254:
105:
147:, a six-point program of reform calling for land reform, nationalization of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to enfranchise women and allow non-Muslims to hold office, profit-sharing in industry, and a literacy campaign in the nation's schools. On the other hand, he and many religious leaders considered the revolution had trends of westernizing the country and would in their mind threaten the traditional Islamic lifestyle of the common folk. The Shah himself traveled to
20:
1832:
2282:
2020:
1820:
1844:
1808:
321:, and began to receive huge donations from Iranian supporters who already opposed the Shah's policies. The extent of donations to the Ayatollah caused the Shah and Turkish government to lift the ban on communication with his during the summer of 1965, and several clergy visited Khomeini – who was wearing secular garb – in
697:
and a lack of trust in Shah to support long-term
British and American interests, Khomeini's speeches were published rapidly in global media. Khomeini wanted to people that continued protests against the government. Between August and December 1978, strikes and demonstrations paralyzed Iran, so that
155:
during his speech. On 26 January 1963, he held a referendum to get the appearance of public support in which 5.6 million people voted against 4100 people for the reformation. The referendum was a good excuse for the government to take tougher practical action against the clergy and on 22 March 1963,
546:
This system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law; and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign powers. The theory in Shia Islam which
179:(3 June 1963), Khomeini presented a lecture at the Feyziyeh School and inculpated the Shah as a "wretched miserable man", advised him to change his ways, otherwise the day will come that people will be happy to see him leave, drawing parallels to the
543:), as well as having intelligence and administrative ability. Rule by monarchs and/or assemblies of "those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people" (i.e. elected parliaments and legislatures) has been proclaimed "wrong" by Islam.
315:, Khomeini possessed a great deal of spare time, with the result that he continued his studies and for the first time moved away from the "traditional" view of clerical involvement in politics. He wrote his second book,
587:, because he believed doing so would make communication between Khomeini and his followers in Iran impossible, but for an unrevealed reason this plan was never executed. Khomeini was also faced with hostility from the
294:, Khomeini was extremely angry at the secular dress of Turkish women, but he learned to adapt quickly to his new surroundings. Despite the bans on contact with Khomeini, he and his students – most notably future
689:, Khomeini had a better opportunity to communicate his message more efficiently to people in Iran in France. Because of journalists and the press in France, and the approval of foreign policy advisers in the
685:. The purpose of the decision was to keep Islamic clerics and Ulama faraway from Khomeini but the strategy backfired. With fewer restrictions against freedom of speech in
915:
698:
the Shah left the country for exile on 16 January 1979, as the last
Persian monarch, leaving his duties to a regency council and an opposition-based prime minister,
822:
614:
to leave Najaf, although the Shah and
Hussein had begun plans to expel Khomeini as early as 1975. Khomeini preferred to go to another Muslim country, and obtained
1971:
735:
1592:
The
Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran (UCLA Center for Middle East Development (CMED) series)
1382:
958:
1157:
1966:
2237:
1412:
1186:
576:
384:
On 8 September 1965, Khomeini entered Iraq and would spend thirteen years there. Iraq did not have good political relations with the Shah.
1982:
1876:
151:
and announced the clergy black reactionaries worse than the red reactionaries and a hundred times more treacherous than the (communist)
1946:
740:
66:
2086:
1976:
1936:
932:
1027:
913:
2269:
1926:
1771:
1599:
1392:
1365:
1340:
1287:
1140:
1115:
1090:
1037:
898:
848:
804:
711:
253:
2319:
2309:
1067:
2264:
819:
2314:
2046:
1521:
1444:
1315:
1010:
983:
942:
482:
2129:
1951:
1491:
1239:
1000:
872:
774:
1614:
Bernhardt, Florian; ‘Firm conviction or forced belief? The
Islamic Da‘wah Party’s response to Khomeini’s theory of
512:), which cover "all human affairs" and "provide instruction and establish norms" for every "topic" in "human life."
2091:
2000:
1869:
716:
On
Thursday, 1 February 1979, Ruhollah Khomeini was invited back to Iran by the government and returned to Iran.
