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5295:, 30 km (19 mi) inside Iran, along with 2,500 troops and much armour and material, which took four days to transport to Iraq. These losses included more than 570 of the 1,000 remaining Iranian tanks, over 430 armored vehicles, 45 self-propelled artillery, 300 towed artillery pieces, and 320 antiaircraft guns. These figures only included what Iraq could actually put to use; total amount of captured materiel was higher. Since March, the Iraqis claimed to have captured 1,298 tanks, 155 infantry fighting vehicles, 512 heavy artillery pieces, 6,196 mortars, 5,550 recoilless rifles and light guns, 8,050-man-portable rocket launchers, 60,694 rifles, 322 pistols, 454 trucks, and 1,600 light vehicles. The Iraqis withdrew from Dehloran soon after, claiming that they had "no desire to conquer Iranian territory". History professor
5066:. Over the next two months, Iraq launched over 200 al-Husayn missiles at 37 Iranian cities. Saddam also threatened to use chemical weapons in his missiles, which caused 30% of Tehran's population to leave the city. Iran retaliated, launching at least 104 missiles against Iraq in 1988 and shelling Basra. This event was nicknamed the "Scud Duel" in the foreign media. In all, Iraq launched 520 Scuds and al-Husseins against Iran and Iran fired 177 in return. The Iranian attacks were too few in number to deter Iraq from launching their attacks. Iraq also increased their airstrikes against Kharg Island and Iranian oil tankers. With their tankers protected by U.S. warships, they could operate with virtual impunity. In addition, the West supplied Iraq's air force with
4748:). According to Iraqi General Ra'ad al-Hamdani, this was a diversionary attack. The Iranians launched an amphibious assault against the Iraqi island of Umm al-Rassas in the Shatt-Al-Arab river, parallel to Khoramshahr. They then set up a pontoon bridge and continued the attack, eventually capturing the island in a costly success but failing to advance further. The Iranians had 60,000 casualties, while the Iraqis 9,500. The Iraqi commanders exaggerated Iranian losses to Saddam, and it was assumed that the main Iranian attack on Basra had been fully defeated and that it would take the Iranians six months to recover. When the main Iranian attack, Operation Karbala 5, began, many Iraqi troops were on leave.
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Iraq had more than enough arms from Moscow, Paris, and other capitals to fight Iran, and weapons sales to a country with a history of terrorism and antagonism to Israel would never receive congressional approval. ... In some instances, items that could be used for military purposes did go through. In 1985, for example, the United States approved a $ 200 million sale of 45 Bell helicopters to Iraq, on condition they would be used only for civilian purposes. But administration officials learned later that the Iraqi Army took possession of at least some of the helicopters, painted them in military colors, and used them to ferry VIP delegations and journalists to the war front.
5157:, as well as by conventional explosives. Helicopters landed Iraqi commandos behind Iranian lines on al-Faw while the main Iraqi force made a frontal assault. Within 48 hours, all of the Iranian forces had been killed or cleared from the al-Faw Peninsula. The day was celebrated in Iraq as Faw Liberation Day throughout Saddam's rule. The Iraqis had planned the offensive well. Prior to the attack, the Iraqi soldiers gave themselves poison gas antidotes to shield themselves from the effect of the saturation of gas. The heavy and well executed use of chemical weapons was the decisive factor in the victory. Iraqi losses were relatively light, especially compared to Iran's casualties.
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conflict. Even if before the outbreak of the conflict there had been some encroachment by Iran on Iraqi territory, such encroachment did not justify Iraq's aggression against Iran—which was followed by Iraq's continuous occupation of
Iranian territory during the conflict—in violation of the prohibition of the use of force, which is regarded as one of the rules of jus cogens...On one occasion I had to note with deep regret the experts' conclusion that "chemical weapons ha been used against Iranian civilians in an area adjacent to an urban center lacking any protection against that kind of attack."
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15513:: "On June 19, 1988, the NLA launched its offensive entitled Chetel Setareh or “40 Stars” in which twenty-two organized brigades of Mojahedin recaptured the city of Mehran, which the regime had wrested from Iraqi control after the Mojahedin had set up its “provisional government” there. The Mojahedin claimed that absolutely no Iraqi soldiers participated in this operation, and Iraqi Culture and Information Minister, Latif Nusayyif Jasim, later denied that Iraq had deployed air units to help the NLA or had used chemical weapons to drive the Islamic Republic’s troops from Mehran."
4154:, a British insurance market, estimated that the tanker war damaged 546 commercial vessels and killed about 430 civilian sailors. The largest portion of the attacks was directed by Iraq against vessels in Iranian waters, with the Iraqis launching three times as many attacks as the Iranians. But Iranian speedboat attacks on Kuwaiti shipping led Kuwait to formally petition foreign powers on 1 November 1986 to protect its shipping. The Soviet Union agreed to charter tankers starting in 1987, and the United States Navy offered to provide protection for foreign tankers reflagged and
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Iraqi sources claimed that since March, Iraq had captured a total of 1,298 tanks, 155 armored infantry fighting vehicles, 512 heavy artillery weapons, 6,196 mortars, 5,550 recoilless rifles and light guns, 8,050 rocket propelled grenades, 60,694 rifles, 322 pistols, 6,156 telecommunications devices, 501 items of heavy engineering equipment, 454 trucks, 1,600 light vehicles and trailers, 16,863 items of chemical defense gear, and 16,863 caskets... After its recent defeats, Iran was virtually defenseless in the south. It was down to less than 200 tanks."
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the balance of power in the area, it is in our interests to promote a ceasefire in that conflict; though not a cost that will preclude an eventual rapprochement with Iran either if a more moderate regime replaces
Khomeini's or if the present rulers wake up to geopolitical reality that the historic threat to Iran's independence has always come from the country with which it shares a border of 1,500 miles : the Soviet Union. A rapprochement with Iran, of course, must await at a minimum Iran's abandonment of hegemonic aspirations in the Gulf.
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7245:, "the use of gas on the battlefield by the Iraqis was not a matter of deep strategic concern" to Reagan and his aides, because they "were desperate to make sure that Iraq did not lose". He claimed that the Defense Intelligence Agency "would have never accepted the use of chemical weapons against civilians, but the use against military objectives was seen as inevitable in the Iraqi struggle for survival". The Reagan administration did not stop aiding Iraq after receiving reports of the use of poison gas on Kurdish civilians.
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generals assumed they had succeeded, in reality the
Iranian forces remained fully intact. The Iranians had concentrated much of their forces by bringing them directly from the cities and towns throughout Iran via trains, buses, and private cars. The concentration of forces did not resemble a traditional military buildup, and although the Iraqis detected a population buildup near the front, they failed to realize that this was an attacking force. As a result, Saddam's army was unprepared for the Iranian offensives to come.
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5121:. Iranian airborne commandos landed behind the Iraqi lines and Iranian helicopters hit Iraqi tanks with TOW missiles. The Iraqis were taken by surprise, and Iranian F-5E Tiger fighter jets even damaged the Kirkuk oil refinery. Iraq carried out executions of multiple officers for these failures in March–April 1988, including Colonel Jafar Sadeq. The Iranians used infiltration tactics in the Kurdish mountains, captured the town of Halabja and began to fan out across the province.
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Kurds." A 1987 UN report conducted at the behest of both belligerents discovered weapon fragments that established Iraqi responsibility for chemical attacks on
Iranian soldiers and civilians, but could not substantiate Iraq's allegations of Iranian chemical weapons use: "Iraqi forces have been affected by mustard gas and a pulmonary element, possibly phosgene. In the absence of conclusive evidence of the weapons used, it could not be determined how the injuries were caused."
7206:, the United Kingdom, and France. A report stated that Dutch, Australian, Italian, French and both West and East German companies were involved in the export of raw materials to Iraqi chemical weapons factories. Declassified CIA documents show that the United States was providing reconnaissance intelligence to Iraq around 1987–88 which was then used to launch chemical weapon attacks on Iranian troops and that the CIA fully knew that chemical weapons would be deployed and
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3457:, Army Chief of Staff General Ali Sayad Shirazi as well as Major General Qasem-Ali Zahirnejad, wanted to accept the ceasefire, as most of Iranian soil had been recaptured. In particular, General Shirazi and Zahirnejad were both opposed to the invasion of Iraq on logistical grounds, and stated they would consider resigning if "unqualified people continued to meddle with the conduct of the war". Of the opposing view was a hardline faction led by the clerics on the
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7609:. The Iraqis hit back, claiming the destruction of a SeaCobra on 14 September 1983 (with YaKB machine gun), then three SeaCobras on 5 February 1984 and three more on 25 February 1984 (two with Falanga missiles, one with S-5 rockets). After a lull in helicopter losses, each side lost a gunship on 13 February 1986. Later, a Mi-25 claimed a SeaCobra shot down with YaKB gun on 16 February, and a SeaCobra claimed a Mi-25 shot down with rockets on 18 February.
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5416:(MEK) decided to launch an attack of its own and wished to advance all the way to Tehran. Saddam and the Iraqi high command decided on a two-pronged offensive across the border into central Iran and Iranian Kurdistan. Shortly after Iran accepted the ceasefire, the MEK army began its offensive, attacking into Ilam province under cover of Iraqi air power. In the north, Iraq also launched an attack into Iraqi Kurdistan, which was blunted by the Iranians.
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airborne commando landings, the Iraqis also placed metal spikes and destroyed cars in areas likely to be used as troop landing zones. Saddam
Hussein even visited Khorramshahr in a dramatic gesture, swearing that the city would never be relinquished. However, Khorramshahr's only resupply point was across the Shatt al-Arab, and the Iranian air force began bombing the supply bridges to the city, while their artillery zeroed in on the besieged garrison.
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3915:, which lasted from 24 February to 19 March. On 15 February 1984, the Iranians began launching attacks against the central section of the front, where the Second Iraqi Army Corps was deployed: 250,000 Iraqis faced 250,000 Iranians. The goal of this new major offensive was the capture of Basra-Baghdad Highway, cutting off Basra from Baghdad and setting the stage for an eventual attack upon the city. The Iraqi high command had assumed that the
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4556:, which would have completely severed Iraq from the Gulf and placed Iranian troops on the border with Kuwait. The offensive failed due to Iranian shortages of armor. By this time, 17,000 Iraqis and 30,000 Iranians were casualties. The First Battle of al-Faw ended in March, but heavy combat operations lasted on the peninsula into 1988, with neither side being able to displace the other. The battle bogged down into a World War I-style
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5939:(religious endowments) as part of the price of buying Iraqi Shia support. The importance of winning Shia support was such that welfare services in Shia areas were expanded during a time in which the Iraqi regime was pursuing austerity in all other non-military fields. During the first years of the war in the early 1980s, the Iraqi government tried to accommodate the Kurds in order to focus on the war against Iran. In 1983, the
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2 billion in 1985, making up 25% of Turkey's overall exports. Turkish construction projects in Iraq totaled $ 2.5 billion between 1974 and 1990. Trading with both countries helped Turkey to offset its ongoing economic crisis, though the benefits decreased as the war neared its end and accordingly disappeared entirely with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the resulting Iraq sanctions Turkey imposed in response.
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chemical shells, while the other artillery divisions launched 200–300 chemical shells each, unleashing a chemical cloud over the
Iranians, killing or wounding 60% of them, the blow was felt particularly by the Iranian 84th infantry division and 55th paratrooper division. The Iraqi special forces then stopped the remains of the Iranian force. In retaliation for Kurdish collaboration with the Iranians, Iraq launched a
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also abandoned equipment in the battlefield because their technicians were unable to carry out repairs. Iran and Iraq showed little internal coordination on the battlefield, and in many cases units were left to fight on their own. As a result, by the end of 1984, the war was a stalemate. One limited offensive Iran launched (Dawn 7) took place from 18 to 25 October 1984, when they recaptured the
Iranian city of
3517:, gearing most of his country towards defending against Iran. By 1988, Iraq was spending 40–75% of its GDP on military equipment. Saddam had also more than doubled the size of the Iraqi army, from 200,000 soldiers (12 divisions and three independent brigades) to 500,000 (23 divisions and nine brigades). Iraq also began launching air raids against Iranian border cities, greatly increasing the practice by 1984.
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badly weakened by losses in experienced personnel. The desertion rate had reached 60%, the officer corps was devastated and its most highly skilled soldiers and aviators had been exiled, imprisoned, or executed. When the invasion occurred, many pilots and officers were released from prison, or had their executions commuted to combat the Iraqis. Throughout the war, Iran never managed to fully recover from this
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villages, and on 10 September announced that its forces had done so in a short, sharp military engagement. ... On 14 September 1980, Iran announced it would no longer abide by the 1975 Algiers
Agreement. Given the scene that was set, it was no surprise that on 17 September, five days before the invasion, Iraq declared the accords null and void. ... On 22 September, Iraqi units crossed the frontier.
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3738:, in early February 1983, 50,000 Iranian forces attacked westward from Dezful and were confronted by 55,000 Iraqi forces. The Iranian objective was to cut off the road from Basra to Baghdad in the central sector. The Iraqis carried out 150 air sorties against the Iranians, and even bombed Dezful, Ahvaz, and Khorramshahr in retribution. The Iraqi counterattack was broken up by Iran's 92nd Armoured Division.
4578:, on the foot of the Zagros Mountains, was selected as the first target. On 15–19 May, Iraqi Army's Second Corps, supported by helicopter gunships, attacked and captured the city. Saddam then offered to exchange Mehran for al-Faw. The Iranians rejected the offer. Iraq then continued the attack, attempting to push deeper into Iran. Iraq's attack was quickly warded off by Iranian AH-1 Cobra helicopters with
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military support in the form of air and artillery strikes. If Iraq is seen to be pulled too far into one side's orbit, then the benefits offered to them by the other side will likely be gradually reduced or cut off completely. Another significant factor influencing relations is the shared cultural interests of Iraq and Iran's citizens to freely visit the multitude of holy sites located in each country.
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3267:, and launched human wave attacks towards the city. Saddam's defensive barricade collapsed; in less than 48 hours of fighting, the city fell and 19,000 Iraqis surrendered to the Iranians. A total of 10,000 Iraqis were killed or wounded in Khorramshahr, while the Iranians suffered 30,000 casualties. During the whole of Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas, 33,000 Iraqi soldiers were captured by the Iranians.
12870:, p. 16: "At the beginning of January of 1983, Rajavi held a highly publicized meeting with then Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq Tarqi Aziz, which culminated in the signing of a peace communique on January 9 of that year. Rajavi, acting as the chairman of the NCR, co-outlined a peace plan with Aziz based on an agreement of mutual recognition of borders as defined by the 1975 Algiers Treaty."
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prisoner. Thousands of civilians on both sides died in air raids and ballistic missile attacks. Prisoners taken by both countries began to be released in 1990, though some were not released until more than 10 years after the end of the conflict. Cities on both sides had also been considerably damaged. While revolutionary Iran had been bloodied, Iraq was left with a large military and was a
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minefields and allow the
Revolutionary Guards to advance. Combatants came so close to one another that Iranians were able to board Iraqi tanks and throw grenades inside the hulls. By the eighth day, the Iranians had gained 16 km (9.9 mi) inside Iraq and had taken several causeways. Iran's Revolutionary Guards also used the T-55 tanks they had captured in earlier battles.
3080:. Operations were often carried out during the night and deception operations, infiltrations, and maneuvers became more common. The Iranians would also reinforce the infiltrating forces with new units to keep up their momentum. Once a weak point was found, the Iranians would concentrate all of their forces into that area in an attempt to break through with human wave attacks.
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4682:. Full-scale war games against hypothetical Iranian positions were carried out in the western Iraqi desert against mock targets. They were repeated over the course of a full year until the forces involved fully memorized their attacks. Iraq built its military massively, eventually possessing the 4th largest in the world, in order to overwhelm the Iranians through sheer size.
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towards other Gulf states, "the threat of
Persian fundamentalism was far more feared." They were especially inclined to fear Iranian victory after Ayatollah Khomeini declared monarchies to be illegitimate and an un-Islamic form of government. Khomeini's statement was widely received as a call to overthrow the Gulf monarchies. Journalists John Bulloch and Harvey Morris wrote:
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between the Army and the Revolutionary Guard. However, this came too late and, following the capture of 570 of their operable tanks and the destruction of hundreds more, Iran was believed to have fewer than 200 remaining operable tanks on the southern front, against thousands of Iraqi ones. The only area where the Iranians were not suffering major defeats was in Kurdistan.
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4377:(both considered to be among Iraq's most skilled commanders), the Iraqis launched air attacks against the Iranian positions and pinned them down. They then launched a pincer attack using mechanized infantry and heavy artillery. Chemical weapons were used, and the Iraqis also flooded Iranian trenches with specially constructed pipes delivering water from the Tigris River.
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6421:, overseeing the transfer of third-party military hardware, and providing operational intelligence on the battlefield. France, which from the 1970s had been one of Iraq's closest allies, was a major supplier of military hardware. The French sold weapons equal to $ 5 billion, which made up well over a quarter of Iraq's total arms stockpile. Citing French magazine
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logistical advantage in their defence: the front was located near the main Iraqi bases and arms depots, allowing their army to be efficiently supplied. By contrast, the front in Iran was a considerable distance away from the main Iranian bases and arms depots, and as such, Iranian troops and supplies had to travel through mountain ranges before arriving at the front.
5028:, destroying two Iranian oil rigs in the Persian Gulf. During November and December, the Iraqi air force launched a bid to destroy all Iranian airbases in Khuzestan and the remaining Iranian air force. Iran managed to shoot down 30 Iraqi fighters with fighter jets, anti-aircraft guns, and missiles, allowing the Iranian air force to survive to the end of the war.
3841:, pursuing a policy of total war, and by 1984, the armies were equal in size. By 1986, Iraq had twice as many soldiers as Iran. By 1988, Iraq had 1 million soldiers, giving it the fourth largest army in the world. Some of its equipment, such as tanks, outnumbered Iran's by at least five to one. Iranian commanders, however, remained more tactically skilled.
3703:, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast of Baghdad, in an attempt to reach the highways connecting northern and southern Iraq. The attack was stalled by 60 km (37 mi) of hilly escarpments, forests, and river torrents blanketing the way to al-Amarah, but the Iraqis could not force the Iranians back. Iran directed artillery on Basra, Al Amarah, and
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4920:. They replenished their manpower by integrating volunteers from other Arab countries into their army. Iraq also became self-sufficient in chemical weapons and some conventional ones and received much equipment from abroad. Foreign support helped Iraq bypass its economic troubles and massive debt to continue the war and increase the size of its military.
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enough to allow the Iranians to also capture territory inside Iraq, and depleted the Iraqi military enough to prevent them from launching a major offensive for the next two years. Iraq's defeats at al-Faw and at Mehran were severe blows to the prestige of the Iraqi regime. Western powers, including the US, became more determined to prevent an Iraqi loss.
3687:, and continued to dominate in combat. However, aircraft shortages, the size of defended territory/airspace, and American intelligence supplied to Iraq allowed the Iraqis to exploit gaps in Iranian airspace. Iraqi air campaigns met little opposition, striking over half of Iran, as the Iraqis were able to gain air superiority towards the end of the war.
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Force could count on direct American support for conducting long-range operations against Iranian infrastructural targets and oil installations deep in the Persian Gulf. U.S. Navy ships tracked and reported movements of Iranian shipping and defences. In the massive Iraqi air strike against Kharg Island, flown on 18 March 1988, the Iraqis destroyed two
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important factor that governs Iraq's current foreign policy is the national government's consistent fragility following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. Iraq's need for any and all allies that can help bring stability and bring development has allowed Iran to exert significant influence over the new Iraqi state despite lingering memories of the war.
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condemn this continued use of chemical weapons in clear violation of the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which prohibits the use in war of chemical weapons." The United States was the only member who voted against the issuance of this statement. A mission to the region in 1988 found evidence of the use of chemical weapons, and was condemned in
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relations with many of the states that opposed it during the war. Because of Iranian actions, by 1990, Saddam had become more conciliatory, and in a letter to the future fourth President of Iran Rafsanjani, he became more open to the idea of a peace agreement, although he still insisted on full sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab.
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and Iran was unable to launch any major offensives after Karbala-5. As a result, for the first time since 1982, the momentum of the fighting shifted towards the regular army. Since the regular army was conscription based, it made the war even less popular. Many Iranians began to try to escape the conflict. As early as May 1985,
5630:, to negotiate a peace agreement on the terms of the ceasefire. However, peace talks stalled. Iraq, in violation of the UN ceasefire, refused to withdraw its troops from 7,800 square kilometres (3,000 sq mi) of disputed territory at the border area unless the Iranians accepted Iraq's full sovereignty over the
4476:, the United States secretly sold Iran some limited supplies. In Akbar Rafsanjani's postwar interview, he stated that during the period when Iran was succeeding, for a short time the United States supported Iran, then shortly after began helping Iraq again. Iran managed to get some advanced weapons, such as anti-tank
16126:...On one occasion I had to note with deep regret the experts' conclusion that "chemical weapons ha been used against Iranian civilians in an area adjacent to an urban center lacking any protection against that kind of attack" (s/20134, annex). The Council expressed its dismay on the matter and its condemnation in
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20 billion in 1982 to $ 5 billion in 1988. French historian Pierre Razoux argued that this sudden drop in economic industrial potential, in conjunction with the increasing aggression of Iraq, placed Iran in a challenging position that had little leeway other than accepting Iraq's conditions of peace.
5383:, killing 290 passengers and crew. The lack of international sympathy disturbed the Iranian leadership, and they came to the conclusion that the United States was on the verge of waging a full-scale war against them, and that Iraq was on the verge of unleashing its entire chemical arsenal upon their cities.
5149:), a surprise attack against the 15,000 Basij troops on the al-Faw peninsula. The attack was preceded by Iraqi diversionary attacks in northern Iraq, with a massive artillery and air barrage of Iranian front lines. Key areas, such as supply lines, command posts, and ammunition depots, were hit by a storm of
2931:, who was hoping that a victory might shore up his deteriorating political position; instead, the failure hastened his fall. Many of Iran's problems took place because of political infighting between President Banisadr, who supported the regular army, and the hardliners who supported the IRGC. Once he was
4536:, fled or were defeated, and the Iranian forces set up pontoon bridges crossing the Shatt al-Arab, allowing 30,000 soldiers to cross in a short period of time. They drove north along the peninsula almost unopposed, capturing it after only 24 hours of fighting. Afterwards they dug in and set up defenses.
2827:, as the Iranians needed more time to reorganise their forces after the damage inflicted by the purge of 1979–80. During this period, fighting consisted mainly of artillery duels and raids. Iraq had mobilised 21 divisions for the invasion, while Iran countered with only 13 regular army divisions and one
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On 21 March 1986, the United Nations Security Council made a declaration stating that "members are profoundly concerned by the unanimous conclusion of the specialists that chemical weapons on many occasions have been used by Iraqi forces against Iranian troops, and the members of the Council strongly
7188:
In a declassified 1991 report, the CIA estimated that Iran had suffered more than 50,000 casualties from Iraq's use of several chemical weapons, though current estimates are more than 100,000 as the long-term effects continue to cause casualties. The official CIA estimate did not include the civilian
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was in Iranian territorial waters when it launched the missiles. At the time of the attack, Admiral Crowe claimed that the Iranian plane did not identify itself and sent no response to warning signals he had sent. In 1996, the United States expressed their regret for the event and the civilian deaths
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frigate. The first struck the port side of the ship and failed to explode, though it left burning propellant in its wake; the second struck moments later in approximately the same place and penetrated through to crew quarters, where it exploded, killing 37 crew members and leaving 21 injured. Whether
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and military equipment, and satellite intelligence. While there was direct combat between Iran and the United States, it is not universally agreed that the fighting between the United States and Iran was specifically to benefit Iraq, or for separate issues between the U.S. and Iran. American official
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criticised the war in a telegram to the United Nations, calling it un-Islamic and illegitimate and arguing that Khomeini should have accepted Saddam's truce offer in 1982 instead of attempting to overthrow the Ba'ath. In a public letter to Khomeini sent in May 1988, he added "Since 1986, you have not
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announced that Iran spent $ 19.6 billion in the war. The war furthered the decline of the Iranian economy that had begun with the revolution in 1978–79. Between 1979 and 1981, foreign exchange reserves fell from $ 14.6 billion to $ 1 billion. As a result of the war, living standards dropped
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The economic loss at the time was believed to exceed $ 500 billion for each country ($ 1.2 trillion total). In addition, economic development stalled and oil exports were disrupted. Iraq had accrued more than $ 130 billion of international debt, excluding interest, and was also weighed
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agents. From 1980 to 2012, 218,867 Iranians died due to war injuries and the mean age of combatants was 23 years old. This includes 33,430 civilians, mostly women and children. More than 144,000 Iranian children were orphaned as a consequence of these deaths. Other estimates put Iranian casualties up
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to block the Iranian rear, then used hundreds of tanks with massed conventional and chemical artillery barrages to recapture the island after 8 hours of combat. Saddam appeared live on Iraqi television to "lead" the charge against the Iranians. The majority of the Iranian defenders were killed during
5124:
Though the Iranians advanced to within sight of Dukan and captured around 1,040 km (400 sq mi) and 4,000 Iraqi troops, the offensive failed due to the Iraqi use of chemical warfare. The Iraqis launched the deadliest chemical weapons attacks of the war. The Republican Guard launched 700
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The main Iraqi air effort had shifted to the destruction of Iranian war-fighting capability, primarily Persian Gulf oil fields, tankers, and Kharg Island, and starting in late 1986, the Iraqi Air Force began a comprehensive campaign against Iranian economic infrastructure. By late 1987, the Iraqi Air
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While it was not obvious to foreign observers, the Iranian public had become increasingly war-weary and disillusioned with the fighting, and relatively few volunteers joined the fight in 1987–88. Because the Iranian war effort relied on popular mobilization, their military strength actually declined,
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in early 1987. This battle, known for its extensive casualties and ferocious conditions, was the biggest battle of the war and proved to be the beginning of the end of the Iran–Iraq War. While Iranian forces crossed the border and captured the eastern section of Basra Governorate, the operation ended
4643:
Faced with their recent defeats in al-Faw and Mehran, Iraq appeared to be losing the war. Iraq's generals, angered by Saddam's interference, threatened a full-scale mutiny against the Ba'ath Party unless they were allowed to conduct operations freely. In one of the few times during his career, Saddam
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declaring that the war must be won by March 1987. The Iranians increased recruitment efforts, obtaining 650,000 volunteers. The animosity between the Army and the Revolutionary Guard arose again, with the Army wanting to use more refined, limited military attacks, while the Revolutionary Guard wanted
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Compounding the extensive foreign help to Iraq, Iranian attacks were severely hampered by their shortages of weaponry, particularly heavy weapons as large amounts had been lost during the war. Iran still managed to maintain 1,000 tanks, often by capturing Iraqi ones and additional artillery, but many
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By 1984, Iran's losses were estimated to be 300,000 soldiers, while Iraq's losses were estimated to be 150,000. Foreign analysts agreed that both Iran and Iraq failed to use their modern equipment properly, and both sides failed to carry out modern military assaults that could win the war. Both sides
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Because Iraq had become landlocked during the course of the war, they had to rely on their Arab allies, primarily Kuwait, to transport their oil. Iran attacked tankers carrying Iraqi oil from Kuwait, later attacking tankers from any Persian Gulf state supporting Iraq. Attacks on ships of noncombatant
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Iran supported their attacks with heavy weaponry when possible and with better planning, although the brunt of the battles still fell to the infantry. The Army and Revolutionary Guards worked together better as their tactics improved. Human wave attacks became less frequent, although were still used.
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and manpower, Iran could no longer rely on simple human wave attacks. Iranian offensives became more complex and involved extensive maneuver warfare using primarily light infantry. Iran launched frequent, and sometimes smaller offensives to slowly gain ground and deplete the Iraqis through attrition.
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helicopter gunships to prepare a Soviet-type three-line defence, replete with obstacles such as barbed wire, minefields, fortified positions and bunkers. The Combat Engineer Corps built bridges across water obstacles, laid minefields, erected earthen revetments, dug trenches, built machine gun nests,
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For the most part, Iraq remained on the defensive for the next five years, unable and unwilling to launch any major offensives, while Iran launched more than 70 offensives. Iraq's strategy changed from holding territory in Iran to denying Iran any major gains in Iraq, as well as holding onto disputed
3482:
Riyadh Ibrahim Hussein suggested that Saddam could step down temporarily as a way of easing Iran towards a ceasefire, and then afterwards would come back to power. Saddam, annoyed, asked if anyone else in the Cabinet agreed with the Health Minister's idea. When no one raised their hand in support, he
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The mountainous border between Iran and Iraq made a deep ground invasion almost impossible, and air strikes were used instead. The invasion's first waves were a series of air strikes targeted at Iranian airfields. Iraq also attempted to bomb Tehran, Iran's capital and command centre, into submission.
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over the Persian Gulf. He saw Iran's increased weakness due to revolution, sanctions, and international isolation. Saddam had invested heavily in Iraq's military since his defeat against Iran in 1975, buying large amounts of weaponry from the Soviet Union and France. Between 1973 and 1980 alone, Iraq
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Even if before the outbreak of the conflict there had been some encroachment by Iran on Iraqi territory, such encroachment did not justify Iraq's aggression against Iran—which was followed by Iraq's continuous occupation of Iranian territory during the conflict—in violation of the prohibition of the
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The Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq and the exiled leader of an Iranian leftist group met for four hours today and said afterward that the war between their countries should brought to an end. The conversations between Deputy Prime Minister Tareq Aziz of Iraq and Massoud Rajavi, leader of the People's
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There remains the issue of sovereignty over Shatt al-Arab. ... Granted that this might have been a genuine motive for abrogating the 1975 treaty, and reclaiming title to the whole Shatt, what was the point of the invasion on September 22? Iraq had taken back by unilateral action on September 10
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On 7 September 1980, Iraq accused Iran of shelling Iraqi villages in the territories of Zain al-Qaws and Saif Saad on 4 September 1980. Iraq demanded that the Iranian forces in those territories evacuate and return the villages to Iraq. Tehran gave no reply. Iraqi forces then moved to 'liberate' the
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Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. Chapter 10: "In fact, Iraq had captured so much equipment that it was able to put on an incredible show on the outskirts of Baghdad. Rather than include all of Iraq's gains, it included the equipment that could either be used immediately or be easily reconditioned.
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The Iran–Iraq War is regarded as being a major trigger for rising sectarianism in the region, as it was viewed by many as a clash between Sunni Muslims (Ba'athist Iraq and other Arab States) and the Shia revolutionaries that had recently taken power in Iran. There remains lingering animosity however
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later acknowledged that Iraq's evidence was "clearly fabricated." However, the report's phrasing—"chemical weapons were again used against Iranian forces by Iraqi forces ... now also Iraqi forces have sustained injuries from chemical warfare"—contributed to an erroneous perception that Iran and
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between 1992 and 1994, conducted a two-year study that included a field investigation in Iraq, and obtained Iraqi government documents in the process. According to Hiltermann, the literature on the Iran–Iraq War reflects allegations of chemical weapons used by Iran, but they are "marred by a lack of
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More than 30 countries provided support to Iraq, Iran, or both; most of the aid went to Iraq. Iran had a complex clandestine procurement network to obtain munitions and critical materials. Iraq had an even larger clandestine purchasing network, involving 10–12 allied countries, to maintain ambiguity
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The value of Iraqi arms imports increased to between $ 12 billion and $ 14 billion during 1984–1987, whereas the value of Iranian arms imports fell from $ 14 billion in 1985 to $ 5.89 billion in 1986 and an estimated $ 6 billion to $ 8 billion in 1987. Iran was constrained by the price of oil during
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In addition to helping trigger the Persian Gulf War, the Iran–Iraq War also contributed to Iraq's defeat in the Persian Gulf War. Iraq's military was accustomed to fighting the slow moving Iranian infantry formations with artillery and static defenses, while using mostly unsophisticated tanks to gun
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amounted to $ 21 billion, 85% of which had originated from the combined inputs of Japan, the USSR, France, Germany, the United States, Italy and the United Kingdom. The largest portion of Iraq's debt, amounting to $ 130 billion, was to its former Arab backers, with $ 67 billion loaned
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That explanations do not appear sufficient or acceptable to the international community is a fact... cannot be justified under the charter of the United Nations, any recognized rules and principles of international law, or any principles of international morality, and entails the responsibility for
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Most historians and analysts consider the war to be a stalemate. Certain analysts believe that Iraq won, on the basis of the successes of their 1988 offensives which thwarted Iran's major territorial ambitions in Iraq and persuaded Iran to accept the ceasefire. Iranian analysts believe that they won
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By 1990, Iran was undergoing military rearmament and reorganization, and purchased $ 10 billion worth of heavy weaponry from the USSR and China, including aircraft, tanks, and missiles. Rafsanjani reversed Iran's self-imposed ban on chemical weapons, and ordered the manufacture and stockpile of
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In response, Iran refused to release 70,000 Iraqi prisoners of war, compared to 40,000 Iranian prisoners of war held by Iraq. They continued to carry out a naval blockade of Iraq, although its effects were mitigated by Iraqi use of ports in friendly neighbouring Arab countries. Iran began to improve
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On 26 July 1988, the MEK started their campaign in central Iran, Operation Forough Javidan (Eternal Light), with the support of the Iraqi army. The Iranians had withdrawn their remaining soldiers to Khuzestan in fear of a new Iraqi invasion attempt, allowing the Mujahedeen to advance rapidly towards
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During the 1988 battles, the Iranians put up little resistance, having been worn out by nearly eight years of war. They lost large amounts of equipment. On 2 July, Iran belatedly set up a joint central command which unified the Revolutionary Guard, Army, and Kurdish rebels, and dispelled the rivalry
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To the shock of the Iranians, rather than breaking off the offensive, the Iraqis kept up their drive, and a new force attacked the Iranian positions around Basra. Following this, the Iraqis launched a sustained drive to clear the Iranians out of all of southern Iraq. One of the most successful Iraqi
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to escort the tankers. The result of Earnest Will would be that, while oil tankers shipping Iraqi/Kuwaiti oil were protected, Iranian tankers and neutral tankers shipping to Iran would be unprotected, resulting in both losses for Iran and the undermining of its trade with foreign countries, damaging
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The Iranian strategy was to penetrate the Iraqi defences and encircle Basra, cutting off the city as well as the Al-Faw peninsula from the rest of Iraq. Iran's plan was for three assaults: a diversionary attack near Basra, the main offensive and another diversionary attack using Iranian tanks in the
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Saddam also recruited volunteers from other Arab countries into the Republican Guard, and received much technical support from foreign nations as well. While Iraqi military power had been depleted in recent battles, through heavy foreign purchases and support, they were able to expand their military
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The tanker war escalated drastically, with attacks nearly doubling in 1986, the majority carried out by Iraq. Iraq got permission from the Saudi government to use its airspace to attack Larak Island, although due to the distance attacks were less frequent there. The escalating tanker war in the Gulf
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The sudden capture of al-Faw shocked the Iraqis, since they had thought it impossible for the Iranians to cross the Shatt al-Arab. On 12 February 1986, the Iraqis began a counter-offensive to retake al-Faw, which failed after a week of heavy fighting. On 24 February 1986, Saddam sent one of his best
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in April 1983 by supporting the Kurds in the north. With Kurdish support, the Iranians attacked on 23 July 1983, capturing the Iraqi town of Haj Omran and maintaining it against an Iraqi poison gas counteroffensive. This operation incited Iraq to later conduct indiscriminate chemical attacks against
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The Iranian generals wanted to launch an all-out attack on Baghdad and seize it while the Iranian army's supplies allowed for such an offensive. This was rejected as being impracticable and the decision was made to capture one area of Iraq after the other, with the hope that this would force Iraq to
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on 27–29 September 1981. The Iranians used a combined force of regular army artillery with small groups of armor, supported by Pasdaran (IRGC) and Basij infantry. On 15 October, after breaking the siege, a large Iranian convoy was ambushed by Iraqi tanks, and during the ensuing tank battle Iran lost
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against the Iraqis. Typically, an Iranian assault would commence with poorly trained Basij who would launch the primary human wave assaults to swamp the weakest portions of the Iraqi lines en masse (on some occasions even bodily clearing minefields). This would be followed up by the more experienced
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On the eve of the revolution in 1978, international experts in military science had assessed that Iran's armed forces were the fifth most powerful in the world. However, by the eve of war with Iraq, the recently formidable Iranian army was in many crucial ways a shell of its former self, having been
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That explanations do not appear sufficient or acceptable to the international community is a fact. Accordingly, the outstanding event under the violations referred to is the attack of 22 September 1980, against Iran, which cannot be justified under the charter of the United Nations, any recognized
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Despite the mortal blow inflicted on the organization, the Iranian regime continued to regard the Mujahidin as a real threat, and therefore continued to persecute its followers and damage their public image. The organizations' ties with Iraq (mainly Rajavi's meeting with Tariq Aziz in January 1983)
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Evidence suggests that these Iraqi chemical casualties were likely the result of "blowback," whereas the evidence that Iraq submitted to the UN—such as two Iranian 130 mm shells that UN specialists found had "no internal chemical-resistant coating" and were "normally used for filling with high
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and Lawrence Potter have called the allegations against Iran "mere assertions" and stated, "No persuasive evidence of the claim that Iran was the primary culprit was ever presented." Policy consultant and author Joseph Tragert stated, "Iran did not retaliate with chemical weapons, probably because
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had been executed, an ex-Iraqi Air Force commander since stated he had not been punished, and was still alive at the time. The attack remains the only successful anti-ship missile strike on an American warship. Due to the extensive political and military cooperation between the Iraqis and Americans
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and, if necessary, released early in the event of oil market disruption; second, the United States needed to reinforce the security of friendly Arab states in the region; and thirdly, an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq. The plan was approved by the President
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refusal to end the war in 1982, the United States made an outreach to Iraq, beginning with the restoration of diplomatic relations in 1984. The United States wished to both keep Iran away from Soviet influence and protect other Gulf states from any threat of Iranian expansion. As a result, the U.S.
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and Iraq launched chemical attacks on Iranian civilians, killing an unknown number of them and wounding 2,300. Iraq came under international pressure to curtail further offensives. Resolution 598 became effective on 8 August 1988, ending all combat operations between the two countries. By 20 August
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bombs. While many towns and cities had been bombed before, and troops attacked with gas, this was the first time that the Iraqis had attacked a civilian area with poison gas. One quarter of the town's then population of 20,000 was burned and stricken, and 113 were killed immediately, with many more
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Further Iranian attacks were mounted in the Mandali–Baghdad north-central sector in April 1983, but were repelled by Iraqi mechanised and infantry divisions. Casualties were high, and by the end of 1983, an estimated 120,000 Iranians and 60,000 Iraqis had been killed. Iran held the advantage in the
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On 16 July, Iran tried again further north and managed to push the Iraqis back. Only 13 km (8.1 mi) from Basra, the poorly equipped Iranian forces were surrounded on three sides by Iraqis with heavy weaponry. Some were captured, while many were killed. Only a last-minute attack by Iranian
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Sometimes, the Iraqis would launch "probing attacks" into the Iranian lines to provoke them into launching their attacks sooner. While Iranian human wave attacks were successful against the dug-in Iraqi forces in Khuzestan, they had trouble breaking through Iraq's defense in depth lines. Iraq had a
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At this point, Saddam believed that his army was too demoralised and damaged to hold onto Khuzestan and major swathes of Iranian territory, and withdrew his remaining forces, redeploying them in defence along the border. However, his troops continued to occupy some key Iranian border areas of Iran,
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The fighting had battered the Iraqi military: its strength fell from 210,000 to 150,000 troops; over 20,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed and over 30,000 captured; two out of four active armoured divisions and at least three mechanised divisions fell to less than a brigade's strength; and the Iranians
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Iraq's strategic reserves had been depleted, and by now it lacked the power to go on any major offensives until nearly the end of the war. On 7 December, Hussein announced that Iraq was going on the defensive. By the end of 1980, Iraq had destroyed about 500 Western-built Iranian tanks and captured
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Of Iraq's six divisions that invaded by ground, four were sent to Khuzestan, which was located near the border's southern end, to cut off the Shatt al-Arab from the rest of Iran and to establish a territorial security zone. The other two divisions invaded across the northern and central part of the
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but that Iran had never handed over, leading to both Iran and Iraq declaring the treaty null and void, on 14 September and 17 September, respectively. As a result, the only outstanding border dispute between Iran and Iraq at the time of the Iraqi invasion of 22 September was the question of whether
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Some scholars writing prior to the opening of formerly classified Iraqi archives, such as Alistair Finlan, argued that Saddam was drawn into a conflict with Iran due to the border clashes and Iranian meddling in Iraqi domestic affairs. Finlan stated in 2003 that the Iraqi invasion was meant to be a
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Under pressure from the Reagan administration, the began extending short-term loans to cash-starved Iraq for American-made spare parts and consumer goods. Iraq was also keenly interested in more than credits and rice, but the Reagan administration repeatedly told Iraq not even to ask for weapons.
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The sustained importance of this conflict is attributed mostly to the massive human and economic cost resulting from it, along with its ties to the Iranian Revolution. Another significant effect that the war has on Iran's policy is the issue of remaining war reparations. The UN estimates that Iraq
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issued statements that "chemical weapons had been used in the war". UN statements never clarified that only Iraq was using chemical weapons, and according to retrospective authors "the international community remained silent as Iraq used weapons of mass destruction against Iranian as well as Iraqi
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The focus of Iranian pressure at this moment is Iraq. There are few governments in the world less deserving of our support and less capable of using it. Had Iraq won the war, the fear in the Gulf and the threat to our interest would be scarcely less than it is today. Still, given the importance of
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mission took the field, remaining on the Iran–Iraq border until 1991. The majority of Western analysts believe that the war had no winners while some believed that Iraq emerged as the victor of the war, based on Iraq's overwhelming successes between April and July 1988. While the war was now over,
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At this point, elements of the Iranian leadership, led by Rafsanjani (who had initially pushed for the extension of the war), persuaded Khomeini to accept a ceasefire. They stated that in order to win the war, Iran's military budget would have to be increased eightfold and the war would last until
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to begin a new offensive to recapture al-Faw. A new round of heavy fighting took place. Their attempts again ended in failure, costing them many tanks and aircraft. Their 15th mechanised division was almost completely wiped out. The capture of al-Faw and the failure of the Iraqi counter-offensives
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across the rivers and wetlands to allow heavy troops and supplies to cross. Iran also learned to integrate foreign guerrilla units as part of their military operations. On the northern front, Iran began working heavily with the Peshmerga, Kurdish guerrillas. Iranian military advisors organised the
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Iraq had concentrated three armoured divisions, the 3rd, 9th, and 10th, as a counter-attack force to attack any penetrations. They were successful in defeating the Iranian breakthroughs, but suffered heavy losses. The 9th Armoured Division in particular had to be disbanded, and was never reformed.
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Iran also hoped that its attacks would ignite a revolt against Saddam's rule by the Shia and Kurdish population of Iraq, possibly resulting in his downfall. It was successful in doing so with the Kurdish population, but not the Shia. Iran had captured large quantities of Iraqi equipment, enough to
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and proposed an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal from Iranian territory within two weeks. Khomeini responded by saying the war would not end until a new government was installed in Iraq and reparations paid. He proclaimed that Iran would invade Iraq and would not stop until the Ba'ath regime was
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The Iraqis retreated to the Karun River, with only Khorramshahr and a few outlying areas remaining in their possession. Saddam ordered 70,000 troops to be placed around the city of Khorramshahr. The Iraqis created a hastily constructed defence line around the city and outlying areas. To discourage
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On 29 April, Iran launched the offensive. 70,000 Revolutionary Guard and Basij members struck on several axes—Bostan, Susangerd, the west bank of the Karun River, and Ahvaz. The Basij launched human wave attacks, which were followed up by the regular army and Revolutionary Guard support along with
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repeatedly charged at Iraqi positions, oftentimes without the support of armour or air power. The fall of Bostan exacerbated the Iraqis' logistical problems, forcing them to use a roundabout route from Ahvaz to the south to resupply their troops. 6,000 Iranians and over 2,000 Iraqis were killed in
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The human wave attacks, while extremely bloody (tens of thousands of troops died in the process), when used in combination with infiltration and surprise, caused major Iraqi defeats. As the Iraqis would dig in their tanks and infantry into static, entrenched positions, the Iranians would manage to
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The next day, Iraq launched a ground invasion, mounting three simultaneous attacks along a 644 km (400 mi) front. Saddam hoped an attack on Iran would cause such a blow to Iran's prestige that it would lead to the new government's downfall, or at least end Iran's calls for his overthrow.
