17737:0-86531-931-6 17733: 17729: 17728: 17722: 17718: 17716:0-312-26490-9 17712: 17708: 17707: 17701: 17697: 17695:0-452-27563-6 17691: 17687: 17686: 17680: 17676: 17670: 17666: 17661: 17657: 17655:0-674-01328-X 17651: 17647: 17642: 17638: 17633: 17629: 17627:0-300-09856-1 17623: 17619: 17618: 17612: 17608: 17602: 17597: 17596: 17589: 17585: 17580: 17576: 17574:0-312-43588-6 17570: 17566: 17565: 17559: 17547: 17543: 17537: 17533: 17529: 17525: 17521: 17517: 17512: 17500: 17496: 17490: 17486: 17485: 17479: 17475: 17473:0-465-06888-X 17469: 17465: 17464: 17458: 17454: 17452:0-903729-95-4 17448: 17444: 17443: 17437: 17433: 17431:0-19-504257-3 17427: 17422: 17421: 17414: 17402: 17398: 17392: 17388: 17387: 17381: 17377: 17371: 17367: 17363: 17362:Amanat, Abbas 17359: 17355: 17350: 17346: 17341: 17337: 17335:0-691-00790-X 17331: 17327: 17326: 17320: 17319: 17297: 17293: 17287: 17283: 17282: 17274: 17255: 17248: 17242: 17223: 17219: 17212: 17205: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17175: 17159: 17155: 17151: 17145: 17129: 17125: 17121: 17115: 17099: 17095: 17091: 17085: 17069: 17065: 17061: 17055: 17039: 17035: 17028: 17026: 17009: 17005: 17001: 16997: 16990: 16974: 16970: 16969:The Economist 16966: 16965:"Fading hope" 16960: 16958: 16941: 16937: 16930: 16914: 16910: 16904: 16885: 16881: 16874: 16867: 16851: 16847: 16846: 16839: 16823: 16819: 16815: 16808: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16788: 16781: 16772: 16764: 16757: 16755: 16747: 16741: 16734: 16733:Keddie (2003) 16729: 16722: 16721:Graham (1980) 16717: 16709: 16705: 16701: 16695: 16691: 16684: 16682: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16674: 16672: 16670: 16668: 16666: 16664: 16662: 16653: 16651:0-8070-0463-4 16647: 16643: 16639: 16638: 16630: 16622: 16618: 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14949: 14944: 14937: 14932: 14925: 14920: 14913: 14908: 14901: 14896: 14889: 14884: 14882: 14875:, p. 89. 14874: 14869: 14862: 14857: 14855: 14848:8 August 1979 14847: 14843: 14839: 14834: 14827: 14822: 14820: 14813:, p. 51. 14812: 14807: 14791: 14787: 14783: 14776: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14745: 14729: 14725: 14721: 14714: 14712: 14704: 14699: 14691: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14658: 14656: 14654: 14646: 14641: 14635:, p. 111 14634: 14628: 14620: 14614: 14610: 14606: 14600: 14593: 14592:Mackey (1996) 14588: 14582:, p. 61. 14581: 14576: 14569: 14564: 14548: 14544: 14540: 14533: 14526: 14520: 14513: 14512:Keddie (2003) 14508: 14501: 14496: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14453: 14447: 14446:0-87113-925-1 14443: 14439: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14396: 14380: 14376: 14369: 14362: 14357: 14350: 14345: 14338: 14333: 14326: 14321: 14315:, p. 73. 14314: 14309: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14295: 14290: 14288: 14280: 14275: 14269:, p. 56. 14268: 14263: 14256: 14251: 14249: 14241: 14240:Keddie (2003) 14236: 14229: 14224: 14217: 14216:Mackey (1996) 14212: 14205: 14200: 14193: 14192:Keddie (2003) 14188: 14181: 14176: 14168: 14166:0-674-00877-4 14162: 14158: 14157: 14149: 14142: 14141:Keddie (2003) 14137: 14130: 14125: 14118: 14113: 14106: 14101: 14094: 14088: 14081: 14076: 14068: 14061: 14054: 14049: 14041: 14039:0-8018-2888-0 14035: 14031: 14024: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14006: 14001: 13999: 13991: 13990:Keddie (2003) 13986: 13984: 13975: 13971: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13952: 13944: 13938: 13934: 13927: 13925: 13917: 13913: 13912:Nashat (1983) 13908: 13901: 13897: 13896:Nashat (1983) 13892: 13885: 13881: 13880:Nashat (1983) 13876: 13874: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13838: 13831: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13816: 13808: 13803: 13801: 13784: 13780: 13779: 13771: 13769: 13767: 13765: 13757: 13753: 13752:Nashat (1983) 13748: 13741: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13701: 13699: 13691: 13690:Nashat (1983) 13686: 13684: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13674: 13666: 13661: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13646: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13613: 13606: 13602: 13597: 13590: 13586: 13581: 13565: 13561: 13555: 13539: 13535: 13529: 13521: 13517: 13511: 13507: 13506: 13498: 13491: 13486: 13479: 13474: 13466: 13462: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13429: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13410: 13403: 13397: 13390: 13386: 13383: 13378: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13348: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13325: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13303: 13296: 13291: 13284: 13279: 13272: 13268: 13265: 13260: 13254:, p. 204 13253: 13249: 13243: 13236: 13232: 13229: 13224: 13217: 13212: 13205: 13204:Taheri (1985) 13200: 13193: 13188: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13166: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13147: 13131: 13127: 13121: 13113: 13107: 13102: 13101: 13092: 13090: 13088: 13079: 13075: 13074: 13069: 13062: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13020: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12989: 12973: 12969: 12963: 12959: 12958: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12942: 12934: 12929: 12913: 12909: 12908:Biography.com 12905: 12899: 12897: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12865: 12863: 12846: 12842: 12836: 12834: 12817: 12813: 12807: 12803: 12802: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12773: 12769: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12740: 12723: 12719: 12713: 12709: 12708: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12655: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12624:(34): 17–22. 