458:
104:
2232:
2007:
1722:
1702:
1682:
1659:
1640:
1471:
1263:
1208:
392:
234:
626:
because he had obtained the visa under the name “Ruhollah
Mustafavi”. Khomeini's next preference was to go to
502:
This became
Khomeini's most famous and influential work, and laid out his ideas on governance (at that time):
214:
and other cities. The Shah's guards killed and injured several people. That event is now referred to as the
474:
481:. Four years into his Iraqi exile, between 21 January and 8 February (1970), Khomeini gave lectures about
1956:
1941:
1899:
286:, clerical dress was banned and Khomeini was never allowed to meet people. On 3 December 1964, his son,
2304:
2285:
2180:
1961:
1862:
1798:
1053:
2210:
1763:
Iranian
Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini
473:, protesting the coronation of the Shah and condemning him for continued violation of both Islam and
415:
and other Iraqi clerics would join with
Khomeini because they shared similar aims in establishing an
283:
2174:
598:, although this is disputed, as SAVAK had many opportunities to eliminate Khomeini, but never did.
594:
In November 1977, the Shah's overthrow began with the assassination of Khomeini's son, Mostafa, by
298:
2066:
764:
1990:
630:– where some sources say he had intended to permanently reside even when he attempted to enter
623:
412:
302:
215:
1919:
678:
229:
citizens, civilian or military personnel in Iran. On 4 November 1964 Khomeini was arrested by
93:
2036:
619:
521:, or Islamic law, is the proper law, those holding government posts should have knowledge of
352:
50:
2258:
2136:
1914:
1540:
635:
279:
8:
2076:
222:
152:
674:
offering the best option for communication with the world of his revolutionary message.
2242:
2227:
2143:
2108:
1931:
952:
470:
442:
426:, who allowed the Ayatollah to set up and control an Iranian opposition radio station.
218:. On 3 August, the Shah released Khomeini from jail and placed him under house arrest.
167:, whereby students and faculty who were opposed to shah rule were killed. According to
160:
364:, donating so much money that the Ayatollah went from virtually penniless to very rich
2115:
1995:
1885:
1848:
1767:
1718:
1698:
1678:
1655:
1636:
1595:
1517:
1487:
1467:
1440:
1388:
1361:
1336:
1311:
1283:
1259:
1235:
1204:
1136:
1111:
1086:
1033:
1006:
979:
938:
894:
868:
844:
800:
770:
730:
639:
588:
583:
to Imperial (Shahanshahi). During this era, the Shah considered exiling Khomeini, to
420:
408:
317:
305:
295:
127:
119:
58:
34:
2192:
2168:
2051:
1909:
1812:
699:
610:
between Iraqi and Iranian foreign minister, Khomeini was forced by Iraqi strongman
580:
423:
287:
144:
54:
1189:. The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini.
841:
Islam, Muslims and the Modern State: Case-Studies of Muslims in Thirteen Countries
2198:
2162:
2154:
1836:
1761:
1434:
973:
919:
888:
826:
794:
540:
430:
347:
The regime hoped to diminish the role of Khomeini through competition with Iraqi
190:
On 5 June 1963 at 3 am, two days after, Khomeini was detained and transferred to
172:
168:
164:
92:
deported him. Finally, he was exiled by the pressure of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to
31:
539:
who "surpasses all others in knowledge" of Islamic law and justice, (known as a
2204:
2186:
2122:
2081:
1735:
Politics of Confrontation: The Foreign Policy of the USA and Revolutionary Iran
690:
611:
568:
566:
Khomeini had mooted this theory as early as the middle 1940s in his first book
434:
407:
because of his status as a foreigner and his radical teachings and support for
372:
114:
89:
19:
1387:. Institute for Defense Analysis; 1st edition (October 28, 2011). p. 89.
890:
Social Movements in Iran: Environmentalism and Civil Society (Iranian Studies)
2298:
694:
667:
663:
659:
607:
486:
416:
226:
1461:
Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution
2252:
2061:
2041:
1029:
Power, Legitimacy and the Public Sphere: The Iranian Taziyeh Theatre Ritual
466:
340:
194:. When this news was broadcast, large protest demonstrations were held in
2247:
2056:
1824:
615:
454:
404:
278:
and he stayed there for eleven months. He was hosted by a colonel in the
1831:
2028:
1232:
Terrorism Revisited: Islamism, Political Violence and State-Sponsorship
670:
because of the greater communication opportunities offered there, with
184:
1766:. Cornell University Press; 1 edition (January 1, 1990). p. 242.
725:
388:
132:
1854:
575:
From 1971 to 1975, Khomeini demonstrated vehement opposition to the
506:
That the laws of society should be made up only of the laws of God (
2019:
651:
450:
360:
Scholars and Khomeini's followers began to communicate with him in
322:
1282:. I.B. Tauris; Reprint edition (July 15, 2009). pp. 135–137.