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After the war concluded, Iraq continued to maintain control over the entire Shatt al-Arab and other Iranian territories it had occupied along the border, covering an area of 3,000 km². It was not until 16 August 1990 that Iraq agreed to return these occupied territories back to Iran and to divide
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Pollack gives the figure as 1,000 for fully operational tanks in April of 1988. Cordesman gives the figure as 1,500+ operational tanks in March 1988 (1,298 were captured by the Iraqis by July 1988, 200 were still in the hands of the Iranians, and an unknown number were destroyed), with an unknown
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Iran has not vocalized the desire for these reparations in recent years, and has even suggested forms of financial aid. This is due most likely to Iran's interest in keeping Iraq politically stable, and imposing these reparation costs would further burden the already impoverished nation. The most
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At his trial in December 2006, Saddam said he would take responsibility "with honour" for any attacks on Iran using conventional or chemical weapons during the war, but that he took issue with the charges that he ordered attacks on Iraqis. A medical analysis of the effects of Iraqi mustard gas is
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prior to four major offensives in early 1988 that relied on U.S. satellite imagery, maps, and other intelligence. ... According to recently declassified CIA documents and interviews with former intelligence officials like Francona, the U.S. had firm evidence of Iraqi chemical attacks beginning in
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Although neither side acquired any weapons from Turkey, both sides enjoyed Turkish civilian trade during the conflict, although the Turkish government remained neutral and refused to support the U.S.-imposed trade embargo on Iran. Turkey's export market jumped from $ 220 million in 1981 to $
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In June 1981, street battles broke out between the Revolutionary Guard and the left-wing Mujaheddin e-Khalq (MEK), continuing for several days and killing hundreds on both sides. In September, more unrest broke out on the streets of Iran as the MEK attempted to seize power. Thousands of left-wing
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Iranian workers had a day's pay deducted from their pay cheques every month to help finance the war, and mass campaigns were launched to encourage the public to donate food, money, and blood. To further help finance the war, the Iranian government banned the import of all non-essential items, and
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Both Iraq and Iran manipulated loss figures to suit their purposes. At the same time, Western analysts accepted improbable estimates. By April 1988, such casualties were estimated at between 150,000 and 340,000 Iraqis dead, and 450,000 to 730,000 Iranians. Shortly after the end of the war, it was
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had no intention of restraining Iraq. The lives of the civilian population of Iran were becoming very disrupted, with a third of the urban population evacuating major cities in fear of the seemingly imminent chemical war. Meanwhile, Iraqi conventional bombs and missiles continuously hit towns and
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The attacks on oil tankers continued. Both Iran and Iraq carried out frequent attacks during the first four months of the year. Iran was effectively waging a naval guerilla war with its IRGC navy speedboats, while Iraq attacked with its aircraft. In 1987, Kuwait asked to reflag its tankers to the
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The Iranians built up their forces on the heights surrounding Mehran. On 30 June, using mountain warfare tactics, they launched their attack, recapturing the city by 3 July. Saddam ordered the Republican Guard to retake the city on 4 July, but their attack was ineffective. Iraqi losses were heavy
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nations in the Persian Gulf sharply increased thereafter, with both nations attacking oil tankers and merchant ships of neutral nations in an effort to deprive their opponent of trade. The Iranian attacks against Saudi shipping led to Saudi F-15s shooting down a pair of F-4 Phantom II fighters on
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Iraq began receiving support from the United States and west European countries as well. Saddam was given diplomatic, monetary, and military support by the United States, including massive loans, political influence, and intelligence on Iranian deployments gathered by American spy satellites. The
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in June 1982 revealed that the Iraqi Air Force had only three squadrons of fighter-bombers capable of mounting operations into Iran. The Iraqi Army Air Corps was in slightly better shape, and could still operate more than 70 helicopters. Despite this, the Iraqis still held 3,000 tanks, while Iran
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The Iraqis, realising that the Iranians were planning to attack, decided to preempt them with Operation al-Fawz al-'Azim (Supreme Success) on 19 March. Using a large number of tanks, helicopters, and fighter jets, they attacked the Iranian buildup around the Roghabiyeh pass. Though Saddam and his
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The human wave has been largely misconstrued both by the popular media in the West and by many scholars. The Iranians did not merely assemble masses of individuals, point them at the enemy, and order a charge. The waves were made up of the 22-man squads mentioned above . Each squad was assigned a
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Ruhollah Khomeini called on Iraqis to overthrow the Ba'ath government, which was received with considerable anger in Baghdad. On 17 July 1979, despite Khomeini's call, Saddam gave a speech praising the Iranian Revolution and called for an Iraqi–Iranian friendship based on non-interference in each
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and expected a decisive victory in the face of a severely weakened Iran, the Iraqi military only made progress for three months, and by December 1980, the Iraqi invasion had stalled. The Iranian military began to gain momentum against the Iraqis and regained all lost territory by June 1982. After
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ended in 1953. A half million lives were lost, perhaps another million were injured, and the economic cost was over a trillion dollars. ... the battle lines at the end of the war were almost exactly where they were at the beginning of hostilities. It was also the only war in modern times in
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Currently, Iraq is between two opposing interests, one with Iran, who can provide a reliable source of power as well as military support to the influential Shia militias and political factions, and the other with the United States, who can offer Iraq significant economic aid packages, along with
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grew as an organization to encompass not just military concerns but also matters of economic, religious, and educational importance. The organization's growth during the war is vital to understanding the organization's role in Iranian society and how it has evolved since its initial formation in
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According to General Hamdani, Iran continued to carry out low-level infiltrations of Iraqi territory, using Iraqi dissidents and anti-government activists rather than Iranian troops, in order to incite revolts. After the fall of Saddam in 2003, Hamdani claimed that Iranian agents infiltrated and
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The Iraqi Air Force, had originally lacked modern equipment and experienced pilots, but after pleas from Iraqi military leaders, Saddam decreased political influence on everyday operations and left the fighting to his combatants. The Soviets began delivering more advanced aircraft and weapons to
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By the end of 1987, Iraq possessed 5,550 tanks, outnumbering the Iranians six to one, and 900 fighter aircraft, outnumbering the Iranians ten to one. After Operation Karbala-5, Iraq only had 100 qualified fighter pilots remaining. Therefore, Iraq began to invest in recruiting foreign pilots from
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The Turkish pipeline had a capacity of only 500,000 barrels per day (79,000 m/d), which was insufficient to pay for the war. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the other Gulf states saved Iraq from bankruptcy by providing it with $ 37–60 billion in loans. Though Iraq had previously been hostile
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that had allowed Iraqi oil to reach tankers on the Mediterranean, reducing the Iraqi budget by $ 5 billion per month. Journalist Patrick Brogan wrote, "It appeared for a while that Iraq would be strangled economically before it was defeated militarily." Syria's closure of the Kirkuk–Baniyas
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Operation Fath ol-Mobin was an Iranian victory; Iraqi forces were driven away from Shush, Dezful and Ahvaz. The Iranian armed forces destroyed 320–400 Iraqi tanks and armored vehicles in a costly success. In just the first day of the battle, the Iranians lost 196 tanks. By this time, most of the
7639:
The war of the cities resumed and peaked in 1988, when Iraq dropped 40 tons of high explosives on Tehran using modified Scud missiles (dubbed "al-Husayn" missiles) over seven weeks, causing panic among civilians and prompting almost 1 million residents of Tehran to temporarily flee their homes.
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At the beginning of the war, Iraq held a clear advantage in armour, while both nations were roughly equal in terms of artillery. The gap only widened as the war went on. Iran started with a stronger air force, but over time, the balance of power reversed in Iraq's favour (as Iraq was constantly
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were restored, and by late 1990-early 1991, the Iraqi military withdrew. The UN peacekeepers withdrew from the border shortly afterward. Most of the prisoners of war were released in 1990, although some remained as late as 2003. Iranian politicians declared it to be the "greatest victory in the
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The failure of the human wave attacks in earlier years had prompted Iran to develop a better working relationship between the Army and the Revolutionary Guard and to mould the Revolutionary Guard units into a more conventional fighting force. To combat Iraq's use of chemical weapons, Iran began
4340:
It is our belief that Saddam wishes to return Islam to blasphemy and polytheism...if America becomes victorious...and grants victory to Saddam, Islam will receive such a blow that it will not be able to raise its head for a long time...The issue is one of Islam versus blasphemy, and not of Iran
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The relationship between Iraq and Iran has warmed immensely since the downfall of Saddam Hussein, out of mostly pragmatic interests, as they share a common enemy in the Islamic State. Significant military assistance has been provided by Iran to Iraq, resulting in Iran holding a large amount of
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During the Fateh offensive in February 1987, I toured the southwest front on the Iranian side and saw scores of boys, aged anywhere from nine to sixteen, who said with staggering and seemingly genuine enthusiasm that they had volunteered to become martyrs. Regular army troops, the paramilitary
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In addition to the open civil conflict with the MEK, the Iranian government was faced with Iraqi-supported rebellions in Iranian Kurdistan, which were gradually put down through a campaign of systematic repression. 1985 also saw student anti-war demonstrations, which were crushed by government
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to aid in the fight against Iraqi forces. The Basij helped bolster the prominence and legitimacy of the IRGC during the war as a vehicle for indoctrination and through its contributions to the defense of Iran. The transformation of the IRGC organized its command structure which allowed for the
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With the stalemate on land, the air/tanker war began to play an increasingly major role in the conflict. The Iranian air force had become very small, with only 20 F-4 Phantoms, 20 F-5 Tigers, and 15 F-14 Tomcats in operation, although Iran managed to restore some damaged planes to service. The
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armored divisions. The Basij attacked the Iraqi lines, forcing the Iraqi infantry to retreat. An Iraqi armored counter-attack surrounded the Basij in a pincer movement. The Iranian tank divisions attacked, breaking the encirclement. The Iranian attack was stopped by mass Iraqi chemical weapons
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service of 20 tankers to move oil from Kharg to Larak Island, escorted by Iranian fighter jets. Once moved to Larak, the oil would be moved to oceangoing tankers, usually neutral. They also rebuilt the oil terminals damaged by Iraqi air raids and moved shipping to Larak Island, while attacking
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Over 100,000 Revolutionary Guards and Basij volunteer forces charged towards the Iraqi lines. The Iraqi troops had entrenched themselves in formidable defenses, and had set up a network of bunkers and artillery positions. The Basij used human waves, and were even used to bodily clear the Iraqi
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all lauded these youths, known as baseeji , for having played the most dangerous role in breaking through Iraqi lines. They had led the way, running over fields of mines to clear the ground for the Iranian ground assault. Wearing white headbands to signify the embracing of death, and shouting
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The last engagement between the two types was on 22 May 1986, when Mi-25s shot down a SeaCobra. The final claim tally was 10 SeaCobras and 6 Mi-25s destroyed. The relatively small numbers and the inevitable disputes over actual kill numbers makes it unclear if one gunship had a real technical
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states: "Estimates of total casualties range from 1,000,000 to twice that number. The number killed on both sides was perhaps 500,000, with Iran suffering the greatest losses." Iraqi casualties are estimated at 105,000–200,000 killed, while about 400,000 had been wounded and some 70,000 taken
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ordered the Iranians to retreat from Haj Omran, Kurdistan on 14 July. The Iranians did not publicly describe this as a retreat, instead calling it a "temporary withdrawal". By July, Iran's army inside Iraq had largely disintegrated. Iraq put up a massive display of captured Iranian weapons in
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This operation was similar to Operation Kheibar, though it invoked more planning. Iran used 100,000 troops, with 60,000 more in reserve. They assessed the marshy terrain, plotted points where they could land tanks, and constructed pontoon bridges across the marshes. The Basij forces were also
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After the failure of the 1982 summer offensives, Iran believed that a major effort along the entire breadth of the front would yield victory. In 1983, the Iranians launched five major assaults along the front. None achieved substantial success, as the Iranians staged more massive "human wave"
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by their light infantry against static Iraqi defenses was often the decisive factor in battle. However, lack of coordination between the Iranian Army and IRGC and shortages of heavy weaponry played a detrimental role, often with most of the infantry not being supported by artillery and armor.
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reported in July 1980 that despite Iran's bellicose rhetoric, "it is clear that, at present, Iran has no power to launch wide offensive operations against Iraq, or to defend on a large scale." Days before the Iraqi invasion and in the midst of rapidly escalating cross-border skirmishes, Iraqi
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aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which compelled Iran to submit to a ceasefire the same year, and also due to the country becoming the dominant power in the Middle East as a result of the conflict, while Iran also claimed victory for expelling Iraqi forces from Iran following 1982
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initially called for a cease-fire after a week of fighting while Iraq was occupying Iranian territory, and renewed the call on later occasions. However, the UN did not come to Iran's aid to repel the Iraqi invasion, and the Iranians thus interpreted the UN as subtly biased in favour of Iraq.
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some areas. The United States began to escort the reflagged tankers, but one was damaged by a mine while under escort. While being a public-relations victory for Iran, the United States increased its reflagging efforts. While Iran mined the Persian Gulf, their speedboat attacks were reduced,
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with the help of Kurdish fighters, taking the Iraqis by surprise. They came within 16 km (9.9 mi) of the city before being stopped by chemical and army attacks. Iran's army had also reached the Meimak Hills, only 113 km (70 mi) from Baghdad. Iraq managed to contain Iran's
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are buried. Iraq has undoubtedly been an honorable country. All refugees are precious. Anyone who wants to live in exile can choose Iraq freely. We, the Sons of Iraq, have been ambushing foreign aggressors. The enemies who plan to assault Iraq will be disfavoured by God in this world and the
5650:
loomed, Iraq became concerned about the possibility of Iran mending its relations with the west in order to attack Iraq. Iraq had lost its support from the West, and its position in Iran was increasingly untenable. Saddam realized that if Iran attempted to expel the Iraqis from the disputed
5485:
Iraq spent the rest of August and early September clearing the Kurdish resistance. Using 60,000 troops along with helicopter gunships, chemical weapons (poison gas), and mass executions, Iraq hit 15 villages, killing rebels and civilians, and forced tens of thousands of Kurds to relocate to
4082:
anti-ship missiles as well as Soviet-made air-to-surface missiles to enforce their threats. Iraq repeatedly bombed Iran's main oil export facility on Kharg Island, causing increasingly heavy damage. As a first response to these attacks, Iran attacked a Kuwaiti tanker carrying Iraqi oil near
3022:. The Iranian air force would henceforth fight on the defensive, trying to deter the Iraqis rather than engaging them. While throughout 1981–1982 the Iraqi air force would remain weak, within the next few years they would rearm and expand again, and begin to regain the strategic initiative.
7692:, shaheed" (Martyr, martyr) they literally blew their way into heaven. Their numbers were never disclosed. But a walk through the residential suburbs of Iranian cities provided a clue. Window after window, block after block, displayed black-bordered photographs of teenage or preteen youths.
6595:
supported Iran in its war against Iraq through the supply of military equipment including spare parts for fighter jets, missile systems, ammunition and tank engines. Israel's motivations for supporting Iran stemmed from a fear of what would have become if Iraq came out victorious and as an
4701:
Meanwhile, Iran continued to attack as the Iraqis were planning their strike. In 1987 the Iranians renewed a series of major human wave offensives in both northern and southern Iraq. The Iraqis had elaborately fortified Basra with 5 defensive rings, exploiting natural waterways such as the
3342:
The virulent Iranian campaign, which at its peak seemed to be making the overthrow of the Saudi regime a war aim on a par with the defeat of Iraq, did have an effect on the Kingdom , but not the one the Iranians wanted: instead of becoming more conciliatory, the Saudis became tougher, more
1832:
and launched an invasion of Iraq. The subsequent Iranian offensive within Iraqi territory lasted for five years, with Iraq taking back the initiative in mid-1988 and subsequently launching a series of major counter-offensives that ultimately led to the conclusion of the war in a stalemate.
5874:
on his policy towards the home front: a policy of austerity and total war was introduced, with the entire population being mobilised for the war effort. All Iraqis were ordered to donate blood and around 100,000 Iraqi civilians were ordered to clear the reeds in the southern marshes. Mass
3123:
with three army brigades and seven Revolutionary Guard brigades. The Iraqis failed to properly patrol their occupied areas, and the Iranians constructed a 14 km (14,000 m; 8.7 mi) road through the unguarded sand dunes, launching their attack from the Iraqi rear. The town of
6057:
Though Iran was becoming bankrupt, Khomeini interpreted Islam's prohibition of usury to mean they could not borrow against future oil revenues to meet war expenses. As a result, Iran funded the war by the income from oil exports after cash had run out. The revenue from oil dropped from $
6029:
Iranians (many of whom were not associated with the MEK) were shot and hanged by the government. The MEK began an assassination campaign that killed hundreds of regime officials by the fall of 1981. On 28 June 1981, they assassinated the secretary-general of the Islamic Republican Party,
5998:
in Iran that would cause Khomeini's government to collapse and thus ensure Iraqi victory. However, rather than turning against the revolutionary government as experts had predicted, Iran's people (including Iranian Arabs) rallied in support of the country and put up a stiff resistance.
5222:, though he had in actuality occupied that position for months. Rafsanjani ordered a last desperate counter-attack into Iraq, which was launched 13 June 1988. The Iranians infiltrated through the Iraqi trenches and moved 10 km (6.2 mi) into Iraq and managed to strike Saddam's
5882:. More than 300 Iraqi Army officers were executed for their failures on the battlefield. In 1983, a major crackdown was launched on the leadership of the Shia community. Ninety members of the al-Hakim family, an influential family of Shia clerics whose leading members were the émigrés
4291:
On 6 January 1986, the Iraqis launched an offensive attempting to retake Majnoon Island. They were quickly bogged down into a stalemate against 200,000 Iranian infantrymen, reinforced by amphibious divisions. However, they managed to gain a foothold in the southern part of the island.
4656:, despite the fact that Iraq was run by a secular regime. Scenes of Saddam praying and making pilgrimages to shrines became common on state-run television. While Iraqi morale had been low throughout the war, the attack on al-Faw raised patriotic fervor, as the Iraqis feared invasion.
4651:
The government tried to integrate the Shias into the war effort by recruiting many as part of the Ba'ath Party. In an attempt to counterbalance the religious fervor of the Iranians and gain support from the devout masses, the regime also began to promote religion and, on the surface,
4073:
to all maritime traffic, thereby bringing American intervention; the United States had threatened several times to intervene if the Strait of Hormuz were closed. As a result, the Iranians limited their retaliatory attacks to Iraqi shipping, leaving the strait open to general passage.
3877:
Kurds into raiding parties of 12 guerrillas, which would attack Iraqi command posts, troop formations, infrastructure, including roads and supply lines, and government buildings. The oil refineries of Kirkuk became a favourite target, and were often hit by homemade Peshmerga rockets.
7317:
against Iraq, including an oil embargo and severe limitations on the export of dual-use technology. Although the ensuing legislation passed in the U.S. Senate, it faced strong opposition within the House of Representatives and did not become law. In a rare rebuke, Secretary of State
6262:
as foreign countries were largely unwilling to extend credit to Iran, but Iraq financed its continued massive military expansion by taking on vast quantities of debt that allowed it to win a number of victories against Iran near the end of the war but that left the country bankrupt.
12902:
Mujahedeen, an organization that includes a guerrilla wing active in Iran, were described by Mr. Rajavi as the first of their kind. He said the exchange of views had been "an important political turning point on the regional level and for the world in relation to the Iran–Iraq War"
6066:
stopped proclaiming victory, and now you are calling upon population to resist until victory. Is that not an admission of failure on your part?" Khomeini was annoyed by Bazargan's telegram, and issued a lengthy public rebuttal in which he defended the war as both Islamic and just.
5133:, recently taken by the Iranians, killing thousands of civilians. Iran airlifted foreign journalists to the ruined city, and the images of the dead were shown throughout the world, but Western mistrust of Iran and collaboration with Iraq led them to also blame Iran for the attack.
2965:
to Iraq and set up a base on the Iranian border. The Battle of Dezful became a critical battle in Iranian military thinking. Less emphasis was placed on the Army with its conventional tactics, and more emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary Guard with its unconventional tactics.
6069:
By 1987, Iranian morale had begun to crumble, reflected in the failure of government campaigns to recruit "martyrs" for the front. Israeli historian Efraim Karsh points to the decline in morale in 1987–88 as being a major factor in Iran's decision to accept the ceasefire of 1988.
4109:
to stop and inspect any ships thought to be trading with Iraq. They operated with virtual impunity, as Iraqi pilots had little training in hitting naval targets. Some Iranian warships attacked tankers with ship-to-ship missiles, while others used their radars to guide land-based
16406:
Amirjamshidi, Abbass (2003). "Minimal debridement or simple wound closure as the only surgical treatment in war victims with low-velocity penetrating head injuries: indications and management protocol based upon more than 8 years follow-up of 99 cases from Iran–Iraq conflict".
6456:
exemplified the methods by which Iraq would circumvent export controls. Iraq bought at least one British company with operations in the United Kingdom and the United States, and had a complex relationship with France and the Soviet Union, its major suppliers of actual weapons.
4455:
Due to the heavy losses in the last war of the cities, Iraq reduced their use of aerial attacks on Iranian cities. Instead, they launched Scud missiles, which the Iranians could not stop. Since the range of the Scud missile was too short to reach Tehran, they converted them to
2229:(IRGC) had been trained to act only as a militia and struggled to adapt as needed following the Iraqi invasion, initially refusing to fight alongside the regular army, resulting in many defeats. It was not until 1982 that the two groups began carrying out combined operations.
6011:(MEK) which broke with Khomeini in June 1981. While initially dealing with internal threats to the revolution in its first few years, the IRGC focused its attention on external threats at the outbreak of the war in 1980. In January of 1981, the IRGC would take control of the
3816:
5,000 Iranians and 2,500 Iraqis died. Iran gained 110 km (42 sq mi) of its territory back in the north, gained 15 km (5.8 sq mi) of Iraqi land, and captured 1,800 Iraqi prisoners while Iraq abandoned large quantities of valuable weapons and war
5668:
the war because although they did not succeed in overthrowing the Iraqi government, they thwarted Iraq's major territorial ambitions in Iran, and that, two years after the war had ended, Iraq permanently gave up its claim of ownership over the entire Shatt al-Arab as well.
9175:
A resort that became increasingly necessary as the war continued. Though Iran could and did acquire weapons from multiple foreign manufacturers; the pre-revolution arsenal was composed overwhelmingly of US made weaponry, meaning obtaining additional spare parts was not an
4287:
By 1985, Iraqi armed forces were receiving financial support from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other Persian Gulf states, and were making substantial arms purchases from the Soviet Union, China, and France. For the first time since early 1980, Saddam launched new offensives.
2765:
2907:
In the ensuing Battle of Dezful, the Iranian armoured divisions were nearly wiped out in one of the biggest tank battles of the war. When the Iranian tanks tried to manoeuvre, they became stuck in the mud of the marshes, and many tanks were abandoned. The Iraqis lost 45
6254:, together with many Western and Arab countries, provided military, intelligence, economic, and political support for Iraq. On average, Iraq imported about $ 7 billion in weapons during every year of the war, accounting for fully 12% of global arms sales in the period.
4935:, Iran attacked near the same area, capturing more territory. During Operation Nasr-4, the Iranians surrounded the city of Suleimaniya and, with the help of the Peshmerga, infiltrated over 140 km into Iraq and raided and threatened to capture the oil-rich city of
3540:
to defeat the Iranians. Iraq created multiple static defense lines to bleed the Iranians through sheer size. When faced against large Iranian attack, where human waves would overrun Iraq's forward entrenched infantry defences, the Iraqis would often retreat, but their
3857:
To negate the Iraqi advantage of defense in depth, static positions, and heavy firepower, Iran began to focus on fighting in areas where the Iraqis could not use their heavy weaponry, such as marshes, valleys, and mountains, and frequently using infiltration tactics.
3573:. Iranian strategy dictated that they launch their primary attack on the weakest point of the Iraqi lines. However, the Iraqis were informed of Iran's battle plans and moved all of their forces to the area the Iranians planned to attack. The Iraqis were equipped with
3263:. This part of Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas was spearheaded by the 77th Khorasan division with tanks along with the Revolutionary Guard and Basij. The Iranians hit the Iraqis with destructive air strikes and massive artillery barrages, crossed the Karun River, captured
2639:, Baghdad, and the Kirkuk oil refinery. Iraq was taken by surprise at the strength of the retaliation, which caused the Iraqis heavy losses and economic disruption, but the Iranians took heavy losses as well as losing many aircraft and aircrews to Iraqi air defenses.
6759:
It was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile world recovery which was just beginning to gain momentum. On 22 May 1984, President Reagan was briefed on the project conclusions in the Oval Office by
2148:
limited operation in order to send a political message to the Iranians to keep out of Iraqi domestic affairs, whereas Kevin M. Woods and Williamson Murray stated in 2014 that the balance of evidence suggests Saddam was seeking "a convenient excuse for war" in 1980.
6522:
agents raided the Atlanta branch of BNL, branch manager Christopher Drogoul was charged with making unauthorised, clandestine, and illegal loans to Iraq—some of which, according to his indictment, were used to purchase arms and weapons technology. According to the
2738:, the Iraqis were repelled. On 14 October, the Iraqis launched a second offensive. The Iranians initiated a controlled withdrawal from the city, street by street. By 24 October, most of the city was captured, and the Iranians evacuated across the Karun River. Some
3680:
attacks. By this time, it was estimated that no more than 70 Iranian fighter aircraft were still operational at any given time. Iran had its own helicopter repair facilities, left over from before the revolution, and often used helicopters for close air support.
9713:
10837:
6077:
newspaper wrote, "There is not a single school or town that is excluded from the happiness of 'holy defence' of the nation, from drinking the exquisite elixir of martyrdom, or from the sweet death of the martyr, who dies in order to live forever in paradise."
4678:, was expanded as a volunteer army and filled with Iraq's best generals. Loyalty to the state was no longer a primary requisite for joining. After the war, due to Saddam's paranoia, the former duties of the Republican Guard were transferred to a new unit, the
7628:. In retaliation for the Iranian Operation Karbala 5, Iraq attacked 65 cities in 226 sorties over 42 days, bombing civilian neighbourhoods. Eight Iranian cities came under attack from Iraqi missiles. The bombings killed 65 children in an elementary school in
4231:
network heavily to relieve the pressure on the air force. By later in the war, Iraqi air attacks were used only on fewer, more important targets. Starting in 1987, Saddam also ordered several chemical attacks on civilian targets in Iran, such as the town of
12358:
the only strips of territory it still claimed under the treaty. There was no longer any 'territory' as such on the other side to conquer. The Ba'th had already followed the Shah's example of 1971 when he unilaterally took over the three islands in the Gulf.
6282:
7269:
show that Iraqi military intelligence was not aware of any large-scale chemical attacks by Iranian forces, although a March 1987 document describes five small-scale chemical attacks perpetrated by the Iranians (four involving mustard gas and one involving
5271:, consisting of one of the largest artillery barrages in history, coupled with chemical weapons. The marshes had been dried by drought, allowing the Iraqis to use tanks to bypass Iranian field fortifications, expelling the Iranians from the border town of
4303:. More Iraqi air attacks were carried out in August, resulting in hundreds of additional civilian casualties. Iraqi attacks against both Iranian and neutral oil tankers in Iranian waters continued, with Iraq carrying out 150 airstrikes using French bought
3545:
would bleed the Iranians and channel them into certain directions, drawing them into traps or pockets. Iraqi air and artillery attacks would then pin the Iranians down, while tanks and mechanised infantry attacks using mobile warfare would push them back.
4825:
Operation Karbala-5 was a severe blow to Iran's military and morale. To foreign observers, it appeared that Iran was continuing to strengthen. By 1988, Iran had become self-sufficient in many areas, such as anti-tank TOW missiles, Scud ballistic missiles
3194:. The Iraqis launched a counter-attack using their 12th Armoured division to break the encirclement and rescue the surrounded divisions. Iraqi tanks came under attack by 95 Iranian F-4 Phantom and F-5 Tiger fighter jets, destroying much of the division.
3128:
was retaken from Iraqi divisions by 7 December. By this time the Iraqi Army was experiencing serious morale problems, compounded by the fact that Operation Tariq al-Quds marked the first use of Iranian "human wave" tactics, where the Revolutionary Guard
2595:
served as Iraqi Minister of Defence throughout the Iran–Iraq War, and was appointed Deputy Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, second only to Saddam Hussein. In this position, he played a crucial role in rebuilding and modernizing the Iraqi military.
5804:
of more than 1,000%, making Iraq the most indebted developing country in the world. The unsustainable economic situation compelled the new Iraqi government to request that a considerable portion of debt incurred during the Iran–Iraq war be written off.
4853:
The leadership acknowledged that the war was a stalemate, and began to plan accordingly. No more "final offensives" were planned. The head of the Supreme Defense Council Akbar Rafsanjani announced during a news conference the end of human wave attacks.
4265:
On 7 February 1984, during the first war of the cities, Saddam ordered his air force to attack eleven Iranian cities; bombardments ceased on 22 February 1984. It was estimated that 1,200 Iranian civilians were killed during the raids in February alone.
6283:
2664:
The Iranian regular military, police forces, volunteer Basij, and Revolutionary Guards all conducted their operations separately; thus, the Iraqi invading forces did not face coordinated resistance. However, on 24 September, the Iranian Navy attacked
7666:
Iran's government used human waves to attack enemy troops and even in some cases to clear minefields. Children volunteered as well. Some reports mistakenly have the Basijis marching into battle while marking their expected entry to heaven by wearing
6746:
A key element of U.S. political–military and energy–economic planning occurred in early 1983. The Iran–Iraq war had been going on for three years and there were significant casualties on both sides, reaching hundreds of thousands. Within the Reagan
4549:
were blows to the Ba'ath regime's prestige, and led the Gulf countries to fear that Iran might win the war. Kuwait in particular felt menaced with Iranian troops only 16 km (9.9 mi) away, and increased its support of Iraq accordingly.
4861:
On the Iranian home front, sanctions, declining oil prices, and Iraqi attacks on Iranian oil facilities and shipping took a heavy toll on the economy. While the attacks themselves were not as destructive as some analysts believed, the U.S.-led
5917:
To secure the loyalty of the Shia population, Saddam allowed more Shias into the Ba'ath Party and the government, and improved Shia living standards, which had been lower than those of the Iraqi Sunnis. Saddam had the state pay for restoring
5598:
has claimed 800,000 Iranians were killed in action, four times more than Iranian official figures, whereas Iraqi intelligence privately put the number at 228,000–258,000 as of August 1986. Iraqi losses were also revised downwards over time.
4327:
The Iraqis attacked again on 28 January 1985; they were defeated, and the Iranians retaliated on 11 March 1985 with a major offensive directed against the Baghdad-Basra highway (one of the few major offensives conducted in 1985), codenamed
17382:
5387:
1993. On 20 July 1988, Iran accepted Resolution 598, showing its willingness to accept a ceasefire. A statement from Khomeini was read out in a radio address, and he expressed deep displeasure and reluctance about accepting the ceasefire,
2138:
in the Arab world, 2,350 tanks and 340 combat aircraft. Watching the disintegration of the powerful Iranian army that frustrated him in 1974–1975, he saw an opportunity to attack, using the threat of Islamic Revolution as a pretext. Iraqi
4353:
The ferocity of the Iranian offensive broke through the Iraqi lines. The Revolutionary Guard, with the support of tanks and artillery, broke through north of Qurna on 14 March. That same night 3,000 Iranian troops reached and crossed the
5299:
considered this to be Iran's greatest military disaster during the war. Stephen Pelletier, a Journalist, Middle East expert, and author, noted that "Tawakal ala Allah ... resulted in the absolute destruction of Iran's military machine."
17447:
5326:
with poison gas, immediately killing and wounding over 2,000 civilians. The fear of an all out chemical attack against Iran's largely unprotected civilian population weighed heavily on the Iranian leadership, and they realized that the
3230:
tanks and helicopters. Under heavy Iranian pressure, the Iraqi forces retreated. By 12 May, Iran had driven out all Iraqi forces from the Susangerd area. The Iranians captured several thousand Iraqi troops and a large number of tanks.
1955:, and deliberate attacks on civilian targets. The discourses on martyrdom formulated in the Iranian Shia Islamic context led to the widespread usage of human wave attacks and thus had a lasting impact on the dynamics of the conflict.
5440:. The MEK expected the Iranian population to rise up and support their advance; the uprising never materialised but they reached 145 km (90 mi) deep into Iran. In response, the Iranian military launched its counter-attack,
4805:
against the Iraqis in Qasr-e Shirin in central Iran to prevent the Iraqis from rapidly transferring units down to defend against the Karbala-5 attack. The attack was carried out by Basij infantry and the Revolutionary Guard's 31st
2081:, who was seen as a common enemy. There were frequent clashes along the Iran–Iraq border throughout 1980, with Iraq publicly complaining of at least 544 incidents and Iran citing at least 797 violations of its border and airspace.
5456:
on 29 July 1988. On 31 July, Iran drove the MEK out of Qasr-e-Shirin and Sarpol Zahab, though MEK claimed to have "voluntarily withdrawn" from the towns. Iran estimated that 4,500 MEK were killed, while 400 Iranian soldiers died.
3699:, launched 6 February 1983, the Iranians shifted focus from the southern to the central and northern sectors. Employing 200,000 "last reserve" Revolutionary Guard troops, Iran attacked along a 40 km (25 mi) stretch near
4952:
Iraq, while the French improved training for flight crews and technical personnel and continually introduced new methods for countering Iranian weapons and tactics. Iranian ground air defense still shot down many Iraqi aircraft.
9514:
Throughout much of the 1980s, the KDPI received aid from the Ba'thi regime of Saddam Hussein, but Ghassemlou broke with Baghdad in 1988 after Iraq used chemical weapons against Kurds in Halabja and then forced Kurdish villagers
6285:
3643:(1–7 October), Iran recovered 150 km (58 sq mi) of disputed territory straddling the international border and reached the outskirts of Mandali before being stopped by Iraqi helicopter and armoured attacks. During
6615:
Syria and Libya, breaking Arab solidarity, supported Iran with arms, rhetoric and diplomacy. However, Libya then distanced itself from Iran from 1987, criticizing Tehran's attitude and restoring diplomatic relations with Iraq.
2505:. The attack failed to cripple the Iranian Air Force: while it damaged some of Iran's airbase infrastructure, it did not destroy a significant number of aircraft. The Iraqi Air Force was only able to strike in depth with a few
2312:). Despite the purge of several key pilots and commanders, as well as the lack of spare parts, the air force showed its power during local uprisings and rebellions. They were also active after the failed U.S. attempt to rescue
3057:, which moved forward to attack specific objectives. As the squads surged forward to execute their missions, that gave the impression of a "human wave attack". Nevertheless, the idea of "human wave attacks" remained virtually
2731:. The Iranians flooded the marsh areas around the city, forcing the Iraqis to traverse through narrow strips of land. Iraqi tanks launched attacks with no infantry support, and many tanks were lost to Iranian anti-tank teams.
3636:. They planned to take the Iraqis by surprise using Basij militiamen, army helicopters, and some armoured forces, then stretch their defences and possibly break through them to open a road to Baghdad for future exploitation.
28140:
5862:
At first, Saddam attempted to ensure that the Iraqi population suffered from the war as little as possible. There was rationing, but civilian projects begun before the war continued. At the same time, the already extensive
4994:
Iran deployed Silkworm missiles to attack ships, but only a few were actually fired. Both the United States and Iran jockeyed for influence in the Gulf. To discourage the United States from escorting tankers, Iran secretly
4148:. The frigate did not detect the missiles with radar, and warning was given by the lookout only moments before they struck. Both missiles hit the ship, and one exploded in crew quarters, killing 37 sailors and wounding 21.
10822:
which chemical weapons were used on a massive scale. ... The Iranians call the war the 'imposed war' because they believe the United States imposed it on them and orchestrated the global 'tilt' toward Iraq in the war.
4122:
speedboats fitted with rocket launchers and heavy machine guns. These speedboats would launch surprise attacks against tankers and cause substantial damage. Iran also used F-4 Phantom II fighters and helicopters to launch
3009:
Despite the successful H-3 airbase attack (in addition to other air attacks), the Iranian Air Force was forced to cancel its successful 180-day air offensive. In addition, they abandoned their attempted control of Iranian
26075:
24700:
19696:
15309:
9883:
4520:
On the night of 10–11 February 1986, the Iranians launched Operation Dawn 8, in which 30,000 troops in five Army divisions and men from the Revolutionary Guard and Basij advanced in a two-pronged offensive to capture the
4077:
Iraq declared that all ships going to or from Iranian ports in the northern zone of the Persian Gulf were subject to attack. They used F-1 Mirage, Super Etendard, Mig-23, Su-20/22, and Super Frelon helicopters armed with
2714:
On 22 September, a prolonged battle began in the city of Khorramshahr, eventually leaving around 7,000 dead on each side. Reflecting the bloody nature of the struggle, Iranians came to call Khorramshahr "City of Blood".
5161:
later recounted that the recapture of al-Faw marked "the highest point of experience and expertise that the Iraqi Army reached." The Iranians eventually managed to halt the Iraqi drive as they pushed towards Khuzestan.
27606:
9703:
6755:
to review U.S. options. It was determined that there was a high likelihood that the conflict would spread into Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states, but that the United States had little capability to defend the region.
3035:
Revolutionary Guard infantry, who would breach the weakened Iraqi lines, and followed up by the regular army using mechanized forces, who would maneuver through the breach and attempt to encircle and defeat the enemy.
6908:
on 18 April, the U.S. Navy's largest engagement of surface warships since World War II. Two Iranian oil platforms were destroyed, and five Iranian warships and gunboats were sunk. An American helicopter also crashed.
5688:
He also stated that had the UN accepted this fact earlier, the war would have almost certainly not lasted as long as it did. Iran, encouraged by the announcement, sought reparations from Iraq, but never received any.
17199:
5209:
continued their speedboat attacks against oil tankers. The defeats at al-Faw and in the Persian Gulf nudged Iranian leadership towards quitting the war, especially when facing the prospect of fighting the Americans.
7702:
political influence in Iraq's newly elected Shia government. Iraq is also heavily dependent on the more stable and developed Iran for its energy needs, so a stable Iraq is an interest for Iran, foreign policy wise.
5580:
According to the Janbazan Affairs Organization, 398,587 Iranians sustained injuries that required prolonged medical and health care following primary treatment, including 52,195 (13%) injured due to the exposure to
4718:
north to divert Iraqi heavy armor from Basra. For these battles, Iran had re-expanded their military by recruiting many new Basij and Pasdaran volunteers. Iran brought 150,000–200,000 total troops into the battles.
3304:
and Salah al-Qadhi and Colonels Masa and al-Jalil. At least a dozen other high-ranking officers were also executed during this time. This became an increasingly common punishment for those who failed him in battle.
12855:
The organizations' ties with Iraq (mainly Rajavi's meeting with Tariq Aziz in January 1983) were exploited to demonstrate the organizations betrayal due to its willingness to join forces with Iran's enemies on the
6357:, Assistant Secretary of State during the war, testified to Congress in 1984 that the Reagan administration believed a victory for either Iran or Iraq was "neither militarily feasible nor strategically desirable".
5658:
that he had repudiated a decade earlier, and that he would accept Iran's demands and withdraw Iraq's military from the disputed territories. A peace agreement was signed finalizing the terms of the UN resolution,
5489:. Many Kurdish civilians fled to Iran. By 3 September 1988, the anti-Kurd campaign ended, and all resistance had been crushed. 400 Iraqi soldiers and 50,000–100,000 Kurdish civilians and soldiers had been killed.
5947:
of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), though Saddam later reneged on the agreement. By 1985, the PUK and KDP had joined forces, and Iraqi Kurdistan saw widespread guerrilla warfare up to the end of the war.
4610:
service for almost two weeks. Civilian areas were also hit, resulting in many casualties. Iraq continued to attack oil tankers via air. Iran responded by launching Scud missiles and air attacks at Iraqi targets.
3961:, Mirages and Sukhois). In what was essentially an aerial slaughter, Iraqi jets shot down 49 of the 50 Iranian helicopters. At times, fighting took place in waters over 2 m (6.6 ft) deep. Iraq ran live
16952:
Indicates that of $ 29,079 million of arms exported to Iraq from 1980 to 1988 the Soviet Union accounted for $ 16,808 million, France $ 4,591 million, and China $ 5,004 million (Info must be
4195:
against border cities from the beginning of the war and sporadic raids on Iran's main cities, this was the first systematic strategic bombing that Iraq carried out during the war. This would become known as the
3782:. While ineffective, it demonstrated both the Iraqi general staff's and Saddam's increasing interest in using chemical weapons. In the end, 17,000 had been killed on both sides, with no gain for either country.
10834:
5972:
argued that the Iranian government saw the outbreak of war as chance to strengthen its position and consolidate the Islamic revolution, noting that government propaganda presented it domestically as a glorious
4948:
Iranian Air Force, despite its once sophisticated equipment, lacked enough equipment and personnel to sustain the war of attrition that had developed, and was unable to lead an outright onslaught against Iraq.
3366:
signed National Security Study Memorandum (NSSM) 4-82—seeking "a review of U.S. policy toward the Middle East"—and in June Reagan signed a National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) co-written by NSC official
2718:
The battle began with Iraqi air raids against key points and mechanised divisions advancing on the city in a crescent-like formation. They were slowed by Iranian air attacks and Revolutionary Guard troops with
2012:) sailed down the Shatt al-Arab, and Iraq—being the militarily weaker state—did nothing. The Iranian abrogation of the 1937 treaty marked the beginning of a period of acute Iraqi–Iranian tension that would see
7534:
describes the Iran–Iraq War as "one of the largest and longest conventional interstate wars" of the twentieth century and "the only war in modern times in which chemical weapons were used on a massive scale."
3300:
including the disputed territories that prompted his invasion, notably the Shatt al-Arab waterway. In response to their failures against the Iranians in Khorramshahr, Saddam ordered the executions of Generals
3097:
After the Iraqi offensive stalled in March 1981, there was little change in the front other than Iran retaking the high ground above Susangerd in May. By late 1981, Iran returned to the offensive and launched
6611:
of Iran's Islamic Revolution, the major ones were Libya, Syria, and China. According to the Stockholm International Peace Institute, China was the largest foreign arms supplier to Iran between 1980 and 1988.
4162:. Neutral tankers shipping to Iran were not protected by Earnest Will, resulting in reduced foreign tanker traffic to Iran, since they risked Iraqi air attack. Iran accused the United States of helping Iraq.
4200:. With the help of the USSR and the west, Iraq's air force had been rebuilt and expanded. Meanwhile, Iran, due to sanctions and lack of spare parts, had heavily curtailed its air force operations. Iraq used
6312:
Iran. The Soviet Union, Iraq's main arms supplier during the war, did not wish for the end of its alliance with Iraq, and was alarmed by Saddam's threats to find new arms suppliers in the West and China if
14459:
5556:
According to Iranian government sources, the war cost Iran an estimated 200,000–220,000 killed, or up to 262,000 according to the conservative Western estimates. This includes 123,220 combatants, 60,711
5226:
in Baghdad using fighter aircraft. After three days of fighting, the decimated Iranians were driven back to their original positions again as the Iraqis launched 650 helicopter and 300 aircraft sorties.
4046:
3849:
They wanted to drive Iraq into economic failure by wasting money on weapons and war mobilization, and to deplete their smaller population by bleeding them dry, in addition to creating an anti-government
2280:
In addition, the area around the Shatt al-Arab posed no obstacle for the Iraqis, as they possessed river crossing equipment. Iraq correctly deduced that Iran's defences at the crossing points around the
30100:
17167:
2763:
2205:
By September 1980, the revolutionary government had purged some 12,000 officers of all levels from the army. These purges resulted in a drastic decline in the Iranian military's operational capacities.
15432:
8292:
7714:
despite the pragmatic alliance that has been formed as multiple government declarations from Iran have stated that the war will "affect every issue of internal and foreign policy" for decades to come.
6054:
dramatically, and Iran was described by British journalists John Bulloch and Harvey Morris as "a dour and joyless place" ruled by a harsh regime that "seemed to have nothing to offer but endless war".
3991:, where they layered defensive lines: even if the Iranians broke through the first line, they were usually unable to break through the second due to exhaustion and heavy losses. They largely relied on
2002:
and Iranian ships stopped paying tolls to Iraq when they used the Shatt al-Arab. The Shah argued that the 1937 treaty was unfair to Iran because almost all river borders around the world ran along the
17424:
15249:
14728:
The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts
9316:
5979:
and a test of Iranian national character. The Iranian regime followed a policy of total war from the beginning, and attempted to mobilise the nation as a whole. They established a group known as the
5901:) also led the Kurdistan Democratic Party, similarly executed. From 1983 onwards, a campaign of increasingly brutal repression was started against the Iraqi Kurds, characterised by Israeli historian
5634:
waterway. Foreign powers continued to support Iraq, which wanted to gain at the negotiating table what they failed to achieve on the battlefield, and Iran was portrayed as the one not wanting peace.
1653:
8053:
4667:
in an attempt to crush the Kurdish resistance, who were now allied with Iran. The result was the deaths of several hundred thousand Iraqi Kurds, and the destruction of villages, towns, and cities.
3495:
An admonitory declaration issued from the Iraqi government in order to warn Iranian troops in the Iran–Iraq War. The statement says: "Hey Iranians! No one has been downtrodden in the country where
2904:, and broke through Iraqi lines. However, the Iranian tanks had raced through Iraqi lines with their flanks unprotected and with no infantry support; as a result, they were cut off by Iraqi tanks.
17389:
6507:
2673:, which reduced Iraq's ability to export oil. The Iranian ground forces, primarily consisting of the Revolutionary Guard, retreated to the cities, where they set up defences against the invaders.
1848:. In total, around 500,000 people were killed during the Iran–Iraq War, with Iran bearing the larger share of the casualties, excluding the tens of thousands of civilians killed in the concurrent
26939:
25511:
3628:
After Iran's failure in Operation Ramadan, they carried out only a few smaller attacks. Iran launched two limited offensives aimed at reclaiming the Sumar Hills and isolating the Iraqi pocket at
3061:
with any large-scale infantry frontal assault Iran carried out. Large numbers of troops would be used, aimed at overwhelming the Iraqi lines (usually the weakest portion, typically manned by the
26814:
5800:
to private and public sectors to more than $ 500 billion by the end of Saddam's rule. Combined with Iraq's negative economic growth after prolonged international sanctions, this produced a
2776:
Though Khorramshahr was captured, the battle had delayed the Iraqis enough to allow the large-scale deployment of the Iranian military. In November, Saddam ordered his forces to advance towards
28170:
26710:
26180:
7476:
7660:
in a mere eleven days. In total, 10,000–11,000 civilians died as a result of the aerial bombardment of Iranian cities with the majority of those deaths occurring in the final year of the war.
5391:
Happy are those who have departed through martyrdom. Happy are those who have lost their lives in this convoy of light. Unhappy am I that I still survive and have drunk the poisoned chalice...
25573:
25064:
6603:, often acting as a third party in arms deals between Iran and the Communist bloc. Support included domestically manufactured arms and Eastern-Bloc weapons, for which the major powers wanted
26105:
24730:
9576:
6016:
organization to match the force of Iran's regular military and its first abroad deployment during the war began the sponsoring of other armed groups in the region through its command of the
3919:
above Basra were natural barriers to attack, and had not reinforced them. The marshes negated Iraqi advantage in armor, and absorbed artillery rounds and bombs. Prior to the attack, Iranian
17800:
14726:
7488:
6373:
27373:
12736:
6718:. American views toward Iraq were not enthusiastically supportive in its conflict with Iran, and activity in assistance was largely to prevent an Iranian victory. This was encapsulated by
4464:
needed repairs to be operational. By this time Iran managed to procure spare parts from various sources, helping them to restore some weapons. They secretly imported some weapons, such as
2107:
as an irrational, existential threat to the Ba'ath government, especially because the Ba'ath party, having a secular nature, discriminated against and posed a threat to the fundamentalist
28491:
27636:
24922:
21195:
15687:
13569:
7199:, 20,000 Iranian soldiers were killed on the spot by nerve gas. As of 2002, 5,000 of the 80,000 survivors continue to seek regular medical treatment, while 1,000 are hospital inpatients.
2008:, and because most of the ships that used the Shatt al-Arab were Iranian. Iraq threatened war over the Iranian move, but on 24 April 1969, an Iranian tanker escorted by Iranian warships (
19321:(syndicated by New York Times Syndication Sales, 1987, published in book form as "Öl ins Feuer Internationale Waffengeschäfte im Golfkrieg" Orell Füssli Verlag Zürich and Wiesbaden 1988
16567:
5412:"ambush") was the last big military operation of the war. Both Iran and Iraq had accepted Resolution 598, but despite the ceasefire, after seeing Iraqi victories in the previous months,
3371:, which determined: "The United States could not afford to allow Iraq to lose the war to Iran", and that the United States "would do whatever was necessary to prevent Iraq from losing".
27510:
26404:
25399:
17824:
Report of the mission dispatched by the Secretary-General to investigate allegations of the use of chemical weapons in the conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq S/17911
8287:
5062:
By 1988, with massive equipment imports and reduced Iranian volunteers, Iraq was ready to launch major offensives against Iran. In February 1988, Saddam began the fifth and most deadly
2734:
By 30 September, the Iraqis had managed to clear the Iranians from the outskirts of the city. The next day, the Iraqis launched infantry and armoured attacks into the city. After heavy
7189:
population contaminated in bordering towns or the children and relatives of veterans, many of whom have developed blood, lung and skin complications, according to the Organization for
5073:, allowing them to attack economic targets while evading anti-aircraft defenses. These attacks began to have a major toll on the Iranian economy and morale and caused many casualties.
3805:. Iran's strategy was to press Kurdish tribes to occupy the Banjuin Valley, which was within 45 km (28 mi) of Suleimaniyah and 140 km (87 mi) from the oilfields of
2144:
military intelligence again reiterated on 14 September that "the enemy deployment organization does not indicate hostile intentions and appears to be taking on a more defensive mode."
15797:
5590:
thought that Iran suffered even more than a million dead. Considering the style of fighting on the ground and the fact that neither side penetrated deeply into the other's territory,
5356:
Baghdad, claiming they captured 1,298 tanks, 5,550 recoilless rifles, and thousands of other weapons. However, Iraq had taken heavy losses as well, and the battles were very costly.
3995:
Hind to "hunt" the Iranian troops in the marshes. At least 20,000 Iranians were killed in the marsh battles. Iran used the marshes as a springboard for future attacks/infiltrations.
26836:
11777:
Fürtig, Henner (2012). "Den Spieß umgedreht: iranische Gegenoffensive im Ersten Golfkrieg" [Turning of the Tables: the Iranian counter-offensive during the first Gulf War].
11196:
9287:
2240:
and other campaigns against the Iraqis. They were subordinate to the Revolutionary Guards, and they made up most of the manpower that was used in the Revolutionary Guard's attacks.