12623: 12622:MERIP Reports 12619: 12612: 12597: 12593: 12586: 12578: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12549: 12547: 12531: 12527: 12521: 12505: 12501: 12495: 12487: 12481: 12477: 12476: 12468: 12466: 12457: 12453: 12446: 12444: 12436: 12431: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12418:, p. 61. 12417: 12412: 12406:. pp. 80–101. 12405: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12387: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12361:Carter, Jimmy 12357: 12350: 12345: 12343: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12312: 12311: 12303: 12301: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12237: 12236:Harney (1998) 12232: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12180: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12157: 12150: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12121: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12079: 12078: 12070: 12068: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12037: 12036: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11902: 11898: 11892: 11888: 11887: 11879: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11850:. Routledge. 11849: 11848: 11840: 11832: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11813: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11754: 11752: 11744: 11740: 11735: 11727: 11721: 11717: 11716: 11708: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11686: 11685: 11677: 11669: 11667:1-4013-5209-X 11663: 11659: 11658: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11568: 11567:Taheri (1985) 11563: 11556: 11551: 11544: 11540: 11537: 11531: 11524: 11519: 11513:, p. 96. 11512: 11511:Graham (1980) 11507: 11500: 11495: 11488: 11487:Graham (1980) 11483: 11476: 11471: 11463: 11456: 11450:, p. 94. 11449: 11448:Graham (1980) 11444: 11437: 11432: 11424: 11422:0-375-40639-5 11418: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11401: 11394: 11393:Keddie (2003) 11389: 11383:, p. 34. 11382: 11377: 11370: 11365: 11359:, p. 30. 11358: 11353: 11351: 11343: 11342:Mackey (1996) 11338: 11330: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11314: 11305: 11298: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11226: 11219: 11214: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11177: 11176:Taheri (1985) 11172: 11170: 11162: 11157: 11150: 11144: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11126: 11120: 11113: 11112:Keddie (2003) 11108: 11101: 11100:Mackey (1996) 11096: 11094: 11087:, p. 69. 11086: 11085:Graham (1980) 11081: 11065: 11061: 11055: 11049:, p. 17. 11048: 11043: 11036: 11032: 11027: 11020: 11015: 11008: 11003: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10962: 10954: 10948: 10944: 10937: 10921: 10917: 10916:Time Magazine 10913: 10907: 10900: 10895: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10865: 10864: 10856: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10825: 10817: 10811: 10807: 10806: 10798: 10796: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10735: 10734: 10726: 10710: 10706: 10700: 10696: 10695: 10687: 10679: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10663: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10638: 10627: 10623: 10621:0-8191-3578-X 10617: 10613: 10606: 10605: 10597: 10590: 10589:Taheri (1985) 10585: 10579:, p. 22. 10578: 10573: 10566: 10565:Mackey (1996) 10561: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10541: 10534: 10528: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10469:Keddie, Nikki 10465: 10463: 10455: 10450: 10443: 10438: 10430: 10428:0-275-97858-3 10424: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10405: 10398: 10393: 10386: 10385:Taheri (1985) 10381: 10374: 10373:Keddie (2003) 10369: 10362: 10361:1-4391-5517-8 10358: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10342: 10335: 10330: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10310:Graham (1980) 10306: 10299: 10298:Mackey (1996) 10294: 10287: 10282: 10275: 10274:Harney (1998) 10270: 10268: 10261:, p. 13. 10260: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10207: 10200: 10199:All Fall Down 10194: 10186: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10161: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10136: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10071: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10052: 10046: 10039: 10034: 10027: 10022: 10020: 10013:, p. 10. 