535:
495:
419:. Khomeini would also be helped in his first days in Iraq by then-
282:
intelligence named Ali Cetiner in his own residence. According to
655:
643:
396:
207:
203:
180:
865:
God and Juggernaut: Iran's Intellectual Encounter With Modernity
686:
631:
517:
508:
478:
329:
291:
271:
242:
238:
221:
On 26 October 1964, Khomeini condemned the Shah because of the
211:
199:
191:
176:
77:
70:
46:
38:
2109:
Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)
1843:
126:
to establish and disestablish governments. After the death of
2071:
1360:. I.B. Tauris; Reprint edition (July 15, 2009). p. 138.
1335:. I.B. Tauris; Reprint edition (July 15, 2009). p. 141.
682:
671:
647:
627:
595:
584:
490:
462:
446:
400:
368:
361:
348:
333:
312:
275:
258:
230:
123:
85:
81:
591:, which began so hostile to his brand of Islam as the Shah.
438:
171:, the regime persuaded the thugs to attack the students of
157:
140:
62:
42:
163:, the Shah's guards cracked down harshly and attacked the
1653:
The Secret History of the Great Dictators: Saddam Hussein
1590:
Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette Hovsepian-Bearce (18 May 2017).
1413:"Khomeini: From Ataturk Avenue to the Holy City of Najaf"
1068:"Nineteen Years on Departure of Islamic Republic Founder"
461:. In April 1967, Khomeini wrote the two letters, once to
195:
148:
1715:
Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences
1135:. Routledge; 1 edition (February 16, 2013). p. 49.
1110:. Routledge; 1 edition (February 16, 2013). p. 48.
1085:. Routledge; 1 edition (February 16, 2013). p. 47.
642:
would not accept him. Khomeini then considered going to
555:
To form an Islamic government, Two things were needed:
1695:
Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran
1228:
The Evolution and Ascension of Iran’s Terror Apparatus
606:
On September 24, 1978, according to a meeting held in
465:
in order to persuade them to attempt to overthrow the
1796:
1230:, in Casaca, Paulo and Wolf, Siegfried O. (editors);
893:. Routledge; 1 edition (March 29, 2012). p. 55.
118:(“Secrets Unveiled”), attacking secularisation under
1384:
Saddam's Generals: Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq War
1002:
Reinventing Khomeini The Struggle for Reform in Iran
1675:
Religious Statecraft: The Politics of Islam in Iran
1622:, Volume 6, Number 3, 1 September 2012, pp. 299-314
1620:
International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies
76:On 4 November 1964, Khomeini was secretly taken to
1594:. Routledge; 1 edition (May 20, 2017). p. 9.
477:. Also, Khomeini forbade any type of dealing with
445:which captivated students mainly from Iran, Iraq,
99:
1516:. Islamic Book Trust (June 1, 2010). p. 38.
1439:. Islamic Book Trust (June 1, 2010). p. 37.
1310:. Islamic Book Trust (June 1, 2010). p. 36.
1273:
1271:
978:. Islamic Book Trust (June 1, 2010). p. 32.
788:
786:
677:On October 11, 1978, after Khomeini was moved to
357:Because of intense pressure and popular protests.
339:The reasons for Khomeini's exile to Najaf by the
2296:
1589:
1032:. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. p. 85.
1005:. University Of Chicago Press (April 15, 2001).
579:, and the changing of the Iranian calendar from
156:coinciding with the anniversary of the death of
820:1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran
736:Ruhollah Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev
529:have studied and are the most knowledgeable in
1268:
1133:Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals)
1108:Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals)
1083:Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals)
1025:
783:
437:joined them in Najaf. Khomeini began teaching
387:Khomeini and Mostafa entered Iraq. He went to
1870:
1535:
1533:
758:
756:
403:. Initially, Khomeini was isolated by Iraq's
301:– would plot the successful assassination of
53:had arrested him twice for dissent from his “
1669:
1667:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
957:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
930:
577:2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire
499:(Islamic jurist) custodianship over people.
551:(Islamic jurist) custodianship over people.
112:In 1944 Khomeini published his first book,
1877:
1863:
1530:
753:
23:Khomeini, leader of the Iranian Revolution
16:Exile of Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
1664:
1213:
371:agent thought that his presence made the
1983:America can't do a damn thing against us
1155:
1026:Sharifi Isaloo, Amin (25 October 2018).