3620:
The total casualty toll had grown to include 80,000 soldiers and civilians. 400 Iranian tanks and armored vehicles were destroyed or abandoned, while Iraq lost at least 370 tanks.
2103:
other's internal affairs. When Khomeini rejected Saddam's overture by calling for Islamic revolution in Iraq, Saddam was alarmed. Iran's new Islamic administration was regarded in
26332:
14043:
5452:
landed behind the MEK lines while the Iranian Air Force and helicopters launched an air attack, destroying much of the enemy columns. The Iranians defeated the MEK in the city of
5395:
The news of the end of the war was greeted with celebration in Baghdad, with people dancing in the streets; in Tehran, however, the end of the war was greeted with a somber mood.
5332:
cities, destroying vital civilian and military infrastructure, and increasing the death toll. Iran replied with missile and air attacks, but not sufficiently to deter the Iraqis.
15305:
12071:
9873:
5259:
and building a bridgehead twelve miles into Iran. According to the MEK, Iraqi soldiers did not participate in the operation. Baghdad also said it was not involved in the battle.
4619:
foreign tankers that carried Iraqi oil, as Iran had blocked Iraq's access to the open sea with the capture of al-Faw. By now, they almost always used the armed speedboats of the
4299:
between 12 and 14 March, hitting up to 158 targets in over 30 towns and cities, including Tehran. Iran responded by launching 14 Scud missiles for the first time, purchased from
2653:
missiles; they destroyed numerous armoured vehicles and impeded the Iraqi advance, though not completely halting it. Meanwhile, Iraqi air attacks on Iran were repelled by Iran's
5654:
Shortly after his invasion of Kuwait, Saddam wrote a letter to Rafsanjani stating that Iraq recognised Iranian rights over the eastern half of the Shatt al-Arab, a reversion to
2884:
On 5 January 1981, Iran had reorganised its forces enough to launch a large-scale offensive, Operation Nasr (Victory). The Iranians launched their major armoured offensive from
18731:
13911:
4838:
tactical rockets, and producing spare parts for their weaponry. Iran had improved its air defenses with smuggled surface to air missiles. Iran was even producing UAV's and the
4674:-based Iraqi regular army and the volunteer-based Iraqi Popular Army conducted the bulk of the operations in the war, to little effect. The Republican Guard, formerly an elite
4460:
with the help of East German engineers, cutting up their Scuds into three chunks and attaching them together. Iran responded to these attacks by using their own Scud missiles.
4018:
against Iranian shipping, economic targets, and cities in order to damage Iran's economy and morale. Iraq also wanted to provoke Iran into doing something that would cause the
28653:
24892:
20242:
20235:
5117:. Iran hoped that the capture of these areas would bring more favourable terms to the ceasefire agreement. This infiltration offensive was carried out in conjunction with the
4594:
Through the eyes of international observers, Iran was prevailing in the war by the end of 1986. In the northern front, the Iranians began launching attacks toward the city of
3998:
Four years into the war, the human cost to Iran had been 170,000 combat fatalities and 340,000 wounded. Iraqi combat fatalities were estimated at 80,000 with 150,000 wounded.
3475:
create several tank battalions, Iran once again had 1,000 tanks, and also managed to clandestinely procure spare parts as well, including those pertaining to the F-14 Tomcat.
1646:
417:
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writes that "there has not been anything like it in the long history of Iraqi–Iranian relations, just like there had been nothing like World War I in the history of Europe."
6317:
did not provide him with the weapons he wanted. The Soviet Union hoped to use the threat of reducing arms supplies to Iraq as leverage for forming a Soviet–Iranian alliance.
5825:
guidelines to treat civilians who had suffered blunt or penetrating skull injuries. Iranian physicians' experience in the war informed the medical care of U.S. congresswoman
5792:
mandated Iraq to pay reparations of more than $ 200 billion to victims of the invasion, including Kuwait and the United States. To enforce payment, Iraq was put under a
5170:
and nerve gas, while longer-lasting mustard gas was launched via fighter-bombers and rockets against the Iranian rear, creating a "chemical wall" that blocked reinforcement.
5024:
s mine-laying activities. On 8 October, the U.S. Navy destroyed four Iranian speedboats, and in response to Iranian Silkworm missile attacks on Kuwaiti oil tankers, launched
4384:
marshes while being attacked by helicopters, and the highway was recaptured by the Iraqis. Operation Badr resulted in 10,000–12,000 Iraqi casualties and 15,000 Iranian ones.
2402:
26878:
21185:
17638:
17189:
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concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents. A National Security Planning Group meeting was called chaired by Vice President
2623:
Though the Iraqi air invasion surprised the Iranians, the Iranian air force retaliated the day after with a large-scale attack against Iraqi air bases and infrastructure in
6464:(PKK), which prompted a harsh diplomatic intervention by Iran, which planned a new offensive against Iraq at the time and were counting on the support of Kurdish factions.
6284:
4644:
gave in to the demands of his generals. Up to this point, Iraqi strategy was to ride out Iranian attacks. However, the defeat at al-Faw led Saddam to declare the war to be
4488:
and produced those weapons themselves. All of these almost certainly helped increase the effectiveness of Iran, although it did not reduce the human cost of their attacks.
3351:
Iraqis relied heavily on American satellite footage and radar planes to detect Iranian troop movements, and they enabled Iraq to move troops to the site before the battle.
26572:
23134:
17727:
3714:, which Iraqi engineers were unable to replace. After this battle, Iran reduced its use of human wave attacks, though they still remained a key tactic as the war went on.
14757:
6467:
Sudan supported Iraq directly during the war, sending a contingent to fight at the frontlines. The Sudanese unit consisted to a large degree of Ugandan refugees from the
2027:
against Iraq's government. When informed of this plot, Saddam ordered the execution of dozens of his army's officers, and in a sign of reconciliation, expelled from Iraq
28162:
27395:
26660:
25220:
24945:
23976:
19679:
18533:
16014:
7400:
6666:
6503:($ 8 billion). In all, Iraq received $ 35 billion in loans from the West and between $ 30 and $ 40 billion from the Persian Gulf states during the 1980s.
5206:
1860:
1 trillion. There were a number of proxy forces operating for both countries: Iraq and the pro-Iraqi Arab separatist militias in Iran were most notably supported by the
1856:. The end of the conflict resulted in neither reparations nor border changes, and the combined financial losses suffered by both combatants is believed to have exceeded
18020:
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3813:
attack helicopters equipped with chemical weapons and executed 120 sorties against the Iranian force, which stopped them 15 km (9.3 mi) into Iraqi territory.
26097:
24882:
24722:
19639:
13600:
8364:
8001:
7671:" around their necks, although other analysts regard this story as a hoax involving a misinterpretation of the carrying of a prayer book called "The Keys to Paradise"(
6600:
6558:
2942:(MEK) on the streets of Iran's major cities in June 1981 and again in September. In 1983, the MEK started an alliance with Iraq following a meeting between MEK leader
14012:
4606:. In one attack, Tehran's main oil refinery was hit, and in another instance, Iraq damaged Iran's Assadabad satellite dish, disrupting Iranian overseas telephone and
27628:
27558:
27276:
25531:
25188:
20207:
19211:
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8048:
1639:
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4858:, head of the IRGC, announced that Iran would focus exclusively on limited attacks and infiltrations, while arming and supporting opposition groups inside of Iraq.
3976:. 1,200 Iranian soldiers were killed in the counter-attack. The Iranians retreated back to the marshes, though they still held onto them along with Majnoon Island.
2256:
Despite neglect by the new regime, at the outset of the conflict, Iran still had at least 1,000 operational tanks and several hundred functional aircraft and could
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at the time, reported that Iraq's initiation of the war was unjustified, as was its occupation of Iranian territory and use of chemical weapons against civilians:
4923:
While the southern and central fronts were at a stalemate, Iran began to focus on carrying out offensives in northern Iraq with the help of the Peshmerga (Kurdish
3632:
at the international border, both of which were part of the disputed territories still under Iraqi occupation. They then aimed to capture the Iraqi border town of
2784:, and lay sieges to both cities. However, the Iraqi offensive had been badly damaged by Iranian militias and air power. Iran's air force had destroyed Iraq's army
15540:
15398:
9659:
7605:
The Iranians repeated this accomplishment on 24 April 1981, destroying two Mi-25s without incurring losses to themselves. One Mi-25 was also downed by an Iranian
7202:
According to Iraqi documents, assistance in developing chemical weapons was obtained from firms in many countries, including the United States, West Germany, the
5735:
In 2005, the new government of Iraq apologised to Iran for starting the war. The Iraqi government also commemorated the war with various monuments, including the
3860:
Iran began training troops in infiltration, patrolling, night-fighting, marsh warfare, and mountain warfare. They began training thousands of Revolutionary Guard
3616:
the Iranians. Three more similar attacks occurred around the Khorramshahr-Baghdad road area towards the end of the month, but none were significantly successful.
26888:
24847:
19649:
13057:
12888:
4635:
to carry out major offensives. Iran, confident in its successes, began planning their largest offensives of the war, which they called their "final offensives".
4574:
Immediately after the Iranian capture of al-Faw, Saddam declared a new offensive against Iran, designed to drive deep into the state. The Iranian border city of
4224:
the strategic bombers. Civilian and industrial targets were hit by the raids, and each successful raid inflicted economic damage from regular strategic bombing.
2236:. The Basij were poorly armed and had members as young as 12 and as old as 70. They often acted in conjunction with the Revolutionary Guard, launching so-called
1511:
899:
16972:
14640:
11557:
3987:
The Battle of the Marshes saw an Iraqi defence that had been under continuous strain since 15 February. They were relieved by their use of chemical weapons and
29399:
26898:
24010:
17525:
17157:
15424:
13874:
13292:
12272:
Certainly Saddam believed that the oil-rich areas of Arabistan (Khuzestan) were within his reach, a goal his intelligence services seemed delighted to further.
11541:
Certainly Saddam believed that the oil-rich areas of Arabistan (Khuzestan) were within his reach, a goal his intelligence services seemed delighted to further.
8359:
7718:
owes about $ 149 billion, while Iran contends that, with both the direct and indirect effects taken into account, the cost of the war reaches a trillion.
4374:
3053:
Stephen C. Pelletiere, the idea of Iranian "human wave attacks" was a misconception. Instead, the Iranian tactics consisted of using groups of 22-man infantry
2252:
specific objective. In battle, they would surge forward to accomplish their missions, and thus gave the impression of a human wave pouring against enemy lines.
15283:
29235:
28335:
27403:
26829:
25892:
25541:
20401:
19624:
19597:
9309:
6453:
6393:
6389:
3655:, and 7 planes with few losses. They nearly breached the Iraqi lines but failed to capture Mandali after the Iraqis sent reinforcements, including brand new
16384:
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29267:
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25957:
24877:
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19614:
6385:
5922:'s tomb with white marble imported from Italy. The Baathists also increased their policies of repression against the Shia. The most infamous event was the
18257:
10753:
9754:
4227:
In response, the Iranians deployed their F-4 Phantoms to combat the Iraqis, and eventually they deployed F-14s as well. By 1986, Iran also expanded their
29990:
29240:
27009:
26934:
25134:
25094:
24917:
24912:
24907:
24377:
23163:
20406:
20396:
9093:
offensives, despite failing in its later-goal to overthrow the Iraqi government and also despite suffering higher military and economic losses than Iraq.
8627:
6699:, non-U.S. origin weaponry, military intelligence, and special operations training. The U.S. refused to sell arms to Iraq directly due to Iraq's ties to
5875:
demonstrations of loyalty towards Saddam became more common. Saddam also began implementing a policy of discrimination against Iraqis of Iranian origin.
5728:
and missile attacks against Mujahedeen targets inside of Iraq, the largest taking place in 2001, when Iran fired 56 Scud missiles at Mujahedeen targets.
4532:
Meanwhile, an amphibious strike force landed at the foot of the peninsula. The resistance, consisting of several thousand poorly trained soldiers of the
3949:
by landing troops via helicopters onto the islands and severing the communication lines between Amareh and Basra. They then continued the attack towards
1619:
6653:
helicopters, explosives, and ammunition. A research party later discovered that an unexploded chemical Iraqi warhead in Iran was manufactured in Spain.
2260:
equipment to procure spare parts. Continuous sanctions greatly limited Iran from acquiring many additional heavy weapons, including tanks and aircraft.
28646:
25215:
23433:
22354:
21207:
19891:
14189:
12650:
Invading forces would need to be prepared for a deeply embedded and enduring insurgency, due to extreme challenges presented by terrain, and resolve...
6452:, and other methods to hide what it was acquiring. Some transactions may have involved people, shipping, and manufacturing in as many as 10 countries.
4874:
skyrocketed. At the same time, Iraq was experiencing crushing debt and shortages of workers, encouraging its leadership to try to end the war quickly.
2217:
Many junior officers were promoted to generals, resulting in the army being more integrated as a part of the regime by the war's end. Meanwhile, a new
18410:
17989:
12009:
5291:
the quick assault. The final two Tawakal ala Allah operations took place near al-Amarah and Khaneqan. By 12 July, the Iraqis had captured the city of
3072:, the Iranian human wave charges consisted of armed "civilians" who carried most of their necessary equipment themselves into battle and often lacked
29946:
28784:
28216:
27804:
27442:
27437:
27235:
25599:
25054:
24872:
22460:
19884:
16184:
10685:
6877:
5983:, whose members were exempted from conscription and were instead sent into the countryside to work on farms to replace the men serving at the front.
4842:
propeller aircraft for observation. Iran doubled their stocks of artillery, and was self-sufficient in the manufacture of ammunition and small arms.
3829:. Iran's use of artillery against Basra while the battles in the north raged created multiple fronts, which effectively confused and wore down Iraq.
3431:
19080:
17362:
15205:
14994:
14543:
14455:
14361:
13018:
3354:
With Iranian success on the battlefield, the United States increased its support of the Iraqi government, supplying intelligence, economic aid, and
30105:
30036:
27363:
27066:
26963:
26822:
26144:
24774:
24764:
23047:
19819:
18089:
14957:
13933:
9568:
6441:, which had no direct stake in the victory of either side and whose interests in the war were entirely commercial, freely sold arms to both sides.
5205:, and frigates in this battle, which ended only when President Reagan decided that the Iranian navy had been damaged enough. In spite of this, the
5166:
tactics was the "one-two punch" attack using chemical weapons. Using artillery, they would saturate the Iranian front line with rapidly dispersing
4432:
to create "killing fields" in which dozens of Iraqi planes were lost, which was reported in the West as the Iranian Air Force using F-14s as "mini-
3577:
to use against the enemy, which was the first major use of chemical warfare during the conflict, throwing an entire attacking division into chaos.
1836:
The eight years of war-exhaustion, economic devastation, decreased morale, military stalemate, inaction by the international community towards the
1707:
7326:
characterized as "unacceptable to the civilized world." Even after these pronouncements, however, the State Department advised against sanctions.
6266:
Despite its larger population, by 1988 Iran's ground forces numbered only 600,000 whereas the Iraqi army had grown to include 1 million soldiers.
2023:
The relationship between the governments of Iran and Iraq briefly improved in 1978, when Iranian agents in Iraq discovered plans for a pro-Soviet
29760:
29144:
28950:
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28155:
27963:
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27297:
26946:
26705:
26409:
21874:
21865:
21609:
21121:
15679:
14664:
12728:
11147:
8376:
8371:
8225:
8220:
7640:
Nevertheless, scholars have noted that this still "ranks as one of the smallest strategic bombing campaigns in history," paling in comparison to
7598:) on several separate occasions. In November 1980, not long after Iraq's initial invasion of Iran, two Iranian SeaCobras engaged two Mi-25s with
18648:
16209:
13577:
4670:
Iraq began to try to perfect its maneuver tactics. The Iraqis began to prioritize the professionalization of their military. Prior to 1986, the
4424:
increased, with weapons being repaired or replaced and new tactical methods being used. For example, the Iranians would loosely integrate their
2684:
near Baghdad. By 1 October, Baghdad had been subjected to eight air attacks. In response, Iraq launched aerial strikes against Iranian targets.
30063:
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
29262:
27495:
26501:
26337:
26317:
26090:
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25325:
25295:
25183:
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24715:
24372:
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20299:
19091:
17792:
16551:
16127:
14372:
7902:
7590:
against each other. This war also saw the only confirmed air-to-air helicopter battles in history with the Iraqi Mi-25s flying against Iranian
7219:
5943:
agreed to cooperate with Baghdad, but the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) remained opposed. In 1983, Saddam signed an autonomy agreement with
5619:
4529:. The capture of Al Faw and Umm Qasr was a major goal for Iran. Iran began with a feint attack against Basra, which was stopped by the Iraqis.
3923:
on helicopters had landed behind Iraqi lines and destroyed Iraqi artillery. Iran launched two preliminary attacks prior to the main offensive,
3604:, against columns of Iranian mechanised infantry and tanks. These "hunter-killer" teams of helicopters, which had been formed with the help of
2924:
tanks. Reporters counted roughly 150 destroyed or deserted Iranian tanks, and also 40 Iraqi tanks. 141 Iranians were killed during the battle.
1829:
1754:
1742:
18625:
16104:
6649:
From 1980 to 1987, Spain sold €458 million in weapons to Iran and €172 million to Iraq. Weapons sold to Iraq included 4x4 vehicles,
3722:. In 1983, Iran had an estimated population of 43.6 million to Iraq's 14.8 million, and the discrepancy continued to grow throughout the war.
2587:
The Iraqi troops advancing into Iran in 1980 were described by Patrick Brogan as "badly led and lacking in offensive spirit". The first known
29300:
29112:
28774:
28639:
27794:
27621:
27548:
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27266:
27256:
25491:
19516:
19122:
17106:
Indicates that of $ 5,044 million of arms exported to Iran from 1980 to 1988 China count for $ 1,958 million (Info must be entered)
16342:
16036:
15736:
9668:
5909:
was intended to "pacify" Iraqi Kurdistan permanently. By 1983, the Barzanis entered an alliance with Iran in defense against Saddam Hussein.
5577:
accounted for 42,875 Iranian casualties, captured and kept in Iraqi detention centres from 2.5 to more than 15 years after the war was over.
4866:, which protected Iraqi and allied oil tankers, but not Iranian ones, led many neutral countries to stop trading with Iran because of rising
4620:
3683:
Iranian fighter pilots had superior training compared to their Iraqi counterparts, as most had received training from US officers before the
3226:
fighter jets from France); this gave the Iranians air superiority over the battlefield while allowing them to monitor Iraqi troop movements.
15789:
12637:
11980:
4069:
in early 1984. Iraq's aim in attacking Iranian shipping was to provoke the Iranians to retaliate with extreme measures, such as closing the
3663:. The Iranian advance was also impeded by heavy rains. 3,500 Iraqis and an unknown number of Iranians died, with only minor gains for Iran.
2994:
border and away from Iran. However, on 3 April 1981, the Iranian air force used eight F-4 Phantom fighter bombers, four F-14 Tomcats, three
29679:
29070:
29055:
28465:
28445:
28088:
28073:
27515:
26599:
26370:
25694:
25609:
25039:
24643:
24037:
21397:
20386:
16273:
15599:
7511:
6087:
5570:
5493:
5318:
Saddam sent a warning to Khomeini in mid-1988, threatening to launch a new and powerful full-scale invasion and attack Iranian cities with
4365:
Saddam responded by launching chemical attacks against the Iranian positions along the highway and by initiating the aforementioned second
2140:
591:
585:
18058:
17414:
11904:
11170:
9283:
6888:
in October 1987, the United States attacked Iranian oil platforms in retaliation for an Iranian attack on the U.S.-flagged Kuwaiti tanker
5708:. Despite renewed and somewhat thawed relations, both sides continued to have low level conflicts. Iraq continued to host and support the
29964:
29153:
28845:
28779:
28450:
28392:
27858:
27799:
27675:
27665:
27061:
26672:
26629:
26469:
25972:
25864:
25155:
25086:
24830:
24388:
24282:
21175:
19569:
17823:
16597:
14791:
14322:
14296:
13682:
12692:
12600:
9460:
9433:
8706:
7470:
5528:
2406:
2369:
On 10 September 1980, Iraq forcibly reclaimed territories in Zain al-Qaws and Saif Saad that it had been promised under the terms of the
1841:
1837:
1594:
1504:
892:
14035:
12199:
12067:
3972:. They had broken out of the marshes and returned to open terrain, where they were confronted by Iraqi artillery, tanks, air power, and
3741:
30165:
29793:
29060:
28730:
28621:
28455:
28148:
28098:
28078:
27750:
27596:
27500:
27381:
26449:
26322:
25967:
25952:
25917:
25887:
25652:
25516:
25357:
24352:
21543:
21059:
20411:
15911:
15665:
15241:
13435:
13107:
7735:
5709:
5464:
5313:
428:
14695:
13826:
13177:
6372:
over their arms purchases and to circumvent "official restrictions". Arab mercenaries and volunteers from Egypt and Jordan formed the
4254:
Iran also launched several retaliatory air raids on Iraq, while primarily shelling border cities such as Basra. Iran also bought some
3018:. The Iranian Air Force could not survive further attrition, and decided to limit their losses, abandoning efforts to control Iranian
30160:
30120:
28945:
28421:
28236:
28231:
27958:
27324:
26804:
26634:
26285:
26083:
26066:
25526:
25310:
25198:
25044:
24708:
24492:
24382:
23051:
19848:
19027:
Lewental, D. Gershon (November 2014). ""Saddam's Qadisiyyah": Religion and history in the service of state ideology in Baʿthi Iraq".
18912:
Lewental, D. Gershon (November 2014). "'Saddam's Qadisiyyah': Religion and history in the service of state ideology in Baʿthi Iraq".
18735:
17037:
13919:
13807:
13646:
12953:
12044:
7556:
7302:
In response to further Iraqi chemical attacks on Kurdish civilians after the August 1988 ceasefire with Iran, United States senators
6554:
6073:
Not all saw the war in negative terms. The Islamic Revolution of Iran was strengthened and radicalised. The Iranian government-owned
2453:
2289:
Rivers were undermanned and that the rivers could be easily crossed. Iraqi intelligence was also informed that the Iranian forces in
1770:
961:
19537:
18291:
14814:
13775:
4472:. In an exception to the United States' support for Iraq, in exchange for Iran using its influence to help free western hostages in
3844:
After the Dawn Operations, Iran attempted to change tactics. In the face of increasing Iraqi defense in depth, as well as increased
3279:
The Iraqi Air Force was also left in poor shape: after losing up to 55 aircraft since early December 1981, they had only 100 intact
2635:
fighter jets attacked targets throughout Iraq, such as oil facilities, dams, petrochemical plants, and oil refineries, and included
30155:
29551:
28130:
27614:
26951:
26903:
26567:
26513:
26508:
25937:
23938:
23423:
17551:
16153:
15852:
14486:
12915:
12838:
9257:
6635:
1897:
1166:
461:
17622:
17099:
16945:
16705:"در گفت و گو با هوشنگ صمدی، فرمانده تکاوران نیروی دریایی مستقر در خرمشهر مطرح شد/ گلایه های ناخدای خونین شهر از کیمیا – دولت بهار"
16121:
rules and principles of international law or any principles of international morality and entails the responsibility for conflict.
14425:
13842:
13384:
13312:
12933:
were exploited to demonstrate the organizations betrayal due to its willingness to join forces with Iran's enemies on the outside.
12544:
9765:
Berridge, W.J. "Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985", p. 136. Bloomsbury Academic, 2015
7632:. The Iranians responded with Scud missile attacks on Baghdad and struck a primary school there. These events became known as the
4927:). The Iranians used a combination of semi-guerrilla and infiltration tactics in the Kurdish mountains with the Peshmerga. During
2374:
Iranian ships would fly Iraqi flags and pay Iraq navigation fees for a stretch of the Shatt al-Arab river spanning several miles.
29709:
29012:
28867:
28025:
27880:
27579:
27329:
27292:
27225:
26852:
26768:
25962:
25258:
24342:
21094:
18708:
18353:
18028:
14514:
13242:
7504:
6320:
During the early years of the war, the United States lacked meaningful relations with either Iran or Iraq, the former due to the
4173:, the largest ship ever built, was struck by Iraqi Exocet missiles as it was carrying Iranian crude oil out of the Persian Gulf.
3584:
95,000 Iranian child soldiers were casualties during the Iran–Iraq War, mostly between the ages of 16 and 17, with a few younger.
2044:
29783:
19387:
17853:
16312:
6518:, relied partially on U.S. taxpayer-guaranteed loans to funnel $ 5 billion to Iraq from 1985 to 1989. In August 1989, when
5994:, the Iraqis believed that in addition to the Arab revolts, the Revolutionary Guards would be drawn out of Tehran, leading to a
5818:
3770:. Iran saw an opportunity to sweep away Iraqi forces controlling the roads between the Iranian mountain border towns of Mehran,
3030:
The Iranians suffered from a shortage of heavy weapons, but had a large number of devoted volunteer troops, so they began using
29371:
29043:
28460:
28061:
28041:
25647:
25501:
25230:
25109:
25012:
24804:
24794:
21719:
21570:
21333:
19659:
16368:
14753:
13721:
10716:
10569:
9204:
6715:
6368:
ambiguity towards which side to support was summed up by Henry Kissinger when he remarked, "It's a pity they can't both lose."
5789:
4975:
4850:
took place in 74 cities throughout Iran, which were crushed by the regime, resulting in some protesters being shot and killed.
1909:
1861:
1497:
885:
18529:
17769:
15998:
15206:"The Combination of Iraqi offensives and Western intervention force Iran to accept a cease-fire: September 1987 to March 1989"
7602:
wire-guided antitank missiles. One Mi-25 went down immediately, the other was badly damaged and crashed before reaching base.
5286:
On 25 June, Iraq launched the second Tawakal ala Allah operation against the Iranians on Majnoon Island. Iraqi commandos used
3957:. On that day, a massive array of Iranian helicopters transporting Pasdaran troops were intercepted by Iraqi combat aircraft (
3789:
in September 1983 was the northern sector in Iranian Kurdistan. Three Iranian regular divisions, the Revolutionary Guard, and
3445:
The decision to invade Iraq was taken after much debate within the Iranian government. One faction, comprising Prime Minister
30135:
29972:
29179:
28930:
28789:
28589:
28221:
27943:
27809:
27505:
27261:
26779:
26520:
26444:
26139:
25994:
25382:
25352:
24675:
24332:
24005:
22739:
22065:
21895:
21840:
21709:
21575:
20473:
19743:
19433:
19406:
19341:
19264:
19197:
19154:
19070:
19017:
18599:
18480:
17677:
17606:
17251:
17081:
16927:
16902:
16863:
16756:
16688:
16658:
16561:
16451:
15828:
15772:
15575:
15492:
15073:
14881:
14855:
14736:
14583:
14241:
14216:
14131:
13620:
13550:
13348:
13276:
12789:
12390:
12171:
11635:
11476:
11094:
10810:
10652:
10614:
10536:
10419:
10254:
10212:
10172:
9636:
9606:
9388:
7641:
7464:
6625:
6417:
The United States pursued policies in favour of Iraq by reopening diplomatic channels, lifting restrictions on the export of
5471:
The last notable combat actions of the war took place on 3 August 1988, in the Persian Gulf when the Iranian navy fired on a
5219:
1692:
439:
29597:
22717:
16995:
16493:
16247:
15088:
Pollack, Kenneth M. (2004). "Iraq". Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
14008:
12815:
10102:
9980:
9922:
9358:
2232:
An additional paramilitary militia was founded in response to the invasion, the "Army of 20 Million", commonly known as the
30140:
28920:
28893:
28662:
27933:
27906:
27701:
27527:
27139:
27078:
26594:
26382:
26215:
25432:
25225:
25034:
24769:
24310:
24115:
23175:
23082:
21227:
21217:
17876:
9064:
7937:
7917:
7422:
6764:
who had served as the head of the NSC staff that organized the study. The full declassified presentation can be seen here.
1697:
1663:
1464:
119:
19243:
18948:"سرودی حماسی که به تیتراژ "خبر" تبدیل شد/ ما مسلح به "الله اکبر"یم – خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency"
18678:
18223:
17719:
16063:
15365:
14258:
14074:
13890:
6948:
was in their own waters, and that the passenger jet was turning away and increasing altitude after take-off. U.S. Admiral
3872:
to cross the marshes and rivers in southern Iraq and landed troops on the opposing banks, where they would dig and set up
2293:, which consisted of two divisions prior to the revolution, now only consisted of several ill-equipped and under-strength
30003:
29726:
29218:
29137:
29065:
28840:
28083:
27853:
26883:
26242:
26232:
25173:
25007:
24670:
23077:
22425:
22375:
22101:
21635:
19302:
9060:
7947:
7897:
7853:", the 1979 Iranian Islamic revolutionary military march song performed by IRGC troops in front of Ayatollah Khomeini in
6972:
5013:, a diplomatic disaster for the already isolated Iranians. Iran had previously sought to maintain at least a pretense of
3553:
Iran's military power was weakened once again by large purges in 1982, resulting from another supposedly attempted coup.
3524:, and the ground war entered a new phase. Iraq used newly acquired T-55, T-62 and T-72 tanks, as well as Chinese copies,
2588:
1824:
1702:
1567:
1562:
206:
107:
12983:
10029:
9850:
4706:
and the Jasim River, along with earth barriers. Fish Lake was a massive lake filled with mines, underwater barbed wire,
29667:
29028:
28965:
28292:
28046:
27978:
27432:
26720:
26464:
25942:
25804:
25459:
24887:
24452:
23428:
23344:
23067:
23032:
21650:
21639:
21584:
21532:
21387:
21190:
19644:
18890:
18568:
17702:
16843:
16814:
16785:
16531:
16008:
15970:
15467:
15390:
15344:
15093:
14824:
13470:
13211:
13117:
12925:
12848:
12350:
12310:
11939:
11842:
11817:
While the evidence now available suggests the skirmishes were more a convenient excuse for war, questions still remain.
11810:
11758:
11729:
11700:
11664:
11599:
11534:
11505:
11190:
10377:
10096:
9974:
9742:
9686:
9470:
9443:
8871:
8866:
7663:
Despite the war, Iran and Iraq maintained diplomatic relations and embassies in each other's countries until mid-1987.
6639:
6629:
6573:, it also indirectly supplied some weapons to Iran as part of a complex and illegal programme that became known as the
6293:
4433:
3438:, which was dedicated to overthrowing the Ba'ath party. They recruited POWs, dissidents, exiles, and Shias to join the
2839:, armored manoeuvre by the Iraqis was very costly, and they consequently entrenched their tanks into static positions.
2502:
2305:
2013:
14910:
13053:
12880:
4098:
The air and small-boat attacks did little damage to Persian Gulf state economies, and Iran moved its shipping port to
3608:
advisors, proved very costly for the Iranians. Aerial dogfights occurred between Iraqi MiGs and Iranian F-4 Phantoms.
3358:
equipment and vehicles, as well as normalizing its intergovernmental relations (which had been broken during the 1967
3222:, the Iranians had launched numerous air raids against Iraq air bases, destroying 47 jets (including Iraq's brand new
29877:
29247:
28850:
28752:
28178:
27863:
27772:
27411:
26537:
26134:
25627:
25604:
25567:
25486:
25372:
25367:
25248:
24759:
24535:
24357:
24000:
23472:
22080:
22024:
22004:
21820:
21795:
21691:
21615:
21517:
21147:
20989:
19790:
19370:
19326:
19288:
18991:
18507:
18435:
18206:
18166:
18130:
17972:
17943:
17918:
17765:
17561:
17510:
17488:
17346:
17313:
16964:
15534:
15106:
14941:
14647:
13968:
13756:
12505:
12446:
12265:
11964:
11553:
9680:
9499:
9410:
9352:
9230:
7620:
In October 1986, Iraqi aircraft began to attack civilian passenger trains and aircraft on Iranian soil, including an
6856:
was inside the Iran–Iraq War zone were shown to be false, and the motives and orders of the pilot remain unanswered.
6003:
5566:
5252:
3458:
2428:
2222:
21914:
15275:
13871:
7274:, with the likely source being captured Iraqi munitions), and there are also reports of Iranian use of tear gas and
29977:
29613:
29520:
29361:
28913:
28898:
28862:
28323:
27926:
27911:
27875:
27307:
26956:
26929:
26552:
26479:
26387:
26113:
25290:
25178:
25144:
25049:
24738:
23560:
23545:
23141:
23129:
22545:
22111:
19634:
19629:
15640:
15524:
15306:"Kaveh Farrokh | Western, Pakistani and Egyptian pilots flying Iraqi Combat Aircraft during the Iran–Iraq War"
12693:"The Evolution of Iranian Warfighting During the Iran–Iraq War: When Dismounted Light Infantry Made the Difference"
9820:
9537:
8753:
The total 100,000+ civilians killed during the war does not include 50,000–200,000 Kurdish civilians killed in the
7942:
7912:
6982:
6676:
6672:
6342:
5375:, were once again attacked with poison gas, resulting in even heavier civilian casualties. On 3 July 1988, the USS
2175:
judge, and shortages of spare parts for Iran's American and British-made equipment had crippled Iran's once-mighty
2151:
On 8 March 1980, Iran announced it was withdrawing its ambassador from Iraq, downgraded its diplomatic ties to the
1786:
1609:
1604:
17593:, Policy and Administrative Approaches, vol. 17, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, p. 210,
10835:"Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."
7810:
3014:. They had been seriously weakened by sanctions and pre-war purges and further damaged by a fresh purge after the
2795:
spare parts from other equipment and began searching for parts on the black market. On 28 November, Iran launched
29933:
29048:
28670:
28066:
27670:
27644:
27474:
26624:
26589:
26584:
26489:
26474:
26295:
26275:
26257:
26227:
25902:
25719:
25362:
25305:
25022:
24497:
24406:
24275:
24022:
23418:
23404:
23156:
22806:
22055:
21595:
21431:
21426:
21165:
20792:
19726:
19654:
19619:
19609:
19562:
12463:
10313:
Clodfelter, Micheal, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991
9533:
The Naqshbandi Order as a Vehicle of Political Protest among the Kurds (With Some Comparative Notes on Indonesia)
8661:
7952:
7286:
6748:
6519:
6479:
5544:
The Iran–Iraq War was the deadliest conventional war ever fought between regular armies of developing countries.
5359:
In July 1988, Iraqi aircraft dropped bombs on the Iranian Kurdish village of Zardan. Dozens of villages, such as
4413:'s, fitted with six RPG-7's to launch attacks. They were primarily used in observation, being used for up to 700
2533:
and one armoured, operated near the southern end and began a siege of the strategically important port cities of
2410:
2118:, in addition to finally achieving his desire of becoming the regional superpower. Saddam's goal was to supplant
1845:
1599:
1557:
389:
17333:
Byrne, Malcolm (2013). "Critical Oral History: A new approach to examining the United States' role in the war".
14905:[Looking at the unrecognised role of (the drones) 'effort' and 'immigrant' in Dawn Operations 5 and 8].
13300:
7644:, which saw 1.2 million tons of bombs dropped on German cities in 1944 alone, or more recent events such as the
7575:
in June 1981 to disable the reactor, killing a French engineer in the process and causing France to pull out of
4369:, with an air and missile campaign against twenty to thirty Iranian population centres, including Tehran. Under
3965:
through the water, electrocuting numerous Iranian troops and then displaying their corpses on state television.
2349:
29894:
29130:
29038:
29033:
28955:
28353:
28313:
28056:
28051:
27968:
27522:
27114:
27073:
26414:
26399:
26392:
26175:
26149:
25300:
25285:
25029:
24789:
24638:
24413:
23022:
22660:
22485:
22365:
22349:
21835:
21770:
21671:
21620:
21392:
21343:
21328:
21232:
21222:
21202:
20994:
20653:
20391:
20266:
19812:
18752:
Tabatabai, Arianne (Summer 2017). "What the Iran–Iraq War Tells Us about the Future of the Iran Nuclear Deal".
18194:
17589:
Qasemi, Hamid Reza (2016), "Chapter 12: Iran and Its Policy Against Terrorism", in Alexander R. Dawoody (ed.),
15136:
14783:
12342:
11692:
11591:
10739:
9541:
9089:
7972:
7850:
6898:
6414:, France, and China together accounted for over 90% of the value of Iraq's arms imports between 1980 and 1988.
5870:
After the Iranian victories of the spring of 1982 and the Syrian closure of Iraq's main pipeline, Saddam did a
5268:
4931:
in early April, Iran captured territory near Suleimaniya, provoking a severe poison gas counter-attack. During
2938:
The Islamic Republic government in Iran was further distracted by internal fighting between the regime and the
2831:. Of the regular divisions, only seven were deployed to the border. The war bogged down into World War I-style
2577:
2475:
1363:
935:
29749:
29500:
28387:
28375:
24835:
22293:
21064:
21004:
9704:"Jordanian Unit Going To Aid Iraq 6 Hussein Will Join Volunteer Force Fighting Iranians (The Washington Post)"
3821:
in the field. Iraq responded to these losses by firing a series of SCUD-B missiles into the cities of Dezful,
29773:
29414:
29206:
29080:
28404:
28358:
28318:
27251:
27026:
26496:
26307:
25235:
25163:
24840:
22519:
21960:
21943:
21850:
21825:
21681:
21589:
21579:
19860:
19807:
19738:
9072:
8304:
7248:
The United States accused Iran of using chemical weapons as well, though the allegations have been disputed.
6954:
6545:
were among the companies shipping militarily useful technology to Iraq under the eye of the U.S. government.
6438:
6093:
6037:. The government responded with mass executions of suspected MEK members, a practice that lasted until 1985.
5413:
5236:
4014:
Unable to launch successful ground attacks against Iran, Iraq used their now expanded air force to carry out
3253:
3243:
2707:
2697:
2538:
1080:
980:
249:
17:
29636:
29592:
6852:
or not Iraqi leadership authorised the attack is still unknown. Initial claims by the Iraqi government that
5837:
down and shell the infantry and overwhelm the smaller Iranian tank force; in addition to being dependent on
3907:
An Iraqi POW who was shot by Iranian troops after they conquered the Iraqi Majnoon oil field in October 1984
2114:
Saddam's primary interest in war may have also stemmed from his desire to right the supposed "wrong" of the
30130:
30125:
29848:
29754:
29568:
29310:
28688:
28252:
27719:
27056:
26893:
26562:
26484:
25496:
25481:
25139:
24867:
23931:
23168:
22523:
22359:
22075:
21815:
21805:
21553:
21409:
21009:
19946:
19714:
19223:
18379:
17997:
14537:
Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Attack on the USS Stark (FFG 31) on 17 May 1987
12005:
7625:
6707:
for $ 200 million in 1985. Total sales of U.S. dual-use technology to Iraq are estimated at $ 500 million.
6292:
as the American special envoy to the Middle East meets Saddam Hussein in December 1983. Rumsfeld was later
5940:
5672:
5094:
3179:
3099:
2901:
1873:
1809:
1349:
1330:
1318:
1053:
378:
22289:
16176:
16143:
10677:
7613:
superiority over the other. Iraqi Mi-25s also claimed 43 kills against other Iranian helicopters, such as
5813:
The war had its impact on medical science: a surgical intervention for comatose patients with penetrating
4212:
to carry out long-range high-speed raids on Iranian cities, including Tehran. Fighter-bombers such as the
2807:
and dug its troops in around the city, it was unable to blockade the port, which allowed Iran to resupply
2470:
29983:
29563:
29351:
29229:
29213:
28801:
27094:
26290:
26237:
26222:
25774:
25617:
25506:
25193:
24902:
24362:
24347:
24305:
24032:
23717:
23482:
23445:
23377:
23146:
22314:
22308:
22259:
22070:
21900:
21779:
21404:
19095:
15216:
14987:
14536:
14376:
13011:
12729:"Egyptian Field Marshal Abdul-Halim Abu Ghazalah on the Combat Tactics and Strategy of the Iran–Iraq War"
8701:
7434:
7242:
6768:
6461:
6301:
5838:
5643:
5319:
5189:
burns after being hit by 20 U.S. air launched missiles and bombs, killing a third of the crew, April 1988
3322:
2172:
1614:
1552:
13943:
10817:
The Iran–Iraq War was devastating—one of the largest and longest conventional interstate wars since the
5511:
of the war until 11 December 1991, some 11 years after Iraq invaded Iran and 16 months following Iraq's
4870:
and fear of air attack. Iranian oil and non-oil exports fell by 55%, inflation reached 50% by 1987, and
4614:
Iraq continued to attack Kharg Island and the oil tankers and facilities as well. Iran created a tanker
4599:
offensives in the south, but was under serious pressure, as the Iranians were slowly overwhelming them.
3508:
hereafter. Be careful of attacking Iraq and Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib! If you surrender, you might be in peace."
3491:
3374:
In 1982, Reagan removed Iraq from the list of countries "supporting terrorism" and sold weapons such as
3259:
In the early morning hours of 23 May 1982, the Iranians began the drive towards Khorramshahr across the
2568:, and were able to block the traditional Tehran–Baghdad invasion route by securing territory forward of
1904:. While Iran was comparatively isolated to a large degree, it received a significant amount of aid from
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30115:
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29853:
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27953:
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27841:
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25999:
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24058:
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23392:
23382:
23372:
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22841:
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21990:
21855:
21323:
21101:
20999:
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19709:
19555:
18560:
18122:
18081:
17964:
16835:
16806:
16777:
16523:
15962:
15459:
15336:
13462:
12302:
12257:
11931:
11867:
11834:
11802:
11750:
11721:
11656:
11526:
11497:
10369:
9284:"'Mohsen, the Japanese' chronicles life of Afghan volunteer fighter in Iran–Iraq war (tehrantimes.com)"
8559:
7388:
7370:
7275:
6710:
U.S. government support for Iraq was not a secret and was frequently discussed in open sessions of the
6511:
5841:
to help secure victories. Therefore, they were rapidly overwhelmed by the high-tech, quick-maneuvering
5591:
4436:". The Iraqi Air Force reacted by increasing the sophistication of its equipment, incorporating modern
4370:
3790:
3652:
3592:
The attacks came to a halt and the Iranians turned to defensive measures. Seeing this, Iraq used their
3409:, and Japan for supplying anything from weapons and munitions to logistical and engineering equipment.
3219:
3038:
2649:
helicopter gunships began attacks on the advancing Iraqi divisions, along with F-4 Phantoms armed with
2309:
2128:
2061:
Tensions between Iraq and Iran were fuelled by Iran's Islamic revolution and its appearance of being a
1876:. During the conflict, Iraq received an abundance of financial, political, and logistical aid from the
1869:
1766:
1577:
1074:
367:
236:
115:
19114:
16217:
14672:
13236:"Tactical Evolution in the Iraqi Army: The Abadan Island And Fish Lake Campaigns of the Iran-Ipaq War"
13083:
11139:
10336:
International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995
9917:
7831:
5545:
2572:, Iran. On the northern front, the Iraqis attempted to establish a strong defensive position opposite
29836:
29457:
29451:
28997:
28970:
28903:
28683:
28542:
28526:
28521:
28010:
27983:
27916:
27714:
26190:
25536:
25437:
25335:
24616:
24148:
24144:
24017:
23522:
23367:
22937:
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22633:
22224:
21994:
21775:
21701:
21563:
21538:
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21212:
21111:
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20067:
20017:
20003:
19001:
18640:
14613:
9076:
8549:
8477:
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7907:
7567:, though it did not achieve its objective, as France repaired the reactor after the attack. (It took
7230:
7190:
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6700:
5842:
5744:
5360:
5036:
4437:
4233:
3911:
By 1984, the Iranian ground forces were reorganised well enough for the Revolutionary Guard to start
3798:
3766:
the Kurds. The Iranians attempted to further exploit activities in the north on 30 July 1983, during
3696:
3640:
3479:
3015:
2518:
1790:
1115:
1101:
940:
24049:
18328:(2). The Monterey Institute of International Studies, Center for Nonproliferation Studies: 355–371.
7617:. Both sides, especially Iraq, also carried out air and missile attacks against population centres.
4144:
plane. The missiles had been fired at about the time the plane was given a routine radio warning by
3397:
Iran did not have the money to purchase arms to the same extent as Iraq did. They counted on China,
3084:
break through the lines and encircle entire divisions. Merely the fact that the Iranian forces used
2858:
to bring the war to the Iranian civilian population. Iran launched dozens of "human wave assaults".
2179:. Between February and September 1979, Iran's government executed 85 senior generals and forced all
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27996:
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27762:
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27004:
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26355:
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26210:
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22014:
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20359:
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on 3 July 1988, killing all 290 passengers and crew on board. The American government claimed that
6905:
5752:
5194:
5053:
5004:
4679:
4481:
3953:. By 27 February, they had captured the island, but suffered catastrophic helicopter losses to the
2835:
with tanks and modern late-20th century weapons. Due to the power of anti-tank weapons such as the
2724:
2115:
2111:
movement in Iraq, whose clerics were Iran's allies within Iraq and whom Khomeini saw as oppressed.
1540:
1449:
16334:
15728:
11987:
6007:
1979. Domestically, the IRGC dealt with suppressing uprisings by Kurds, Baluchs, Turkmen, and the
3979:
30145:
29831:
29826:
29404:
29274:
29002:
28735:
28562:
28501:
28277:
28211:
28015:
27755:
27574:
27543:
26682:
26665:
26609:
26429:
26360:
25253:
24990:
24975:
24472:
24250:
24027:
23924:
23837:
23585:
23249:
22982:
22575:
22549:
22540:
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22370:
21974:
21910:
21870:
21605:
21456:
21313:
21272:
20530:
20352:
20345:
20292:
20272:
20253:
19960:
19953:
19768:
18027:. Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America. Archived from
16040:
14646:(Report). OSD/JS FOIA Library. Office of the Secretary of Defense and Joint Staff. Archived from
14542:(Report). JAG Manual Investigations. U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps. 3 September 1987.
12625:
10802:
9145:
8482:
8309:
8299:
7932:
7843:
7645:
7440:
7338:
7314:
6986:
6978:
6885:
6880:, which passed unanimously on 20 July, under which the U.S. and Iranian forces skirmished during
5980:
5883:
5732:
created numerous militias in Iraq and built an intelligence system operating within the country.
5701:
5622:
in place, and UN peacekeepers monitoring the border, Iran and Iraq sent their representatives to
5328:
5142:
5025:
4883:
4569:
4545:
3569:, it involved over 180,000 troops from both sides, and was one of the largest land battles since
3435:
3168:
3120:
2792:
2735:
2298:
2257:
1969:
1442:
1435:
1382:
1369:
1067:
1060:
64:
17834:
16281:
16098:
Further Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 598
15893:
International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995
15611:
14607:
6767:
The conclusions were threefold: firstly, oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the
6104:
expanding its military, while Iran was under arms sanctions). Estimates for 1980 and 1987 were:
5607:
4336:, Muhammad's first military victory in Mecca). Ayatollah Khomeini urged Iranians on, declaring:
3837:
Previously, the Iranians had outnumbered the Iraqis on the battlefield, but Iraq expanded their
3175:, they landed behind Iraqi lines, silenced their artillery, and captured an Iraqi headquarters.
2661:
missiles, which downed a dozen of Iraq's Soviet-built fighters in the first two days of battle.