10012: 10007: 10000: 9995: 9988: 9983: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9942: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9915: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9863: 9858: 9851: 9850:Graham (1980) 9846: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9820: 9804: 9800: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9710: 9703: 9699: 9694: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9666: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9585: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9532: 9516: 9512: 9506: 9503:. Macmillan. 9502: 9501: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9421: 9416: 9414: 9404: 9403:0-275-97858-3 9400: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9365: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9283: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9180: 9160: 9151: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9125: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9067:Shaul Bakhash 9066: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8983:Iran–Iraq War 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8865: 8862: 8856: 8851: 8848: 8837: 8834: 8823: 8813: 8809: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8706: 8705:Behesht Zahra 8699: 8694: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8676: 8669: 8664: 8657: 8652: 8645: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8621: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8585: 8584: 8578: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8519: 8518:foundations. 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8466: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8419:Homosexuality 8416: 8414: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8300: 8290: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8198:Iran–Iraq War 8193: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8114: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8017: 8012: 8010: 8004: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7959: 7947: 7937: 7936:Iran–Iraq War 7927: 7924: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7862: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7830: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7748:Islamist left 7745: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7713: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7699: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7576:Ronald Reagan 7573: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7559: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7389:Thousands of 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7378: 7372: 7370: 7365: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7319: 7314: 7312: 7307: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7185: 7184:United States 7182: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7059:Metapolitefsi 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6894: 6893:On Revolution 6890: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6864: 6863:Rights of Man 6860: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6773:De re publica 6770: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6579:Jones (Lynne) 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374:Adams (Gerry) 6372: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6173:Revolutionary 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163:Parliamentary 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Civil society 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5948:Republicanism 5946: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:Maajid Nawaaz 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Navvab Safavi 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711:Tariq Ramadan 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5661:Safwat Hegazi 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Muhammad Asad 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598:House of Saud 5596: 5594: 5593:Mohammed Omar 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578:Mohamed Morsi 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5535: 5534:Khomeini 1970 5531: 5530: 5528: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5250:Post-Islamism 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5187:Islamic state 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5126:Shia Islamism 5124: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4841: 4834: 4823: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4586: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535:Robert Huyser 4531: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4384: 4381: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4348:Karim Sanjabi 4345: 4341: 4337: 4323: 4312: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4180:Karim Sanjabi 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094:Ebrahim Yazdi 4091: 4087: 4082: 4081:Karim Sanjabi 4078: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4051:Western media 4043: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3951:warning shots 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3823:Karim Sanjabi 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748:Karim Sanjabi 3745: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3705:Shariatmadari 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3599:Shariatmadari 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3554:According to 3551: 3541: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 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Tauris. 