998:
638:in Iraqi and Syrian politics meant that
252:
103:
18:
1937:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
1759:
1514:Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy
1484:Roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran
1436:Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy
1308:Iman Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy
975:Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy
838:
741:Ruhollah Khomeini's residency (Jamaran)
2297:
1254:, in Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin (editor);
886:
843:. Palgrave Macmillan (June 18, 1996).
792:
762:
666:, argued that Khomeini should move to
1884:
1858:
1380:
1252:Contentious Legacies of the Ayatollah
130:in 1961, Khomeini became the leading
1977:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory
1511:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1355:
1330:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1277:
1180:
1178:
1130:
1105:
1080:
971:
931:Singh; Singh, Manjit , D.P. (2008).
832:
705:
399:. From there he went to the city of
328:On September 5, 1965, Khomeini left
183:, who is perceived as a 'tyrant' by
2265:Imam Khomeini International Airport
1256:A Critical Introduction to Khomeini
1156:Sciolino, Elaine (27 August 2000).
882:
880:
290:, joined him. In his first days in
84:. On 5 September 1965, he moved to
13:
2270:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order
1187:"Imam Khomeini: A Short Biography"
999:Brumberg, Daniel (15 April 2001).
712:Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran
533:, the country's ruler should be a
14:
2331:
2130:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini
1952:Council of the Islamic Revolution
1496:
1419:
1401:
1296:
1184:
1175:
934:Violence: Impact and Intervention
839:Mutalib, Hussein (18 June 1996).
634:– but the lingering influence of
375:hostile toward the Shah's regime.
28:Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile
2281:
2280:
2018:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1131:Hiro, Dilip (14 February 2013).
1106:Hiro, Dilip (14 February 2013).
1081:Hiro, Dilip (14 February 2013).
877:
562:Establishment of Shi'i theocracy
489:, which in Shia Islam hold that
248:
122:and advocating for the power of
1780:
1753:
1740:
1727:
1707:
1687:
1645:
1625:
1608:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1476:
1453:
1374:
1358:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
1349:
1333:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
1324:
1280:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
1244:
1193:
1149:
1124:
1099:
1074:
1060:
1046:
1019:
992:
443:Sheikh Morteza Ansari Madrassah
308:as soon as Khomeini left Iran.
261:, Turkey without clerical dress
100:Political activity before exile
2008:The Satanic Verses controversy
965:
924:
907:
857:
813:
393:Mohammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi
235:Mehrabad international airport
1:
799:. Syracuse University Press.
763:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012).
746:
622:, but was turned back at the
395:for two days before going to
391:and stayed in the company of
2092:Khomeini's 8-article command
1972:Engagement with Jimmy Carter
1746:Mohammad Ayatollahi Tabaar;
1673:Mohammad Ayatollahi Tabaar;
1356:Moin, Baqer (15 July 2009).
1331:Moin, Baqer (15 July 2009).
1278:Moin, Baqer (15 July 2009).
662:-educated nationalist aide,
270:A week after his arrival in
7:
2320:Iranian emigrants to Turkey
2310:Iranian emigrants to France
1957:Islamic Revolutionary Court
1900:1963 demonstrations in Iran
1512:Koya, Abdar Rahman (2009).
1433:Koya, Abdar Rahman (2009).
1306:Koya, Abdar Rahman (2009).
1158:"nyt.com The People's Shah"
972:Koya, Abdar Rahman (2009).
719:
37:spent from 1964 to 1979 in
10:
2336:
2181:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini
709:
94:Neauphle-le-Château, Paris
2315:Iranian emigrants to Iraq
2278:
2220:
2211:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi
2153:
2100:
2027:
2016:
1892:
601:
547:holds that Islam gives a
525:Since Islamic jurists or
411:; however, after a while
265:
51:Mohamed Reza Shah Pahlavi
2175:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini
1381:Woods, Kevin M. (2011).
918:24 December 2007 at the
429:After a while, his wife
299:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
2238:Death and state funeral
825:24 October 2014 at the
379:
274:, Khomeini was sent to
233:. He was then taken to
88:and stayed there until
1991:Supreme Leader of Iran
1760:Chehabi, H.E. (1990).
887:Fadaee, Simin (2012).
793:Milani, Abbas (2008).
413:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
262:
216:Movement of 15 Khordad
175:. On the afternoon of
109:
24:
1633:Encyclopedia of Islam
1631:Campo, Juan Eduardo;
710:Further information:
559:Overthrow of the Shah
353:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
257:Khomeini in exile at
256:
139:In January 1963, the
107:
57:” announced in 1963.