2397:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
30090:
30085:
29928:
29912:
29778:
28764:
28747:
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28257:
27784:
27767:
27743:
27104:
27051:
26677:
26557:
26419:
26029:
25912:
25561:
25551:
25424:
25074:
24985:
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24965:
24396:
23540:
23399:
23269:
23244:
23114:
22866:
22665:
22304:
22045:
22000:
21724:
21686:
21414:
21170:
20338:
20331:
20115:
19872:
19839:
19829:
19795:
19689:
19029:
18591:
18585:
18050:
16467:
14067:"Giving one's life to the cause of Islam and Iran. Guarding the revolution's Islamic standards"
11862:
9125:
9104:
9068:
8654:
8467:
8252:
7922:
7542:
6881:
6574:
5814:
5793:
5676:
5497:
5017:
regarding its use of mines, but the Navy SEALS captured and photographed extensive evidence of
4987:
4863:
4847:
4711:
4510:
4497:
4449:
4441:
4159:
4092:
4050:
4041:
4037:
3648:
2681:
2677:
2461:
2447:
2370:
2332:
It is widely accepted among scholars that Iraq was seeking to annex, or at least to establish
2056:
2017:
2009:
1987:
1805:
1738:
1428:
1413:
1406:
1212:
985:
952:
925:
557:
313:
266:
72:
48:
29122:
24325:
19488:
Cooper, Tom (July–August 2002). "'Floggers" in Action: Early MiG-23s in Operational Service".
19278:
18198:
17669:
16589:
16553:
The Unfinished History of the Iran–Iraq War: Faith, Firepower, and Iran's Revolutionary Guards
15565:
14847:
14841:
14318:
14292:
13686:
13269:
Who are the real chosen people?: The Meaning of Chosenness in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
12703:
12607:
12382:
12376:
10528:
10522:
10468:(6). São Paulo: Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo: 1065–1066.
10164:
10158:
6904:
was badly damaged by an Iranian mine, and 10 sailors were wounded. U.S. forces responded with
6703:, but several sales of "dual-use" technology have been documented; notably, Iraq purchased 45
2599:
2155:
level, and demanded that Iraq do the same. The following day, Iraq declared Iran's ambassador
1745:
by both sides. Iraq's primary rationale for the attack against Iran cited the need to prevent
29768:
29581:
29320:
29184:
28888:
28757:
28428:
28416:
27901:
27777:
27149:
27099:
26732:
26715:
26439:
26434:
25947:
25897:
25769:
25476:
25471:
25454:
25449:
25444:
25409:
25168:
25114:
24442:
24232:
23905:
23644:
23512:
23124:
22997:
22976:
22896:
22856:
22747:
21953:
21905:
21880:
21600:
21348:
21126:
21044:
20661:
20618:
20285:
20278:
20102:
20086:
20024:
17127:
16620:"ببینید | اعلام رسمی هزینههای جنگ تحمیلی توسط عالیترین مقام نظامی کشور برای اولین بار"
14575:
14569:
12191:
11182:
9527:
9103:
sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab. This restored the border to the terms established by the
8120:
8023:
7586:
The Iran–Iraq War was the first conflict in the history of warfare in which both forces used
7482:
7266:
6918:
6873:
6564:
5713:
5340:
5240:
5014:
4648:(The Dynamic Defense), and announcing that all civilians had to take part in the war effort.
4329:
3886:
3735:
3671:
2823:
For the next eight months, both sides were on a defensive footing, with the exception of the
2642:
2561:
2491:
2078:
2052:
1983:
1973:
1797:
1375:
1198:
1185:
1122:
945:
245:
13431:
7709:
Damage to a mosque in Khoramshahr, Iran, the city that was invaded by Iraq in September 1980
5867:
around Saddam reached new heights while the regime tightened its control over the military.
5460:
3347:
Saudi Arabia was said to provide Iraq with $ 1 billion per month starting in mid-1982.
3142:
2501:
launched surprise air strikes on ten Iranian airfields with the objective of destroying the
30029:
29843:
29816:
29721:
29699:
29657:
29341:
28267:
27458:
27201:
27119:
26999:
26773:
26758:
26532:
26247:
25869:
25340:
25330:
25124:
24897:
24825:
24664:
24542:
24320:
24074:
24067:
23993:
23739:
23621:
23555:
23517:
23413:
23339:
23334:
23259:
23107:
22725:
22504:
22406:
22299:
22239:
22214:
22193:
22173:
22146:
21948:
21890:
21785:
21548:
21513:
21277:
20459:
20193:
19298:
14703:
14641:
Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Attack of the USS Stark in 1987
13823:
13308:
13184:
8509:
8432:
8324:
8277:
8272:
8262:
7927:
7591:
7458:
7452:
7428:
6761:
6711:
6500:
6468:
6449:
6061:
In January 1985, former prime minister and anti-war Islamic Liberation Movement co-founder
5830:
5660:
4932:
4151:
3968:
By 29 February, the Iranians had reached the outskirts of Qurna and were closing in on the
3710:
The Iranians suffered a large number of casualties clearing minefields and breaching Iraqi
3284:
3183:
3171:. On 22 March 1982, Iran launched an attack which took the Iraqi forces by surprise: using
2363:
2317:
2199:
2152:
1857:
1781:, which was not seen as an achievable objective prior to the Islamic Revolution because of
1572:
1545:
1298:
17041:
13796:
13642:
12945:
12036:
6308:
During the war, Iraq was regarded by the West and the Soviet Union as a counterbalance to
5700:
Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Iran and Iraq relations remained balanced between a
4420:
For the rest of 1986, and until the spring of 1988, the Iranian Air Force's efficiency in
4392:
8:
30023:
29883:
29788:
29716:
29535:
29525:
29443:
29431:
29421:
29315:
28883:
28698:
28582:
27896:
27729:
27196:
27109:
26700:
25104:
24955:
24799:
24482:
23681:
23639:
23565:
23440:
23362:
22891:
22861:
22846:
22244:
21933:
21666:
21558:
21157:
21152:
21116:
21049:
20898:
20586:
20366:
20186:
20179:
20172:
20165:
20150:
20143:
20136:
19865:
19534:
19280:
National and International Conflicts, 1945–1995: New Empirical and Theoretical Approaches
18158:
17305:
17118:
15932:
13772:
13605:
Threats and Alliances in the Middle East: Saudi and Syrian Policies in a Turbulent Region
10709:"Lesser Murdering States, Quasi-States, and Groups: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations"
9878:
9708:
9020:
8682:
8544:
8499:
8472:
8257:
7446:
6925:
6696:
6418:
6403:
6361:
6325:
5991:
5887:
5740:
5562:
5533:
5380:
5345:
5335:
5158:
5057:
4979:
4928:
4802:
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4733:
4727:
4541:
4457:
4191:
raids against Iranian cities. While Iraq had launched numerous attacks with aircraft and
4155:
3483:
escorted Riyadh Hussein to the next room, closed the door, and shot him with his pistol.
3446:
3427:
3379:
3355:
3187:
3073:
3069:
3043:
2954:
2928:
2877:
2799:(Pearl), a combined air and sea attack which destroyed 80% of Iraq's navy and all of its
2739:
2604:
2530:
2465:
2313:
2195:
2048:
1478:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1254:
1240:
1233:
999:
809:
512:
60:
18475:(Russia's combat helicopters. From Omega to Alligator). Moscow, Yuza & Eksmo, 2010,
17567:
14482:
10456:
Zargar, Moosa; Araghizadeh, Hassan; Soroush, Mohammad Reza; Khaji, Ali (December 2012).
10325:
Chirot, Daniel: Modern Tyrants : the power and prevalence of evil in our age (1994)
7583:
has been cited as causing a substantial delay to Iraqi acquisition of nuclear weapons.)
7322:
condemned Iraq's "unjustified and abhorrent" chemical attacks, which Shultz's assistant
6932:
was in international waters at the time (which was later proven to be untrue), that the
29821:
29704:
29673:
29619:
29587:
29530:
29366:
29257:
29085:
28925:
28794:
28678:
28604:
28557:
28516:
28411:
28103:
27938:
27814:
27709:
27213:
26763:
26300:
26280:
26014:
25989:
25824:
25799:
25784:
25759:
25749:
25699:
25664:
25546:
25521:
25099:
24950:
24648:
24633:
24549:
24514:
24337:
24211:
24125:
23961:
23812:
23807:
23792:
23754:
23729:
23666:
23527:
23462:
23097:
22906:
22821:
22608:
22570:
22515:
22510:
22415:
22330:
21970:
21830:
21790:
21630:
21625:
21523:
21508:
21267:
21069:
20890:
20859:
20752:
20509:
20426:
20322:
20010:
19898:
19853:
19824:
19802:
19778:
19476:
19253:
19235:
19185:
19177:
19046:
18929:
18822:
18769:
18402:
18345:
17852:(Report). Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. UNHCR. p. 30.
17477:
17139:
17096:
16994:
United Nations Special Commission, "Annex D: Actions by Iraq to Obstruct Disarmament",
16942:
15044:
15036:
14951:
14417:
13850:
13392:
13235:
12552:
11896:
11863:"Saddam Hussein, the United States, and the invasion of Iran: was there a green light?"
9812:
9804:
8675:
8504:
8437:
8422:
8417:
8407:
8393:
8215:
8180:
8150:
8135:
8085:
8075:
8038:
7996:
7854:
7766:("the Imposed War"). The war is known in the Arab world and a few other regions as the
7595:
7382:
7376:
7364:
7311:
7253:
6830:
6806:
6689:
6638:
also sold weapons to both countries for the entire duration of the conflict. Likewise,
6445:
6321:
6309:
6034:
5995:
5785:
5721:
5512:
5486:
5445:
5183:
4831:
4533:
4485:
4131:
4054:
3942:
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3684:
3644:
3597:
3450:
3330:
as the only means of exporting oil, along with transporting oil by tanker truck to the
3172:
3062:
2796:
2755:
2624:
2581:
2457:
2337:
2290:
2273:
2092:
2074:
2040:
1943:
with barbed wire stretched across fortified defensive lines, manned machine-gun posts,
1817:
1750:
1469:
1420:
1108:
1011:
973:
930:
400:
219:
132:
111:
68:
54:
23654:
18700:
18314:
18287:
16420:
16241:
Iraq's Debt Relief: Procedure and Potential Implications for International Debt Relief
14508:
9193:
6328:
and the latter because of Iraq's alliance with the Soviet Union and hostility towards
2268:
29290:
29196:
29167:
28835:
28818:
28308:
28282:
28262:
27848:
27831:
26989:
26525:
26459:
26170:
25669:
25589:
25404:
25210:
24970:
24857:
24521:
24291:
24164:
24158:
24110:
23881:
23832:
23797:
23634:
23575:
23477:
23387:
23357:
23352:
23219:
23214:
23198:
23027:
22947:
22942:
22851:
22702:
22618:
22535:
22441:
22431:
22340:
22249:
22234:
22229:
22198:
22188:
22178:
22168:
22155:
22010:
21714:
21528:
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21441:
21421:
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21291:
20768:
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20685:
20637:
20259:
20249:
20225:
20060:
19995:
19731:
19684:
19495:
19480:
19468:
19439:
19429:
19412:
19402:
19366:
19337:
19322:
19284:
19260:
19193:
19164:
Piazza, James A. (October 1994). "The Democratic Islamic Republic of Iran in Exile".
19150:
19146:
19066:
19050:
19013:
19006:
18987:
18933:
18853:
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13344:
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13217:
13207:
13113:
12921:
12844:
12785:
12521:
Georges Malbrunot (16 October 2007). "Majid: 'Saddam is no longer the lion I knew'".
12501:
12442:
12386:
12346:
12335:
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10415:
10383:
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10250:
10218:
10208:
10178:
10168:
10092:
9970:
9816:
9796:
9738:
9676:
9629:"Jordan's call for volunteers to fight Iran misfires (The Christian Science Monitor)"
9505:
9495:
9466:
9439:
9384:
9348:
8754:
8647:
8621:
8569:
8514:
8427:
8237:
8125:
8060:
7587:
7572:
7323:
6773:
6739:
6685:
6448:, middlemen, secret ownership of all or part of companies all over the world, forged
6354:
6333:
6227:
6030:
6008:
5956:
5801:
5595:
5558:
5508:
5437:
5223:
5113:, which supplied Iraq with much of its electricity and water, as well as the city of
5098:
5090:
4971:
4871:
4745:
4664:
4347:
4248:
4209:
4188:
4182:
4111:
4015:
3962:
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3912:
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3439:
3378:
to Iraq via Jordan. France sold Iraq millions of dollars worth of weapons, including
3164:
3031:
2939:
2592:
2237:
2184:
2156:
2088:
2028:
1948:
1746:
1734:
1356:
1337:
1158:
1093:
966:
841:
799:
787:
564:
552:
545:
540:
528:
476:
352:
288:
19384:
18773:
18406:
18380:"Osirak Redux? Assessing Israeli Capabilities to Destroy Iranian Nuclear Facilities"
12770:"Irano–Irakskii konflikt. Istoricheskii ocherk." Niyazmatov. J.A. – M.: Nauka, 1989.
10708:
10561:
10474:
10457:
7257:
specificity as to time and place, and the failure to provide any sort of evidence".
3651:
with the help of their fighter jets and helicopters, destroying 105 Iraqi tanks, 70
2190:
1838:
use of weapons of mass destruction by Iraqi forces on Iranian soldiers and civilians
29956:
29939:
29900:
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29505:
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25922:
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25754:
25632:
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25002:
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24598:
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24457:
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23234:
23209:
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21980:
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19528:
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19274:
19227:
19173:
19038:
18921:
18849:
18814:
18761:
18394:
18329:
18114:
17761:
17594:
17448:"In 1987, a Secret Iraqi Warplane Struck an American Frigate and Killed 37 Sailors"
17131:
16416:
15028:
14617:
13960:
Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction
13608:
12297:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
12252:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
11880:
11829:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
11521:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
11492:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
11178:
10749:
10469:
9788:
9136:
8833:
8600:
8554:
8534:
8529:
8442:
8319:
8314:
8232:
8200:
8190:
8080:
7672:
7249:
6949:
6890:
6515:
6434:
6231:
6100:, with most high-ranking officers either having fled the country or been executed.
5933:
Despite the costs of the war, the Iraqi regime made generous contributions to Shia
5864:
5736:
5647:
5582:
5574:
5441:
5403:
5287:
5244:
5193:
The same day as Iraq's attack on al-Faw peninsula, the United States Navy launched
5126:
5106:
4892:
4767:
4695:
4675:
4627:
became an ever-increasing concern to foreign powers, especially the United States.
4615:
4552:
In March 1986, the Iranians tried to follow up their success by attempting to take
4522:
4514:
4501:
4359:
4070:
3988:
3969:
3928:
3924:
3894:
3890:
3786:
3767:
3758:
3719:
3537:
3468:
3423:
3085:
2867:
2824:
2728:
2720:
2616:
2565:
2225:. Created to protect the new regime and serve as a counterbalance to the army, the
2176:
2168:
2066:
1687:
1631:
1389:
1344:
1247:
1225:
1218:
1206:
1178:
1171:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
992:
781:
488:
230:
14236:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 568–572.
13271:(2008 hardcover ed.). Woodstock, VT: SkyLight Paths Publishing. p. 143.
9628:
9598:
6491:
Iraq's main financial backers were the oil-rich Persian Gulf states, most notably
3659:
tanks, which possessed armour that could not be pierced from the front by Iranian
2791:
Iran's supplies had not been exhausted, despite sanctions, and the military often
2529:
border to prevent an Iranian counter-attack. Two of the four Iraqi divisions, one
1737:
that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. Active hostilities began with the
29652:
29629:
29346:
29305:
28363:
26979:
26924:
26619:
26547:
25734:
25714:
25689:
25679:
25273:
25203:
25149:
25017:
24604:
24568:
24560:
24218:
23822:
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23676:
23671:
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22796:
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22771:
22623:
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22394:
22183:
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21747:
21446:
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21134:
21036:
20808:
20784:
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20693:
20669:
20554:
20496:
19990:
19879:
19773:
19541:
19520:
19391:
19360:
19207:
19042:
18925:
18262:
Radical Responses to Radical Regimes: Evaluating Preemptive Counter-Proliferation
18146:
17762:"Iraqi Scientist Reports on German, Other Help for Iraq Chemical Weapons Program"
17293:
17103:
17001:
16949:
15271:
15063:
13897:
13878:
13830:
13779:
13201:
13090:
12811:
11884:
10841:
10744:
10086:
9964:
9912:
9672:
9491:
9342:
9116:
8814:
8695:
8632:
8587:
8462:
8388:
8383:
8354:
8339:
8329:
8282:
8242:
8185:
8170:
8140:
8105:
8095:
8090:
7967:
7957:
7839:
7771:
7568:
7552:
7282:
described in a U.S. military textbook and contrasted effects of World War I gas.
7238:
7033:
6752:
6719:
6530:
6525:
6338:
6289:
6235:
6097:
5923:
5898:
5879:
5501:
5477:
5102:
5032:
4710:
and sensors. Behind each waterway and defensive line was radar-guided artillery,
4140:, was struck on 17 May 1987 by two Exocet anti-ship missiles fired from an Iraqi
4124:
3954:
3938:
3822:
3746:
3601:
3562:
withdraw from disputed border territories and begin negotiations to end the war.
3391:
3103:
2804:
2770:
2751:
2658:
2650:
2534:
2498:
2486:
1952:
1853:
1785:'s economic and military superiority as well as its close relationships with the
1038:
1006:
846:
804:
443:
19451:
Nelson, Chad E. (2018). "Revolution and War: Saddam's Decision to Invade Iran".
17073:
The Iran–Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in the Reagan Era
15709:
15485:
The Twilight War: The secret history of America's thirty-year conflict with Iran
9792:
6577:. These secret sales were partly to help secure the release of hostages held in
2084:
30043:
29624:
29607:
29602:
29472:
28693:
28577:
28506:
28433:
28183:
27724:
27191:
25849:
25844:
25659:
25129:
24610:
24592:
24528:
24487:
24184:
24140:
24088:
23983:
23947:
23802:
23777:
23057:
22987:
22465:
21985:
21810:
21298:
21262:
20925:
20843:
20776:
20602:
20157:
19923:
19490:
19334:
Inside West Nile. Violence, History & Representation on an African Frontier
18840:
Barzegar, Kayhan (Winter 2008). "Iran's Foreign Policy in Post-Invasion Iraq".
18670:
18231:
18019:
Sidell, Frederick R.; Urbanetti, John S.; Smith, William J.; Hurst, Charles G.
17419:
16518:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1980: The Iraqi invasion begins".
15361:
14066:
13712:
11926:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1980: The Iraqi invasion begins".
11797:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1980: The Iraqi invasion begins".
8802:
8616:
8610:
8564:
8519:
8447:
8412:
8349:
8344:
8210:
8165:
8115:
8070:
8018:
7986:
7564:
7560:
7303:
7178:
7012:
6777:
6460:
Turkey took action against the Kurds in 1986, alleging they were attacking the
6259:
6239:
6215:
6062:
5944:
5906:
5846:
5826:
5781:
5550:
5453:
5433:
5429:
4965:
4763:
4757:
4741:
4333:
4304:
4221:
3946:
3873:
3838:
3711:
3542:
3500:
3463:
3368:
3280:
3130:
3108:
2958:
2943:
2917:
2855:
2832:
2636:
2608:
1991:
1944:
1940:
1881:
1849:
1758:
1677:
1584:
1325:
1262:
1026:
533:
19513:
19308:
18333:
17835:"U.S. Diplomatic and Commercial Relationships with Iraq, 1980 – 2 August 1990"
17598:
16486:
16240:
13612:
13576:. Vol. 1 of 3. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 April 2007. Archived from
10491:
10301:
Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History, by Jan Palmowski (Oxford, 1997)
6864:
by 1987, the attack had little effect on relations between the two countries.
5496:
to evacuate Iraqi territory to honor pre-war international borders set by the
3565:
On 13 July 1982, Iran began their attack in southern Iraq, near Basra. Called
3178:
The Revolutionary Guard and regular army followed up by surrounding the Iraqi
3111:
and other armored vehicles and withdrew from the previously gained territory.
2320:. Based on these observations, Iraq's leaders decided to carry out a surprise
30074:
29996:
29694:
29426:
28813:
28572:
28481:
28399:
27826:
27220:
27207:
27186:
27176:
27129:
26639:
26205:
26118:
25819:
25794:
25789:
25744:
25739:
25729:
25724:
25704:
25684:
24743:
24174:
24154:
23875:
23827:
23817:
23782:
23734:
23711:
23686:
23450:
23279:
23274:
23151:
22952:
22801:
22696:
22600:
22585:
22555:
22500:
22380:
22335:
22284:
22254:
20957:
20851:
20816:
20538:
20421:
19930:
19721:
19499:
19472:
19443:
19416:
19058:
18398:
18341:
17751:
Center for Documents of The Imposed War, Tehran. (مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات جنگ)
17634:
17246:. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp. 40, 49.
17239:
17055:
Seale, Patrick (2 November 1980). "Israel sends spares for US arms to Iran".
16732:
16380:
16369:"Advances in treatment help more people survive severe injuries to the brain"
13743:
Yaphe, Judith (2013). "Changing American Perspectives on the Iran–Iraq war".
13457:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1983–1984: A war of attrition".
12975:
12230:
11892:
10647:. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. p. 29.
10483:
10387:
10264:
10222:
10033:
9842:
9800:
9509:
9344:
Shi'ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities
9310:"Iran's Shia Diplomacy: Religious and Foreign Policy in the Islamic Republic"
8605:
8582:
8524:
8494:
8452:
8334:
8247:
8205:
8175:
8065:
8033:
7962:
7779:
7649:
7614:
7319:
6735:
6681:
6364:
6247:
5969:
5894:
5797:
5717:
5631:
5594:
analysts believe events do not substantiate the high casualties claimed. The
5425:
5351:
With the threat of a new and even more powerful invasion, Commander-in-Chief
5296:
4961:
4855:
4808:
4714:
and helicopters, all capable of firing poison gas or conventional munitions.
4169:
3704:
3633:
3580:
3504:
3418:
3363:
3331:
3301:
2979:
2935:
and the competition ended, the performance of the Iranian military improved.
2612:
2569:
2359:
2282:
2180:
2070:
1999:
1877:
1865:
1801:
1033:
199:
18882:
17268:
Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq
15928:
15633:
13806:. United States District Court: Southern District Florida. 31 January 1995.
13338:
10662:
10624:
10546:
10429:
10182:
9258:"Memoires of Afghan volunteers in Iran–Iraq war published (tehrantimes.com)"
5692:
5178:
2982:
is considered to be one of the most sophisticated air operations of the war.
2409:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
29393:
29295:
28496:
28368:
27649:
27134:
26748:
26614:
25907:
25839:
25809:
25709:
24658:
24467:
24447:
24188:
24180:
24170:
23701:
23467:
23264:
22972:
22967:
22957:
22791:
22628:
22613:
22565:
22474:
22019:
21885:
21308:
21257:
20965:
20949:
20933:
20875:
19783:
19602:
19362:
Unburied Memories: The Politics of Bodies of Sacred Defense Martyrs in Iran
19138:
18555:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1987–1988: An end in sight?".
18182:
16965:"Confrontation in the Gulf; French Reportedly Sent Iraq Chemical War Tools"
16830:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1987–1988: An end in sight?".
16428:
15957:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1987–1988: An end in sight?".
15454:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1987–1988: An end in sight?".
15331:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1987–1988: An end in sight?".
14900:
13786:. George Washington University National Security Archive, 25 February 2003.
12330:
11680:
11579:
10794:
10602:
10499:
10030:"The state of the air combat readiness of Iran ... • corporal_historian_23"
9553:
8457:
8145:
8110:
8013:
7991:
7606:
7536:
7531:
6704:
6538:
6492:
6411:
6360:
Support to Iraq was given via technological aid, intelligence, the sale of
6251:
5902:
5822:
5449:
5256:
5198:
5067:
4996:
4957:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4839:
4671:
4653:
4575:
4526:
4429:
4397:
4355:
4276:
4262:, and launched them against Baghdad. These too inflicted damage upon Iraq.
4105:
The Iranian Navy imposed a naval blockade of Iraq, using its British-built
4099:
4066:
3802:
3605:
3570:
3454:
3387:
3314:
3147:
3125:
3003:
2987:
2872:
2785:
2702:
2654:
2584:
failed to materialise, as most of the ethnic Arabs remained loyal to Iran.
2545:
2324:
against the Iranian air force's infrastructure prior to the main invasion.
2218:
2062:
1885:
1782:
1778:
1762:
500:
18499:
18441:
18315:"Preventive Attacks Against Nuclear Programs and the "Success" at Osiraq""
17511:"Rules of Engagement for Land Forces: A Matter of Training, Not Lawyering"
15110:
15032:
14190:"The 'Dawn of Victory' campaigns to the 'Final Push': Part Three of Three"
12735:. Ghazalah's Phased Analysis of Combat Operations. Small Wars Foundation.
9599:"Iraq–Iran war becoming Arab-Persian war? (The Christian Science Monitor)"
9406:
5724:
in 1998, cross border raids, and mortar attacks. Iran carried out several
5197:
in retaliation against Iran for damaging a warship with a mine. Iran lost
3778:. Iraq launched airstrikes, and equipped attack helicopters with chemical
3248:
2544:
The two armoured divisions secured the territory bounded by the cities of
1761:
that Iran, a theocratic state with a population predominantly composed of
30057:
29515:
29467:
29462:
29191:
29173:
28552:
27691:
27339:
27230:
27181:
27046:
27031:
25932:
25859:
25829:
25814:
25779:
24862:
24653:
24462:
24094:
23885:
23847:
23696:
23532:
23457:
23254:
22816:
22706:
22670:
22421:
22106:
22029:
21860:
18765:
18616:"Iran–Iraq War, 30 Years Later: From Foes to Allies with U.S. In Between"
17472:
16920:
An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945–1996
14188:
Aboul-Enein, Youssef; Bertrand, Andrew; Corley, Dorothy (23 April 2012).
13773:
Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein: The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq, 1980–1983
13334:
12727:
Aboul-Enein, Youssef; Bertrand, Andrew; Corley, Dorothy (12 April 2012).
8539:
8100:
8028:
7888:
7874:
7801:
Besides the Iran–Iraq war, the 1990 Iraq–Kuwait conflict, as well as The
7307:
7203:
7195:
7026:
7019:
6937:
6933:
6604:
6569:
6314:
6223:
6219:
6211:
5627:
5150:
5114:
5070:
5040:
4595:
4477:
4421:
4228:
3973:
3660:
3520:
By the end of 1982, Iraq had been resupplied with new Soviet and Chinese
3398:
3359:
3260:
3191:
2628:
2573:
2211:
2167:
In Iran, severe officer purges, including numerous executions ordered by
1978:
1936:
1929:
1917:
1774:
172:
19239:
15040:
14064:
9808:
9776:
6642:; it was not unusual to see Iranian and Iraqi flagged ships anchored at
4888:
4239:
181:
28599:
27164:
27036:
26984:
26711:
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002
26181:
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991
25854:
25674:
25622:
25387:
24434:
24225:
22962:
22060:
21451:
20973:
20941:
20867:
20835:
20645:
17244:
The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World
11858:
10818:
10518:
10297:
10295:
10154:
8043:
7599:
7295:
7211:
6695:, included several billion dollars' worth of economic aid, the sale of
6050:
6017:
5871:
5769:
5765:
5705:
5472:
5421:
5352:
5272:
5110:
4579:
4506:
4279:, which had been occupied by the Iraqis from the beginning of the war.
4165:
During the course of the war, Iran attacked two Soviet merchant ships.
4141:
4031:
4019:
3916:
3903:
3869:
3850:
3629:
3390:
sold Iraq dual-use pesticides and poisons that would be used to create
3264:
3223:
3058:
2999:
2995:
2947:
2921:
2646:
2333:
1901:
1398:
569:
404:
18671:"Iraqi Christians want a stronger state and weaker militias – opinion"
18151:
The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the Gulf Crisis
17848:
Galbraith, Peter W.; Van Hollen, Christopher Jr. (21 September 1988).
17298:
The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the Gulf Crisis
14622:
10799:
Becoming Enemies: U.S.–Iran Relations and the Iran–Iraq War, 1979–1988
6643:
5743:, both in Baghdad. The war also helped to create a forerunner for the
5278:
4220:
Fitter were used against smaller or shorter range targets, as well as
2497:
Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980. The
1800:, as a result of which Iraq planned to retake the eastern bank of the
26035:
23772:
23744:
23691:
23229:
22921:
22881:
21186:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
20906:
20883:
20677:
20610:
20578:
19704:
19231:
17553:
No Higher Honor: Saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf
17338:
17116:
Terrill, W. Andrew (Spring 2015). "Iran's Strategy for Saving Asad".
15767:(Revised ed.). England: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 152.
13918:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Archived from
13748:
13574:
Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD
11876:
10247:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
9661:
Dancing with Saddam: The Strategic Tango of Jordanian–Iraqi Relations
9569:"Sudanese Brigades Could Provide Key Aid for Iraq; Military Analysis"
7261:
6876:. It criticised Iran's mining of international waters, and sponsored
6838:
6815:
6586:
6534:
6472:
5748:
5725:
5553:, albeit with severe debt, financial problems, and labour shortages.
5323:
5202:
5154:
5118:
4924:
4867:
4707:
4557:
4425:
4410:
4135:
4119:
4115:
4087:
on 13 May 1984, as well as a Saudi tanker in Saudi waters on 16 May.
3950:
3920:
3861:
3762:
3700:
3529:
3514:
3206:
3077:
3050:
2986:
The Iraqi Air Force, badly damaged by the Iranians, was moved to the
2932:
2889:
2632:
2553:
2321:
2294:
2099:
1828:
pushing Iraqi forces back to the pre-war border lines, Iran rejected
674:
212:
24260:
19464:
18818:
18109:
18107:
17793:"Exclusive: CIA Files Prove America Helped Saddam as He Gassed Iran"
17415:"Exclusive: CIA Files Prove America Helped Saddam as He Gassed Iran"
17190:"La guerre du Golfe Le colonel Kadhafi critique la France et l'Iran"
17135:
16772:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1981–1982: Stalemate".
15132:
11986:(Report). Central Intelligence Agency. 10 March 1980. Archived from
10292:
9531:
6872:
U.S. attention was focused on isolating Iran as well as maintaining
6081:
5540:
was erected to commemorate the fallen Iraqi soldiers during the war.
4895:, Iraqi Defense Minister, meeting with Iraqi soldiers during the war
4319:
4307:
and Mirage F-1 jets as well as Super Frelon helicopters, armed with
2788:
and fuel supplies, and was strangling Iraq through an aerial siege.
1489:
29870:
29810:
27302:
27169:
27159:
26347:
26165:
25065:
Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites
24960:
24425:
23988:
23289:
23119:
23102:
22876:
22871:
22096:
21436:
21318:
20570:
18620:
18264:. McNair Paper. National Defense University Library. Archived from
17194:
17162:
15680:"Iran Reports New Iraqi Gas Raids; And Says Cities May be Hit Next"
14870:
A speech on 4 April 1985 by Ruhollah Khomeini in Persian quoted in
14609:
Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy
10562:"Centi-Kilo Murdering States: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations"
8913:
8828:
7802:
7791:
7783:
7740:
7657:
7629:
7621:
7416:
7343:
7271:
7265:
it did not possess any at the time". Documents uncovered after the
6297:
5292:
5081:
5009:
4909:
4827:
4553:
4406:
4381:
4192:
3845:
3826:
3818:
3771:
3574:
3521:
3375:
3019:
3011:
2974:
2506:
2123:
1925:
1844:
all culminated in Iran's acceptance of a ceasefire brokered by the
1812:
increased following the outbreak of hostilities; Saddam disputedly
1589:
1535:
205:
An Iranian soldier in a trench wearing a gas mask to guard against
141:
103:
19081:"Phase Five: New Iranian Efforts at "Final Offensives", 1986–1887"
17000:, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, archived from
16651:
The Shia revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future
16124:
use of force, which is regarded as one of the rules of jus cogens.
14362:"Phase Five: New Iranian Efforts at "Final Offensives", 1986–1887"
13221:
5712:, which carried out multiple attacks throughout Iran up until the
5651:
territories in the border area, it was likely they would succeed.
4243:
A map indicating the attacks on civilian areas of Iran, Iraq, and
3486:
2591:
on Iran probably took place during the fighting around Susangerd.
1939:
in terms of the tactics used by both sides, including large-scale
28594:
27334:
25278:
23916:
23749:
23706:
22886:
22831:
22639:
20562:
19524:
19304:
Fanning the Flames: Guns, Greed & Geopolitics in the Gulf War
18984:
World Conflicts: A Comprehensive Guide to World Strife Since 1945
18104:
16751:(3rd print ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
14124:
A Social History of Iranian Cinema The Globalizing Era, 1984–2010
12439:
World Conflicts: A Comprehensive Guide to World Strife Since 1945
10458:"Iranian casualties during the eight years of Iraq–Iran conflict"
9046:
9007:
8941:
8898:
7745:
7225:
6582:
6578:
5961:
5612:
5537:
5481:
5364:
5167:
5146:
5130:
4901:
4473:
4469:
4106:
4084:
3958:
3868:, as southern Iraq is marshy and filled with wetlands. Iran used
3794:
3779:
2828:
2104:
2004:
242:
152:
30060:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
25512:
Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act
19547:
19428:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
18805:
Takeyh, Ray (Summer 2010). "The Iran–Iraq War: A Reassessment".
18393:(4). Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs: 7–33.
16177:"Iran and Iraq remember war that cost more than a million lives"
15910:
Pelletiere, Stephen C.; Johnson, Douglas V. (10 December 1990).
15215:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from
10678:"Iran and Iraq remember war that cost more than a million lives"
7705:
7351:
6589:. This arms-for-hostages agreement turned into a major scandal.
5322:. Shortly afterwards, Iraqi aircraft bombed the Iranian town of
2354:
877:
30101:
Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
29152:
27511:
Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
25400:
Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
23629:
23284:
22445:
21765:
20594:
17821:
17623:"Iran Still Haunted and Influenced By Chemical Weapons Attacks"
17479:
The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
15790:"Threats And Responses: Briefly Noted; Iran–Iraq Prisoner Deal"
13382:
12601:"The Evolution of Iranian Warfighting during the Iran–Iraq War"
12068:"The Pasdaran: Inside Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps"
11792:
11790:
11779:
8993:
8927:
7689:
7684:
7547:
6834:
6822:
6783:
6650:
6592:
6496:
6430:
6332:. Following Iran's success in repelling the Iraqi invasion and
6329:
6242:
by the Iraqi government against Iranian troops, civilians, and
5927:
5623:
5372:
4936:
4465:
4414:
4409:. They also created and fielded their own homemade drones, the
4362:, which they had failed to achieve in Operations Dawn 5 and 6.
4323:
Iraqi commanders discussing strategies on the battlefront, 1986
4308:
4244:
4213:
4079:
4065:
started when Iraq attacked the oil terminal and oil tankers at
3806:
3750:
3383:
3327:
3288:
3054:
2991:
2885:
2847:
2808:
2777:
2670:
2557:
2479:
2286:
1921:
1889:
223:
24515:
Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)
20451:
18952:خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency
17044:
on 20 June 2015 – via Federation of American Scientists.
16294:
Re-published by Peterson Institute for International Economics
15919:. Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication. Washington, D.C.:
15019:
Rubin, Michael (Spring 2003). "Are Kurds a pariah minority?".
14415:
8735:
Estimates of Iranian casualties during the Iran–Iraq War vary.
7563:
attack on a nuclear reactor to forestall the development of a
6859:
Though American officials claimed that the pilot who attacked
6730:
6596:
opportunity to create business for the Israeli arms industry.
6425:
as the primary source, but also quoting French officials, the
6410:
According to the Stockholm International Peace Institute, the
6398:
4960:
but lost five aircraft to Iranian F-14 Tomcats, including two
1777:. Iraq also wished to replace Iran as the power player in the
29201:
28287:
25263:
24477:
23842:
22826:
21303:
18119:
A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja
16993:
14902:نگاهی به نقش ناشناخته "تلاش" و "مهاجر" در کربلای 5 و والفجر 8
13385:"Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982"
12917:
The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian Terror
12840:
The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian Terror
11745:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "The opponents".
11716:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "The opponents".
11651:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "The opponents".
10768:
10455:
9033:
8979:
8955:
7835:
7782:
also, until it was used to refer to the conflict between the
7653:
7207:
6944:
feared that she was under attack. The Iranians maintain that
6793:
6243:
6012:
5975:
5368:
5218:
Faced with such losses, Khomeini appointed Rafsanjani as the
4835:
4783:
4631:
4607:
4582:
missiles, which destroyed numerous Iraqi tanks and vehicles.
4445:
4300:
4259:
4217:
4205:
4201:
3992:
3593:
3525:
3406:
3402:
3318:
3292:
3276:
had captured over 450 tanks and armoured personnel carriers.
2962:
2851:
2836:
2803:
sites in the southern portion of the country. When Iraq laid
2800:
2781:
2666:
2549:
2514:
2510:
2233:
2198:, who was also commander-in-chief, inspecting a Jeep-mounted
2135:
2119:
1913:
1905:
1893:
1757:
to Iraq. There were also fears among the Iraqi leadership of
447:
26333:
Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–2024)
18790:
Barzegar, Kayhan (2004). "The New Iraqi Challenge to Iran".
18590:(Updated ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
18530:"I Persian Gulf War: Iraqi Invasion of Iran, September 1980"
17959:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "Introduction".
17784:
17070:
Marshall, Jonathan; Scott, Peter Dale; Hunter, Jane (1987).
16736:(International ed.). 19 September 1987. pp. 56–57.
13720:(Master's thesis). Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School.
13285:
12702:. U.S. Army: Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from
12455:
11787:
8744:
Estimates of Iraqi casualties during the Iran–Iraq War vary.
7551:
nuclear reactor in September 1980 was the first attack on a
6811:
5251:). In four days, the People's Mujahedin of Iran wiped out a
5000:
primarily attacking unflagged tankers shipping in the area.
3853:. They were successful in Kurdistan, but not southern Iraq.
3556:
2669:, Iraq, destroying two oil terminals near the Iraqi port of
2340:, but Saddam Hussein publicly denied this in November 1980.
28173:
27639:
26405:
2003 United States–British–Spanish Draft Resolution on Iraq
26108:
24733:
23037:
23014:
22757:
22751:
21083:
20546:
20482:
13910:
Mearsheimer, John J.; Walt, Stephen M. (12 November 2002).
12237:
11134:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11126:
10277:
Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century (1999), pp. 134–135.
9907:
9905:
9903:
9901:
8884:
8879:
7744:
An Iranian mother mourning her son in a military cemetery.
6692:
6542:
5987:
launched a major effort to rebuild the damaged oil plants.
5935:
5044:
dying and suffering health effects over following decades.
4779:
4775:
4255:
4022:
to be directly involved in the conflict on the Iraqi side.
3937:
began on 24 February with Iranian infantrymen crossing the
3810:
3775:
3675:
The furthest ground gains made by both sides during the war
3656:
3613:
3461:, whose leader was the politically powerful speaker of the
3211:
2913:
2909:
2843:
2108:
1741:
and lasted for nearly eight years, until the acceptance of
1730:
507:
495:
483:
471:
338:
283:
271:(7 years, 10 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
24883:
Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani
16801:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "Conclusion".
16136:
14876:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 132–134.
14418:"Persian Gulf War, 1980–1988: The Mother of All Build-Ups"
14065:
Special to The Christian Science Monitor (7 August 1985).
13963:(1st published ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
13685:. U.N. Observer & International Report. Archived from
13676:
13674:
13672:
13670:
13668:
13666:
13664:
12545:"Persian Gulf War: Iraqi Invasion of Iran, September 1980"
12378:
The Lessons of Modern War: Volume;– The Iran–Iraq Conflict
11124:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11116:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11108:
11106:
8608:, prominent photographer of the Iran–Iraq War, creator of
5796:, which further strained the Iraqi economy and pushed its
3734:(Dawn) Operations, that eventually numbered to 10. During
3666:
1823:
While the Iraqi leadership had hoped to take advantage of
25189:
United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil
22061:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
18860:
17850:
Chemical Weapons Use in Kurdistan: Iraq's Final Offensive
15905:
15903:
15901:
14369:
The Lessons of Modern War – Volume II: Iran–Iraq War
14187:
13784:
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82
13607:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 54–91,
13432:"Viewpoints of the Iranian political and military elites"
12726:
12285:
No Conquest, No Defeat: Iran's National Security Strategy
11837:. pp. 59–61, 63 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
11546:
9407:"Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Project Muse)"
5919:
5788:, which in turn worsened Iraq's financial situation: the
5774:
4986:
U.S. flag. They did so in March, and the U.S. Navy began
4690:
3496:
3321:, one of the few nations that supported Iran, closed the
3137:
2343:
2134:
By 1980, Iraq possessed 242,000 soldiers, second only to
161:
26313:
December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
25415:
Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections
25321:
December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
17222:
El camino de la libertad: la democracia año a año (1986)
17158:"La Libye 'rééquilibre' sa position au profit de l'Irak"
15418:
15416:
15264:
13012:"Lessons of Modern Warfare: The Iran Iraq War Chapter V"
12757:
Tucker, A.R. (May 1988). "Armored warfare in the Gulf".
9898:
7055:
6510:
scandal revealed that a branch of Italy's largest bank,
6402:
An Iraqi Mil Mi-24 on display at the military museum of
2706:
Resistance of the outnumbered and outgunned Iranians in
24848:
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights
18563:. pp. 330–331 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
18500:"Hind in Foreign Service / Hind Upgrades / Mi-28 Havoc"
17556:. Persian Gulf: Naval Institute Press. pp. 61–63.
16838:. pp. 328–330 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
16809:. pp. 350–354 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
16780:. pp. 171–173 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
16526:. pp. 107–109 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
15965:. pp. 300–301 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
15487:. New York: Penguin Press. p. 434 (Photo plates).
15462:. pp. 334–335 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
15339:. pp. 318–320 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
14183:
14181:
14179:
14177:
14175:
14173:
14171:
14169:
14167:
14165:
14163:
13661:
13465:. pp. 252–253 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
13178:"Saddam's Generals: A Perspective of the Iran–Iraq War"
12784:(1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 22.
12722:
12720:
12718:
12716:
11934:. pp. 103–106 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
11805:. pp. 104–106 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
11103:
10878:
10876:
10207:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 2.
6917:
In the course of escorts by the U.S. Navy, the cruiser
6667:
United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War
5905:
as having "assumed genocidal proportions" by 1988. The
5492:
At the war's conclusion, it took several weeks for the
5282:
Iranian soldiers captured during Iraq's 1988 offensives
4801:
At the same time as Operation Karbala 5, Iran launched
4003:
3513:
territories along the border. Saddam began a policy of
2482:
after Iraqi forces attacked Tehran on 22 September 1980
2073:, the Iraqi government initially seemed to welcome the
2031:, an exiled leader of clerical opposition to the Shah.
1998:
In April 1969, Iran abrogated the 1937 treaty over the
27559:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
27277:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
26899:
Permanent Mission of North Korea to the United Nations
25532:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
18251:
18249:
18224:"Iran: Eyes on the Skies Over Bushehr Nuclear Reactor"
17017:
16460:
15898:
15425:"Officers Say US Aided Iraq in war despite use of gas"
14936:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 217.
14161:
14159:
14157:
14155:
14153:
14151:
14149:
14147:
14145:
14143:
10321:
10319:
7696:
6722:
when he remarked, "It's a pity they both can't lose."
6559:
North Korean support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War
5642:
them (Iran destroyed them in 1993 after ratifying the
5398:
4685:
1047:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
26879:
United States Special Representatives for North Korea
25893:
Academic relations between Iran and the United States
25542:
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
18883:"Iraq War | Summary, Causes, Combatants, & Facts"
18732:"Reflecting on the Iran–Iraq War, Thirty Years Later"
18018:
16492:(Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2.
16335:"Iraq war reparations to Kuwait could be reduced: UK"
16103:(Report). U.N. Secretary General's. 9 December 1991.
15873:
Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century (1996), pp. 134–135
15823:. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers. p. 208.
15413:
14874:
Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran
14777:
14775:
13934:"Navy Theft Ring Linked to Iran Undetected for Years"
12946:"Iran–Iraq War bogs down in rain, conflicting claims"
12861:
12305:. pp. 62–63 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
12260:. pp. 61–62 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
11753:. pp. 79–80 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
11724:. pp. 77–79 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
11659:. pp. 71–73 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
11529:. pp. 61–62 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
11500:. pp. 58–59 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
9150:
7760:
7753:
6688:
during the Iran–Iraq War, in which it fought against
6563:
While the United States directly fought Iran, citing
3730:
From early 1983–1984, Iran launched a series of four
3025:
2159:, and demanded his withdrawal from Iraq by 15 March.
1796:
The Iran–Iraq War followed a long-running history of
28909:
2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
28661:
27922:
2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
25958:
Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America
24878:
Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei
19088:
The Lessons of Modern War – Volume II: Iran–Iraq War
17697:(1st ed.). Chandni Chowk, Delhi: Global Media.
16653:(New ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 140.
15560:
15558:
15213:
The Lessons of Modern War – Volume II: Iran–Iraq War
13950:
13383:
Thomas Cooper and Farzad Bishop (9 September 2003).
12713:
10873:
9381:
The Iran–Iraq War. A Military and Strategic History.
9130:
7864:
7824:
7778:). That name, or simply the 'Gulf War', was used by
7294:
explosives"—did not withstand scrutiny; UN official
6867:
6300:, which saw Saddam ousted from power and ultimately
6276:
International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War
6214:
in terms of the tactics used, including large-scale
5751:
states banded together early in the war to form the
5602:
5085:
An Iranian soldier wearing a gas mask during the war
4751:
4187:
Meanwhile, Iraq's air force also began carrying out
3417:
On 20 June 1982, Saddam announced that he wanted to
2742:
remained, and fighting continued until 10 November.
1994:(left to right) during the Algiers Agreement in 1975
1661:
25095:
Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner
19399:
The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History
19008:
The Gulf War: Its Origins, History and Consequences
18557:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
18473:
Boevye vertolety Rossii. Ot "Omegi" do "Alligatora"
18246:
17961:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
17847:
17069:
16832:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
16803:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
16774:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
16730:"The Arming, and Disarming, of Iran's Revolution".
16683:(Revised ed.). England: W.W. Norton & Co.
16520:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
15959:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
15845:"Iran–Iraq War: Legal and International Dimensions"
15456:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
15333:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
14934:
The Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991
14416:Thomas Coper and Farzad Bishop (9 September 2003).
14319:"Iran Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)"
14293:"Iraq Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)"
14140:
13542:
The Gulf War: Its Origins, History and Consequences
13459:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
13047:
13045:
13043:
13041:
13039:
12543:Cooper, Thomas; Bishop, Farzad (9 September 2003).
12491:
12489:
12462:Robinson, Julian Perry; Goldbat, Jozef (May 1984).
12299:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
12254:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
11928:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
11831:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
11799:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
11747:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
11718:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
11653:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
11523:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
11494:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
10316:
9462:
The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History
7177:* The actual casualties may be much higher, as the
6742:
in the Oval Office of the White House, 20 July 1984
6337:began to provide limited support to Iraq. In 1982,
6269:
4877:
3647:(1–21 November), the Iranians captured part of the
3533:and prepared new defence lines and fortifications.
3006:, destroying 27–50 Iraqi fighter jets and bombers.
1864:; whereas Iran re-established an alliance with the
19252:
19005:
18877:
18875:
18186:
18025:Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
17661:
17476:
14772:
14745:
12500:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 135.
12334:
11684:
11583:
10609:. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 89.
10240:
10238:
10236:
10234:
10232:
9942:
9940:
9843:"The 'beauty' and the horror of the Iran–Iraq war"
7786:. The Iran–Iraq War was rarely referred to as the
7241:, senior defense intelligence officer at the U.S.
6365:chemical and biological warfare related technology
5507:The Security Council did not identify Iraq as the
4638:
3343:self-confident, and less prone to seek compromise.
2680:, striking and badly damaging the nearly-complete
1798:territorial border disputes between the two states
29838:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
25600:Iranian Students Association in the United States
17822:United Nations Security Council (12 March 1986).