17688:. Dutton. 17194:28 January 17060:"Iran GDP" 16566:4 December 16486:atimes.com 16366:accu.or.jp 16261:8 February 16235:8 February 16204:7 February 16164:Qantara.de 16117:Roy (1994) 16044:Roy (1994) 15892:Iran Press 15586:2 February 15168:9 November 15137:14 January 15114:Roy (1994) 14385:18 October 13914:, p. 13898:, p. 13882:, p. 13754:, p. 13603:, p. 13587:, p. 13570:26 January 13544:26 January 13367:26 January 13246:Khomeini, 13136:18 October 12851:18 October 12674:18 October 12510:18 October 11741:, p. 11070:18 October 10884:22 October 10845:18 October 10497:(3): 459. 10477:Frank Cass 10232:(3): 589. 9943:, p. 9684:. Oxford: 9678:A. 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Farra. 17094:worldbank 17064:worldbank 16946:5 January 16919:5 January 16856:5 January 16828:5 January 16793:(2): 53. 16708:925271105 16605:Arab News 16144:3 October 15713:France 24 15537:154102471 15379:1466-2043 15305:0305-7070 14796:25 August 14765:25 August 14734:25 August 14690:251185903 14553:27 August 13864:251722861 12638:0047-7265 12561:: 17–56. 12530:Brookings 12381:. p. 438. 11907:9 January 11868:8 January 11802:8 January 11792:144804416 11784:1527-8034 11272:144151974 11147:Dabashi, 10555:. p. 218. 10519:145696393 10210:Fischer, 9704:. p. 375. 9682:T. G. 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Please 29357:Timeline 29302:Category 28494:Timeline 28476:MV 28345:Timeline 28196:Iran Ajr 27709:Timeline 27406:Quds Day 25740:Category 25347:Politics 24891:al-Qaeda 24785:Ideology 24774:Jihadism 24622:Al-Islah 24302:Al Wefaq 24202:in Syria 24197:in Egypt 24155:Deobandi 24029:Concepts 24008:Salafism 23991:Islamism 23971:Islamism 23929:Timeline 23919:Category 23864:See also 23356:Izvestia 23197:Islamism 23094:Hoxhaism 22969:Rollback 22848:Abkhazia 22788:Gulf War 22692:Glasnost 22062:incident 21832:Sand War 21690:Ifni War 21199:Rio Pact 21144:Cold War 20692:Category 20585:football 20576:Scouting 20486:Iranians 20476:Folklore 20272:Religion 20184:Georgian 20164:Armenian 20025:shipping 20020:railways 20010:airlines 19976:Industry 19841:Taxation 19655:Councils 19571:Military 19486:Politics 19467:Wildlife 19432:Caucasus 19314:Persians 19241:See also 19065:Iranian 19032:Pahlavi 18945:Safavid 18921:Timurid 18824:977–1432 18804:Ziyarid 18780:Tahirid 18772:Samanid 18764:Abbasid 18756:Umayyad 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10678:Archived 10553:Oneworld 10547:. 2000. 10479:. p. 38. 10471:. 1966. 10201:, p. 187 9972:20 March 9966:Archived 9962:TIME.com 9887:original 9835:Archived 9833:. 2007. 9803:Archived 9723:Archived 9700:. 2004. 9649:Archived 9515:Archived 9500:The Shah 9385:original 9360:Archived 9346:Archived 9343:original 9327:Archived 9322:. 1998." 9297:Archived 9266:Archived 9191:(2004). 8819:See also 8275:clemency 8244:American 8147:Islamist 8143:Pakistan 7818:apostasy 7774:Banisadr 7558:Banisadr 7350:komitehs 7172:Scotland 7112:Barbados 6763:Republic 6679:Prescott 6649:Naysmith 6639:McKechin 6599:La Malfa 6594:Khomeini 6554:Iorwerth 6519:Griffith 6494:Gambetta 6489:Galloway 6474:Ferguson 6454:Davidson 6449:Cromwell 6444:Connolly 6424:Campbell 6341:Sunstein 6326:Rousseau 6321:Polybius 6256:Franklin 6236:Chappell 6231:Cattaneo 6168:People's 6153:Imperial 6085:Kemalism 6022:Republic 5956:Concepts 5430:Militant 5350:Deobandi 5226:Jihadism 5142:Concepts 5092:Islamism 5069:Politics 5034:Islamism 5026:a series 5024:Part of 4959:Khomeini 4864:events. 4496:Khomeini 4481:Shahbanu 4409:mutinies 4380:euphoria 4364:bazaaris 4231:Muharram 4156:Padeshah 3979:Zionists 3920:open-air 3777:Amuzegar 3728:mourning 3674:tear gas 3641:for the 3560:chehelom 3490:and the 3451:Outbreak 3315:Marxists 3284:and the 2924:Islamist 2875:won the 2863:, and a 2845:Cold War 2740:Red Army 2703:Khomeini 2561:bazaaris 2508:Marxists 2504:Islamist 2487:and saw 2473:Khomeini 2372:populist 2250:Islamism 2222:Cold War 2091:Timeline 2049:Monarchs 1627:Kakuyids 1617:Annazids 1611:977–1186 1601:959–1095 1591:955–1070 1581:934–1062 1567:Ilyasids 1561:930–1090 1551:919–1062 1521:861–1003 1471:665–1598 1451:651–1349 1437:Dabuyids 1431:750–1258 1090:1500–500 1070:Kassites 1028:2700–539 1018:3100-675 884:BCE / BC 848:a series 846:Part of 144:Location 98:Cold War 29453:Pahlavi 29373:Pahlavi 29116:Related 28514:Stuxnet 27899:Old fox 27840:Related 27320:Related 27296:Stuxnet 26644:Bahrain 26177:Related 26148:Bahrain 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