22:
2259:Homafaran Allegiance
2137:Islam and Revolution
1915:1978 Tabriz protests
1748:Religious Statecraft
1578:Islam and Revolution
1566:Islam and Revolution
1554:Islam and Revolution
1541:Islam and Revolution
1056:. 2000. p. 104.
636:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
108:Khomeini with people
73:from exile in 1979.
61:was invited back to
30:was the period that
2087:Letter to Gorbachev
1942:Cultural Revolution
1920:Neauphle-le-Château
1568:, (1981), p. 31, 56
937:. Atlantic (2008).
679:Neauphle-le-Château
459:Persian Gulf states
223:diplomatic immunity
96:on 6 October 1978.
2243:Alef-Laam Khomeini
2228:Jamaran Hussainiya
2144:The Greatest Jihad
2047:Shiite clericalism
1962:Interim Government
1932:Iranian Revolution
1544:(1981), pp. 29–30.
1411:Al-Awsat, Asharq.
1201:Ayatollah Khomeini
1185:Algar, Dr. Hamid.
1162:The New York Times
471:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
343:are described as:
263:
110:
69:, and returned to
59:Ayatollah Khomeini
25:
2305:Ruhollah Khomeini
2292:
2291:
2116:Tahrir al-Wasilah
2077:Islamic democracy
1886:Ruhollah Khomeini
1773:978-0-8014-2416-8
1693:Rajaee, Farhang;
1601:978-1-138-08655-5
1394:978-0-16-089613-2
1367:978-1-84511-790-0
1342:978-1-84511-790-0
1289:978-1-84511-790-0
1199:Willett, Edward;
1142:978-0-415-66969-6
1117:978-0-415-66969-6
1092:978-0-415-66969-6
1039:978-0-367-08541-4
900:978-0-415-69357-8
850:978-0-333-66969-3
806:978-0-8156-0907-0
731:Ruhollah Khomeini
706:Return from exile
640:Syrian government
318:Tahrir al-Wasilah
306:Hassan-Ali Mansur
120:Reza Shah Pahlavi
35:Ruhollah Khomeini
2327:
2284:
2283:
2193:Hussein Khomeini
2169:Mostafa Khomeini
2052:Death to America
2022:
1910:1978 Qom protest
1879:
1872:
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1855:
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1790:, (2000), p. 203
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1616:wilayat al-faqih
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1474:
1459:Dabashi, Hamid;
1457:
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1078:
1072:
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1054:"Moin, Khomeini"
1050:
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1023:
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989:
969:
963:
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956:
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911:
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884:
875:
863:Vahdat, Farzin;
861:
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796:Eminent Persians
790:
781:
780:
760:
700:Shapour Bakhtiar
487:Hukumat-i Islami
475:the constitution
424:Abdul Salam Arif
280:Turkish Military
145:White Revolution
55:White Revolution
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2207:(granddaughter)
2199:Hassan Khomeini
2163:Khadijeh Saqafi
2149:
2096:
2067:Sex segregation
2023:
2014:
2001:Israeli support
1967:1979 Referendum
1947:Supreme Council
1888:
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483:Vilayat-e Faqīh
469:and another to
433:and second son
431:Khadijeh Saqafi
382:
268:
251:
173:Feyziyeh School
169:Daniel Brumberg
165:Feyziyeh School
161:Ja'far al-Sadiq
102:
32:Grand Ayatollah
17:
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2205:Zahra Eshraghi
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2196:
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2187:Ahmad Khomeini
2184:
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2166:
2159:
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2123:Kashf al-Asrar
2119:
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2037:American Islam
2033:
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2017:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1927:Return to Iran
1924:
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1733:Ganji, Babak;
1726:
1713:Buchan James;
1706:
1686:
1663:
1644:
1624:
1607:
1600:
1582:
1580:(1981), p. 54.
1570:
1558:
1556:(1981), p. 59.