17664:Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East
17335:The Iran–Iraq War: New International Perspectives
16274:"Op-ed: The Right Way to Ease Iraq's Debt Burden"
16000:The Superpower's Involvement in the Iran Iraq War
15909:
15891:"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson,
15821:The superpowers' involvement in the Iran–Iraq War
15555:
15385:
15383:
14449:
14447:
14445:
14443:
13745:The Iran–Iraq War: New International Perspectives
12520:
12464:"Chemical Warfare in the Iran–Iraq War 1980–1988"
11471:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 1–8, 12–16, 19–82.
10405:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10397:
10356:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10344:
10334:"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson,
6966:
6394:British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War
6390:Italian support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war
6082:Comparison of Iraqi and Iranian military strength
5262:
3941:using motorboats and transport helicopters in an
3761:, the Iranians directed insurgency operations by
3432:Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq
3163:Iran's next major offensive, led by then Colonel
2927:The battle had been ordered by Iranian president
2122:as the "leader of the Arab world" and to achieve
30072:
27067:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
26964:Recovery of US human remains from the Korean War
25135:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
16484:
16271:
15729:"Hussein charged with genocide in 50,000 deaths"
15125:
14981:
14979:
14977:
14975:
14973:
14971:
14969:
14967:
14411:
14409:
14407:
14405:
14403:
14401:
14399:
14397:
13378:
13376:
13374:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13360:
13036:
12538:
12536:
12534:
12532:
12495:
12486:
11997:
11554:"Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Saddam Hussein"
11462:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11448:
11446:
11444:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11432:
11430:
11428:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11416:
11414:
10524:The Longest War: The Iran–Iraq Military Conflict
10285:
10283:
10160:The Longest War: The Iran–Iraq Military Conflict
9874:"Saddam offers to conclude full peace with Iran"
9340:
7857:Husinie, made a cultural impact during the war.
7675:) by Sheikh Abbas Qumi given to all volunteers.
7559:in history. It was also the first instance of a
7329:
6772:and later affirmed by the G-7 leaders headed by
6634:Besides the United States and the Soviet Union,
6386:French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War
5893:The crackdown on Kurds saw 8,000 members of the
5267:On 25 May 1988, Iraq launched the first of five
4114:to their targets. Iran began to rely on its new
3945:. The Iranians attacked the vital oil-producing
3237:
2162:
1773:, which was officially secular and dominated by
29991:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
28951:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
27964:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
27298:2008 New York Philharmonic visit to North Korea
26889:Ambassadors of the United States to South Korea
26706:Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001
26410:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441
21122:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
19190:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991
18872:
15882:War Annual: The World in Conflict War Annual .
15765:The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Journey to Freedom
15353:
14895:
14893:
14480:
13909:
13171:
13169:
13167:
13165:
13163:
13161:
13159:
13157:
13155:
13153:
13151:
13149:
12805:
12803:
12801:
12594:
12592:
12590:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12567:
12461:
12375:Cordesman, Anthony H.; Wagner, Abraham (1990).
12374:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12185:
12183:
12164:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991
12059:
11625:
11621:
11619:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11611:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11400:
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11396:
11394:
11392:
11390:
11388:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11376:
11374:
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11368:
11366:
11364:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11350:
11348:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11334:
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11328:
11326:
11324:
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11320:
11318:
11316:
11314:
11312:
11310:
11308:
11306:
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11298:
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11288:
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11284:
11282:
11280:
11278:
11276:
11274:
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11270:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11262:
11260:
11258:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11240:
11238:
11236:
11234:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10289:Dunnigan, A Quick and Dirty Guide to War (1991)
10229:
9937:
9748:
8845:This was a "decision" rather than a resolution.
8628:List of Iranian commanders in the Iran–Iraq War
6992:Usage of chemical weapons by Iraq against Iran
6800:
5047:
4589:
4358:using pontoon bridges and captured part of the
3612:AH-1 Cobra helicopters stopped the Iraqis from
3487:Iran invades Iraq and Iraqi tactics in response
3308:
2691:
2521:where most of its combat aircraft were stored.
2034:
1620:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
26502:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq
26338:2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria
26318:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad
25346:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
25326:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad
25296:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports
25184:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq
24873:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush
24785:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz
24780:Interests Section of Iran in the United States
21208:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
21107:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
20300:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
19273:
19092:Center for Strategic and International Studies
17938:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Alphan. p. 190.
17877:"U.S. Says It Monitored Iraqi Messages on Gas"
17868:
17040:(Report). Congressional Record. Archived from
16681:The soul of Iran a nation's journey to freedom
16507:– via Federation of American Scientists.
16261:– via Federation of American Scientists.
15380:
15055:
15018:
14635:
14633:
14440:
14373:Center for Strategic and International Studies
14002:
14000:
13903:
13706:
13704:
13564:
13562:
13534:
13532:
13530:
13528:
13526:
13524:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13516:
13514:
13512:
13510:
13508:
13506:
13504:
13502:
13426:
13424:
13422:
13420:
13418:
13416:
13414:
13412:
13410:
13391:. Air Combat Information Group. Archived from
13147:
13145:
13143:
13141:
13139:
13137:
13135:
13133:
13131:
13129:
13101:
13099:
12551:. Air Combat Information Group. Archived from
12003:
11232:
11230:
11228:
11226:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11216:
11214:
11080:
11078:
11076:
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11056:
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11046:
11044:
11042:
11040:
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11028:
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11024:
11022:
11020:
11018:
11016:
11014:
11012:
11010:
11008:
11006:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10998:
10996:
10994:
10992:
10990:
10988:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10966:
10964:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10940:
10938:
10936:
10934:
10932:
10930:
10928:
10926:
10924:
10922:
10920:
10918:
10916:
10914:
10912:
10774:
10414:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8.
10394:
10341:
10091:. Harvard University Press. pp. 543–544.
9969:. Harvard University Press. p. 515, 540.
9536:. New Approaches in Islamic Studies. Jakarta:
9526:
8676:A City Under Siege: Tales of the Iran-Iraq War
7903:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
7794:, after which the previous war was dubbed the
6376:and participated in the war alongside Iraqis.
5821:treating wounded soldiers, later establishing
5239:(MEK) conducted a military operation known as
5076:
4694:Burned-out vehicles shown in the aftermath of
4269:
3270:
2350:Iraqi invasion of Iran § Border conflicts
2263:
1830:United Nations Security Council Resolution 514
1743:United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
29301:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
29138:
28647:
28156:
27622:
27549:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
27389:
27320:Korean American National Coordinating Council
27267:North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2013
27257:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
26830:
26091:
25492:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
24716:
24276:
23932:
22733:
20990:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
20467:
19563:
19423:
19000:
18189:Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq
17720:"In Iran, grim reminders of Saddam's arsenal"
17383:"Presentation on Gulf Oil Disruption 5–22–84"
17228:] (in Spanish). El Mundo. pp. 27–32.
16740:
16204:
16202:
14964:
14571:Desert Storm at Sea: What the Navy Really Did
14394:
14211:. Alabama: Air University Press. p. 56.
13998:
13996:
13994:
13992:
13990:
13988:
13986:
13984:
13982:
13980:
13538:
13500:
13498:
13496:
13494:
13492:
13490:
13488:
13486:
13484:
13482:
13389:Arabian Peninsula & Persian Gulf Database
13357:
12686:
12684:
12682:
12680:
12678:
12529:
12432:
12430:
12428:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12337:Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq
12157:
12155:
12153:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12145:
12143:
12141:
12139:
12137:
12135:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12127:
12125:
12123:
12121:
12119:
12117:
12115:
12113:
12111:
12109:
11687:Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq
11628:The Iran–Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression
11586:Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq
11466:
10910:
10908:
10906:
10904:
10902:
10900:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10892:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10439:
10309:
10307:
10280:
10198:
10196:
10194:
10192:
10117:
10065:The Lessons of Modern War: The Iran–Iraq War.
9669:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
9215:Please help adding a more precise page range.
8778:
8400:
7512:
6609:Among the other arms suppliers and supporters
5407:
5307:
4774:), was an offensive operation carried out by
4525:in southern Iraq, the only area touching the
3201:
3190:that had camped close to the Iranian town of
2957:left the coalition because of a dispute with
2304:The only qualms the Iraqis had were over the
1769:by rallying Iraq's Shia majority against the
1647:
1505:
893:
71:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
29071:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
28466:2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London
28446:2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel
28089:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
27364:Category:North Korea–United States relations
26600:Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf
26371:Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations
25614:Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans
25610:Organization of Iranian American Communities
22066:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
17904:
17902:
17283:. New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991.
16897:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
16857:
16855:
16549:
16405:
15758:
15756:
15754:
15600:"The Iran–Iraq War: Unattainable Objectives"
15567:Iran's strategic intentions and capabilities
15362:"The Forgotten Victims of the Iran–Iraq War"
14956:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
14925:
14890:
14601:
14599:
14597:
14595:
14474:
13260:
12798:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12670:
12668:
12666:
12664:
12662:
12660:
12658:
12581:
12542:
12496:Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004).
12420:
12418:
12416:
12414:
12412:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12402:
12363:
12180:
12107:
12105:
12103:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12095:
12093:
12091:
12089:
12031:
12029:
12027:
11630:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
11608:
10700:
10631:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10589:
10587:
10249:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 418.
9459:Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014).
8788:
7817:
7652:, which saw 20,000 tons of bombs dropped on
6784:U.S. knowledge of Iraqi chemical weapons use
5494:Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran
4387:
3690:
2892:, consisting of tank brigades from the 16th
2560:. On the central front, the Iraqis occupied
2221:organisation gained prominence in Iran, the
29154:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
28451:2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel
28393:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
27062:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
26630:Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq
25973:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
24831:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
21176:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
19396:
19358:
18905:
18866:
18554:
18378:Raas, Whitney; Long, Austin (Spring 2007).
17958:
17543:
17363:"The USS Vincennes: Public War, Secret War"
17273:
17260:
17226:The Path of Liberty: Democracy Year to Year
16829:
16800:
16771:
16517:
16029:
15956:
15604:Middle East Review of International Affairs
15597:
15593:
15591:
15589:
15587:
15453:
15391:"1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack"
15330:
15200:
15198:
15196:
15194:
15192:
15190:
15188:
15186:
15184:
15182:
15180:
15178:
15176:
15174:
15061:
14630:
14481:Dugdale-Pointon, T.D.P. (27 October 2002).
14422:Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf Database
13912:"Can Saddam Be Contained? History Says Yes"
13891:Iran Says Iraqis' Withdrawal Won't End War
13701:
13559:
13545:(1st published ed.). London: Methuen.
13456:
13407:
13194:
13126:
13096:
12549:Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf Database
12296:
12251:
12004:Farmanfarmaian, Roxane (14 February 2011).
11925:
11828:
11796:
11744:
11715:
11650:
11520:
11491:
11211:
10669:
10244:
10149:
10080:
10078:
10076:
10074:
9458:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8707:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
8576:
7979:
7805:from 2003 to 2011 have all been called the
6033:and on 30 August, killed Iran's president,
5912:
5565:. Combatants include 79,664 members of the
5213:
5173:
4702:Shatt-al-Arab and artificial ones, such as
4630:In April 1986, Ayatollah Khomeini issued a
4282:
3983:Iranian troops firing a 152mm D-20 howitzer
3832:
3801:in a move to threaten the major Iraqi city
3623:
2676:On 30 September, Iran's air force launched
2580:. Iraqi hopes of an uprising by the ethnic
29145:
29131:
29061:Opposition to military action against Iran
28654:
28640:
28456:2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran
28163:
28149:
28079:Opposition to military action against Iran
27629:
27615:
27396:
27382:
26837:
26823:
26323:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
26098:
26084:
25968:United States involvement in regime change
25953:Opposition to military action against Iran
25517:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act
25358:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
24723:
24709:
24283:
24269:
23939:
23925:
22740:
22726:
21682:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
21544:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
21060:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
20474:
20460:
19570:
19556:
19424:Razoux, Pierre; Elliott, Nicholas (2015).
19250:
18954:(in Persian). 5 March 2021. Archived from
18641:"Iraqi Christians were safer under Saddam"
18113:
18079:
17908:
17841:
17591:Eradicating Terrorism from the Middle East
17467:
17465:
17463:
17461:
17377:
17375:
16746:
16246:(Report). Congressional Research Service.
16199:
16144:"Iraq accuses Iran of Scud missile attack"
15992:
15990:
15988:
15986:
15984:
15982:
15598:Dodds, Joanna; Wilson, Ben (6 June 2009).
15506:
15504:
15234:
15172:
15170:
15168:
15166:
15164:
15162:
15160:
15158:
15156:
15154:
15065:Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction
14988:"Lessons of Modern War: The Iran–Iraq War"
14816:Conflict and Insurgency in the Middle East
14110:The Iranian Military in Revolution and War
13977:
13479:
13105:
13005:
13003:
13001:
12636:. Stanford University Hoover Institution.
12066:Ottolenghi, Emanuelle (3 September 2011).
12065:
10889:
10553:
10513:
10511:
10509:
10436:
10409:
10360:
10304:
10189:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10129:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9777:"Iraq's Changing Role in the Persian Gulf"
9379:Williamson Murray, Kevin M. Woods (2014):
7594:(supplied by the United States before the
7519:
7505:
5664:history of the Islamic Republic of Iran".
5136:
3158:
3114:
3102: (The Eighth Imam), ending the Iraqi
2243:Stephen Pelletiere wrote in his 1992 book
1654:
1640:
1512:
1498:
900:
886:
29113:Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
28946:International Maritime Security Construct
28227:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iran
28217:Ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom
27959:International Maritime Security Construct
27443:Ambassadors of the United States to Syria
27438:Ambassadors of Syria to the United States
27325:Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities
27236:Foreign nationals detained in North Korea
27155:2009 imprisonment of American journalists
26635:A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq
25311:2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone
25045:International Maritime Security Construct
23048:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
21191:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
19397:Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin (2014).
19192:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
18751:
18306:
18288:"Osiraq: Iraq Special Weapons Facilities"
18255:
17899:
17686:
17653:
17182:
17150:
16987:
16963:Ibrahim, Youssef M. (21 September 1990).
16895:Iranian perspectives on the Iran–Iraq War
16886:
16852:
16556:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16265:
15781:
15751:
15702:
14846:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
14833:
14621:
14592:
14574:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p.
14513:(film documentary). Wars in Peace. 1995.
14453:
14356:
14354:
14352:
14350:
14348:
14346:
14344:
14342:
14340:
14209:The Role of Airpower in the Iran–Iraq War
14206:
14115:
13956:
13765:
13570:"Annex D: Iraq Economic Data (1989–2003)"
13309:"Review: Wall Street Journal and Reuters"
13266:
12773:
12655:
12617:
12399:
12287:, Oxford University Press, 2020, p. 198.
12166:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
12086:
12070:. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
12024:
11772:
11770:
10789:
10787:
10785:
10783:
10645:Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century
10584:
10473:
10205:Iranian Perspectives on the Iran–Iraq War
9566:
9231:Learn how and when to remove this message
8932:
8488:
5808:
5467:soldiers killed in Operation Mersad, 1988
4491:
3557:Operation Ramadan (First Battle of Basra)
3442:, the military wing of the organisation.
3214:tank wreckage in Khuzestan Province, Iran
2454:22 September 1980 Iraqi airstrike on Iran
2429:Learn how and when to remove this message
30037:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
26904:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
26145:Ambassadors of the United States to Iraq
25938:International Conference on Hollywoodism
25156:America can't do a damn thing against us
24775:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
24765:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States
24389:America can't do a damn thing against us
22872:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
21010:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
20230:
19940:Liberation of Iranian territories (1982)
19401:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
19026:
18911:
18839:
18789:
18587:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
18493:
18491:
18489:
18467:
18465:
18463:
18461:
18459:
18377:
18145:
18082:"America Didn't Seem to Mind Poison Gas"
17927:
17549:
17292:
17281:The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq
17214:
16861:
16478:
16446:. Lynn Rienner Publishers. p. 131.
16441:
16232:
16064:"The Iran–Iraq War: A Military Analysis"
15584:
15270:
14871:
14784:"1987 Chemical Strike Still Haunts Iran"
14781:
14259:"The Iran–Iraq War: A Military Analysis"
13710:
13079:
13077:
13075:
11175:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
11168:
10643:Koch, Christian; Long, David E. (1997).
10642:
10410:Potter, Lawrence G.; Sick, Gary (2006).
10071:
9657:
9651:
9485:
8836:, during which the operation took place.
8760:
7739:
7704:
7224:
6810:
6729:
6619:
6433:had been sending chemical precursors of
6397:
6279:
6088:Order of battle during the Iran–Iraq War
5955:
5691:
5606:
5527:
5459:
5334:
5277:
5230:
5177:
5089:In March 1988, the Iranians carried out
5080:
4970:
4887:
4820:
4689:
4505:
4391:
4318:
4238:
4045:
3978:
3902:
3880:
3740:
3670:
3579:
3490:
3326:pipeline left Iraq with the pipeline to
3247:
3205:
3198:Khuzestan province had been recaptured.
3141:
3092:
3037:
3016:impeachment crisis of President Banisadr
2973:
2871:
2759:
2701:
2598:
2564:, advanced towards the foothills of the
2485:
2469:
2353:
2301:-sized tank units remained operational.
2267:
2189:
2083:
1977:
229:Burned-out vehicles in the aftermath of
30106:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
29710:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
28099:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
27226:North Korean Embassy in Madrid incident
26673:US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)
26470:2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency
25653:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
24343:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
21796:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
19331:
19184:
19057:
18371:
18258:"Iran Attacks an Iraqi Nuclear Reactor"
18012:
17987:
17933:
17717:
17508:
17504:
17502:
17500:
17458:
17372:
17115:
17023:
16962:
15979:
15720:
15501:
15151:
14931:
14843:In the name of God: The Khomeini decade
14567:
14036:"Child-Soldier Treaty Has Wide Support"
14027:
13598:
12998:
12881:"Iraqi Visits Iranian Leftist in Paris"
12782:The Six Day War, 1967: Jordan and Syria
12623:
12189:
12161:
11957:Essential Histories – The Gulf War 1991
11084:
10844:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 35.
10506:
10126:
9949:
9774:
9431:
7830:), in reference to the seventh-century
7784:American-led coalition and Iraq in 1991
7229:Victims of the 1987 chemical attack on
6581:, and partly to make money to help the
3667:1983–84: Stalemate and war of attrition
2916:tanks, while the Iranians lost 100–200
2745:
2441:
2127:purchased an estimated 1,600 tanks and
2069:. Despite Iraq's goal of regaining the
2045:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
14:
30073:
28731:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
28622:Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations
27751:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
27597:Category:Syria–United States relations
25648:National Council of Resistance of Iran
24805:Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group
21334:History of democracy in classical Iran
19487:
19450:
19206:
19163:
18981:
18804:
18785:
18783:
18747:
18745:
18638:
18583:
18497:
18440:(in Persian). Airtoair. Archived from
18312:
18181:
18061:from the original on 13 September 2017
17747:
17745:
17692:
17659:
17620:
17588:
17445:
17427:from the original on 15 September 2014
17326:
17238:
17038:The Administration's Iraq Gate Scandal
17035:
16917:
16892:
16678:
16545:
16543:
16362:
16360:
16253:from the original on 24 September 2015
15996:
15818:
15762:
15664:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
15522:
15510:
15476:
15139:from the original on 23 September 2012
14839:
14806:
14724:
14665:"Iran: Gradual Superpower Involvement"
14605:
14337:
14325:from the original on 27 September 2021
14231:
14121:
14046:from the original on 15 September 2018
13736:
13539:Bulloch, John; Morris, Harvey (1989).
13333:
13024:from the original on 11 September 2009
12867:
12809:
12779:
12690:
12436:
12329:
11954:
11857:
11776:
11767:
11679:
11578:
11183:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.812
10793:
10780:
10202:
10084:
9962:
9401:
9399:
9397:
7736:Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War
7678:According to journalist Robin Wright:
7557:military attacks on nuclear facilities
6912:
5878:In the summer of 1982, Saddam began a
5790:United Nations Compensation Commission
5780:After the war, Iraq accused Kuwait of
5314:Peace efforts during the Iran–Iraq War
5007:captured the Iranian mine-laying ship
4721:
4602:Iraq retaliated by initiating another
4025:
3252:Iraqi soldiers surrendering after the
3138:1982: Iraqi retreat, Iranian offensive
3068:According to the former Iraqi general
2344:Border conflicts leading up to the war
1963:
1862:National Council of Resistance of Iran
1553:Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003)
750:MEK: 15,000 fighters (1981–83, 87–88)
343:
29126:
28635:
28590:Neda Agha-Soltan Graduate Scholarship
28237:Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)
28232:Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
28222:Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran
28144:
27610:
27377:
27262:North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004
26818:
26805:Category:Iraq–United States relations
26780:Future: Tense: The Coming World Order
26521:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
26509:Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy
26140:Embassy of the United States, Baghdad
26079:
25995:American Institute of Iranian Studies
25574:Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity
25353:Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape
24704:
24290:
24264:
23920:
23607:
23499:
23321:
23196:
22769:
22721:
22132:
22056:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
21841:Iran and the World Trade Organization
21745:
21488:
21369:
20494:
20455:
19551:
19297:
19137:
18628:from the original on 31 October 2018.
18510:from the original on 13 November 2013
18486:
18456:
18294:from the original on 1 September 2009
18290:. Federation of American Scientists.
18221:
18080:Hiltermann, Joost (17 January 2003).
17909:Potter, Lawrence; Sick, Gary (2004).
17856:from the original on 18 December 2019
17790:
17730:from the original on 13 December 2007
17355:
17332:
17054:
16366:
16238:
16216:. MSN. 20 August 1988. Archived from
16174:
16078:from the original on 28 November 2018
16061:
15787:
15543:from the original on 25 November 2023
15482:
15422:
15401:from the original on 10 February 2018
15359:
15312:from the original on 16 November 2018
15252:from the original on 3 September 2015
14985:
14812:
14428:from the original on 15 November 2013
14273:from the original on 28 November 2018
14256:
14126:. Duke University Press. p. 11.
14015:from the original on 16 November 2018
13742:
13206:. Moini-Biontino. 1988. p. 125.
13072:
13009:
12956:from the original on 31 December 2013
11973:
11907:from the original on 15 February 2022
11171:"War and Religion: The Iran−Iraq War"
10737:
10675:
10601:
10105:from the original on 17 February 2023
9983:from the original on 17 February 2023
9341:Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack (2011).
8689:
7642:strategic bombing during World War II
7193:. According to a 2002 article in the
7086:
6626:Soviet Union during the Iran-Iraq War
6345:, outlined U.S. policy towards Iran:
5852:
5758:
5220:Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
4942:
4663:At the same time, Saddam ordered the
3412:
3386:missiles. Both the United States and
3042:A wounded Iranian soldier holding an
1693:Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon
1635:
1519:
1493:
881:
28921:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
28131:Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
27934:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
27140:Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon
26595:Committee for the Liberation of Iraq
26568:U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement
26383:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
26216:International sanctions against Iraq
25433:United States sanctions against Iran
25226:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
25221:United States diplomatic cables leak
24770:Embassy of the United States, Tehran
24383:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory
23901:
23843:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
21228:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
21218:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
19379:Chubin, Shahram, and Charles Tripp.
19255:The Iran–Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum
19125:from the original on 15 January 2010
19037:(6). Taylor & Francis: 891–910.
18920:(6). Taylor & Francis: 891–910.
18893:from the original on 21 January 2019
18639:Review, Catholic (19 January 2012).
18504:The Mil Mi-24 Hind & Mi-28 Havoc
17887:from the original on 30 January 2018
17874:
17531:from the original on 11 October 2017
17497:
17471:
17029:
16956:
16862:McCarthy, Andrew C. (3 March 2012).
16648:
16630:from the original on 28 October 2020
16600:from the original on 20 October 2021
16387:from the original on 13 October 2016
16345:from the original on 26 January 2021
16156:from the original on 11 January 2012
16110:from the original on 30 January 2012
16017:from the original on 18 January 2023
15726:
15435:from the original on 20 January 2018
15368:from the original on 11 October 2017
15286:from the original on 6 November 2017
15276:"Human Wave raid loses Iran's favor"
15242:"Anti-war protests reported in Iran"
14913:from the original on 23 October 2015
14794:from the original on 15 October 2015
14606:Kelley, Stephen Andrew (June 2007).
14489:from the original on 24 January 2010
14033:
14006:
13872:Iraq Vows to Quit Iran, Fight Israel
13680:
13649:from the original on 8 November 2016
13248:from the original on 3 December 2013
13109:The Iran–Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum
12986:from the original on 11 October 2017
12913:
12836:
12221:The Iran–Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum
12202:from the original on 20 January 2013
12198:. United States Institute of Peace.
12162:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2004). "Iraq".
12012:from the original on 5 November 2012
11199:from the original on 23 October 2020
11150:from the original on 11 October 2017
10756:from the original on 17 October 2015
10731:
10572:from the original on 11 October 2017
10517:
10153:
9871:
9716:from the original on 8 December 2019
9639:from the original on 8 December 2019
9609:from the original on 8 December 2019
9579:from the original on 8 December 2019
9290:from the original on 7 February 2021
9187:
9065:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
8832:referring to the first month of the
7729:
6486:
5890:, were arrested, and 6 were hanged.
5696:The Iranian Martyrs Museum in Tehran
5569:and additional 35,170 soldiers from
5476:1988, peace with Iran was restored.
5275:after less than 10 hours of combat.
4660:to much larger proportions by 1988.
4176:
3528:truck-mounted rocket launchers, and
2381:
2377:
2276:in Iran, which Iraq planned to annex
2245:The Iran–Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum
1842:Iran–United States military tensions
1546:Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991)
1465:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
1192:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
1088:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
31:
29066:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
28084:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
27676:Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran
27666:Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia
27293:South Korea–United States relations
26884:Embassy of the United States, Seoul
26853:North Korea–United States relations
25174:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
24671:Imam Khomeini International Airport
23891:
22461:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
22102:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
22076:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
21875:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
21610:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
18780:
18742:
18681:from the original on 15 August 2022
18359:from the original on 2 October 2012
17988:Rasheed, Ahmed (19 December 2006).
17911:Iran, Iraq, and the legacies of war
17803:from the original on 26 August 2013
17742:
17718:Fassihi, Farnaz (27 October 2002).
17668:. New York: Penguin Press. p.
16540:
16499:from the original on 15 August 2011
16485:Katzman, Kenneth (1 October 2010).
16357:
16305:"UAE waives billions of Iraqi debt"
16187:from the original on 2 January 2017
16086:– via www.foreignaffairs.com.
15800:from the original on 13 August 2018
15690:from the original on 7 October 2013
15646:from the original on 10 August 2016
15000:from the original on 4 January 2014
14760:from the original on 22 August 2012
14077:from the original on 7 October 2013
13315:from the original on 16 August 2018
13306:
12891:from the original on 16 August 2021
12739:from the original on 1 January 2016
12474:from the original on 1 January 2016
10719:from the original on 4 October 2012
10688:from the original on 2 January 2017
9925:from the original on 30 August 2021
9544:from the original on 16 August 2023
9488:Kurdish Politics in the Middle East
9394:
9201:This article cites its sources but
9140:
9120:
8789:
8779:
7948:Iranian involvement in the Iraq War
7898:1986 Iquique arms factory explosion
7818:
7775:
7697:Iran and Iraq's modern relationship
7624:Boeing 737 unloading passengers at
7555:and one of only a small handful of
6973:Iraqi chemical attacks against Iran
6792:, the "Iraqis used mustard gas and
6660:
5794:comprehensive international embargo
5408:
5399:Operation Mersad and end of the war
5344:in 1987 a year before it shot down
5248:
4771:
4732:On 25 December 1986, Iran launched
4686:1987–88: Renewed Iranian Offensives
4563:
4380:The Iranians retreated back to the
3002:command plane to launch a surprise
2861:
2131:and over 200 Soviet-made aircraft.
1900:, and the overwhelming majority of
1868:, being primarily supported by the
24:
29947:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
29372:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
29044:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
29029:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
28966:Abha International Airport attacks
28461:2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute
28293:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
28062:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
28047:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
28042:Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry
27979:Abha International Airport attacks
27433:Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C.
25943:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
25805:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran
25013:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
24888:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
24795:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
24676:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order
23946:
21000:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
19352:
19178:10.1111/j.1949-3606.1994.tb00535.x
18536:from the original on 8 August 2016
18498:Goebel, Greg (16 September 2012).
18092:from the original on 10 March 2016
17875:Pear, Robert (15 September 1988).
17829:(Report). Security Council Report.
17202:from the original on 11 March 2023
17170:from the original on 11 March 2023
16874:from the original on 30 March 2013
16570:from the original on 26 April 2024
16415:(2): 105–110, discussion 110–111.
16367:Healy, Melissa (24 January 2011).
16272:Truman, Edwin M. (28 April 2003).
16239:Weiss, Martin A. (29 March 2011).
16130:(1988), adopted on 26 August 1988.
14782:Daraghai, Borzou (19 March 2007).
14751:
14612:(Master's thesis). Monterrey, CA:
14456:"The Lessons of Modern War Vol II"
14299:from the original on 13 April 2024
14034:Jupp, Michael (19 December 1988).
13724:from the original on 13 April 2013
13051:
12626:"Invading Iran: Lessons From Iraq"
12598:
12006:"What makes a revolution succeed?"
11959:. New York: Routledge. p. 1.
10412:Iran, Iraq and the Legacies of War
9567:Middleton, Drew (4 October 1982).
9520:
9361:from the original on 27 April 2023
6878:UN Security Council Resolution 598
6555:Israel's role in the Iran–Iraq war
6222:stretched across trenches, manned
6210:The conflict has been compared to
5990:According to former Iraqi general
4766:, code-named Operation Karbala-5 (
4371:General Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai
3809:. To stem the tide, Iraq deployed
3725:
3026:Introduction of human wave attacks
2818:
2306:Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
1935:The conflict has been compared to
1755:exporting the new Iranian ideology
25:
30177:
29784:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
28931:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
28753:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
27944:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
27773:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
27010:Allegations of biological warfare
26538:Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre
26135:Embassy of Iraq, Washington, D.C.
25628:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
25605:National Iranian American Council
25568:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran
25527:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act
25368:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
24760:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.
24536:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini
24358:Council of the Islamic Revolution
24136:Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat
24006:Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
22071:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
21692:Supreme National Security Council
21518:Persian Constitutional Revolution
21148:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
21055:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
21045:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
19577:
19507:
19012:(1st ed.). London: Methuen.
18729:
17766:Federation of American Scientists
17641:from the original on 13 June 2018
17621:Wright, Robin (20 January 2014).
16975:from the original on 13 June 2020
16864:"It's a Pity Somebody Has to Win"
16315:from the original on 22 July 2008
15739:from the original on 24 June 2018
15570:. Diane Publishing. p. 211.
15423:Tyler, Patrick (18 August 2002).
15248:. Associated Press. 10 May 1985.
14517:from the original on 1 April 2016
13683:"Arming Iraq and the Path to War"
13438:from the original on 3 March 2016
13175:
13060:from the original on 30 June 2017
12818:from the original on 15 July 2014
12381:. Westview Press. p. 444 567
12074:from the original on 25 June 2012
10866:Bulloch, John and Morris, Harvey
10706:
10559:
9853:from the original on 14 June 2018
9823:from the original on 21 July 2023
9737:, Kegan Paul International 1998.
9735:Dictionary of modern Arab history
9264:from the original on 17 June 2021
9090:successful 1988 counter-offensive
9088:Iraq claimed victory following a
8288:Mohammad Hussayn Ahmadi Shahroudi
7285:At the time of the conflict, the
6936:had been mistaken for an Iranian
6868:U.S. military actions toward Iran
5603:Peace talks and postwar situation
5363:, and some larger towns, such as
4752:Karbala-5 (Sixth Battle of Basra)
4560:in the marshes of the peninsula.
4400:on the battlefront during the war
4314:
4127:and unguided rockets at tankers.
3478:At a cabinet meeting in Baghdad,
2902:92nd Khuzestan Armoured Divisions
2223:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
1804:that it had ceded to Iran in the
907:
235:Iraqi prisoners of war after the
29822:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
29108:
29107:
29056:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
28914:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
28899:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
28894:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
28663:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
28617:
28616:
28324:British military network in Iran
28182:
28172:
28126:
28125:
28074:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
27927:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
27912:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
27907:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
27648:
27638:
27592:
27591:
27528:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
27516:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
27415:
27405:
27359:
27358:
27308:Anti-American sentiment in Korea
27079:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
26957:Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula
26856:
26846:
26800:
26799:
26553:July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike
26388:Iraqi biological weapons program
26233:June 1993 cruise missile strikes
26117:
26107:
26062:
26061:
25865:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees
25179:Disappearance of Robert Levinson
25050:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
25040:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
25035:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
24742:
24732:
24687:
24686:
24424:
24246:
24245:
24048:
23900:
23890:
23880:
23871:
23870:
23176:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
22750:
22701:
22692:
22691:
21667:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
20438:
20437:
19514:Iran–Iraq: Background to the War
19494:. No. 100. pp. 56–67.
19301:"Chapter 7: Operation Staunch".
18940:
18854:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2008.00368.x
18833:
18798:
18723:
18711:from the original on 2 June 2021
18701:"Iraqi Christians' long history"
18693:
18663:
18651:from the original on 5 July 2022
18632:
18608:
18577:
18548:
18522:
18428:
18416:from the original on 6 July 2012
18280:
18215:
18175:
18139:
18073:
18043:
17990:"Saddam admits Iran gas attacks"
17981:
17952:
17832:
17815:
17772:from the original on 13 May 2019
17754:
17711:
17614:
17582:
17509:Martins, Mark S. (Winter 1994).
17439:
17407:
17286:
17232:
17166:(in French). 12 September 1987.
17109:
17090:
17063:
17048:
17008:
16936:
16911:
16823:
16794:
16765:
16723:
16697:
16667:
16642:
16612:
16582:
16511:
16435:
16399:
16327:
16297:
16175:Black, Ian (23 September 2010).
16168:
16090:
16062:Segal, David (28 January 2009).
16055:
15950:
15885:
15876:
15867:
15837:
15812:
15672:
15626:
15516:
15447:
15324:
15298:
15099:
15082:
15012:
14864:
14718:
14693:
14687:
14657:
14561:
14529:
14501:
14462:from the original on 5 July 2013
14424:. Air Combat Information Group.
14311:
14285:
14257:Segal, David (28 January 2009).
14250:
14225:
14200:
14102:
14089:
14058:
13926:
13884:
13865:
13835:
13813:from the original on 26 May 2012
13789:
13635:
13592:
13450:
13327:
13228:
12968:
12938:
12907:
12873:
12830:
12810:Jafari, Mojtaba (26 July 2019).
12764:
12751:
12691:Wilson, Ben (July–August 2007).
12514:
12323:
12047:from the original on 15 May 2013
10676:Black, Ian (23 September 2010).
9886:from the original on 9 June 2023
9658:Schenker, David Kenneth (2003).
9538:Indonesian Institute of Sciences
9413:from the original on 9 July 2022
9322:from the original on 6 July 2023
9192:
9039:
9026:
9013:
9000:
8986:
8972:
8948:
8934:
8920:
8906:
8891:
8878:
8865:
8839:
8821:
8807:
8796:
7938:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
7881:
7867:
7752:The war is known in Iran as the
7350:
6983:Iraqi chemical weapons programme
6444:Iraq also made extensive use of
6270:Foreign support to Iraq and Iran
5960:An Iranian soldier's funeral in
5773:by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar,
5141:On 17 April 1988, Iraq launched
5039:near the border, using chemical
4878:Strategic situation in late 1987
3119:On 29 November 1981, Iran began
2946:and Iraqi Deputy Prime minister
2880:during a visit to the frontlines
2657:interceptor fighter jets, using
2386:
1729:, was an armed conflict between
1665:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
748:KDPI: 30,000 Peshmerga (1980–83)
679:PUK: 12,000 Peshmerga (1986–88)
666:600–900 heavy artillery pieces,
563:
551:
539:
527:
506:
494:
482:
470:
433:
422:
411:
394:
383:
372:
361:
345:
331:
180:
171:
160:
151:
140:
131:
120:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
51:to read and navigate comfortably
36:
30004:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
29973:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
29727:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
28846:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
27859:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
27671:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran
27506:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
27475:Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh
26625:Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal
26490:Fallujah killings of April 2003
26296:George W. Bush shoeing incident
26276:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
26258:February 2001 airstrike in Iraq
25903:Anti-American sentiment in Iran
25383:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
25363:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
25306:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
25023:February 2019 Warsaw Conference
23655:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
23078:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
23068:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
22807:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
21866:Military equipment manufactured
21432:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
21196:United States withdrawal (2018)
21117:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
20481:
19251:Pelletiere, Stephan C. (1992).
18228:Inter Press Service News Agency
18222:Cohen, Marsha (6 August 2010).
17791:Harris, Shane; Aid, Matthew M.
17446:Boring, War Is (27 July 2016).
17036:Safire, William (19 May 1992).
15788:Fathi, Nazila (14 March 2003).
14549:from the original on 1 May 2011
14454:Cordesman, Anthony (May 1990).
13797:"Declaration of Howard Teicher"
13601:"The Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)"
13084:Khomeini: life of the Ayatollah
12640:from the original on 8 May 2013
12624:Eckholm, Leif (1 August 2011).
12290:
12277:
12245:
12214:
12190:Alfoneh, Ali (6 October 2010).
11948:
11919:
11851:
11822:
11738:
11709:
11673:
11644:
11572:
11560:from the original on 3 May 2015
11514:
11485:
11162:
10860:
10847:
10827:
10527:. New York: Routledge. p.
10475:10.1590/S0034-89102007000600025
10328:
10271:
10245:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
10163:. New York: Routledge. p.
10057:
10048:
10022:
10013:
10004:
9995:
9865:
9835:
9768:
9759:
9728:
9696:
9621:
9591:
9560:
9479:
9169:
9157:
9110:
9096:
9082:
9061:1983–1988 Kuwait terror attacks
9053:
8962:
8818:referring to the Muslim figure.
8747:
8738:
8729:
8719:
8648:Eternal Fragrance (Last Sunday)
7918:Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
7287:United Nations Security Council
7252:, the principal researcher for
7220:Security Council Resolution 612
6725:
6480:United Nations Security Council
6023:
5845:using modern doctrines such as
5784:and stealing oil, inciting its
4639:Iraq's dynamic defense strategy
4513:during which Iran captured the
2969:
2589:chemical weapons attack by Iraq
1846:United Nations Security Council
1825:Iran's post-revolutionary chaos
1703:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
1558:Iraq air strikes (January 1993)
741:2,300–12,000 artillery pieces,
624:1,000–1,900 armoured vehicles,
53:. When this tag was added, its
28956:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
28354:Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz
27969:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
27115:1969 EC-121 shootdown incident
26661:United States support for Iraq
26415:Iraq War and the war on terror
26400:Failed Iraqi peace initiatives
26393:Iraqi chemical weapons program
26286:Iraqi Guantanamo Bay detainees
26150:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
25502:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act
25301:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
25286:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani
24946:United States support for Iraq
24790:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
24414:The Satanic Verses controversy
24133:Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid
22938:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
22426:modern / contemporary
21672:Expediency Discernment Council
20995:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
20984:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
20508:
19149:. pp. 1–8, 12–16, 19–82.
18675:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
18195:University of California Press
17014:Entessar, Nader (1992), p. 134
16922:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
15913:Lessons Learned: Iran–Iraq War
15027:(1). The New School: 295–330.
14909:(in Persian). 2 October 2011.
14112:. New York: Routledge. p. 181
13957:Cordesman, Anthony H. (1999).
13942:, 16 July 1985, archived from
13843:"Importer/Exporter TIV Tables"
12780:Dennis, Simon Dunstan (2009).
12343:University of California Press
11693:University of California Press
11592:University of California Press
10870:, London: Methuen, 1989 p. 37.
10857:, London: Osprey, 2002 pp. 7–8
9872:Coll, Steve (15 August 1990).
9755:Iran–Iraq War Timeline. Part 1
9465:. Cambridge University Press.
9452:
9425:
9373:
9334:
9302:
9276:
9250:
8854:
7851:We are armed with Allahu Akbar
7646:so-called "Christmas bombings"
7489:Colin Powell's UN presentation
6967:Iraq's use of chemical weapons
6897:On 14 April 1988, the frigate
6821:listing following two hits by
6646:, waiting their turn to dock.
6640:Portugal helped both countries
6630:Portugal and the Iran–Iraq War
6499:($ 8.2 billion), and the
6110:Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
5269:Tawakalna ala Allah Operations
5263:Tawakalna ala Allah operations
5105:with the aim of capturing the
4939:and other northern oilfields.
4295:Iraq also carried out another
4247:that were targeted during the
2980:surprise attack on H-3 airbase
2710:slowed the Iraqis for a month.
2200:106mm recoilless anti-tank gun
1813:
936:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
707:1,350–1,400 artillery pieces,
13:
1:
30166:Shia–Sunni sectarian violence
29774:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
29415:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
29049:Warsaw Middle East conference
28851:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
28359:British occupation of Bushehr
28319:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
28179:Iran–United Kingdom relations
28067:Warsaw Middle East conference
27864:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
27412:Syria–United States relations
27252:Sanctions against North Korea
27027:CIA activities in North Korea
26497:American occupation of Ramadi
26308:Hobby Lobby smuggling scandal
25373:2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident
23197:
21640:state-sponsorship allegations
21370:
19791:1974–75 Shatt al-Arab clashes
19277:; Rohloff, Christoph (2013).
19212:"Iran as a Gateway to Russia"
19166:Digest of Middle East Studies
19065:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
18125:. pp. 165–166, 170–172.
17831:S/17911 and Add. 1. Cited in
17483:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
16997:UNSCOM's Comprehensive Review
16893:Rajaee, Farhang, ed. (1997).
16590:"Iran's Revolutionary Guards"
16487:The Kurds in Post-Saddam Iraq
16421:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00358-6
15727:Wong, Edward (5 April 2006).
15062:Silverstein, Adam J. (2012).
14207:Bergquist, Ronald E. (1988).
14071:The Christian Science Monitor
13711:Williams, Scott (June 2002).
13299:. 31 May 2012. Archived from
12950:The Christian Science Monitor
12575:Modern Warfare: Iran–Iraq War
12498:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
11626:Rajaee, Farhang, ed. (1993).
11089:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
10740:"Iraq to hang 'Chemical Ali'"
9633:The Christian Science Monitor
9603:The Christian Science Monitor
9347:. Columbia University Press.
9183:
9073:1983 Beirut barracks bombings
8305:Mohammad-Hossein Malekzadegan
7404:
7330:Comparison to other conflicts
5819:created by Iranian physicians
5523:
5129:against Kurdish civilians in
5035:attacked the Iranian town of
4623:, and attacked many tankers.
4053:: Tanker convoy No. 12 under
3536:Iraq began to focus on using
3434:, led by exiled Iraqi cleric
3244:Battle of Khorramshahr (1982)
3238:Second Battle of Khorramshahr
2961:. In 1986, Rajavi moved from
2698:Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)
2517:aircraft, and Iran had built
2163:Iranian military preparations
2065:force, in contrast to Iraq's
1958:
1585:Iraqi conflict (2003–present)
664:800–1,400 armoured vehicles,
30161:Iran–United States relations
30136:Wars involving the Peshmerga
30121:Iran–Iraq military relations
29978:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
29965:Turkish involvement in Syria
29849:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
29680:Political violence in Turkey
29614:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
29521:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
29400:Italian bombing of Palestine
29362:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
29311:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
28807:Iranian intervention in Iraq
28689:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
28253:Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801
27822:Iranian intervention in Iraq
27720:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
27057:Nuclear power in North Korea
26930:2018–19 Korean peace process
26894:Embassy of Sweden, Pyongyang
26563:Iraq War troop surge of 2007
26485:Fallujah during the Iraq War
26480:Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)
26114:Iraq–United States relations
25497:Iran Freedom and Support Act
25482:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act
25216:Detention of American hikers
25140:1980 October Surprise theory
24739:Iran–United States relations
24498:Khomeini's 8-article command
24378:Engagement with Jimmy Carter
23434:in ISIL-controlled territory
23322:
22097:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
21489:
21398:twin towns and sister cities
20704:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
20581:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
20557:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
20096:Iranian offensives (1985–87)
19984:Iranian offensives (1982–84)
19359:Khosronejad, Pedram (2013).
19224:Council on Foreign Relations
19143:The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988
19043:10.1080/00263206.2013.870899
18926:10.1080/00263206.2013.870899
17198:(in French). 25 April 1987.
16594:Council on Foreign Relations
16550:Tracy Samuel, Annie (2021).
15529:. Harvard University Press.
14932:Pollack, Kenneth, M (2002).
14510:Wars in Peace: Iran–Iraq War
13804:Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH
13681:King, John (31 March 2003).
13106:Pelletiere, Stephen (1992).
12837:Shay, Shaul (October 1994).
12192:"The Basij Resistance Force"
11885:10.1080/14682745.2011.564612
11469:The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988
10738:Sinan, Omar (25 June 2007).
10607:The Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988
9383:Cambridge University Press.
9243:
8662:One Woman's War: Da (Mother)
7943:Iran–United States relations
7913:Iraq–United States relations
7626:Shiraz International Airport
7465:U.S. invasion of Afghanistan
7299:Iraq were equally at fault.
6801:Iraqi attack on U.S. warship
6677:Iran–United States relations
6673:Iraq–United States relations
5941:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
5518:
5095:Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 2
5048:1988: Final Iraqi offensives
4790:
4778:in an effort to capture the
4590:Situation at the end of 1986
3362:). In March 1982, president
3309:Early international response
2998:refuelling tankers, and one
2692:First Battle of Khorramshahr
2411:Knowledge's inclusion policy
2327:
2035:After the Iranian Revolution
1874:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1708:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
1610:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
1605:Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011)
1595:Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)
735:800,000–1,500,000 soldiers,
632:(200–205 fully operational)
628:300–1,100 artillery pieces,
7:
30156:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
30141:History of the Persian Gulf
29230:Turkish War of Independence
29214:Unification of Saudi Arabia
27645:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
27580:State Sponsors of Terrorism
27330:State Sponsors of Terrorism
26769:State Sponsors of Terrorism
26590:Multi-National Force – Iraq
26585:United States Forces – Iraq
26475:Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
26291:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi
26243:1996 cruise missile strikes
26238:Operation Vigilant Sentinel
26223:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
25618:United Against Nuclear Iran
25194:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi
24363:Islamic Revolutionary Court
24306:1963 demonstrations in Iran
23608:
23500:
23345:Council of Representatives
23083:Weapons of mass destruction
22770:
22376:Water supply and sanitation
22133:
22107:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
21746:
21166:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
20541:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
20495:
16747:Abrahamian, Ervand (2008).
15068:. Oxford University Press.
14754:"Bombed By Blinders Part 2"
14725:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010).
14007:Dunn, Brian (3 June 2009).
13900:New York Times 22 June 1982
13054:"Bombed by Blinders Part 1"
12980:Imperial Iraniasn Air Force
11981:National Intelligence Daily
10886:, London: Osprey, 2002 p. 8
10884:The Iran–Iraq War 1980–1988
10855:The Iran–Iraq War 1980–1988
9793:10.1525/curh.1989.88.535.89
9151:
9131:
8702:Baluchi Autonomist Movement
7953:Israel in the Iran–Iraq War
7860:
7825:
7761:
7758:("Sacred Defence") and the
7754:
7569:a second pre-emptive strike
7435:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
7243:Defense Intelligence Agency
6769:International Energy Agency
6601:major arms supplier to Iran
5839:weapons of mass destruction
5648:war with the western powers
5644:Chemical Weapons Convention
5611:Iranian Martyr Cemetery in
5444:, under Lieutenant General
5320:weapons of mass destruction
5077:Iran's Kurdistan Operations
4480:, which worked better than
4270:Strategic situation in 1984
3382:, Mirage F-1 fighters, and
3271:State of Iraqi armed forces
2264:Iraqi military preparations
1600:Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
1568:Iraq missile strikes (1996)
1563:Iraq missile strikes (1993)
63:content into sub-articles,
10:
30182:
29895:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
29889:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
29878:Balochi insurgency in Iran
29854:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
29690:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
29685:Islamist uprising in Syria
29663:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
29552:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
29438:Kurdish separatism in Iran
29357:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
29096:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
29081:People's Mujahedin of Iran
29039:Arab League–Iran relations
29034:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
28941:2018 Riyadh missile strike
28829:Operation Blow to the Head
28439:Satanic Verses controversy
28382:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case
28114:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
28057:Arab League–Iran relations
28052:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
27954:2018 Riyadh missile strike
27842:Operation Blow to the Head
27523:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
27145:Delta Asia Financial Group
27125:Korean axe murder incident
27074:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
27015:Korean Armistice Agreement
26874:Old Korean Legation Museum
26328:2022 Erbil missile attacks
26201:Operation Vigilant Warrior
26050:Not for the Faint of Heart
26025:Saint Peter Church, Tehran
26000:American School of Isfahan
25963:State Sponsor of Terrorism
25537:Dames & Moore v. Regan
25378:2022 Erbil missile attacks
25070:Operation Martyr Soleimani
25060:Thirteen revenge scenarios
25030:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
24587:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini
23073:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
21856:Economy of the Middle East
21233:2021–2022 Iranian protests
21223:2019–2020 Iranian protests
21203:2017–2018 Iranian protests
20664:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
18974:
18561:Cambridge University Press
18123:Cambridge University Press
17965:Cambridge University Press
17550:Peniston, Bradley (2006).
16836:Cambridge University Press
16807:Cambridge University Press
16778:Cambridge University Press
16677:, 4 April 1983, quoted in
16524:Cambridge University Press
16133:S/23273, items 6, 7, and 8
15963:Cambridge University Press
15460:Cambridge University Press
15337:Cambridge University Press
14671:. AllRefer. Archived from
13599:Darwich, May, ed. (2019),
13463:Cambridge University Press
13267:Firestone, Reuven (2008).
12812:"Nasr Offensive Operation"
12303:Cambridge University Press
12258:Cambridge University Press
11932:Cambridge University Press
11835:Cambridge University Press
11803:Cambridge University Press
11751:Cambridge University Press
11722:Cambridge University Press
11657:Cambridge University Press
11527:Cambridge University Press
11498:Cambridge University Press
10775:Pfetsch & Rohloff 2013
10370:Cambridge University Press
10019:Farrokh, Kaveh, 304 (2011)
10001:Farrokh, Kaveh, 305 (2011)
9163:Also known in Iran as the
8668:
8640:
8593:
8560:Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai
8401:Notable Iranian casualties
7973:Women in the Iran–Iraq War
7792:1990–1991 Persian Gulf War
7733:
6976:
6970:
6804:
6670:
6664:
6623:
6552:
6512:Banca Nazionale del Lavoro
6454:Support from Great Britain
6383:
6273:
6096:had been purged after the
6085:
6044:
5968:Israeli-British historian
5311:
5308:Iran accepts the ceasefire
5237:People's Mujahedin of Iran
5051:
4881:
4794:
4755:
4725:
4567:
4495:
4180:
4116:Revolutionary Guard's navy
4035:
4029:
3884:
3793:(KDP) elements amassed in
3791:Kurdistan Democratic Party
3287:. A defector who flew his
3254:Liberation of Khorramshahr
3241:
3220:Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas
3202:Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas
2990:in Western Iraq, near the
2865:
2749:
2695:
2519:hardened aircraft shelters
2451:
2445:
2347:
2310:Imperial Iranian Air Force
2038:
2016:and was to last until the
1967:
1951:, Iraq's extensive use of
1870:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1767:sectarian tensions in Iraq
1578:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
660:600,000–850,000 soldiers,
27:1980–1988 war in West Asia
30053:
30016:
29921:
29862:
29802:
29735:
29653:Black September in Jordan
29645:
29544:
29488:
29385:
29329:
29283:
29160:
29104:
29021:
28979:
28904:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr
28876:
28711:
28684:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
28669:
28613:
28543:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
28535:
28527:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
28522:Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht
28474:
28346:
28301:
28245:
28204:
28192:
28122:
28034:
27992:
27917:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr
27889:
27715:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
27700:
27684:
27658:
27588:
27567:
27536:
27483:
27467:
27451:
27425:
27355:
27285:
27244:
27087:
26972:
26912:
26866:
26796:
26741:
26693:
26648:
26346:
26268:
26191:Operation Provide Comfort
26158:
26127:
26059:
25888:1998 FIFA World Cup match
25880:
25582:
25487:Iran Nonproliferation Act
25438:Maximum pressure campaign
25423:
25336:2021 Erbil rocket attacks
25085:
24933:
24813:
24752:
24684:
24626:
24617:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi
24559:
24506:
24433:
24422:
24298:
24242:
24203:
24163:Uncle and Father-in-Law:
24124:
24103:
24057:
24046:
23954:
23866:
23765:
23620:
23616:
23603:
23508:
23495:
23330:
23317:
23205:
23192:
23013:
22930:
22782:
22778:
22765:
22687:
22653:
22599:
22402:
22393:
22323:
22275:
22207:
22154:
22145:
22141:
22128:
22089:
22081:National Development Fund
22044:
22001:Telecommunications and IT
21995:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
21924:
21821:Foreign direct investment
21766:Bonyad (charitable trust)
21758:
21754:
21741:
21700:
21659:
21501:
21497:
21484:
21378:
21365:
21245:
21112:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
21102:Interim Government (1979)
21081:
21029:
21022:
20918:
20828:
20745:
20736:
20713:
20630:
20523:
20516:
20507:
20503:
20490:
20435:
20379:
20315:
20218:
20095:
19983:
19939:
19916:
19838:
19761:
19754:
19585:
19115:"Iran–Iraq War 1980–1988"
19004:; Morris, Harvey (1989).
18982:Brogan, Patric k (1989).
18334:10.1080/10736700500379008
18313:Reiter, Dan (July 2005).
18256:Schneider, Barry (1980).
18051:"Iraq vii. Iran–Iraq War"
17599:10.1007/978-3-319-31018-3
16037:"Iran–Iraq war 1980–1990"
14872:Brumberg, Daniel (2001).
14669:Country Study & Guide
14614:Naval Postgraduate School
13613:10.1017/9781108656689.004
13089:24 September 2015 at the
11955:Finlan, Alistair (2003).
11169:Asadzade, Peyman (2019).
11140:"Iran–Iraq War 1980–1988"
10715:. University of Hawai'i.
10568:. University of Hawai'i.
10372:. pp. 171–175, 212.
9475:– via Google Books.
9448:– via Google Books.
8550:Saber Abdel Aziz al-Douri
8478:Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh
8156:Hassan Ghazizadeh Hashemi
8131:Gholamhossein Gheybparvar
7908:Disabled Iranian veterans
7683:Revolutionary Guards and
7579:. The decommissioning of
7471:Alleged Prague connection
7310:called for comprehensive
7231:Sardasht, West Azerbaijan
7175:
7170:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7052:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6833:fighter jet launched two
6829:On 17 May 1987, an Iraqi
6749:National Security Council
6548:
6379:
6154:Fighter aircraft in 1987
6143:Fighter aircraft in 1980
5924:massacre of 148 civilians
5755:to help Iraq fight Iran.
5745:Coalition of the Gulf War
5567:Revolutionary Guard Corps
5143:Operation Ramadan Mubarak
5127:massive poison gas attack
4482:rocket-propelled grenades
4438:electronic countermeasure
4388:Iranian counteroffensives
4158:starting 7 March 1987 in
4102:in the Strait of Hormuz.
3697:Operation Before the Dawn
3691:Operation Before the Dawn
3641:Operation Muslim ibn Aqil
3313:In April 1982, the rival
3100:Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
3065:), regardless of losses.
2725:rocket-propelled grenades
2018:Algiers Agreement of 1975
1749:—who had spearheaded the
1673:
1541:Invasion of Kuwait (1990)
1531:Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
1527:
941:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
917:
862:
758:
743:360–900 fighter-bombers,
722:2,300 armoured vehicles,
709:295–380 fighter-bombers,
691:200,000–210,000 soldiers
647:2,700 armoured vehicles,
630:421–485 fighter-bombers,
608:110,000–215,000 soldiers
597:
578:
454:
324:
258:
237:recapture of Khorramshahr
125:
101:
96:
29755:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
29750:1980 Turkish coup d'état
29569:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
29501:1953 Iranian coup d'état
29496:1952 Egyptian revolution
29224:1919 Egyptian revolution
29207:Mount Lebanon starvation
29076:Gulf Cooperation Council
28856:Houthi takeover in Yemen
28824:Operation Scorched Earth
28743:2011 Egyptian revolution
28388:1953 Iranian coup d'état
28376:1921 Persian coup d'état
28336:British support for Iraq
28273:Anglo-Russian Convention
28094:Gulf Cooperation Council
27869:Houthi takeover in Yemen
27837:Operation Scorched Earth
27763:2011 Egyptian revolution
27005:Operation Formation Star
26580:Coalition of the willing
26253:Operation Northern Watch
26211:Safwan Airfield standoff
26196:Operation Southern Watch
26186:Amiriyah shelter bombing
26005:Community School, Tehran
25765:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil
25643:National Council of Iran
25638:Kingdom Assembly of Iran
25557:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
25316:2019 K-1 Air Base attack
25231:Strait of Hormuz dispute
25164:Beirut barracks bombings
25120:Operation Credible Sport
24996:Operation Praying Mantis
24836:1953 Iranian coup d'état
24581:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini
23424:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
23335:Administrative divisions
21831:International oil bourse
21596:Ministry of Intelligence
21181:Syrian civil war (2011–)
21005:1921 Persian coup d'état
20402:Iranian aerial victories
19390:13 December 2022 at the
19365:. Taylor & Francis.
19336:. Oxford: James Currey.
19121:. Iran Chamber Society.
18645:Archdiocese of Baltimore
18436:
18399:10.1162/isec.2007.31.4.7
17934:Tragert, Joseph (2003).
17076:. Black Rose Books Ltd.
16918:Jessup, John E. (1998).
16749:A History of Modern Iran
16649:Nasr, Vali Nasr (2007).
16444:Kurdish Ethnonationalism
16442:Entessar, Nader (1992).
14901:
14819:. Taylor & Francis.
14700:Relevant Search Scotland
14568:Pokrant, Marvin (1999).
14196:. Small Wars Foundation.
13877:16 November 2018 at the
12470:. Iran Chamber Society.
12437:Brogan, Patrick (1989).
12223:. Stephen C. Pelletiere
11146:. Iran Chamber Society.
10805:Publishers. p. ix.
10803:Rowman & Littlefield
10462:Revista de Saúde Pública
10366:A History of Modern Iran
10203:Rajaee, Farhang (1997).
9775:Mylroie, Laurie (1989).
9486:Entessar, Nader (2010).
8712:
8577:Notable Iraqi casualties
8268:Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
8161:Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli
8002:Abu al-Fazl Hassan Baygi
7980:Notable Iranian veterans
7669:Plastic Keys to Paradise
7411:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
6906:Operation Praying Mantis
6716:House of Representatives
6462:Kurdistan Workers' Party
6226:posts, bayonet charges,
5913:Gaining civilian support
5753:Gulf Cooperation Council
5504:were exchanged in 2003.
5214:Iranian counteroffensive
5207:Revolutionary Guard Navy
5195:Operation Praying Mantis
5174:Operation Praying Mantis
5054:Operation Praying Mantis
4991:Iran's economy further.
4680:Special Republican Guard
4283:1985–86 Iraqi offensives
4057:escort (21 October 1987)
3833:Iran's change in tactics
3624:Final operations of 1982
3596:helicopters, along with
3188:1st Mechanised Divisions
2091:rose to power after the
1840:, as well as increasing
1814:may have wished to annex
1810:Arab separatists in Iran
1167:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
636:(240 fully operational)
192:Top-left to bottom-right
29984:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
29832:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
29827:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
29637:1966 Syrian coup d'état
29564:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
29405:Allied invasion of Iraq
29352:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
29275:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
28863:Second Libyan civil war
28802:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
28736:Qatar diplomatic crisis
28563:Imperial Bank of Persia
28278:Anglo-Persian Agreement
28212:Embassy of Iran, London
27876:Second Libyan civil war
27756:Qatar diplomatic crisis
27575:CIA activities in Syria
27544:Sanctions against Syria
27496:February 2021 airstrike
27095:Chaplain–Medic massacre
26683:Iraqi National Congress
26666:Operation Eager Glacier
26610:Anbar Salvation Council
26430:Iraq disarmament crisis
26228:January 1993 airstrikes
26176:Geneva Peace Conference
25507:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment
25254:Nuclear program of Iran
24991:Operation Nimble Archer
24976:Operation Eager Glacier
24644:Death and state funeral
24251:Category:Saddam Hussein
23967:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
22983:Mandate for Mesopotamia
22857:First Babylonian Empire
22355:scientists and scholars
21861:Milad Tower and complex
21651:Women's rights movement
21646:White Revolution (1963)
21314:Peoples of the Caucasus
20656:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
20549:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
19701:non-state participants
19540:26 January 2021 at the
19519:20 October 2020 at the
19319:– via Iran Brief.
18887:Encyclopedia Britannica
18807:The Middle East Journal
18776:– via EBSCO host.
18322:Nonproliferation Review
16679:Molavi, Afshin (2005).
15763:Molavi, Afshin (2005).
15716:. Tebyan. 27 July 2005.
15523:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
14232:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
14095:O'Ballance, E. (1988).
13896:23 October 2017 at the
13714:The Battle of al-Khafji
11783:(in German) (5): 10–13.
11085:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011).
10368:. Cambridge; New York:
10085:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
9963:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
9918:Encyclopædia Britannica
9132:Ḥarb al-Khalīj al-ʾAwlā
8635:, French-Iranian author
8483:Mohammad Ebrahim Hemmat
8310:Mohammad Jamali-Paqaleh
8300:Mohammad-Hossein Dadras
8049:Ali Mohammad Bozorgvari
7844:Muslim conquest of Iran
7832:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
7807:Second Persian Gulf War
7441:Iraq disarmament crisis
7181:is as long as 40 years.
6987:Second Battle of al-Faw
6979:Halabja chemical attack
6886:Operation Nimble Archer
6495:($ 30.9 billion),
6234:, and extensive use of
6193:1,000+ (~300 operable)
5981:Reconstruction Campaign
5951:
5884:Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim
5857:
5673:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
5546:Encyclopædia Britannica
5329:international community
5137:Second Battle of al-Faw
5109:and the power plant at
5026:Operation Nimble Archer
4884:Operation Nimble Archer
4848:anti-war demonstrations
4570:Battle of Mehran (1986)
4450:anti-radiation missiles
4360:Baghdad–Basra Highway 6
3459:Supreme Defence Council
3436:Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim
3323:Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline
3169:Operation Fath ol-Mobin
3159:Operation Fath ol-Mobin
3150:aircraft during the war
3121:Operation Tariq al-Quds
3115:Operation Tariq al-Quds
2842:Iraq also began firing
2736:house-to-house fighting
2212:flight of human capital
2187:into early retirement.
2077:, which overthrew Shah
1698:2011 assassination plot
1615:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
1458:International incidents
668:60–80 fighter-bombers,
29929:2011 Bahraini uprising
29913:South Yemen insurgency
29794:Abu Nidal's executions
29779:1986 Damascus bombings
29558:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
29410:Syria–Lebanon campaign
29180:Middle Eastern theatre
28936:2017–2020 Qatif unrest
28765:First Libyan civil war
28748:2011 Bahraini uprising
28724:Action of June 5, 1984
28568:Persian Gulf Residency
28258:Treaty of Paris (1857)
27949:2017–2020 Qatif unrest
27785:First Libyan civil war
27768:2011 Bahraini uprising
27744:Action of June 5, 1984
27105:Charles Robert Jenkins
27052:Ulchi-Freedom Guardian
26678:CIA activities in Iraq
26558:Nisour Square massacre
26420:White House Iraq Group
26030:Tehran American School
25913:CIA activities in Iran
25583:Groups and individuals
25562:Certain Iranian Assets
25552:United States v. Banki
25291:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou
25075:2020 Camp Taji attacks
24986:Operation Prime Chance
24981:Operation Earnest Will
24841:Abadan Crisis Timeline
24397:Supreme Leader of Iran
23142:Insurgency (2011–2013)
23063:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
22867:Middle Assyrian Empire
22666:Anti-Iranian sentiment
22661:Science and technology
22486:Intellectual movements
22366:International rankings
22350:Intellectual movements
21836:International rankings
21329:Heads of state of Iran
21135:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
20696:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
20533:culture (3400–2000 BC)
20407:Iraqi aerial victories
20392:Iraqi chemical weapons
19332:Leopold, Mark (2005).
19259:. Praeger Publishers.
19063:Iran at War: 1500–1988
19030:Middle Eastern Studies
18986:. London: Bloomsbury.
18914:Middle Eastern Studies
18754:International Security
18584:Wright, Robin (2001).
18387:International Security
18021:"Chapter 7: Vesicants"
17724:New Jersey Star-Ledger
17695:History's Greatest War
17693:Bryant, Terry (2007).
17660:Wright, Robin (2008).
17279:Timmerman, Kenneth R.
17270:, Bantam Books, 1993.
16868:National Review Online
14840:Wright, Robin (1989).
14483:"Tanker War 1984–1988"
14122:Naficy, Hamid (2012).
13916:International Security
12976:"Assault on Al-Wallid"
12441:. London: Bloomsbury.
11467:Karsh, Efraim (2002).
11087:Iran at War: 1500–1988
10063:Cordesman, Anthony H.
9528:van Bruinessen, Martin
9438:. Palgrave Macmillan.
9105:1975 Algiers Agreement
9069:Lebanon hostage crisis
8655:Noureddin, Son of Iran
8489:Notable Iraqi veterans
8468:Masoud Monfared Niyaki
8253:Mohammad Ali Allahdadi
7838:warriors overcame the
7809:. State media in Iraq
7796:First Persian Gulf War
7749:
7710:
7694:
7615:Agusta-Bell UH-1 Hueys
7423:Sanctions against Iraq
7371:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
7234:
6882:Operation Earnest Will
6826:
6743:
6407:
6352:
6305:
6127:1,740 (~500 operable)
5965:
5809:Science and technology
5697:
5686:
5656:status quo ante bellum
5615:
5541:
5498:1975 Algiers Agreement
5468:
5393:
5348:
5283:
5190:
5086:
4988:Operation Earnest Will
4982:
4896:
4864:Operation Earnest Will
4712:ground attack aircraft
4698:
4646:Al-Defa al-Mutaharakha
4517:
4498:First Battle of al-Faw
4492:First Battle of al-Faw
4401:
4343:
4324:
4251:
4160:Operation Earnest Will
4058:
4051:Operation Earnest Will
4042:Operation Prime Chance
4038:Operation Earnest Will
3984:
3908:
3754:
3676:
3585:
3509:
3345:
3256:
3215:
3151:
3046:
2983:
2881:
2773:
2711:
2682:Osirak Nuclear Reactor
2678:Operation Scorch Sword
2620:
2494:
2483:
2462:Operation Scorch Sword
2448:Iraqi invasion of Iran
2371:1975 Algiers Agreement
2366:
2277:
2254:
2202:
2096:
2057:Iraqi invasion of Iran
2010:Joint Operation Arvand
1995:
1806:1975 Algiers Agreement
1739:Iraqi invasion of Iran
953:Iraqi invasion of Iran
926:1975 Algiers Agreement
745:140–1,000 helicopters
724:400 artillery pieces,
649:400 artillery pieces,
558:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
455:Commanders and leaders
314:Status quo ante bellum
218:listing to port after
207:Iraqi chemical attacks
116:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
29769:South Yemen civil war
29668:Shatt al-Arab clashes
29593:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
29582:North Yemen civil war
29531:1958 Iraqi revolution
29458:1948 Arab–Israeli War
29452:Arab–Israeli conflict
29321:Sheikh Said rebellion
29185:Battle of Robat Karim
28971:Abqaiq–Khurais attack
28889:Khobar Towers bombing
28775:Hezbollah involvement
28758:insurgency in Bahrain
28429:Iranian Embassy siege
28417:Guadeloupe Conference
27984:Abqaiq–Khurais attack
27902:Khobar Towers bombing
27795:Hezbollah involvement
27778:insurgency in Bahrain
27150:Dai Hong Dan incident
27100:Bloody Gulch massacre
26733:Executive Order 13780
26716:Executive Order 13769
26440:2003 invasion of Iraq
25948:Iranian frozen assets
25770:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan
25477:Executive Order 13876
25472:Executive Order 13780
25455:Executive Order 13769
25450:Executive Order 12172
25445:Executive Order 12170
25410:Tower 22 drone attack
25169:Khobar Towers bombing
25115:Guadeloupe Conference
23429:in post-invasion Iraq
23135:U.S. troop withdrawal
22897:Neo-Babylonian Empire
21954:Shetab Banking System
21944:Banking and insurance
21906:Tehran Stock Exchange
21826:Intellectual property
21171:PJAK conflict (2004–)
20944:Turcomans (1378–1508)
20936:Turcomans (1374–1468)
20885:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
20688:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
19544:by Alfred Yaghobzadeh
19535:Iran–Iraq War; Photos
19299:Timmerman, Kenneth R.
18471:Yakubovich, Nikolay.
18155:John Wiley & Sons
17302:John Wiley & Sons
17128:Middle East Institute
16626:. 27 September 2020.
16468:"The Dujail Massacre"
15997:Tarock, Adam (1998).
15819:Tarock, Adam (1998).
15483:Crist, David (2012).
15033:10.1353/sor.2003.0028
15023:. Pariah Minorities.
14813:Rubin, Barry (2009).
13829:23 April 2013 at the
12283:Ariane M. Tabatabai,
10054:Pollack, p. 232.
10010:Pollack, p. 187.
9946:Pollack, p. 186.
9849:. 26 September 2015.
9432:Johnson, Rob (2010).
9077:1985–86 Paris attacks
8196:Hossein Hassani Sa'di
8121:Gholam Ali Jafarzadeh
8024:Ahmad Reza Pourdastan
7743:
7708:
7680:
7483:Wood Green ricin plot
7267:2003 invasion of Iraq
7228:
6874:freedom of navigation
6814:
6778:London Summit of 1984
6733:
6620:Aid to both countries
6565:freedom of navigation
6450:end-user certificates
6437:to Iraq, since 1986.
6423:Le Nouvel Observateur
6401:
6347:
6288:
5959:
5768:. Iraq's debt to the
5714:2003 invasion of Iraq
5695:
5681:
5610:
5531:
5463:
5389:
5338:
5281:
5241:Operation Forty Stars
5235:On 18 June 1988, the
5231:Operation Forty Stars
5181:
5084:
5015:plausible deniability
4974:
4891:
4821:Iranian war-weariness
4693:
4509:
4440:pods, decoys such as
4395:
4338:
4322:
4242:
4049:
4036:Further information:
3982:
3970:Baghdad–Basra highway
3906:
3887:Battle of the Marshes
3881:Battle of the Marshes
3744:
3674:
3583:
3494:
3340:
3251:
3209:
3145:
3093:Operation Eighth-Imam
3041:
2977:
2875:
2768:
2705:
2643:Iranian Army Aviation
2602:
2576:to protect the Iraqi
2489:
2473:
2452:Further information:
2357:
2271:
2249:
2193:
2141:military intelligence
2087:
2079:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
2053:Iranian Embassy siege
2014:significant bloodshed
1984:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1981:
1974:Shatt al-Arab dispute
1816:Iran's Arab-majority
1286:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
946:Iranian Embassy siege
759:Casualties and losses
622:(500–1,150 operable)
29908:Fatah–Hamas conflict
29844:Operation Desert Fox
29817:1991 Iraqi uprisings
29811:Gulf War (1990–1991)
29722:Grand Mosque seizure
29700:Yemenite War of 1979
29658:Yemenite War of 1972
29598:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
29588:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
29342:Ahmed Barzani revolt
29253:Turkish–Armenian War
29091:Shia–Sunni relations
29013:United Arab Emirates
28868:Western Iran clashes
28790:Spillover in Lebanon
28109:Shia–Sunni relations
28026:United Arab Emirates
27881:Western Iran clashes
27810:Spillover in Lebanon
27459:Syrian peace process
27202:Jeffrey Edward Fowle
27120:Lod Airport massacre
27000:Operation Combat Fox
26774:Iraqi Jewish Archive
26759:Miss Iraq in America
26573:2007–2011 withdrawal
26533:Killing of Nick Berg
26248:1998 bombing of Iraq
25870:Abdul Majid Muhammed
25595:Iran–America Society
25341:2021 Natanz incident
25331:2020 Iran explosions
25125:Operation Eagle Claw
25087:Incidents after 1979
24898:Joint Plan of Action
24826:Persian Gulf Command
24665:Homafaran Allegiance
24543:Islam and Revolution
24321:1978 Tabriz protests
24075:The Fortified Castle
24068:Zabibah and the King
23378:Council of Ministers
23260:Mesopotamian Marshes
21915:Technology start-ups
21816:Environmental issues
21806:Economic Reform Plan
21720:Provincial governors
21410:Environmental issues
21158:Iran Air Flight 655
20899:Jalayirid Sultanate
20771:Caliphate (750–1258)
20613:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
19381:Iran and Iraq at War
18766:10.1162/ISEC_a_00286
18193:(Updated ed.).
18115:Hiltermann, Joost R.
18057:. 15 December 2006.
18055:Encyclopædia Iranica
17102:28 July 2011 at the
17059:. London. p. 9.
16948:28 July 2011 at the
15923:. pp. 117–119.
14986:Cordesman, Anthony.
14653:on 10 February 2013.
14009:"The First Gulf War"
13824:. Plain text version
13689:on 18 September 2017
13643:"The Gulf War, 1991"
13010:Cordesman, Anthony.
12914:Shay, Shaul (1994).
12341:(Updated ed.).
11691:(Updated ed.).
11590:(Updated ed.).
10797:(2012). "Foreword".
10338:(1997), p. 195.
9635:. 11 February 1982.
9286:. 16 December 2020.
9207:ranges are too broad
8726:number in workshops.
8510:Abdel-Wahab al-Saadi
8433:Hasan Aghareb Parast
8360:Qodratollah Mansouri
8325:Mohammad Reza Zahedi
8278:Mohammad-Hassan Nami
8273:Mohammad Forouzandeh
8263:Mohammad-Ali Rahmani
7459:U.S. anthrax attacks
7453:September 11 attacks
7003:Chemical agent used
6762:William Flynn Martin
6501:United Arab Emirates
6294:US Defense Secretary
6176:Helicopters in 1987
6165:Helicopters in 1980
5926:of the Shia town of
5831:2011 Tucson shooting
5677:UN Secretary General
5671:On 9 December 1991,
5661:diplomatic relations
5182:The Iranian frigate
4933:Operation Karbala-10
4834:anti-ship missiles,
4812:and the Army's 77th
4540:commanders, General
4375:General Jamal Zanoun
4156:flying the U.S. flag
2888:in the direction of
2769:Fighting during the
2746:Iraqi advance stalls
2442:1980: Iraqi invasion
2318:Operation Eagle Claw
2297:. Only a handful of
2227:Revolutionary Guards
1808:. Iraqi support for
1771:Baʽathist government
1725:, also known as the
1590:Iraq War (2003–2011)
1536:Gulf War (1990–1991)
1408:June 5 1984 Skirmish
711:300–350 helicopters
634:750–835 helicopters
462:Main Iranian leaders
30131:Wars involving Iraq
30126:Wars involving Iran
30056:This list includes
30024:2021 Beirut clashes
29884:2004 Qamishli riots
29761:Turkey–PKK conflict
29717:1979 Qatif Uprising
29536:1959 Mosul uprising
29526:1958 Lebanon crisis
29473:1973 Yom Kippur War
29444:Iran crisis of 1946
29432:Al-Wathbah uprising
29422:1943 Barzani revolt
29316:Great Syrian Revolt
29296:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
29219:Simko Shikak revolt
28884:1987 Mecca incident
28780:Iranian involvement
28699:1979 Qatif Uprising
28583:Tehran War Cemetery
27897:1987 Mecca incident
27800:Iranian involvement
27730:1979 Qatif Uprising
27501:June 2021 airstrike
27197:Matthew Todd Miller
27110:USS Pueblo (AGER-2)
26701:Iraq Liberation Act
25918:Copyright relations
25249:2016 Naval incident
25105:Iran hostage crisis
24956:Iran Air Flight 655
24868:Island of Stability
24800:Iranian Directorate
24493:Letter to Gorbachev
24348:Cultural Revolution
24326:Neauphle-le-Château
24001:Human rights record
23640:Mesopotamian Arabic
23446:Freedom of religion
22892:Neo-Assyrian Empire
22862:Old Assyrian Period
22847:Neo-Sumerian Empire
22315:Freedom of religion
21901:Supreme Audit Court
21780:Automotive industry
21427:Iranian Balochistan
21153:1987 Mecca incident
21050:Iran crisis of 1946
21039:dynasty (1925–1979)
20968:Dynasty (1751–1794)
20909:dynasty (1338–1357)
20901:dynasty (1335–1432)
20893:dynasty (1314–1393)
20878:dynasty (1244–1381)
20862:dynasty (1077–1231)
20846:dynasty (1011–1215)
20763:Caliphate (661–750)
20755:Caliphate (632–661)
20723:Empire (AD 224–651)
20640:Empire (550–330 BC)
20621:Empire (626–539 BC)
20605:Empire (678–549 BC)
20589:Empire (911–609 BC)
20367:Iran Air Flight 655
20268:Tawakalna ala Allah
20219:Final stages (1988)
19769:Iran–Iraq relations
19697:UN Security Council
19453:Middle East Journal
19186:Pollack, Kenneth M.
18738:on 31 October 2018.
18707:. 1 November 2010.
18086:Global Policy Forum
17518:Military Law Review
17119:Middle East Journal
16474:. 31 December 2006.
16003:. Nova Publishers.
15610:(2). Archived from
15429:The News York Times
14099:. Brassey's. p. 95
13946:on 23 December 2022
13922:on 18 January 2008.
13853:on 25 November 2015
13847:armstrade.sipri.org
13343:. New York: Knopf.
12952:. 20 January 1981.
12887:. 10 January 1983.
12709:on 29 October 2013.
12613:on 29 October 2013.
12577:(film documentary).
12555:on 21 February 2014
12226:Parameter error in
12037:"National Security"
11993:on 5 November 2010.
10840:17 May 2019 at the
10123:Pollack, p. 3.
9879:The Washington Post
9709:The Washington Post
9692:on 23 January 2017.
9605:. 5 February 1982.
9152:Jang-e Irān va Erāq
8624:, Iranian filmmaker
8500:Abdel Emir Yarallah
8473:Mohammad Boroujerdi
8418:Ahmad Motevasselian
8258:Mohammad Ali Jafari
7933:Iran–Iraq relations
7813:Saddam's Qadisiyyah
7447:Arms-to-Iraq affair
6993:
6926:Iran Air Flight 655
6913:Iran Air Flight 655
6738:and Vice President
6697:dual-use technology
6419:dual-use technology
6326:Iran hostage crisis
6246:. The world powers
6149:445 (205 operable)
6049:In September 2020,
5888:Abdul Aziz al-Hakim
5741:al-Shaheed Monument
5720:of Iranian general
5534:Al-Shaheed Monument
5381:Iran Air Flight 655
5346:Iran Air Flight 655
5224:presidential palace
5058:Iran Air Flight 655
4929:Operation Karbala-9
4803:Operation Karbala-6
4797:Operation Karbala-6
4734:Operation Karbala-4
4728:Operation Karbala-4
4722:Operation Karbala-4
4542:Maher Abd al-Rashid
4026:Attacks on shipping
3598:Gazelle helicopters
3449:, Foreign Minister
3447:Mir-Hossein Mousavi
3428:government in exile
3426:. Iran supported a
3380:Gazelle helicopters
3218:In preparation for
3173:Chinook helicopters
3074:command and control
2929:Abulhassan Banisadr
2878:Abulhassan Banisadr
2466:Operation Sultan 10
2196:Abolhassan Banisadr
2173:Revolutionary Court
2049:Iran hostage crisis
1970:Iran–Iraq relations
1964:Iran–Iraq relations
1573:Iraq bombing (1998)
1479:Iran Air Flight 655
1365:Tawakalna ala Allah
1312:Final stages (1988)
855:$ 561 billion
818:$ 627 billion
739:4,500–10,000 APCs,
737:3,400–5,000 tanks,
703:1,750–2,800 tanks,
620:1,700–2,100 tanks,
521:Main Iraqi leaders:
513:Mir-Hossein Mousavi
55:readable prose size
29705:Iranian Revolution
29674:Lebanese Civil War
29620:1948 Palestine war
29367:1935 Yazidi revolt
29258:Franco-Turkish War
29086:Iran International
28926:2015 Mina stampede
28795:Axis of Resistance
28679:Iranian Revolution
28605:The New Great Game
28558:East India Company
28517:Fowzi Badavi Nejad
28412:Iranian Revolution
28104:Iran International
27939:2015 Mina stampede
27815:Axis of Resistance
27710:Iranian Revolution
27214:Sony Pictures hack
26764:Montana Management
26649:Military relations
26301:Muntadhar al-Zaidi
26281:USS Stark incident
26015:Iran Bethel School
25990:Alborz High School
25825:Abdolreza Shahlaei
25800:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh
25785:Mohammad Mosaddegh
25760:Amir Mirza Hekmati
25750:Mahmoud Reza Banki
25700:Erwin David Rabhan
25665:Howard Baskerville
25547:Oil Platforms case
25522:Public Law 113-100
25199:2008 Naval dispute
25100:Iranian Revolution
24966:Iran–Contra affair
24951:Bridgeton incident
24649:Alef-Laam Khomeini
24634:Jamaran Hussainiya
24550:The Greatest Jihad
24453:Shiite clericalism
24368:Interim Government
24338:Iranian Revolution
24233:The Devil's Double
24212:Al-ayyam al-tawila
23962:17 July Revolution
23571:Telecommunications
23546:Foreign Investment
23483:Wars and conflicts
23419:in pre-Saddam Iraq
23383:Presidency Council
23169:2019–2021 protests
23098:Invasion of Kuwait
22922:Sassanid Asorestan
22917:Parthian Babylonia
22912:Seleucid Babylonia
22907:Achaemenid Assyria
22822:Jemdet Nasr period
22446:Persian New Year (
21851:Main economic laws
21422:Iranian Azerbaijan
21324:Monarchs of Persia
21268:Persianate society
20976:Empire (1789–1925)
20960:Empire (1736–1796)
20952:Empire (1501–1736)
20928:Empire (1370–1507)
20854:Empire (1037–1194)
20819:dynasty (934–1062)
20811:dynasty (931–1090)
20803:dynasty (861–1003)
20672:Empire (312–63 BC)
20573:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
20427:Invasion of Kuwait
20397:Iranian commanders
20244:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 7
20237:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
19825:Iranian Revolution
19779:Treaty of Saadabad
19383:(Routledge, 2020)
18842:Middle East Policy
18624:. 20 August 2018.
18268:on 11 October 2017
18031:on 12 January 2006
17936:Understanding Iran
17881:The New York Times
17454:on 17 August 2016.
17423:. 26 August 2013.
16969:The New York Times
16472:The Indian Express
16409:Surgical Neurology
15938:on 3 November 2013
15794:The New York Times
15733:The New York Times
15710:"Mersad operation"
15684:The New York Times
15360:Mohammadi, Karim.
15280:The New York Times
15113:on 24 October 2017
14194:Small Wars Journal
14108:Zabih, S. (1988).
14040:The New York Times
13778:2012-02-04 at the
13580:on 1 November 2012
12885:The New York Times
12733:Small Wars Journal
11695:. pp. 33–34.
10362:Abrahamian, Ervand
9573:The New York Times
9530:(15 August 1986).
9260:. 7 October 2018.
8690:Relevant conflicts
8505:Abdul Qadir Obeidi
8438:Hossein Khalatbari
8423:Ali Eghbali Dogahe
8408:Abdolbaghi Darvish
8394:Yahya Rahim Safavi
8216:Kavous Seyed-Emami
8181:Hossein Allahkaram
8151:Hassan Firouzabadi
8136:Habibollah Sayyari
8086:Amir Ali Hajizadeh
8076:Alireza Sabahifard
8039:Ali Akbar Ahmadian
7997:Abdolrahim Mousavi
7923:Iran–Contra affair
7750:
7711:
7596:Iranian Revolution
7588:ballistic missiles
7389:Ba'ath Party Purge
7383:Iranian Revolution
7377:17 July Revolution
7365:14 July Revolution
7254:Human Rights Watch
7235:
7214:attacks followed.
6991:
6952:later admitted on
6831:Dassault Mirage F1
6827:
6807:USS Stark incident
6744:
6690:post-revolutionary
6599:North Korea was a
6575:Iran–Contra affair
6408:
6343:Secretary of State
6322:Iranian Revolution
6310:post-revolutionary
6306:
6228:human wave attacks
6198:Artillery in 1987
6187:Artillery in 1980
6035:Mohammad-Ali Rajai
5996:counter-revolution
5966:
5880:campaign of terror
5853:Domestic situation
5786:invasion of Kuwait
5759:Economic situation
5722:Ali Sayyad Shirazi
5710:Mujahedeen-e-Khalq
5698:
5616:
5561:and 11,000–16,000
5542:
5513:invasion of Kuwait
5469:
5446:Ali Sayyad Shirazi
5414:Mujahadeen-e-Khalq
5349:
5284:
5255:division, seizing
5191:
5087:
5031:On 28 June, Iraqi
4983:
4943:Air and tanker war
4900:countries such as
4897:
4699:
4534:Iraqi Popular Army
4518:
4486:reverse-engineered
4458:al-Husayn missiles
4402:
4396:Iranian President
4325:
4252:
4112:anti-ship missiles
4059:
3985:
3943:amphibious assault
3909:
3866:amphibious warfare
3755:
3677:
3645:Operation Muharram
3586:
3510:
3480:Minister of Health
3451:Ali Akbar Velayati
3413:Ceasefire proposal
3257:
3216:
3152:
3063:Iraqi Popular Army
3047:
3032:human wave attacks
2984:
2882:
2876:Iranian president
2797:Operation Morvarid
2774:
2756:Operation Morvarid
2712:
2625:Operation Kaman 99
2621:
2582:Arabs of Khuzestan
2578:Kirkuk oil complex
2495:
2490:Destroyed Iranian
2484:
2458:Operation Kaman 99
2367:
2338:Khuzestan province
2291:Khuzestan Province
2278:
2274:Khuzestan Province
2238:human wave attacks
2203:
2194:Iranian President
2185:brigadier-generals
2097:
2093:Iranian Revolution
2075:Iranian Revolution
2041:Iranian Revolution
1996:
1949:human wave attacks
1818:Khuzestan province
1751:Iranian Revolution
1351:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
1332:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
1320:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
1110:Muharram ol-Harram
931:Iranian Revolution
718:175,000 soldiers,
705:2,350–4,000 APCs,
670:70–90 helicopters
643:350,000 soldiers,
401:Islamic Dawa Party
248:being used by the
112:Iranian Revolution
30151:Ruhollah Khomeini
30116:Invasions by Iraq
30111:Invasions of Iran
30068:
30067:
29291:Franco-Syrian War
29248:Greco-Turkish War
29236:Anglo-Turkish War
29202:Assyrian genocide
29197:Armenian genocide
29168:Italo-Turkish War
29120:
29119:
28980:Iranian relations
28836:Yemeni revolution
28819:Houthi insurgency
28785:Saudi involvement
28629:
28628:
28422:Conspiracy theory
28309:Anglo-Persian War
28283:Tehran Conference
28268:D'Arcy Concession
28263:Reuter concession
28199:
28198:
28138:
28137:
27993:Iranian relations
27849:Yemeni revolution
27832:Houthi insurgency
27805:Saudi involvement
27604:
27603:
27371:
27370:
26990:Hill 303 massacre
26812:
26811:
26526:Abu Ghraib prison
26460:Task Force Viking
26171:Nayirah testimony
26073:
26072:
25775:Mohammad Hosseini
25670:William J. Fallon
25590:Iran Action Group
25405:2024 Erbil attack
25211:Project Cassandra
24971:Operation Staunch
24858:Project Dark Gene
24698:
24697:
24522:Tahrir al-Wasilah
24483:Islamic democracy
24292:Ruhollah Khomeini
24258:
24257:
24165:Khairallah Talfah
24159:Samira Shahbandar
23914:
23913:
23862:
23861:
23858:
23857:
23848:Mandaean New Year
23599:
23598:
23491:
23490:
23473:Political parties
23368:Foreign relations
23313:
23312:
23220:Lower Mesopotamia
23215:Upper Mesopotamia
23188:
23187:
23184:
23183:
22948:Abbasid Caliphate
22943:Umayyad Caliphate
22852:Isin-Larsa period
22715:
22714:
22683:
22682:
22679:
22678:
22649:
22648:
22556:Opium consumption
22389:
22388:
22225:Ethnic minorities
22199:Iranian languages
22124:
22123:
22120:
22119:
21737:
21736:
21733:
21732:
21616:Political parties
21554:Children's rights
21539:Foreign relations
21533:2009 presidential
21480:
21479:
21442:Iranian Kurdistan
21361:
21360:
21357:
21356:
21241:
21240:
21213:COVID-19 pandemic
21072:Revolution (1979)
21018:
21017:
20838:Empire (977–1186)
20795:dynasty (864–928)
20787:dynasty (821–873)
20779:dynasty (819–999)
20732:
20731:
20648:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
20449:
20448:
20375:
20374:
20250:Al-Anfal Campaign
20226:War of the Cities
20068:Kurdish rebellion
19685:Operation Staunch
19435:978-0-674-08863-4
19426:The Iran–Iraq War
19408:978-1-107-06229-0
19343:978-0-85255-941-3
19275:Pfetsch, Frank R.
19266:978-0-275-93843-7
19199:978-0-8032-8783-9
19156:978-1-84176-371-2
19147:Osprey Publishing
19072:978-1-78096-221-4
19019:978-0-413-61370-7
18677:. 24 April 2022.
18601:978-0-7432-3342-2
18481:978-5-699-41797-1
18437:پايگاه هشتم شكاري
17833:Hurd, Nathaniel.
17797:ForeignPolicy.com
17679:978-1-59420-111-0
17608:978-3-319-31018-3
17253:978-1-60127-019-1
17240:Fuller, Graham E.
17083:978-0-921689-15-7
17004:on 3 January 2013
16929:978-0-313-28112-9
16904:978-0-8130-1476-0
16758:978-0-521-52891-7
16690:978-0-393-32597-3
16660:978-0-393-32968-1
16563:978-1-108-47842-7
16453:978-1-55587-250-2
16373:Los Angeles Times
16341:. 4 August 2009.
16152:. 19 April 2001.
16149:Los Angeles Times
15921:U.S. Marine Corps
15830:978-1-56072-593-0
15774:978-0-393-32597-3
15614:on 6 October 2014
15577:978-1-4289-9255-9
15526:The Iran–Iraq War
15494:978-1-59420-341-1
15246:Spokane Chronicle
15075:978-0-19-160934-3
14883:978-0-226-07758-1
14857:978-0-671-67235-5
14788:Los Angeles Times
14738:978-1-85109-948-1
14585:978-0-313-31024-9
14243:978-0-674-08863-4
14234:The Iran–Iraq War
14218:978-1-234-87718-7
14133:978-0-8223-4878-8
13939:Los Angeles Times
13622:978-1-108-49362-8
13552:978-0-413-61370-7
13395:on 22 August 2014
13350:978-1-4000-4199-2
13303:on 8 August 2014.
13278:978-1-59473-248-5
12791:978-1-84603-364-3
12392:978-0-8133-0955-2
12173:978-0-8032-8783-9
11637:978-0-8130-1177-6
11478:978-1-84176-371-2
11096:978-1-78096-221-4
10812:978-1-4422-0830-8
10654:978-1-86064-316-3
10616:978-1-84176-371-2
10538:978-0-415-90406-3
10421:978-1-4039-7609-3
10256:978-1-59884-336-1
10214:978-0-8130-1476-0
10174:978-0-415-90406-3
10088:The Iran–Iraq War
10036:on 2 October 2018
9966:The Iran–Iraq War
9435:The Iran–Iraq War
9389:978-1-107-06229-0
9241:
9240:
9233:
9149:
9129:
9121:حرب الخليج الأولى
8755:Al-Anfal genocide
8622:Ebrahim Hatamikia
8570:Wafiq al-Samarrai
8515:Hamid Raja Shalah
8428:Hassan Abshenasan
8238:Mansour Haghdoust
8126:Gholam Ali Rashid
8061:Ali Sayad Shirazi
7958:Operation Babylon
7826:Qādisiyyat Ṣaddām
7776:حرب الخليج الأولى
7730:Legacy and memory
7634:war of the cities
7573:Israeli Air Force
7529:
7528:
7324:Charles E. Redman
7186:
7185:
7182:
6901:Samuel B. Roberts
6774:Margaret Thatcher
6740:George H. W. Bush
6487:Financial support
6286:
6208:
6207:
6160:65 (serviceable)
6031:Mohammad Beheshti
6009:Mojahedin-e-Khalq
5907:al-Anfal Campaign
5802:debt-to-GDP ratio
5764:down by a slowed
5480:belonging to the
5438:Islamabad-e-Gharb
5099:Operation Zafar 7
5091:Operation Dawn 10
5064:war of the cities
5003:On 24 September,
4978:speedboats using
4746:Battle of Karbala
4665:al-Anfal campaign
4604:war of the cities
4367:war of the cities
4348:anti-tank weapons
4297:war of the cities
4249:war of the cities
4210:strategic bombers
4198:war of the cities
4189:strategic bombing
4183:War of the cities
4177:Attacks on cities
4152:Lloyd's of London
4125:Maverick missiles
4016:strategic bombing
4009:war of the cities
3963:electrical cables
3935:Operation Kheibar
3913:Operation Kheibar
3899:Operation Kheibar
3567:Operation Ramadan
3165:Ali Sayad Shirazi
2940:Mujahedin e-Khalq
2766:
2729:Molotov cocktails
2721:recoilless rifles
2593:Adnan Khayr Allah
2503:Iranian Air Force
2476:Mehrabad Air Base
2439:
2438:
2431:
2378:Course of the war
2157:persona non grata
2153:charge d'affaires
2116:Algiers Agreement
2089:Ruhollah Khomeini
2029:Ruhollah Khomeini
1988:Houari Boumédiène
1747:Ruhollah Khomeini
1716:
1715:
1629:
1628:
1521:Persian Gulf Wars
1487:
1486:
920:Pre-war incidents
876:
875:
626:(1,300 operable)
546:Adnan Khayr Allah
477:Ruhollah Khomeini
320:
319:
267:22 September 1980
246:anti-aircraft gun
239:by Iranian forces
202:on the frontlines
90:
89:
57:was 26,000 words.