1546:
1529:
1523:978-9675062254
1522:
1495:
1482:Algar, Hamid;
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1446:978-9675062254
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1012:978-0226077574
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985:978-9675062254
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721:
718:
707:
704:
691:United Kingdom
612:Saddam Hussein
603:
600:
569:Kashf al-Asrar
564:
563:
560:
553:
552:
544:
513:
435:Ahmad Khomeini
381:
378:
377:
376:
373:Turkish people
365:
358:
355:
303:Prime Minister
267:
264:
250:
247:
225:he granted to
143:announced the
115:Kashf al-Asrar
101:
98:
90:Saddam Hussein
15:
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2009:
2006:
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1996:Iran–Iraq War
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1905:Life in exile
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724:
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695:United States
692:
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683:Paris, France
680:
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664:Ebrahim Yazdi
661:
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633:
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608:New York City
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589:Ba'ath regime
586:
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467:Shah's regime
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341:Shah's regime
337:
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249:Life in exile
246:
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83:
82:Bursa, Turkey
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
21:
2257:
2253:Refah School
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2062:Little Satan
2042:Anti-Zionism
1981:
1904:
1787:
1782:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1714:
1709:
1694:
1689:
1674:
1652:
1651:Law, Diane;
1647:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
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1357:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1307:
1279:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1231:
1227:
1200:
1195:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1107:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1062:
1048:
1028:
1021:
1001:
994:
974:
967:
933:
926:
909:
889:
864:
859:
840:
834:
815:
795:
765:
715:
676:
605:
593:
574:
567:
565:
554:
548:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
507:
501:
494:
428:
405:Shi'a clergy
386:
383:
338:
332:and went to
327:
316:
310:
269:
241:and sent to
220:
189:
181:caliph Yazid
138:
131:
113:
111:
80:and then to
75:
27:
26:
2248:Fajr decade
2082:Imam's Line
2057:Great Satan
829:| bbc.co.uk
455:Afghanistan
284:Turkish law
153:Tudeh party
86:Najaf, Iraq
2299:Categories
2201:(grandson)
2195:(grandson)
2183:(daughter)
2177:(daughter)
1849:Shia Islam
1723:1416597778
1703:0292774362
1683:0231183666
1660:1780333382
1641:0816077452
1472:1412805163
1264:1107012678
1209:0823944654
747:References
658:, but his
457:, and the
67:government
2233:Mausoleum
2029:Positions
1813:Biography
1717:, p. 177
1697:, p. 113
1635:, p. 436
1258:, p. 296
953:cite book
867:, p. 182
726:Ideocracy
421:President
409:terrorism
389:Kadhimiya
336:in Iraq.
325:in 1965.
296:President
128:Borujerdi
2286:Category
1893:Politics
1837:Politics
1788:Khomeini
1677:, p. 65
1234:, p. 67
1203:, p. 48
1167:19 March
916:Archived
823:Archived
766:The Shah
720:See also
693:and the
681:outside
668:the West
652:Pakistan
493:gives a
451:Pakistan
323:Istanbul
227:American
49:, after
2221:Related
1799:Portals
1750:. p. 66
1737:, p. 39
656:Algeria
644:Bahrain
523:Sharia.
518:Shariah
441:in the
397:Karbala
288:Mostafa
208:Varamin
204:Mashhad
65:by the
2165:(wife)
2155:Family
1786:Moin,
1770:
1721:
1701:
1681:
1658:
1639:
1598:
1520:
1490:
1470:
1443:
1391:
1364:
1339:
1314:
1286:
1262:
1238:
1207:
1139:
1114:
1089:
1036:
1009:
982:
941:
897:
871:
847:
803:
773:
687:France
632:Kuwait
624:border
620:Kuwait
616:a visa
602:France
541:marja'
531:Sharia
515:Since
509:Sharia
479:Israel
330:Turkey
292:Turkey
272:Turkey
266:Turkey
243:Turkey
239:Tehran
212:Kashan
200:Tehran
192:Tehran
177:Ashura
133:Marja'
78:Ankara
71:Tehran
47:France
39:Turkey
2189:(son)
2171:(son)
2101:Books
2072:hijab
1463:, p.
672:Paris
648:India
628:Syria
596:SAVAK
585:India
581:Hijri
549:faqīh
536:faqīh
527:faqīh
496:faqīh
491:Islam
463:Ulama
447:India
401:Najaf
369:SAVAK
362:Bursa
351:like
349:Ulama
334:Najaf
313:Bursa
276:Bursa
259:Bursa
231:SAVAK
185:Shias
124:Allah
1825:Iran
1768:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1169:2010
1137:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1034:ISBN
1007:ISBN
980:ISBN
959:link
939:ISBN
895:ISBN
869:ISBN
845:ISBN
801:ISBN
771:ISBN
618:for
439:Fiqh
380:Iraq
158:Imam
141:Shah
63:Iran
45:and
43:Iraq
1618:’;
1465:lix
654:or
485:ya
311:In
237:in
196:Qom
149:Qom
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