16:(Redirected from
30173:
30030:Israel–Hamas war
29957:Syrian civil war
29940:Sinai insurgency
29901:2006 Lebanon War
29576:Dhofar Rebellion
29511:Cyprus Emergency
29506:Jebel Akhdar War
29478:1982 Lebanon War
29468:1967 Six-Day War
29377:Dersim rebellion
29337:Ararat rebellion
29241:Al-Jazeera Front
29147:
29140:
29133:
29124:
29123:
29111:
29110:
28961:2019 Afif attack
28841:Yemeni civil war
28770:Syrian civil war
28656:
28649:
28642:
28633:
28632:
28620:
28619:
28548:Bahrain province
28512:Ghoncheh Ghavami
28487:Anoosheh Ashoori
28314:Persian Campaign
28205:Diplomatic posts
28195:
28194:
28187:
28186:
28177:
28176:
28165:
28158:
28151:
28142:
28141:
28129:
28128:
27974:2019 Afif attack
27854:Yemeni civil war
27790:Syrian civil war
27659:Diplomatic posts
27653:
27652:
27643:
27642:
27631:
27624:
27617:
27608:
27607:
27595:
27594:
27554:Trump travel ban
27491:Syrian civil war
27426:Diplomatic posts
27420:
27419:
27418:
27410:
27409:
27408:
27398:
27391:
27384:
27375:
27374:
27362:
27361:
27313:Death to America
27272:Trump travel ban
27042:Operation Weasel
26995:Sinchon Massacre
26935:Singapore Summit
26920:Agreed Framework
26867:Diplomatic posts
26861:
26860:
26859:
26851:
26850:
26849:
26839:
26832:
26825:
26816:
26815:
26803:
26802:
26754:Dual containment
26726:Trump travel ban
26605:Vets For Freedom
26543:Haditha massacre
26128:Diplomatic posts
26122:
26121:
26112:
26111:
26100:
26093:
26086:
26077:
26076:
26065:
26064:
26020:Iranzamin School
26010:Damavand College
25983:Alavi Foundation
25978:650 Fifth Avenue
25928:Dual containment
25923:Death to America
25835:Masoud Soleimani
25755:Haleh Esfandiari
25720:Michael R. White
25465:Trump travel ban
25269:Operation Merlin
25008:Yemeni Civil War
25003:Syrian civil war
24853:Exercise Delawar
24821:Persian Corridor
24753:Diplomatic posts
24747:
24746:
24737:
24736:
24725:
24718:
24711:
24702:
24701:
24690:
24689:
24599:Hussein Khomeini
24575:Mostafa Khomeini
24458:Death to America
24428:
24316:1978 Qom protest
24285:
24278:
24271:
24262:
24261:
24249:
24248:
24195:Mustapha Hussein
24116:Alleged shredder
24082:Men and the City
24052:
23941:
23934:
23927:
23918:
23917:
23904:
23903:
23894:
23893:
23884:
23874:
23873:
23618:
23617:
23605:
23604:
23536:
23497:
23496:
23348:
23319:
23318:
23305:Sinjar Mountains
23295:Zagros Mountains
23235:Hamrin Mountains
23194:
23193:
23157:Mosul liberation
23130:Iraqi insurgency
23052:National Command
23041:
22877:Simurrum culture
22780:
22779:
22767:
22766:
22756:
22755:
22754:
22742:
22735:
22728:
22719:
22718:
22705:
22695:
22694:
22546:National symbols
22400:
22399:
22215:Iranian citizens
22152:
22151:
22143:
22142:
22130:
22129:
22112:Research centers
21801:Economic history
21756:
21755:
21743:
21742:
21677:Guardian Council
21499:
21498:
21486:
21485:
21367:
21366:
21344:Electric history
21339:Military history
21253:Ancient Persians
21161:
21160:shootdown (1988)
21143:
21130:
21127:Iranian Embassy
21097:
21086:
21084:Islamic Republic
21073:
21065:1953 coup d'état
21040:
21027:
21026:
20985:
20982:Khanates of the
20977:
20969:
20961:
20953:
20945:
20937:
20929:
20910:
20902:
20894:
20886:
20879:
20871:
20863:
20855:
20847:
20839:
20820:
20812:
20804:
20796:
20788:
20780:
20772:
20764:
20756:
20743:
20742:
20724:
20705:
20697:
20689:
20681:
20673:
20665:
20657:
20649:
20641:
20622:
20614:
20606:
20598:
20590:
20582:
20574:
20566:
20558:
20550:
20542:
20534:
20521:
20520:
20505:
20504:
20492:
20491:
20476:
20469:
20462:
20453:
20452:
20441:
20440:
19974:2nd Khorramshahr
19969:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
19917:Stalemate (1981)
19861:1st Khorramshahr
19759:
19758:
19572:
19565:
19558:
19549:
19548:
19503:
19484:
19447:
19420:
19376:
19347:
19320:
19318:
19316:
19311:on 13 March 2013
19307:. Archived from
19294:
19270:
19258:
19247:
19242:. Archived from
19232:10.2307/20029156
19210:(January 1942).
19208:Wright, Edwin M.
19203:
19188:(2004). "Iraq".
19181:
19160:
19134:
19132:
19130:
19110:
19108:
19106:
19100:
19094:. Archived from
19085:
19076:
19054:
19023:
19011:
18997:
18968:
18967:
18965:
18963:
18944:
18938:
18937:
18909:
18903:
18902:
18900:
18898:
18879:
18870:
18867:Khosronejad 2013
18864:
18858:
18857:
18837:
18831:
18830:
18802:
18796:
18795:
18787:
18778:
18777:
18749:
18740:
18739:
18734:. Archived from
18727:
18721:
18720:
18718:
18716:
18697:
18691:
18690:
18688:
18686:
18667:
18661:
18660:
18658:
18656:
18636:
18630:
18629:
18612:
18606:
18605:
18581:
18575:
18574:
18552:
18546:
18545:
18543:
18541:
18526:
18520:
18519:
18517:
18515:
18495:
18484:
18469:
18454:
18453:
18451:
18449:
18432:
18426:
18425:
18423:
18421:
18415:
18384:
18375:
18369:
18368:
18366:
18364:
18358:
18319:
18310:
18304:
18303:
18301:
18299:
18284:
18278:
18277:
18275:
18273:
18253:
18244:
18243:
18241:
18239:
18234:on 7 August 2011
18230:. Archived from
18219:
18213:
18212:
18192:
18179:
18173:
18172:
18147:Sciolino, Elaine
18143:
18137:
18136:
18111:
18102:
18101:
18099:
18097:
18077:
18071:
18070:
18068:
18066:
18047:
18041:
18040:
18038:
18036:
18016:
18010:
18009:
18007:
18005:
17996:. Archived from
17985:
17979:
17978:
17956:
17950:
17949:
17931:
17925:
17924:
17906:
17897:
17896:
17894:
17892:
17872:
17866:
17865:
17863:
17861:
17845:
17839:
17838:
17830:
17828:
17819:
17813:
17812:
17810:
17808:
17788:
17782:
17781:
17779:
17777:
17758:
17752:
17749:
17740:
17739:
17737:
17735:
17715:
17709:
17708:
17690:
17684:
17683:
17667:
17657:
17651:
17650:
17648:
17646:
17618:
17612:
17611:
17586:
17580:
17579:
17577:
17575:
17566:. Archived from
17547:
17541:
17540:
17538:
17536:
17530:
17515:
17506:
17495:
17494:
17482:
17469:
17456:
17455:
17450:. Archived from
17443:
17437:
17436:
17434:
17432:
17411:
17405:
17404:
17402:
17400:
17394:
17388:. Archived from
17387:
17379:
17370:
17359:
17353:
17352:
17330:
17324:
17323:
17294:Sciolino, Elaine
17290:
17284:
17277:
17271:
17266:Friedman, Alan.
17264:
17258:
17257:
17236:
17230:
17229:
17218:
17212:
17211:
17209:
17207:
17186:
17180:
17179:
17177:
17175:
17154:
17148:
17147:
17113:
17107:
17094:
17088:
17087:
17067:
17061:
17060:
17052:
17046:
17045:
17033:
17027:
17021:
17015:
17012:
17006:
17005:
16991:
16985:
16984:
16982:
16980:
16960:
16954:
16940:
16934:
16933:
16915:
16909:
16908:
16890:
16884:
16883:
16881:
16879:
16859:
16850:
16849:
16827:
16821:
16820:
16798:
16792:
16791:
16769:
16763:
16762:
16744:
16738:
16737:
16727:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16716:
16707:. Archived from
16701:
16695:
16694:
16671:
16665:
16664:
16646:
16640:
16639:
16637:
16635:
16616:
16610:
16609:
16607:
16605:
16586:
16580:
16579:
16577:
16575:
16547:
16538:
16537:
16515:
16509:
16508:
16506:
16504:
16498:
16491:
16482:
16476:
16475:
16464:
16458:
16457:
16439:
16433:
16432:
16403:
16397:
16396:
16394:
16392:
16364:
16355:
16354:
16352:
16350:
16331:
16325:
16324:
16322:
16320:
16301:
16295:
16293:
16291:
16289:
16280:. Archived from
16269:
16263:
16262:
16260:
16258:
16252:
16245:
16236:
16230:
16229:
16227:
16225:
16206:
16197:
16196:
16194:
16192:
16172:
16166:
16165:
16163:
16161:
16140:
16134:
16132:
16117:
16115:
16109:
16102:
16094:
16088:
16087:
16085:
16083:
16059:
16053:
16052:
16050:
16048:
16043:on 10 April 2019
16039:. Archived from
16033:
16027:
16026:
16024:
16022:
15994:
15977:
15976:
15954:
15948:
15947:
15945:
15943:
15937:
15931:. Archived from
15918:
15907:
15896:
15889:
15883:
15880:
15874:
15871:
15865:
15864:
15862:
15860:
15855:on 20 April 2018
15851:. Archived from
15841:
15835:
15834:
15816:
15810:
15809:
15807:
15805:
15785:
15779:
15778:
15760:
15749:
15748:
15746:
15744:
15724:
15718:
15717:
15706:
15700:
15699:
15697:
15695:
15686:. 2 April 1988.
15676:
15670:
15669:
15663:
15655:
15653:
15651:
15645:
15638:
15630:
15624:
15623:
15621:
15619:
15595:
15582:
15581:
15562:
15553:
15552:
15550:
15548:
15520:
15514:
15508:
15499:
15498:
15480:
15474:
15473:
15451:
15445:
15444:
15442:
15440:
15420:
15411:
15410:
15408:
15406:
15387:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15357:
15351:
15350:
15328:
15322:
15321:
15319:
15317:
15302:
15296:
15295:
15293:
15291:
15272:Sciolino, Elaine
15268:
15262:
15261:
15259:
15257:
15238:
15232:
15231:
15229:
15227:
15221:
15210:
15202:
15149:
15148:
15146:
15144:
15129:
15123:
15122:
15120:
15118:
15109:. Archived from
15107:"www.fatehan.ir"
15103:
15097:
15086:
15080:
15079:
15059:
15053:
15052:
15016:
15010:
15009:
15007:
15005:
14999:
14992:
14983:
14962:
14961:
14955:
14947:
14929:
14923:
14922:
14920:
14918:
14897:
14888:
14887:
14868:
14862:
14861:
14837:
14831:
14830:
14810:
14804:
14803:
14801:
14799:
14779:
14770:
14769:
14767:
14765:
14749:
14743:
14742:
14722:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14711:
14706:on 9 August 2011
14702:. Archived from
14691:
14685:
14684:
14682:
14680:
14661:
14655:
14654:
14652:
14645:
14637:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14603:
14590:
14589:
14565:
14559:
14558:
14556:
14554:
14548:
14541:
14533:
14527:
14526:
14524:
14522:
14505:
14499:
14498:
14496:
14494:
14478:
14472:
14471:
14469:
14467:
14451:
14438:
14437:
14435:
14433:
14413:
14392:
14391:
14389:
14387:
14381:
14375:. Archived from
14366:
14358:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14330:
14315:
14309:
14308:
14306:
14304:
14289:
14283:
14282:
14280:
14278:
14254:
14248:
14247:
14229:
14223:
14222:
14204:
14198:
14197:
14185:
14138:
14137:
14119:
14113:
14106:
14100:
14093:
14087:
14086:
14084:
14082:
14062:
14056:
14055:
14053:
14051:
14031:
14025:
14024:
14022:
14020:
14004:
13975:
13974:
13954:
13948:
13947:
13930:
13924:
13923:
13907:
13901:
13888:
13882:
13869:
13863:
13862:
13860:
13858:
13849:. Archived from
13839:
13833:
13822:
13820:
13818:
13812:
13801:
13793:
13787:
13769:
13763:
13762:
13740:
13734:
13733:
13731:
13729:
13719:
13708:
13699:
13698:
13696:
13694:
13678:
13659:
13658:
13656:
13654:
13639:
13633:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13596:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13585:
13566:
13557:
13556:
13536:
13477:
13476:
13454:
13448:
13447:
13445:
13443:
13428:
13405:
13404:
13402:
13400:
13380:
13355:
13354:
13331:
13325:
13324:
13322:
13320:
13307:Farrokh, Kaveh.
13304:
13289:
13283:
13282:
13264:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13253:
13247:
13240:
13232:
13226:
13225:
13198:
13192:
13191:
13190:on 3 April 2013.
13189:
13183:. Archived from
13182:
13173:
13124:
13123:
13103:
13094:
13081:
13070:
13069:
13067:
13065:
13049:
13034:
13033:
13031:
13029:
13023:
13016:
13007:
12996:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12972:
12966:
12965:
12963:
12961:
12942:
12936:
12935:
12911:
12905:
12904:
12898:
12896:
12877:
12871:
12865:
12859:
12858:
12834:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12823:
12807:
12796:
12795:
12777:
12771:
12768:
12762:
12755:
12749:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12724:
12711:
12710:
12708:
12697:
12688:
12653:
12652:
12647:
12645:
12621:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12606:. Archived from
12605:
12596:
12579:
12578:
12571:
12565:
12564:
12562:
12560:
12540:
12527:
12526:
12518:
12512:
12511:
12493:
12484:
12483:
12481:
12479:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12434:
12397:
12396:
12372:
12361:
12360:
12340:
12327:
12321:
12320:
12294:
12288:
12281:
12275:
12274:
12249:
12243:
12242:
12241:
12235:
12229:
12218:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12187:
12178:
12177:
12159:
12084:
12083:
12081:
12079:
12063:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12033:
12022:
12021:
12019:
12017:
12001:
11995:
11994:
11992:
11985:
11977:
11971:
11970:
11952:
11946:
11945:
11923:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11868:Cold War History
11855:
11849:
11848:
11826:
11820:
11819:
11794:
11785:
11784:
11774:
11765:
11764:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11713:
11707:
11706:
11690:
11677:
11671:
11670:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11623:
11606:
11605:
11589:
11576:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11550:
11544:
11543:
11518:
11512:
11511:
11489:
11483:
11482:
11464:
11209:
11208:
11206:
11204:
11166:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11155:
11136:
11101:
11100:
11082:
10887:
10880:
10871:
10864:
10858:
10851:
10845:
10831:
10825:
10824:
10791:
10778:
10772:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10750:Associated Press
10735:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10724:
10707:Rumel, Rudolph.
10704:
10698:
10697:
10695:
10693:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10640:
10629:
10628:
10599:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10577:
10560:Rumel, Rudolph.
10557:
10551:
10550:
10515:
10504:
10503:
10477:
10453:
10434:
10433:
10407:
10392:
10391:
10358:
10339:
10332:
10326:
10323:
10314:
10311:
10302:
10299:
10290:
10287:
10278:
10275:
10269:
10268:
10242:
10227:
10226:
10200:
10187:
10186:
10151:
10124:
10121:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10110:
10082:
10069:
10061:
10055:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10032:. Archived from
10026:
10020:
10017:
10011:
10008:
10002:
9999:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9988:
9960:
9947:
9944:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9930:
9909:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9891:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9839:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9772:
9766:
9763:
9757:
9752:
9746:
9732:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9721:
9700:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9685:. Archived from
9666:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9564:
9558:
9557:
9551:
9549:
9540:. pp. 1–3.
9524:
9518:
9517:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9456:
9450:
9449:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9403:
9392:
9377:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9366:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9321:
9314:
9306:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9280:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9254:
9236:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9216:
9196:
9188:
9177:
9173:
9167:
9165:Sepah-e-Pasdaran
9161:
9155:
9154:
9144:
9142:
9141:جنگ ایران و عراق
9134:
9124:
9122:
9114:
9108:
9100:
9094:
9086:
9080:
9057:
9051:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9032:
9030:
9029:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9006:
9004:
9003:
8996:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8978:
8976:
8975:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8944:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8916:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8901:
8897:
8895:
8894:
8883:
8882:
8874:
8870:
8869:
8858:
8846:
8843:
8837:
8834:Islamic calendar
8825:
8819:
8811:
8805:
8800:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8782:
8781:
8771:
8758:
8751:
8745:
8742:
8736:
8733:
8727:
8723:
8601:Frans van Anraat
8555:Shihab Jahid Ali
8545:Ra'ad al-Hamdani
8535:Jawad Rumi Daini
8530:Iyad Khalil Zaki
8443:Hossein Kharrazi
8380:
8368:
8320:Mohammad Pakpour
8315:Mohammad Marandi
8296:
8233:Kioumars Heydari
8229:
8201:Hossein Lashkari
8191:Hossein Hamadani
8081:Alireza Tangsiri
8057:
8010:
7928:Iran–Iraq border
7891:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7877:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7828:
7821:
7820:
7788:Persian Gulf War
7777:
7764:
7757:
7673:Mafatih al-Janan
7521:
7514:
7507:
7406:
7354:
7334:
7333:
7276:white phosphorus
7250:Joost Hiltermann
7191:Veterans of Iran
7176:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7000:Number of usage
6994:
6990:
6950:William J. Crowe
6705:Bell helicopters
6701:terrorist groups
6661:U.S. involvement
6539:Matrix Churchill
6516:Atlanta, Georgia
6469:West Nile Region
6435:chemical weapons
6296:during the 2003
6287:
6236:chemical weapons
6107:
6106:
5992:Ra'ad al-Hamdani
5897:, whose leader (
5865:personality cult
5843:Coalition forces
5737:Hands of Victory
5716:, including the
5596:Iraqi government
5583:chemical warfare
5575:prisoners of war
5571:regular military
5502:prisoners of war
5442:Operation Mersad
5411:
5410:
5404:Operation Mersad
5288:amphibious craft
5250:
5159:Ra'ad al-Hamdani
5107:Darbandikhan Dam
5023:
4893:Adnan Khairallah
4787:in a stalemate.
4773:
4696:Operation Mersad
4676:praetorian guard
4564:Battle of Mehran
4546:Republican Guard
4523:al-Faw peninsula
4511:Operation Dawn 8
4502:Operation Dawn 8
4071:Strait of Hormuz
3989:defence-in-depth
3925:Operation Dawn 5
3895:Operation Dawn 6
3891:Operation Dawn 5
3787:Operation Dawn-4
3768:Operation Dawn-3
3759:Operation Dawn-2
3736:Operation Dawn-1
3720:war of attrition
3538:defense in depth
3469:Akbar Rafsanjani
3424:Islamic republic
3392:chemical weapons
3086:maneuver warfare
3070:Ra'ad al-Hamdani
2868:Battle of Dezful
2862:Battle of Dezful
2825:Battle of Dezful
2767:
2566:Zagros Mountains
2434:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2364:Iran–Iraq border
2272:The location of
2169:Sadegh Khalkhali
2067:Arab nationalism
1953:chemical weapons
1765:, would exploit
1688:Syrian civil war
1668:
1666:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1345:Halabja massacre
1081:2nd Khorramshahr
1076:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
1020:Stalemate (1981)
981:1st Khorramshahr
912:
902:
895:
888:
879:
878:
829:105,000–500,000
798:320,000–500,000
791:(Iranian claim)
780:123,220–160,000
769:200,000–600,000
728:180 helicopters
653:700 helicopters
568:
567:
556:
555:
544:
543:
532:
531:
511:
510:
499:
498:
489:Akbar Rafsanjani
487:
486:
475:
474:
438:
437:
436:
427:
426:
425:
416:
415:
414:
399:
398:
397:
388:
387:
386:
377:
376:
375:
366:
365:
364:
355:
351:
349:
348:
337:
335:
334:
269:– 20 August 1988
260:
259:
231:Operation Mersad
184:
175:
164:
155:
144:
135:
94:
93:
85:
82:
76:
40:
39:
32:
21:
30181:
30180:
30176:
30175:
30174:
30172:
30171:
30170:
30096:1980s conflicts
30071:
30070:
30069:
30064:
30062:
30049:
30012:
29934:Egyptian Crisis
29917:
29858:
29798:
29731:
29641:
29630:Second Intifada
29540:
29484:
29381:
29347:Simele massacre
29325:
29306:Adwan Rebellion
29279:
29156:
29151:
29121:
29116:
29100:
29017:
28981:
28975:
28872:
28707:
28665:
28660:
28630:
28625:
28609:
28531:
28470:
28364:Tobacco Protest
28342:
28297:
28241:
28200:
28188:
28181:
28171:
28169:
28139:
28134:
28118:
28030:
27994:
27988:
27885:
27696:
27680:
27654:
27647:
27637:
27635:
27605:
27600:
27584:
27563:
27532:
27479:
27463:
27447:
27421:
27416:
27414:
27406:
27404:
27402:
27372:
27367:
27351:
27281:
27240:
27083:
26980:Korean conflict
26968:
26925:Six-party talks
26908:
26862:
26857:
26855:
26847:
26845:
26843:
26813:
26808:
26792:
26737:
26689:
26644:
26620:Strategic reset
26548:Ishaqi massacre
26342:
26264:
26154:
26123:
26116:
26106:
26104:
26074:
26069:
26055:
25876:
25735:Saeid Aboutaleb
25715:Craig Wadsworth
25690:Stephen D. Mull
25680:Joseph Macmanus
25578:
25419:
25274:Charming Kitten
25236:RQ-170 incident
25204:Filipino Monkey
25150:Algiers Accords
25081:
25018:Abraham Accords
24929:
24923:U.S. withdrawal
24809:
24748:
24741:
24731:
24729:
24699:
24694:
24680:
24622:
24613:(granddaughter)
24605:Hassan Khomeini
24569:Khadijeh Saqafi
24555:
24502:
24473:Sex segregation
24429:
24420:
24407:Israeli support
24373:1979 Referendum
24353:Supreme Council
24294:
24289:
24259:
24254:
24238:
24219:House of Saddam
24199:
24193:Grandchildren:
24139:Half-brothers:
24120:
24099:
24053:
24044:
23950:
23945:
23915:
23910:
23854:
23838:Public holidays
23761:
23612:
23595:
23534:
23504:
23487:
23346:
23326:
23309:
23240:Iraqi Kurdistan
23230:Euphrates river
23201:
23180:
23147:War (2014–2017)
23093:Operation Opera
23039:
23009:
23005:Arab Federation
22993:Kingdom of Iraq
22926:
22902:Fall of Babylon
22837:Akkadian Empire
22812:Samarra culture
22797:Hassuna culture
22774:
22761:
22749:
22748:
22746:
22716:
22711:
22675:
22645:
22624:Rap and hip-hop
22595:
22576:Public holidays
22561:Persian gardens
22550:Imperial Anthem
22541:National Jewels
22496:Iranian studies
22385:
22319:
22271:
22203:
22164:Persian (Farsi)
22137:
22116:
22085:
22047:
22040:
21975:Pharmaceuticals
21920:
21911:Venture capital
21886:Rial (currency)
21871:Nuclear program
21750:
21729:
21696:
21655:
21606:Nuclear program
21571:Judicial system
21493:
21476:
21447:Iranian plateau
21374:
21353:
21237:
21159:
21141:
21128:
21096:History (1979–)
21095:
21087:
21082:
21077:
21071:
21038:
21014:
20983:
20975:
20967:
20959:
20951:
20943:
20935:
20927:
20914:
20908:
20900:
20892:
20884:
20877:
20869:
20861:
20853:
20845:
20837:
20824:
20818:
20810:
20802:
20794:
20786:
20778:
20770:
20762:
20754:
20738:
20728:
20722:
20709:
20703:
20695:
20687:
20679:
20671:
20663:
20655:
20647:
20639:
20626:
20620:
20619:Neo-Babylonian
20612:
20604:
20597:(860 BC–590 BC)
20596:
20588:
20580:
20572:
20565:(c.2300–675 BC)
20564:
20556:
20548:
20540:
20532:
20512:
20499:
20486:
20480:
20450:
20445:
20431:
20387:Order of battle
20371:
20316:US intervention
20311:
20214:
20091:
20019:Before the Dawn
20005:Muslim ibn Aqil
19979:
19948:Samen-ol-A'emeh
19935:
19912:
19880:Siege of Abadan
19849:Iraqi airstrike
19834:
19830:Anti-Iranianism
19774:Treaty of Zuhab
19750:
19587:
19581:
19576:
19542:Wayback Machine
19521:Wayback Machine
19510:
19465:10.3751/72.2.14
19436:
19409:
19392:Wayback Machine
19373:
19355:
19353:Further reading
19350:
19344:
19314:
19312:
19291:
19267:
19246:on 6 June 2013.
19216:Foreign Affairs
19200:
19157:
19128:
19126:
19119:History of Iran
19113:
19104:
19102:
19098:
19083:
19079:
19073:
19020:
18994:
18977:
18972:
18971:
18961:
18959:
18958:on 5 March 2021
18946:
18945:
18941:
18910:
18906:
18896:
18894:
18881:
18880:
18873:
18865:
18861:
18838:
18834:
18819:10.3751/64.3.12
18803:
18799:
18792:The Iranian Hub
18788:
18781:
18750:
18743:
18730:Faily, Lukman.
18728:
18724:
18714:
18712:
18699:
18698:
18694:
18684:
18682:
18669:
18668:
18664:
18654:
18652:
18637:
18633:
18614:
18613:
18609:
18602:
18582:
18578:
18571:
18553:
18549:
18539:
18537:
18528:
18527:
18523:
18513:
18511:
18496:
18487:
18470:
18457:
18447:
18445:
18438:
18434:
18433:
18429:
18419:
18417:
18413:
18382:
18376:
18372:
18362:
18360:
18356:
18317:
18311:
18307:
18297:
18295:
18286:
18285:
18281:
18271:
18269:
18254:
18247:
18237:
18235:
18220:
18216:
18209:
18180:
18176:
18169:
18144:
18140:
18133:
18112:
18105:
18095:
18093:
18078:
18074:
18064:
18062:
18049:
18048:
18044:
18034:
18032:
18017:
18013:
18003:
18001:
17986:
17982:
17975:
17957:
17953:
17946:
17932:
17928:
17921:
17907:
17900:
17890:
17888:
17873:
17869:
17859:
17857:
17846:
17842:
17826:
17820:
17816:
17806:
17804:
17789:
17785:
17775:
17773:
17760:
17759:
17755:
17750:
17743:
17733:
17731:
17716:
17712:
17705:
17691:
17687:
17680:
17658:
17654:
17644:
17642:
17619:
17615:
17609:
17587:
17583:
17573:
17571:
17570:on 22 June 2012
17564:
17548:
17544:
17534:
17532:
17528:
17513:
17507:
17498:
17491:
17470:
17459:
17444:
17440:
17430:
17428:
17413:
17412:
17408:
17398:
17396:
17395:on 4 March 2016
17392:
17385:
17381:
17380:
17373:
17360:
17356:
17349:
17331:
17327:
17316:
17291:
17287:
17278:
17274:
17265:
17261:
17254:
17237:
17233:
17220:
17219:
17215:
17205:
17203:
17188:
17187:
17183:
17173:
17171:
17156:
17155:
17151:
17136:10.3751/69.2.13
17114:
17110:
17104:Wayback Machine
17095:
17091:
17084:
17068:
17064:
17053:
17049:
17034:
17030:
17022:
17018:
17013:
17009:
16992:
16988:
16978:
16976:
16961:
16957:
16950:Wayback Machine
16941:
16937:
16930:
16916:
16912:
16905:
16891:
16887:
16877:
16875:
16860:
16853:
16846:
16828:
16824:
16817:
16799:
16795:
16788:
16770:
16766:
16759:
16745:
16741:
16729:
16728:
16724:
16714:
16712:
16703:
16702:
16698:
16691:
16672:
16668:
16661:
16647:
16643:
16633:
16631:
16618:
16617:
16613:
16603:
16601:
16588:
16587:
16583:
16573:
16571:
16564:
16548:
16541:
16534:
16516:
16512:
16502:
16500:
16496:
16489:
16483:
16479:
16466:
16465:
16461:
16454:
16440:
16436:
16404:
16400:
16390:
16388:
16365:
16358:
16348:
16346:
16333:
16332:
16328:
16318:
16316:
16311:. 6 July 2008.
16303:
16302:
16298:
16287:
16285:
16284:on 13 July 2011
16278:Financial Times
16270:
16266:
16256:
16254:
16250:
16243:
16237:
16233:
16223:
16221:
16220:on 6 April 2009
16210:"Iran–Iraq War"
16208:
16207:
16200:
16190:
16188:
16173:
16169:
16159:
16157:
16142:
16141:
16137:
16125:
16122:
16113:
16111:
16107:
16100:
16096:
16095:
16091:
16081:
16079:
16074:(Summer 1988).
16068:Foreign Affairs
16060:
16056:
16046:
16044:
16035:
16034:
16030:
16020:
16018:
16011:
15995:
15980:
15973:
15955:
15951:
15941:
15939:
15935:
15916:
15908:
15899:
15890:
15886:
15881:
15877:
15872:
15868:
15858:
15856:
15843:
15842:
15838:
15831:
15817:
15813:
15803:
15801:
15786:
15782:
15775:
15761:
15752:
15742:
15740:
15725:
15721:
15714:Special Edition
15708:
15707:
15703:
15693:
15691:
15678:
15677:
15673:
15657:
15656:
15649:
15647:
15643:
15636:
15634:"Archived copy"
15632:
15631:
15627:
15617:
15615:
15596:
15585:
15578:
15564:
15563:
15556:
15546:
15544:
15537:
15521:
15517:
15509:
15502:
15495:
15481:
15477:
15470:
15452:
15448:
15438:
15436:
15421:
15414:
15404:
15402:
15389:
15388:
15381:
15371:
15369:
15358:
15354:
15347:
15329:
15325:
15315:
15313:
15304:
15303:
15299:
15289:
15287:
15274:(5 July 1987).
15269:
15265:
15255:
15253:
15240:
15239:
15235:
15225:
15223:
15219:
15208:
15204:
15203:
15152:
15142:
15140:
15133:"Iran–Iraq war"
15131:
15130:
15126:
15116:
15114:
15105:
15104:
15100:
15087:
15083:
15076:
15060:
15056:
15021:Social Research
15017:
15013:
15003:
15001:
14997:
14990:
14984:
14965:
14949:
14948:
14944:
14930:
14926:
14916:
14914:
14903:
14899:
14898:
14891:
14884:
14869:
14865:
14858:
14838:
14834:
14827:
14811:
14807:
14797:
14795:
14780:
14773:
14763:
14761:
14750:
14746:
14739:
14723:
14719:
14709:
14707:
14696:"Seawise Giant"
14694:Ross, William.
14692:
14688:
14678:
14676:
14675:on 28 June 2011
14663:
14662:
14658:
14650:
14643:
14639:
14638:
14631:
14604:
14593:
14586:
14566:
14562:
14552:
14550:
14546:
14539:
14535:
14534:
14530:
14520:
14518:
14507:
14506:
14502:
14492:
14490:
14479:
14475:
14465:
14463:
14452:
14441:
14431:
14429:
14414:
14395:
14385:
14383:
14379:
14364:
14360:
14359:
14338:
14328:
14326:
14317:
14316:
14312:
14302:
14300:
14291:
14290:
14286:
14276:
14274:
14269:(Summer 1988).
14263:Foreign Affairs
14255:
14251:
14244:
14230:
14226:
14219:
14205:
14201:
14186:
14141:
14134:
14120:
14116:
14107:
14103:
14094:
14090:
14080:
14078:
14063:
14059:
14049:
14047:
14032:
14028:
14018:
14016:
14005:
13978:
13971:
13955:
13951:
13932:
13931:
13927:
13908:
13904:
13898:Wayback Machine
13889:
13885:
13881:AP 10 June 1982
13879:Wayback Machine
13870:
13866:
13856:
13854:
13841:
13840:
13836:
13831:Wayback Machine
13816:
13814:
13810:
13799:
13795:
13794:
13790:
13780:Wayback Machine
13771:Battle, Joyce.
13770:
13766:
13759:
13741:
13737:
13727:
13725:
13717:
13709:
13702:
13692:
13690:
13679:
13662:
13652:
13650:
13641:
13640:
13636:
13627:
13625:
13623:
13597:
13593:
13583:
13581:
13568:
13567:
13560:
13553:
13537:
13480:
13473:
13455:
13451:
13441:
13439:
13430:
13429:
13408:
13398:
13396:
13381:
13358:
13351:
13332:
13328:
13318:
13316:
13291:
13290:
13286:
13279:
13265:
13261:
13251:
13249:
13245:
13238:
13234:
13233:
13229:
13214:
13200:
13199:
13195:
13187:
13180:
13174:
13127:
13120:
13104:
13097:
13091:Wayback Machine
13082:
13073:
13063:
13061:
13050:
13037:
13027:
13025:
13021:
13014:
13008:
12999:
12989:
12987:
12974:
12973:
12969:
12959:
12957:
12944:
12943:
12939:
12928:
12912:
12908:
12894:
12892:
12879:
12878:
12874:
12866:
12862:
12851:
12835:
12831:
12821:
12819:
12808:
12799:
12792:
12778:
12774:
12769:
12765:
12756:
12752:
12742:
12740:
12725:
12714:
12706:
12695:
12689:
12656:
12643:
12641:
12622:
12618:
12610:
12603:
12597:
12582:
12573:
12572:
12568:
12558:
12556:
12541:
12530:
12519:
12515:
12508:
12494:
12487:
12477:
12475:
12468:History of Iran
12460:
12456:
12449:
12435:
12400:
12393:
12373:
12364:
12353:
12345:. p. 270.
12328:
12324:
12313:
12295:
12291:
12282:
12278:
12268:
12250:
12246:
12233:
12227:
12225:
12224:
12219:
12215:
12205:
12203:
12196:The Iran Primer
12188:
12181:
12174:
12160:
12087:
12077:
12075:
12064:
12060:
12050:
12048:
12035:
12034:
12025:
12015:
12013:
12002:
11998:
11990:
11983:
11979:
11978:
11974:
11967:
11953:
11949:
11942:
11924:
11920:
11910:
11908:
11856:
11852:
11845:
11827:
11823:
11813:
11795:
11788:
11775:
11768:
11761:
11743:
11739:
11732:
11714:
11710:
11703:
11678:
11674:
11667:
11649:
11645:
11638:
11624:
11609:
11602:
11594:. p. 273.
11577:
11573:
11563:
11561:
11552:
11551:
11547:
11537:
11519:
11515:
11508:
11490:
11486:
11479:
11465:
11212:
11202:
11200:
11193:
11167:
11163:
11153:
11151:
11144:History of Iran
11138:
11137:
11104:
11097:
11083:
10890:
10881:
10874:
10865:
10861:
10852:
10848:
10842:Wayback Machine
10832:
10828:
10819:Korean conflict
10813:
10792:
10781:
10773:
10769:
10759:
10757:
10745:Tampa Bay Times
10736:
10732:
10722:
10720:
10705:
10701:
10691:
10689:
10674:
10670:
10655:
10641:
10632:
10617:
10600:
10585:
10575:
10573:
10558:
10554:
10539:
10516:
10507:
10454:
10437:
10422:
10408:
10395:
10380:
10359:
10342:
10333:
10329:
10324:
10317:
10312:
10305:
10300:
10293:
10288:
10281:
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10257:
10243:
10230:
10215:
10201:
10190:
10175:
10152:
10127:
10122:
10118:
10108:
10106:
10099:
10083:
10072:
10062:
10058:
10053:
10049:
10039:
10037:
10028:
10027:
10023:
10018:
10014:
10009:
10005:
10000:
9996:
9986:
9984:
9977:
9961:
9950:
9945:
9938:
9928:
9926:
9913:"Iran–Iraq War"
9911:
9910:
9899:
9889:
9887:
9870:
9866:
9856:
9854:
9841:
9840:
9836:
9826:
9824:
9781:Current History
9773:
9769:
9764:
9760:
9753:
9749:
9733:
9729:
9719:
9717:
9702:
9701:
9697:
9689:
9683:
9673:Lexington Books
9664:
9656:
9652:
9642:
9640:
9627:
9626:
9622:
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9597:
9596:
9592:
9582:
9580:
9565:
9561:
9547:
9545:
9525:
9521:
9502:
9492:Lexington Books
9484:
9480:
9473:
9457:
9453:
9446:
9430:
9426:
9416:
9414:
9405:
9404:
9395:
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9281:
9277:
9267:
9265:
9256:
9255:
9251:
9246:
9237:
9226:
9220:
9217:
9214:
9205:page references
9197:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9174:
9170:
9162:
9158:
9115:
9111:
9101:
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9087:
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8889:
8877:
8864:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8850:
8849:
8844:
8840:
8826:
8822:
8815:Muslim ibn Aqil
8812:
8808:
8801:
8797:
8772:
8761:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8739:
8734:
8730:
8724:
8720:
8715:
8696:Al-Fakkah Field
8692:
8671:
8643:
8638:
8633:Marjane Satrapi
8596:
8588:Mohammed Rayyan
8579:
8574:
8491:
8463:Mehdi Zeinoddin
8403:
8398:
8389:Shahram Rostami
8384:Sajjad Kouchaki
8374:
8362:
8355:Qasem Soleimani
8340:Nader Ghazipour
8330:Mohammad Salimi
8290:
8283:Mohammad Hejazi
8243:Mansour Sattari
8223:
8186:Hossein Dehghan
8171:Hooshang Samadi
8141:Hamid Chitchian
8106:Esmaeil Kousari
8096:Bahram Hooshyar
8091:Ataollah Salehi
8051:
8004:
7982:
7977:
7968:Reagan Doctrine
7887:
7882:
7880:
7873:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7840:Sasanian Empire
7811:dubbed the war
7780:Western sources
7755:Defā-e Moqaddas
7738:
7732:
7699:
7592:AH-1J SeaCobras
7553:nuclear reactor
7525:
7496:
7477:Iraq Resolution
7429:Iraqi uprisings
7341:
7332:
7239:W. Patrick Lang
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
6989:
6975:
6969:
6915:
6870:
6835:Exocet missiles
6809:
6803:
6786:
6728:
6720:Henry Kissinger
6679:
6669:
6663:
6632:
6622:
6585:rebel group in
6561:
6551:
6531:Hewlett-Packard
6526:Financial Times
6489:
6471:, recruited by
6446:front companies
6404:Sa'dabad Palace
6396:
6382:
6374:Yarmouk Brigade
6339:Henry Kissinger
6290:Donald Rumsfeld
6280:
6278:
6272:
6098:1979 Revolution
6090:
6084:
6047:
6026:
5954:
5915:
5899:Massoud Barzani
5860:
5855:
5811:
5761:
5605:
5573:. In addition,
5526:
5521:
5478:UN peacekeepers
5401:
5316:
5310:
5265:
5233:
5216:
5176:
5139:
5103:Iraqi Kurdistan
5079:
5060:
5052:Main articles:
5050:
5033:fighter bombers
5021:
4945:
4886:
4880:
4823:
4799:
4793:
4772:عملیات کربلای ۵
4760:
4754:
4730:
4724:
4688:
4641:
4592:
4572:
4566:
4504:
4496:Main articles:
4494:
4390:
4317:
4285:
4272:
4185:
4179:
4044:
4034:
4028:
4012:
3939:Hawizeh Marshes
3901:
3885:Main articles:
3883:
3874:pontoon bridges
3835:
3823:Masjid Soleiman
3728:
3726:Dawn Operations
3712:anti-tank mines
3701:al-Amarah, Iraq
3693:
3685:1979 revolution
3669:
3626:
3602:Euromissile HOT
3559:
3543:static defences
3499:ibn Abi Ṭālib,
3489:
3422:replaced by an
3415:
3311:
3281:fighter-bombers
3273:
3246:
3240:
3204:
3161:
3140:
3134:the operation.
3117:
3104:Siege of Abadan
3095:
3028:
2972:
2870:
2864:
2821:
2819:1981: Stalemate
2805:siege to Abadan
2771:Siege of Abadan
2760:
2758:
2752:Siege of Abadan
2750:Main articles:
2748:
2700:
2694:
2659:AIM-54A Phoenix
2651:AGM-65 Maverick
2499:Iraqi Air Force
2468:
2450:
2444:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2401:Please help by
2400:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2352:
2346:
2330:
2266:
2165:
2059:
2037:
1976:
1968:Main articles:
1966:
1961:
1945:bayonet charges
1854:Iraqi Kurdistan
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1630:
1625:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1488:
1483:
1460:
1402:
1314:
1194:
1117:Before the Dawn
1103:Moslem Ibn Aqil
1055:Samen-ol-A'emeh
1049:
1022:
962:Iraqi airstrike
957:
922:
913:
908:
906:
872:450,000–500,000
871:
867:
858:
854:
850:
849:
844:
837:
836:
830:
828:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
796:
794:
793:800,000 killed
792:
790:
785:
777:
776:
770:
768:
754:
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746:
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742:
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633:
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617:
616:
607:
592:order of battle
586:order of battle
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
517:
505:
493:
481:
469:
446:
444:Salvation Force
442:
434:
432:
431:
423:
421:
420:
412:
410:
403:
395:
393:
392:
384:
382:
381:
373:
371:
370:
362:
360:
346:
344:
332:
330:
308:
294:
293:
270:
254:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
177:
176:
167:
166:
165:
157:
156:
147:
146:
145:
137:
136:
86:
80:
77:
58:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
30179:
30169:
30168:
30163:
30158:
30153:
30148:
30146:Saddam Hussein
30143:
30138:
30133:
30128:
30123:
30118:
30113:
30108:
30103:
30098:
30093:
30088:
30083:
30066:
30065:
30054:
30051:
30050:
30048:
30047:
30044:Red Sea crisis
30040:
30033:
30026:
30020:
30018:
30014:
30013:
30011:
30010:
30009:
30008:
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29834:
29829:
29824:
29819:
29814:
29806:
29804:
29800:
29799:
29797:
29796:
29791:
29789:Mecca massacre
29786:
29781:
29776:
29771:
29766:
29765:
29764:
29752:
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29739:
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29660:
29655:
29649:
29647:
29643:
29642:
29640:
29639:
29634:
29633:
29632:
29627:
29625:First Intifada
29622:
29610:
29608:1964 Hama riot
29605:
29603:Aden Emergency
29600:
29595:
29590:
29585:
29578:
29573:
29572:
29571:
29566:
29554:
29548:
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29542:
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29483:
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29073:
29068:
29063:
29058:
29053:
29052:
29051:
29041:
29036:
29031:
29025:
29023:
29022:Related topics
29019:
29018:
29016:
29015:
29010:
29005:
29000:
28995:
28989:
28987:
28977:
28976:
28974:
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28968:
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28958:
28953:
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28878:
28874:
28873:
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28859:
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28777:
28767:
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28755:
28745:
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28726:
28715:
28713:
28709:
28708:
28706:
28705:
28704:
28703:
28702:
28701:
28694:Qatif conflict
28691:
28686:
28675:
28673:
28667:
28666:
28659:
28658:
28651:
28644:
28636:
28627:
28626:
28614:
28611:
28610:
28608:
28607:
28602:
28597:
28592:
28587:
28586:
28585:
28578:Gholhak Garden
28575:
28570:
28565:
28560:
28555:
28550:
28545:
28539:
28537:
28533:
28532:
28530:
28529:
28524:
28519:
28514:
28509:
28507:Kamal Foroughi
28504:
28502:Arthur Edwards
28499:
28494:
28489:
28484:
28478:
28476:
28472:
28471:
28469:
28468:
28463:
28458:
28453:
28448:
28443:
28442:
28441:
28434:Salman Rushdie
28431:
28426:
28425:
28424:
28419:
28409:
28408:
28407:
28397:
28396:
28395:
28385:
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28023:
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28002:
28000:
27990:
27989:
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27961:
27956:
27951:
27946:
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27924:
27919:
27914:
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27899:
27893:
27891:
27887:
27886:
27884:
27883:
27878:
27873:
27872:
27871:
27866:
27861:
27856:
27851:
27846:
27845:
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27819:
27818:
27817:
27812:
27807:
27802:
27797:
27787:
27782:
27781:
27780:
27775:
27765:
27760:
27759:
27758:
27748:
27747:
27746:
27736:
27735:
27734:
27733:
27732:
27725:Qatif conflict
27722:
27717:
27706:
27704:
27698:
27697:
27695:
27694:
27688:
27686:
27682:
27681:
27679:
27678:
27673:
27668:
27662:
27660:
27656:
27655:
27634:
27633:
27626:
27619:
27611:
27602:
27601:
27589:
27586:
27585:
27583:
27582:
27577:
27571:
27569:
27565:
27564:
27562:
27561:
27556:
27551:
27546:
27540:
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27534:
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27530:
27525:
27520:
27519:
27518:
27513:
27508:
27503:
27498:
27487:
27485:
27481:
27480:
27478:
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27471:
27469:
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27464:
27462:
27461:
27455:
27453:
27449:
27448:
27446:
27445:
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27429:
27427:
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27401:
27400:
27393:
27386:
27378:
27369:
27368:
27356:
27353:
27352:
27350:
27349:
27342:
27337:
27332:
27327:
27322:
27317:
27316:
27315:
27305:
27300:
27295:
27289:
27287:
27283:
27282:
27280:
27279:
27274:
27269:
27264:
27259:
27254:
27248:
27246:
27242:
27241:
27239:
27238:
27233:
27228:
27223:
27218:
27217:
27216:
27204:
27199:
27194:
27192:Merrill Newman
27189:
27184:
27179:
27174:
27173:
27172:
27167:
27162:
27152:
27147:
27142:
27137:
27132:
27127:
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27117:
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27107:
27102:
27097:
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27007:
27002:
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26992:
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26954:
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26909:
26907:
26906:
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26891:
26886:
26881:
26876:
26870:
26868:
26864:
26863:
26842:
26841:
26834:
26827:
26819:
26810:
26809:
26797:
26794:
26793:
26791:
26790:
26783:
26776:
26771:
26766:
26761:
26756:
26751:
26745:
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26739:
26738:
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26729:
26728:
26723:
26713:
26708:
26703:
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26695:
26691:
26690:
26688:
26687:
26686:
26685:
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26668:
26663:
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26650:
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26637:
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26555:
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25920:
25915:
25910:
25905:
25900:
25898:American Islam
25895:
25890:
25884:
25882:
25878:
25877:
25875:
25874:
25873:
25872:
25862:
25857:
25852:
25850:Karan Vafadari
25847:
25845:Kian Tajbakhsh
25842:
25837:
25832:
25827:
25822:
25817:
25812:
25807:
25802:
25797:
25792:
25787:
25782:
25777:
25772:
25767:
25762:
25757:
25752:
25747:
25742:
25737:
25732:
25727:
25722:
25717:
25712:
25707:
25702:
25697:
25692:
25687:
25682:
25677:
25672:
25667:
25662:
25660:Elliott Abrams
25657:
25656:
25655:
25645:
25640:
25635:
25630:
25625:
25620:
25615:
25612:
25607:
25602:
25597:
25592:
25586:
25584:
25580:
25579:
25577:
25576:
25571:
25564:
25559:
25554:
25549:
25544:
25539:
25534:
25529:
25524:
25519:
25514:
25509:
25504:
25499:
25494:
25489:
25484:
25479:
25474:
25469:
25468:
25467:
25462:
25452:
25447:
25442:
25441:
25440:
25429:
25427:
25421:
25420:
25418:
25417:
25412:
25407:
25402:
25397:
25385:
25380:
25375:
25370:
25365:
25360:
25355:
25350:
25349:
25348:
25338:
25333:
25328:
25323:
25318:
25313:
25308:
25303:
25298:
25293:
25288:
25283:
25282:
25281:
25276:
25271:
25266:
25261:
25251:
25246:
25238:
25233:
25228:
25223:
25218:
25213:
25208:
25207:
25206:
25196:
25191:
25186:
25181:
25176:
25171:
25166:
25161:
25160:
25159:
25152:
25147:
25142:
25137:
25132:
25130:Canadian Caper
25127:
25122:
25117:
25112:
25102:
25097:
25091:
25089:
25083:
25082:
25080:
25079:
25078:
25077:
25072:
25067:
25062:
25057:
25047:
25042:
25037:
25032:
25027:
25026:
25025:
25020:
25010:
25005:
25000:
24999:
24998:
24993:
24988:
24983:
24978:
24973:
24968:
24963:
24958:
24953:
24948:
24937:
24935:
24931:
24930:
24928:
24927:
24926:
24925:
24920:
24915:
24910:
24905:
24900:
24895:
24885:
24880:
24875:
24870:
24865:
24860:
24855:
24850:
24845:
24844:
24843:
24833:
24828:
24823:
24817:
24815:
24811:
24810:
24808:
24807:
24802:
24797:
24792:
24787:
24782:
24777:
24772:
24767:
24762:
24756:
24754:
24750:
24749:
24728:
24727:
24720:
24713:
24705:
24696:
24695:
24685:
24682:
24681:
24679:
24678:
24673:
24668:
24661:
24656:
24651:
24646:
24641:
24636:
24630:
24628:
24624:
24623:
24621:
24620:
24614:
24611:Zahra Eshraghi
24608:
24602:
24596:
24593:Ahmad Khomeini
24590:
24584:
24578:
24572:
24565:
24563:
24557:
24556:
24554:
24553:
24546:
24539:
24532:
24529:Kashf al-Asrar
24525:
24518:
24510:
24508:
24504:
24503:
24501:
24500:
24495:
24490:
24485:
24480:
24475:
24470:
24465:
24460:
24455:
24450:
24445:
24443:American Islam
24439:
24437:
24431:
24430:
24423:
24421:
24419:
24418:
24417:
24416:
24411:
24410:
24409:
24394:
24393:
24392:
24385:
24380:
24375:
24370:
24365:
24360:
24355:
24350:
24345:
24335:
24333:Return to Iran
24330:
24329:
24328:
24323:
24318:
24308:
24302:
24300:
24296:
24295:
24288:
24287:
24280:
24273:
24265:
24256:
24255:
24243:
24240:
24239:
24237:
24236:
24229:
24222:
24215:
24207:
24205:
24201:
24200:
24198:
24197:
24191:
24177:
24167:
24161:
24151:
24137:
24134:
24130:
24128:
24122:
24121:
24119:
24118:
24113:
24111:Killing babies
24107:
24105:
24101:
24100:
24098:
24097:
24092:
24089:Begone, Demons
24085:
24078:
24071:
24063:
24061:
24055:
24054:
24047:
24045:
24043:
24042:
24041:
24040:
24030:
24025:
24020:
24015:
24014:
24013:
24003:
23998:
23997:
23996:
23994:1991 uprisings
23986:
23984:Anfal campaign
23981:
23980:
23979:
23969:
23964:
23958:
23956:
23952:
23951:
23948:Saddam Hussein
23944:
23943:
23936:
23929:
23921:
23912:
23911:
23909:
23908:
23898:
23888:
23878:
23867:
23864:
23863:
23860:
23859:
23856:
23855:
23853:
23852:
23851:
23850:
23845:
23835:
23830:
23825:
23820:
23815:
23810:
23805:
23800:
23795:
23790:
23785:
23780:
23775:
23769:
23767:
23763:
23762:
23760:
23759:
23758:
23757:
23752:
23747:
23742:
23737:
23727:
23722:
23721:
23720:
23715:
23709:
23704:
23699:
23694:
23689:
23684:
23679:
23674:
23664:
23663:
23662:
23657:
23652:
23647:
23642:
23632:
23626:
23624:
23614:
23613:
23601:
23600:
23597:
23596:
23594:
23593:
23588:
23583:
23578:
23576:Transportation
23573:
23568:
23566:Stock Exchange
23563:
23561:Reconstruction
23558:
23553:
23548:
23543:
23541:Infrastructure
23538:
23530:
23525:
23520:
23515:
23509:
23506:
23505:
23493:
23492:
23489:
23488:
23486:
23485:
23480:
23475:
23470:
23465:
23460:
23455:
23454:
23453:
23448:
23443:
23438:
23437:
23436:
23426:
23421:
23411:
23410:
23409:
23408:
23407:
23400:Prime Minister
23397:
23396:
23395:
23385:
23380:
23370:
23365:
23360:
23355:
23350:
23342:
23337:
23331:
23328:
23327:
23315:
23314:
23311:
23310:
23308:
23307:
23302:
23297:
23292:
23287:
23282:
23277:
23272:
23267:
23262:
23257:
23252:
23247:
23242:
23237:
23232:
23227:
23222:
23217:
23212:
23206:
23203:
23202:
23190:
23189:
23186:
23185:
23182:
23181:
23179:
23178:
23173:
23172:
23171:
23161:
23160:
23159:
23154:
23144:
23139:
23138:
23137:
23132:
23127:
23117:
23112:
23111:
23110:
23108:1991 uprisings
23100:
23095:
23090:
23085:
23080:
23075:
23070:
23065:
23060:
23058:Saddam Hussein
23055:
23044:
23043:
23035:
23030:
23025:
23019:
23017:
23011:
23010:
23008:
23007:
23002:
23001:
23000:
22990:
22988:Mandatory Iraq
22985:
22980:
22977:Mamluk dynasty
22970:
22965:
22960:
22955:
22950:
22945:
22940:
22934:
22932:
22928:
22927:
22925:
22924:
22919:
22914:
22909:
22904:
22899:
22894:
22889:
22884:
22879:
22874:
22869:
22864:
22859:
22854:
22849:
22844:
22842:Gutian dynasty
22839:
22834:
22829:
22824:
22819:
22814:
22809:
22804:
22799:
22794:
22788:
22786:
22776:
22775:
22763:
22762:
22745:
22744:
22737:
22730:
22722:
22713:
22712:
22710:
22709:
22699:
22688:
22685:
22684:
22681:
22680:
22677:
22676:
22674:
22673:
22668:
22663:
22657:
22655:
22651:
22650:
22647:
22646:
22644:
22643:
22636:
22631:
22626:
22621:
22616:
22611:
22605:
22603:
22597:
22596:
22594:
22593:
22583:
22578:
22573:
22568:
22563:
22558:
22553:
22543:
22538:
22533:
22527:
22513:
22508:
22498:
22493:
22488:
22483:
22478:
22468:
22463:
22458:
22453:
22439:
22434:
22429:
22419:
22413:
22403:
22397:
22391:
22390:
22387:
22386:
22384:
22383:
22378:
22373:
22368:
22363:
22357:
22352:
22347:
22338:
22333:
22327:
22325:
22321:
22320:
22318:
22317:
22312:
22302:
22297:
22287:
22281:
22279:
22273:
22272:
22270:
22269:
22268:
22267:
22262:
22257:
22252:
22247:
22242:
22237:
22232:
22222:
22211:
22209:
22205:
22204:
22202:
22201:
22196:
22191:
22186:
22181:
22176:
22171:
22166:
22160:
22158:
22149:
22139:
22138:
22126:
22125:
22122:
22121:
22118:
22117:
22115:
22114:
22109:
22104:
22099:
22093:
22091:
22087:
22086:
22084:
22083:
22078:
22073:
22068:
22063:
22058:
22052:
22050:
22042:
22041:
22039:
22038:
22033:
22027:
22022:
22017:
22008:
21998:
21988:
21983:
21978:
21968:
21963:
21958:
21957:
21956:
21951:
21941:
21930:
21928:
21922:
21921:
21919:
21918:
21908:
21903:
21898:
21893:
21888:
21883:
21878:
21868:
21863:
21858:
21853:
21848:
21843:
21838:
21833:
21828:
21823:
21818:
21813:
21808:
21803:
21798:
21793:
21788:
21783:
21773:
21768:
21762:
21760:
21752:
21751:
21739:
21738:
21735:
21734:
21731:
21730:
21728:
21727:
21725:Supreme Leader
21722:
21717:
21712:
21706:
21704:
21698:
21697:
21695:
21694:
21689:
21687:Local councils
21684:
21679:
21674:
21669:
21663:
21661:
21657:
21656:
21654:
21653:
21648:
21643:
21633:
21628:
21623:
21618:
21613:
21603:
21598:
21593:
21587:
21582:
21573:
21568:
21567:
21566:
21564:Women's rights
21561:
21556:
21546:
21541:
21536:
21526:
21521:
21511:
21505:
21503:
21495:
21494:
21482:
21481:
21478:
21477:
21475:
21474:
21469:
21464:
21459:
21454:
21449:
21444:
21439:
21434:
21429:
21424:
21419:
21418:
21417:
21415:Climate change
21407:
21402:
21401:
21400:
21395:
21385:
21379:
21376:
21375:
21363:
21362:
21359:
21358:
21355:
21354:
21352:
21351:
21346:
21341:
21336:
21331:
21326:
21321:
21316:
21311:
21306:
21301:
21299:Jiroft culture
21296:
21295:
21294:
21287:Iranic peoples
21284:
21283:
21282:
21281:
21280:
21275:
21263:Persianization
21260:
21255:
21249:
21247:
21243:
21242:
21239:
21238:
21236:
21235:
21230:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21199:
21198:
21188:
21183:
21178:
21173:
21168:
21163:
21155:
21150:
21145:
21137:
21132:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21109:
21104:
21099:
21091:
21089:
21079:
21078:
21076:
21075:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21047:
21042:
21033:
21031:
21024:
21020:
21019:
21016:
21015:
21013:
21012:
21007:
21002:
20997:
20992:
20987:
20979:
20971:
20963:
20955:
20947:
20939:
20931:
20922:
20920:
20916:
20915:
20913:
20912:
20904:
20896:
20888:
20881:
20873:
20870:(1135/36-1225)
20865:
20857:
20849:
20841:
20832:
20830:
20826:
20825:
20823:
20822:
20814:
20806:
20798:
20790:
20782:
20774:
20766:
20758:
20749:
20747:
20740:
20734:
20733:
20730:
20729:
20727:
20726:
20717:
20715:
20711:
20710:
20708:
20707:
20699:
20691:
20683:
20680:(c.295–220 BC)
20675:
20667:
20659:
20651:
20643:
20634:
20632:
20628:
20627:
20625:
20624:
20616:
20608:
20600:
20592:
20584:
20576:
20568:
20560:
20552:
20544:
20539:Proto-Elamite
20536:
20527:
20525:
20518:
20514:
20513:
20501:
20500:
20488:
20487:
20479:
20478:
20471:
20464:
20456:
20447:
20446:
20436:
20433:
20432:
20430:
20429:
20424:
20419:
20414:
20409:
20404:
20399:
20394:
20389:
20383:
20381:
20377:
20376:
20373:
20372:
20370:
20369:
20364:
20361:Praying Mantis
20357:
20350:
20343:
20336:
20329:
20319:
20317:
20313:
20312:
20310:
20309:
20302:
20297:
20290:
20283:
20276:
20264:
20257:
20247:
20240:
20233:
20228:
20222:
20220:
20216:
20215:
20213:
20212:
20205:
20198:
20191:
20184:
20177:
20170:
20163:
20155:
20148:
20141:
20134:
20126:
20119:
20107:
20099:
20097:
20093:
20092:
20090:
20089:
20084:
20077:
20070:
20065:
20058:
20050:
20043:
20036:
20029:
20022:
20015:
20008:
20001:
19993:
19987:
19985:
19981:
19980:
19978:
19977:
19965:
19958:
19951:
19943:
19941:
19937:
19936:
19934:
19933:
19928:
19920:
19918:
19914:
19913:
19911:
19910:
19903:
19896:
19889:
19882:
19877:
19870:
19863:
19858:
19851:
19845:
19843:
19840:Iraqi invasion
19836:
19835:
19833:
19832:
19827:
19822:
19817:
19816:
19815:
19810:
19800:
19799:
19798:
19796:Algiers Accord
19788:
19787:
19786:
19781:
19776:
19765:
19763:
19756:
19752:
19751:
19749:
19748:
19747:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19735:
19734:
19724:
19719:
19718:
19717:
19712:
19699:
19694:
19693:
19692:
19687:
19682:
19676:United States
19674:
19673:
19672:
19667:
19657:
19652:
19647:
19642:
19637:
19632:
19627:
19622:
19617:
19612:
19607:
19606:
19605:
19594:
19592:
19583:
19582:
19575:
19574:
19567:
19560:
19552:
19546:
19545:
19532:
19509:
19508:External links
19506:
19505:
19504:
19491:Air Enthusiast
19485:
19459:(2): 246–266.
19448:
19434:
19421:
19407:
19394:
19377:
19371:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19348:
19342:
19329:
19295:
19289:
19271:
19265:
19248:
19204:
19198:
19182:
19161:
19155:
19135:
19111:
19101:on 7 June 2013
19077:
19071:
19059:Farrokh, Kaveh
19055:
19024:
19018:
18998:
18992:
18978:
18976:
18973:
18970:
18969:
18939:
18904:
18871:
18859:
18832:
18813:(3): 365–383.
18797:
18779:
18741:
18722:
18692:
18662:
18631:
18607:
18600:
18576:
18570:978-1107062290
18569:
18547:
18521:
18485:
18483:, pp. 164–173.
18455:
18444:on 8 July 2011
18427:
18370:
18305:
18279:
18245:
18214:
18207:
18174:
18167:
18138:
18131:
18103:
18072:
18042:
18011:
18000:on 27 May 2007
17994:The Australian
17980:
17973:
17951:
17944:
17926:
17919:
17898:
17867:
17840:
17814:
17783:
17753:
17741:
17710:
17704:978-8189940638
17703:
17685:
17678:
17652:
17613:
17607:
17581:
17562:
17542:
17496:
17489:
17457:
17438:
17420:Foreign Policy
17406:
17371:
17369:. 1 July 1992.
17354:
17347:
17325:
17314:
17285:
17272:
17259:
17252:
17231:
17213:
17181:
17149:
17108:
17097:SIPRI Database
17089:
17082:
17062:
17047:
17028:
17016:
17007:
16986:
16955:
16943:SIPRI Database
16935:
16928:
16910:
16903:
16885:
16851:
16845:978-1107062290
16844:
16822:
16816:978-1107062290
16815:
16793:
16787:978-1107062290
16786:
16764:
16757:
16739:
16722:
16711:on 3 June 2016
16696:
16689:
16666:
16659:
16641:
16611:
16581:
16562:
16539:
16533:978-1107062290
16532:
16510:
16477:
16459:
16452:
16434:
16398:
16356:
16326:
16296:
16264:
16231:
16198:
16167:
16135:
16128:Resolution 620
16089:
16054:
16028:
16010:978-1560725930
16009:
15978:
15972:978-1107062290
15971:
15949:
15897:
15895:(1997), p. 195
15884:
15875:
15866:
15849:iranreview.org
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15469:978-1107062290
15468:
15446:
15412:
15379:
15352:
15346:978-1107062290
15345:
15323:
15297:
15263:
15233:
15222:on 7 June 2013
15150:
15124:
15098:
15094:978-0803287839
15081:
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14924:
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14863:
14856:
14832:
14826:978-0203881873
14825:
14805:
14771:
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14717:
14686:
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14584:
14560:
14528:
14500:
14473:
14439:
14393:
14382:on 7 June 2013
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13472:978-1107062290
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13356:
13349:
13326:
13284:
13277:
13259:
13227:
13213:978-3927073005
13212:
13193:
13176:Woods, Kevin.
13125:
13119:978-0275938437
13118:
13095:
13071:
13035:
12997:
12967:
12937:
12927:978-0765802552
12926:
12906:
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12860:
12850:978-0765802552
12849:
12829:
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12772:
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12616:
12580:
12566:
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12362:
12352:978-0520921245
12351:
12322:
12312:978-1107062290
12311:
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12213:
12179:
12172:
12085:
12058:
12023:
12008:. Al Jazeera.
11996:
11972:
11965:
11947:
11941:978-1107062290
11940:
11918:
11850:
11844:978-1107062290
11843:
11821:
11812:978-1107062290
11811:
11786:
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11760:978-1107062290
11759:
11737:
11731:978-1107062290
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11702:978-0520921245
11701:
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11666:978-1107062290
11665:
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11636:
11607:
11601:978-0520921245
11600:
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11545:
11536:978-1107062290
11535:
11513:
11507:978-1107062290
11506:
11484:
11477:
11210:
11192:978-0190228637
11191:
11161:
11102:
11095:
10888:
10882:Karsh, Efraim
10872:
10859:
10853:Karsh, Efraim
10846:
10826:
10811:
10779:
10777:, p. 154.
10767:
10730:
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10379:978-0511984402
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10213:
10188:
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10098:978-0674915718
10097:
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10056:
10047:
10021:
10012:
10003:
9994:
9976:978-0674915718
9975:
9948:
9936:
9897:
9864:
9834:
9787:(535): 89–99.
9767:
9758:
9747:
9743:978-0710305053
9727:
9695:
9681:
9650:
9620:
9590:
9559:
9519:
9500:
9494:. p. 48.
9478:
9472:978-1107062290
9471:
9451:
9445:978-1137267788
9444:
9424:
9393:
9372:
9353:
9333:
9301:
9275:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9221:September 2020
9200:
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8930:
8917:
8902:
8887:
8875:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8838:
8820:
8806:
8803:Massoud Rajavi
8795:
8783:) in Iran and
8759:
8746:
8737:
8728:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8679:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8636:
8630:
8625:
8619:
8617:Kaveh Golestan
8614:
8611:Revayat-e Fath
8603:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8565:Talib Shaghati
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8520:Hussein Rashid
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8448:Hossein Qajeyi
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8413:Ahmad Keshvari
8410:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8369:
8357:
8352:
8350:Nasser Shabani
8347:
8345:Nasir Hosseini
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8218:
8213:
8211:Hossein Salami
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8166:Hassan Shateri
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8116:Farzad Esmaili
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8071:Alireza Afshar
8068:
8063:
8058:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8019:Ahmad Meyghani
8016:
8011:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
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7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7878:
7862:
7859:
7768:First Gulf War
7762:Jang-e Tahmili
7734:Main article:
7731:
7728:
7698:
7695:
7565:nuclear weapon
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
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7444:
7438:
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7420:
7414:
7408:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7347:
7346:
7331:
7328:
7304:Claiborne Pell
7184:
7183:
7179:latency period
7173:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7141:
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7057:
7054:
7051:
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7044:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6971:Main article:
6968:
6965:
6914:
6911:
6869:
6866:
6805:Main article:
6802:
6799:
6790:Foreign Policy
6785:
6782:
6727:
6724:
6686:Ba'athist Iraq
6665:Main article:
6662:
6659:
6621:
6618:
6550:
6547:
6488:
6485:
6427:New York Times
6381:
6378:
6355:Richard Murphy
6274:Main article:
6271:
6268:
6260:1980s oil glut
6240:sulfur mustard
6216:trench warfare
6206:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6132:Tanks in 1987
6129:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6121:Tanks in 1980
6118:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6083:
6080:
6063:Mehdi Bazargan
6046:
6043:
6025:
6022:
5953:
5950:
5945:Jalal Talabani
5914:
5911:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5847:AirLand Battle
5827:Gabby Giffords
5815:brain injuries
5810:
5807:
5782:slant drilling
5777:, and Jordan.
5760:
5757:
5604:
5601:
5551:regional power
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5454:Kerend-e Gharb
5434:Kerend-e Gharb
5430:Sarpol-e Zahab
5400:
5397:
5312:Main article:
5309:
5306:
5264:
5261:
5232:
5229:
5215:
5212:
5175:
5172:
5138:
5135:
5078:
5075:
5049:
5046:
4966:Mikoyan MiG-25
4944:
4941:
4882:Main article:
4879:
4876:
4822:
4819:
4795:Main article:
4792:
4789:
4764:Siege of Basra
4758:Siege of Basra
4756:Main article:
4753:
4750:
4742:Husayn ibn Ali
4726:Main article:
4723:
4720:
4687:
4684:
4640:
4637:
4591:
4588:
4568:Main article:
4565:
4562:
4493:
4490:
4468:anti-aircraft
4389:
4386:
4346:equipped with
4334:Battle of Badr
4330:Operation Badr
4316:
4315:Operation Badr
4313:
4305:Super Etendard
4284:
4281:
4271:
4268:
4258:missiles from
4181:Main article:
4178:
4175:
4061:The so-called
4030:Main article:
4027:
4024:
4011:
4002:
3947:Majnoon Island
3882:
3879:
3839:military draft
3834:
3831:
3727:
3724:
3692:
3689:
3668:
3665:
3649:Bayat oilfield
3625:
3622:
3558:
3555:
3501:Husayn ibn Ali
3488:
3485:
3430:for Iraq, the
3414:
3411:
3369:Howard Teicher
3310:
3307:
3272:
3269:
3242:Main article:
3239:
3236:
3203:
3200:
3160:
3157:
3139:
3136:
3131:light infantry
3116:
3113:
3094:
3091:
3027:
3024:
2971:
2968:
2944:Massoud Rajavi
2866:Main article:
2863:
2860:
2856:terror bombing
2846:missiles into
2833:trench warfare
2820:
2817:
2747:
2744:
2696:Main article:
2693:
2690:
2607:equipped with
2446:Main article:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2348:Main article:
2345:
2342:
2329:
2326:
2308:(formerly the
2265:
2262:
2181:major-generals
2164:
2161:
2036:
2033:
1992:Saddam Hussein
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1941:trench warfare
1902:Arab countries
1882:United Kingdom
1852:that targeted
1850:Anfal campaign
1759:Saddam Hussein
1727:First Gulf War
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Qatif conflict
1674:
1671:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1455:
1454:
1451:Praying Mantis
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1326:Anfal campaign
1323:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1204:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
978:
971:
964:
949:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
918:
915:
914:
905:
904:
897:
890:
882:
874:
873:
864:Civilian dead:
860:
859:
857:
856:
852:Economic loss:
834:
833:
832:
826:Military dead:
822:
820:
819:
815:Economic loss:
808:11,000–16,000
803:40,000–42,875
795:(Iraqi claim)
774:
773:
772:
766:Military dead:
761:
760:
756:
755:
753:
752:
726:450 aircraft,
695:
694:
693:
684:
682:
681:
662:1,500+ tanks,
651:350 aircraft,
612:
611:
610:
600:
599:
595:
594:
588:
581:
580:
579:Units involved
576:
575:
573:
572:
560:
548:
536:
534:Saddam Hussein
523:
518:
516:
515:
503:
491:
479:
466:
457:
456:
452:
451:
408:
357:
356:
341:
327:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
310:
304:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
280:
279:
277:
273:
272:
264:
256:
255:
253:
252:
240:
233:
227:
209:
203:
195:
179:
178:
170:
169:
168:
159:
158:
150:
149:
148:
139:
138:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
99:
98:
92:
91:
88:
87:
67:it, or adding
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
30178:
30167:
30164:
30162:
30159:
30157:
30154:
30152:
30149:
30147:
30144:
30142:
30139:
30137:
30134:
30132:
30129:
30127:
30124:
30122:
30119:
30117:
30114:
30112:
30109:
30107:
30104:
30102:
30099:
30097:
30094:
30092:
30091:1980s in Iraq
30089:
30087:
30086:1980s in Iran
30084:
30082:
30081:Iran–Iraq War
30079:
30078:
30076:
30061:
30059:
30052:
30046:
30045:
30041:
30039:
30038:
30034:
30032:
30031:
30027:
30025:
30022:
30021:
30019:
30015:
30007:
30006:
30005:
30000:
29999:
29998:
29997:Yemeni crisis
29995:
29993:
29992:
29988:
29986:
29985:
29981:
29979:
29976:
29974:
29971:
29967:
29966:
29962:
29961:
29960:
29959:
29958:
29953:
29949:
29948:
29944:
29942:
29941:
29937:
29936:
29935:
29932:
29930:
29927:
29926:
29924:
29920:
29914:
29911:
29909:
29906:
29902:
29899:
29898:
29897:
29896:
29892:
29890:
29887:
29885:
29882:
29880:
29879:
29875:
29873:
29872:
29868:
29867:
29865:
29861:
29855:
29852:
29850:
29847:
29845:
29842:
29840:
29839:
29835:
29833:
29830:
29828:
29825:
29823:
29820:
29818:
29815:
29813:
29812:
29808:
29807:
29805:
29801:
29795:
29792:
29790:
29787:
29785:
29782:
29780:
29777:
29775:
29772:
29770:
29767:
29763:
29762:
29758:
29757:
29756:
29753:
29751:
29748:
29746:
29745:
29744:Iran–Iraq War
29741:
29740:
29738:
29734:
29728:
29725:
29723:
29720:
29718:
29715:
29711:
29708:
29707:
29706:
29703:
29701:
29698:
29696:
29695:NDF Rebellion
29693:
29691:
29688:
29686:
29683:
29681:
29678:
29676:
29675:
29671:
29669:
29666:
29664:
29661:
29659:
29656:
29654:
29651:
29650:
29648:
29644:
29638:
29635:
29631:
29628:
29626:
29623:
29621:
29618:
29617:
29616:
29615:
29611:
29609:
29606:
29604:
29601:
29599:
29596:
29594:
29591:
29589:
29586:
29584:
29583:
29579:
29577:
29574:
29570:
29567:
29565:
29562:
29561:
29560:
29559:
29555:
29553:
29550:
29549:
29547:
29543:
29537:
29534:
29532:
29529:
29527:
29524:
29522:
29519:
29517:
29514:
29512:
29509:
29507:
29504:
29502:
29499:
29497:
29494:
29493:
29491:
29487:
29479:
29476:
29474:
29471:
29469:
29466:
29464:
29461:
29459:
29456:
29455:
29454:
29453:
29449:
29445:
29442:
29441:
29440:
29439:
29435:
29433:
29430:
29428:
29427:Alwaziri coup
29425:
29423:
29420:
29416:
29413:
29411:
29408:
29406:
29403:
29401:
29398:
29397:
29396:
29395:
29391:
29390:
29388:
29384:
29378:
29375:
29373:
29370:
29368:
29365:
29363:
29360:
29358:
29355:
29353:
29350:
29348:
29345:
29343:
29340:
29338:
29335:
29334:
29332:
29328:
29322:
29319:
29317:
29314:
29312:
29309:
29307:
29304:
29302:
29299:
29297:
29294:
29292:
29289:
29288:
29286:
29282:
29276:
29273:
29269:
29268:United States
29266:
29264:
29261:
29259:
29256:
29254:
29251:
29249:
29246:
29242:
29239:
29238:
29237:
29234:
29233:
29232:
29231:
29227:
29225:
29222:
29220:
29217:
29215:
29212:
29208:
29205:
29203:
29200:
29198:
29195:
29193:
29190:
29186:
29183:
29182:
29181:
29178:
29177:
29176:
29175:
29171:
29169:
29166:
29165:
29163:
29159:
29155:
29148:
29143:
29141:
29136:
29134:
29129:
29128:
29125:
29115:
29114:
29103:
29097:
29094:
29092:
29089:
29087:
29084:
29082:
29079:
29077:
29074:
29072:
29069:
29067:
29064:
29062:
29059:
29057:
29054:
29050:
29047:
29046:
29045:
29042:
29040:
29037:
29035:
29032:
29030:
29027:
29026:
29024:
29020:
29014:
29011:
29009:
29006:
29004:
29001:
28999:
28996:
28994:
28991:
28990:
28988:
28986:member states
28985:
28978:
28972:
28969:
28967:
28964:
28962:
28959:
28957:
28954:
28952:
28949:
28947:
28944:
28942:
28939:
28937:
28934:
28932:
28929:
28927:
28924:
28922:
28919:
28915:
28912:
28910:
28907:
28905:
28902:
28900:
28897:
28896:
28895:
28892:
28890:
28887:
28885:
28882:
28881:
28879:
28875:
28869:
28866:
28864:
28861:
28857:
28854:
28852:
28849:
28847:
28844:
28842:
28839:
28837:
28834:
28830:
28827:
28825:
28822:
28821:
28820:
28817:
28816:
28815:
28814:Yemeni crisis
28812:
28808:
28805:
28804:
28803:
28800:
28796:
28793:
28791:
28788:
28786:
28783:
28781:
28778:
28776:
28773:
28772:
28771:
28768:
28766:
28763:
28759:
28756:
28754:
28751:
28750:
28749:
28746:
28744:
28741:
28737:
28734:
28733:
28732:
28729:
28725:
28722:
28721:
28720:
28719:Iran–Iraq War
28717:
28716:
28714:
28710:
28700:
28697:
28696:
28695:
28692:
28690:
28687:
28685:
28682:
28681:
28680:
28677:
28676:
28674:
28672:
28668:
28664:
28657:
28652:
28650:
28645:
28643:
28638:
28637:
28634:
28624:
28623:
28612:
28606:
28603:
28601:
28598:
28596:
28593:
28591:
28588:
28584:
28581:
28580:
28579:
28576:
28574:
28573:Rhum gasfield
28571:
28569:
28566:
28564:
28561:
28559:
28556:
28554:
28551:
28549:
28546:
28544:
28541:
28540:
28538:
28534:
28528:
28525:
28523:
28520:
28518:
28515:
28513:
28510:
28508:
28505:
28503:
28500:
28498:
28495:
28493:
28490:
28488:
28485:
28483:
28482:Kameel Ahmady
28480:
28479:
28477:
28473:
28467:
28464:
28462:
28459:
28457:
28454:
28452:
28449:
28447:
28444:
28440:
28437:
28436:
28435:
28432:
28430:
28427:
28423:
28420:
28418:
28415:
28414:
28413:
28410:
28406:
28403:
28402:
28401:
28400:Abadan Crisis
28398:
28394:
28391:
28390:
28389:
28386:
28384:
28383:
28379:
28377:
28374:
28370:
28367:
28366:
28365:
28362:
28360:
28357:
28355:
28352:
28351:
28349:
28345:
28337:
28334:
28333:
28332:
28331:Iran–Iraq War
28329:
28325:
28322:
28321:
28320:
28317:
28315:
28312:
28310:
28307:
28306:
28304:
28300:
28294:
28291:
28289:
28286:
28284:
28281:
28279:
28276:
28274:
28271:
28269:
28266:
28264:
28261:
28259:
28256:
28254:
28251:
28250:
28248:
28244:
28238:
28235:
28233:
28230:
28228:
28225:
28223:
28220:
28218:
28215:
28213:
28210:
28209:
28207:
28203:
28196:
28191:
28185:
28180:
28175:
28166:
28161:
28159:
28154:
28152:
28147:
28146:
28143:
28133:
28132:
28121:
28115:
28112:
28110:
28107:
28105:
28102:
28100:
28097:
28095:
28092:
28090:
28087:
28085:
28082:
28080:
28077:
28075:
28072:
28068:
28065:
28064:
28063:
28060:
28058:
28055:
28053:
28050:
28048:
28045:
28043:
28040:
28039:
28037:
28033:
28027:
28024:
28022:
28019:
28017:
28014:
28012:
28009:
28007:
28004:
28003:
28001:
27999:member states
27998:
27991:
27985:
27982:
27980:
27977:
27975:
27972:
27970:
27967:
27965:
27962:
27960:
27957:
27955:
27952:
27950:
27947:
27945:
27942:
27940:
27937:
27935:
27932:
27928:
27925:
27923:
27920:
27918:
27915:
27913:
27910:
27909:
27908:
27905:
27903:
27900:
27898:
27895:
27894:
27892:
27888:
27882:
27879:
27877:
27874:
27870:
27867:
27865:
27862:
27860:
27857:
27855:
27852:
27850:
27847:
27843:
27840:
27838:
27835:
27834:
27833:
27830:
27829:
27828:
27827:Yemeni crisis
27825:
27823:
27820:
27816:
27813:
27811:
27808:
27806:
27803:
27801:
27798:
27796:
27793:
27792:
27791:
27788:
27786:
27783:
27779:
27776:
27774:
27771:
27770:
27769:
27766:
27764:
27761:
27757:
27754:
27753:
27752:
27749:
27745:
27742:
27741:
27740:
27739:Iran–Iraq War
27737:
27731:
27728:
27727:
27726:
27723:
27721:
27718:
27716:
27713:
27712:
27711:
27708:
27707:
27705:
27703:
27699:
27693:
27690:
27689:
27687:
27683:
27677:
27674:
27672:
27669:
27667:
27664:
27663:
27661:
27657:
27651:
27646:
27641:
27632:
27627:
27625:
27620:
27618:
27613:
27612:
27609:
27599:
27598:
27587:
27581:
27578:
27576:
27573:
27572:
27570:
27566:
27560:
27557:
27555:
27552:
27550:
27547:
27545:
27542:
27541:
27539:
27535:
27529:
27526:
27524:
27521:
27517:
27514:
27512:
27509:
27507:
27504:
27502:
27499:
27497:
27494:
27493:
27492:
27489:
27488:
27486:
27482:
27476:
27473:
27472:
27470:
27466:
27460:
27457:
27456:
27454:
27450:
27444:
27441:
27439:
27436:
27434:
27431:
27430:
27428:
27424:
27413:
27399:
27394:
27392:
27387:
27385:
27380:
27379:
27376:
27366:
27365:
27354:
27348:
27347:
27343:
27341:
27338:
27336:
27333:
27331:
27328:
27326:
27323:
27321:
27318:
27314:
27311:
27310:
27309:
27306:
27304:
27301:
27299:
27296:
27294:
27291:
27290:
27288:
27284:
27278:
27275:
27273:
27270:
27268:
27265:
27263:
27260:
27258:
27255:
27253:
27250:
27249:
27247:
27243:
27237:
27234:
27232:
27229:
27227:
27224:
27222:
27221:Otto Warmbier
27219:
27215:
27212:
27211:
27210:
27209:
27208:The Interview
27205:
27203:
27200:
27198:
27195:
27193:
27190:
27188:
27187:Dennis Rodman
27185:
27183:
27180:
27178:
27177:Aijalon Gomes
27175:
27171:
27168:
27166:
27163:
27161:
27158:
27157:
27156:
27153:
27151:
27148:
27146:
27143:
27141:
27138:
27136:
27133:
27131:
27130:Evan Hunziker
27128:
27126:
27123:
27121:
27118:
27116:
27113:
27111:
27108:
27106:
27103:
27101:
27098:
27096:
27093:
27092:
27090:
27086:
27080:
27077:
27075:
27072:
27068:
27065:
27063:
27060:
27059:
27058:
27055:
27053:
27050:
27048:
27045:
27043:
27040:
27038:
27035:
27033:
27030:
27028:
27025:
27023:
27022:Iran–Iraq War
27020:
27016:
27013:
27011:
27008:
27006:
27003:
27001:
26998:
26996:
26993:
26991:
26988:
26987:
26986:
26983:
26981:
26978:
26977:
26975:
26971:
26965:
26962:
26958:
26955:
26953:
26950:
26948:
26945:
26941:
26938:
26937:
26936:
26933:
26932:
26931:
26928:
26926:
26923:
26921:
26918:
26917:
26915:
26911:
26905:
26902:
26900:
26897:
26895:
26892:
26890:
26887:
26885:
26882:
26880:
26877:
26875:
26872:
26871:
26869:
26865:
26854:
26840:
26835:
26833:
26828:
26826:
26821:
26820:
26817:
26807:
26806:
26795:
26789:
26788:
26784:
26782:
26781:
26777:
26775:
26772:
26770:
26767:
26765:
26762:
26760:
26757:
26755:
26752:
26750:
26747:
26746:
26744:
26740:
26734:
26731:
26727:
26724:
26722:
26719:
26718:
26717:
26714:
26712:
26709:
26707:
26704:
26702:
26699:
26698:
26696:
26692:
26684:
26681:
26680:
26679:
26676:
26674:
26671:
26667:
26664:
26662:
26659:
26658:
26657:
26656:Iran–Iraq War
26654:
26653:
26651:
26647:
26641:
26640:Saleh v. Bush
26638:
26636:
26633:
26631:
26628:
26626:
26623:
26621:
26618:
26616:
26613:
26611:
26608:
26606:
26603:
26601:
26598:
26596:
26593:
26591:
26588:
26586:
26583:
26581:
26578:
26574:
26571:
26570:
26569:
26566:
26564:
26561:
26559:
26556:
26554:
26551:
26549:
26546:
26544:
26541:
26539:
26536:
26534:
26531:
26527:
26524:
26523:
26522:
26519:
26515:
26512:
26511:
26510:
26507:
26503:
26500:
26498:
26495:
26491:
26488:
26487:
26486:
26483:
26481:
26478:
26476:
26473:
26471:
26468:
26466:
26463:
26461:
26458:
26456:
26453:
26451:
26448:
26446:
26443:
26442:
26441:
26438:
26436:
26433:
26431:
26428:
26426:
26423:
26421:
26418:
26416:
26413:
26411:
26408:
26406:
26403:
26401:
26398:
26394:
26391:
26389:
26386:
26385:
26384:
26381:
26377:
26374:
26373:
26372:
26369:
26367:
26364:
26362:
26359:
26357:
26354:
26353:
26351:
26349:
26345:
26339:
26336:
26334:
26331:
26329:
26326:
26324:
26321:
26319:
26316:
26314:
26311:
26309:
26306:
26302:
26299:
26298:
26297:
26294:
26292:
26289:
26287:
26284:
26282:
26279:
26277:
26274:
26273:
26271:
26267:
26259:
26256:
26254:
26251:
26249:
26246:
26244:
26241:
26239:
26236:
26234:
26231:
26229:
26226:
26225:
26224:
26221:
26217:
26214:
26212:
26209:
26207:
26206:Riegle Report
26204:
26202:
26199:
26197:
26194:
26192:
26189:
26187:
26184:
26182:
26179:
26177:
26174:
26172:
26169:
26168:
26167:
26164:
26163:
26161:
26157:
26151:
26148:
26146:
26143:
26141:
26138:
26136:
26133:
26132:
26130:
26126:
26120:
26115:
26110:
26101:
26096:
26094:
26089:
26087:
26082:
26081:
26078:
26068:
26058:
26052:
26051:
26047:
26045:
26044:
26040:
26037:
26033:
26031:
26028:
26026:
26023:
26021:
26018:
26016:
26013:
26011:
26008:
26006:
26003:
26001:
25998:
25996:
25993:
25991:
25988:
25984:
25981:
25980:
25979:
25976:
25974:
25971:
25969:
25966:
25964:
25961:
25959:
25956:
25954:
25951:
25949:
25946:
25944:
25941:
25939:
25936:
25934:
25931:
25929:
25926:
25924:
25921:
25919:
25916:
25914:
25911:
25909:
25906:
25904:
25901:
25899:
25896:
25894:
25891:
25889:
25886:
25885:
25883:
25879:
25871:
25868:
25867:
25866:
25863:
25861:
25858:
25856:
25853:
25851:
25848:
25846:
25843:
25841:
25838:
25836:
25833:
25831:
25828:
25826:
25823:
25821:
25820:Maryam Rajavi
25818:
25816:
25813:
25811:
25808:
25806:
25803:
25801:
25798:
25796:
25795:Siamak Namazi
25793:
25791:
25790:Baquer Namazi
25788:
25786:
25783:
25781:
25778:
25776:
25773:
25771:
25768:
25766:
25763:
25761:
25758:
25756:
25753:
25751:
25748:
25746:
25745:Sirous Asgari
25743:
25741:
25740:Shahram Amiri
25738:
25736:
25733:
25731:
25730:Saeed Abedini
25728:
25726:
25725:Roxana Saberi
25723:
25721:
25718:
25716:
25713:
25711:
25708:
25706:
25705:Jason Rezaian
25703:
25701:
25698:
25696:
25693:
25691:
25688:
25686:
25685:Robert Malley
25683:
25681:
25678:
25676:
25673:
25671:
25668:
25666:
25663:
25661:
25658:
25654:
25651:
25650:
25649:
25646:
25644:
25641:
25639:
25636:
25634:
25631:
25629:
25626:
25624:
25621:
25619:
25616:
25613:
25611:
25608:
25606:
25603:
25601:
25598:
25596:
25593:
25591:
25588:
25587:
25585:
25581:
25575:
25572:
25570:
25569:
25565:
25563:
25560:
25558:
25555:
25553:
25550:
25548:
25545:
25543:
25540:
25538:
25535:
25533:
25530:
25528:
25525:
25523:
25520:
25518:
25515:
25513:
25510:
25508:
25505:
25503:
25500:
25498:
25495:
25493:
25490:
25488:
25485:
25483:
25480:
25478:
25475:
25473:
25470:
25466:
25463:
25461:
25458:
25457:
25456:
25453:
25451:
25448:
25446:
25443:
25439:
25436:
25435:
25434:
25431:
25430:
25428:
25426:
25422:
25416:
25413:
25411:
25408:
25406:
25403:
25401:
25398:
25396:
25395:
25391:
25386:
25384:
25381:
25379:
25376:
25374:
25371:
25369:
25366:
25364:
25361:
25359:
25356:
25354:
25351:
25347:
25344:
25343:
25342:
25339:
25337:
25334:
25332:
25329:
25327:
25324:
25322:
25319:
25317:
25314:
25312:
25309:
25307:
25304:
25302:
25299:
25297:
25294:
25292:
25289:
25287:
25284:
25280:
25277:
25275:
25272:
25270:
25267:
25265:
25262:
25260:
25257:
25256:
25255:
25252:
25250:
25247:
25245:
25244:
25243:Maersk Tigris
25239:
25237:
25234:
25232:
25229:
25227:
25224:
25222:
25219:
25217:
25214:
25212:
25209:
25205:
25202:
25201:
25200:
25197:
25195:
25192:
25190:
25187:
25185:
25182:
25180:
25177:
25175:
25172:
25170:
25167:
25165:
25162:
25158:
25157:
25153:
25151:
25148:
25146:
25143:
25141:
25138:
25136:
25133:
25131:
25128:
25126:
25123:
25121:
25118:
25116:
25113:
25111:
25108:
25107:
25106:
25103:
25101:
25098:
25096:
25093:
25092:
25090:
25088:
25084:
25076:
25073:
25071:
25068:
25066:
25063:
25061:
25058:
25056:
25053:
25052:
25051:
25048:
25046:
25043:
25041:
25038:
25036:
25033:
25031:
25028:
25024:
25021:
25019:
25016:
25015:
25014:
25011:
25009:
25006:
25004:
25001:
24997:
24994:
24992:
24989:
24987:
24984:
24982:
24979:
24977:
24974:
24972:
24969:
24967:
24964:
24962:
24959:
24957:
24954:
24952:
24949:
24947:
24944:
24943:
24942:
24941:Iran–Iraq War
24939:
24938:
24936:
24932:
24924:
24921:
24919:
24916:
24914:
24911:
24909:
24906:
24904:
24901:
24899:
24896:
24894:
24891:
24890:
24889:
24886:
24884:
24881:
24879:
24876:
24874:
24871:
24869:
24866:
24864:
24861:
24859:
24856:
24854:
24851:
24849:
24846:
24842:
24839:
24838:
24837:
24834:
24832:
24829:
24827:
24824:
24822:
24819:
24818:
24816:
24812:
24806:
24803:
24801:
24798:
24796:
24793:
24791:
24788:
24786:
24783:
24781:
24778:
24776:
24773:
24771:
24768:
24766:
24763:
24761:
24758:
24757:
24755:
24751:
24745:
24740:
24735:
24726:
24721:
24719:
24714:
24712:
24707:
24706:
24703:
24693:
24683:
24677:
24674:
24672:
24669:
24667:
24666:
24662:
24660:
24657:
24655:
24652:
24650:
24647:
24645:
24642:
24640:
24637:
24635:
24632:
24631:
24629:
24625:
24619:(grandfather)
24618:
24615:
24612:
24609:
24606:
24603:
24600:
24597:
24594:
24591:
24588:
24585:
24582:
24579:
24576:
24573:
24570:
24567:
24566:
24564:
24562:
24558:
24552:
24551:
24547:
24545:
24544:
24540:
24538:
24537:
24533:
24531:
24530:
24526:
24524:
24523:
24519:
24517:
24516:
24512:
24511:
24509:
24505:
24499:
24496:
24494:
24491:
24489:
24486:
24484:
24481:
24479:
24476:
24474:
24471:
24469:
24466:
24464:
24461:
24459:
24456:
24454:
24451:
24449:
24446:
24444:
24441:
24440:
24438:
24436:
24432:
24427:
24415:
24412:
24408:
24405:
24404:
24403:
24402:Iran–Iraq War
24400:
24399:
24398:
24395:
24391:
24390:
24386:
24384:
24381:
24379:
24376:
24374:
24371:
24369:
24366:
24364:
24361:
24359:
24356:
24354:
24351:
24349:
24346:
24344:
24341:
24340:
24339:
24336:
24334:
24331:
24327:
24324:
24322:
24319:
24317:
24314:
24313:
24312:
24311:Life in exile
24309:
24307:
24304:
24303:
24301:
24297:
24293:
24286:
24281:
24279:
24274:
24272:
24267:
24266:
24263:
24253:
24252:
24241:
24235:
24234:
24230:
24228:
24227:
24223:
24221:
24220:
24216:
24214:
24213:
24209:
24208:
24206:
24202:
24196:
24192:
24190:
24186:
24182:
24178:
24176:
24172:
24168:
24166:
24162:
24160:
24156:
24155:Sajida Talfah
24152:
24150:
24146:
24142:
24138:
24135:
24132:
24131:
24129:
24127:
24123:
24117:
24114:
24112:
24109:
24108:
24106:
24102:
24096:
24093:
24091:
24090:
24086:
24084:
24083:
24079:
24077:
24076:
24072:
24070:
24069:
24065:
24064:
24062:
24060:
24056:
24051:
24039:
24036:
24035:
24034:
24031:
24029:
24026:
24024:
24023:Interrogation
24021:
24019:
24016:
24012:
24009:
24008:
24007:
24004:
24002:
23999:
23995:
23992:
23991:
23990:
23987:
23985:
23982:
23978:
23975:
23974:
23973:
23972:Iran–Iraq War
23970:
23968:
23965:
23963:
23960:
23959:
23957:
23953:
23949:
23942:
23937:
23935:
23930:
23928:
23923:
23922:
23919:
23907:
23899:
23897:
23889:
23887:
23883:
23879:
23877:
23869:
23868:
23865:
23849:
23846:
23844:
23841:
23840:
23839:
23836:
23834:
23831:
23829:
23826:
23824:
23821:
23819:
23816:
23814:
23811:
23809:
23806:
23804:
23801:
23799:
23796:
23794:
23791:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23779:
23776:
23774:
23771:
23770:
23768:
23764:
23756:
23753:
23751:
23748:
23746:
23743:
23741:
23738:
23736:
23733:
23732:
23731:
23728:
23726:
23723:
23719:
23716:
23713:
23712:Iraqi Turkmen
23710:
23708:
23705:
23703:
23700:
23698:
23695:
23693:
23690:
23688:
23685:
23683:
23680:
23678:
23675:
23673:
23670:
23669:
23668:
23665:
23661:
23658:
23656:
23653:
23651:
23648:
23646:
23643:
23641:
23638:
23637:
23636:
23633:
23631:
23628:
23627:
23625:
23623:
23619:
23615:
23611:
23606:
23602:
23592:
23589:
23587:
23584:
23582:
23579:
23577:
23574:
23572:
23569:
23567:
23564:
23562:
23559:
23557:
23554:
23552:
23549:
23547:
23544:
23542:
23539:
23537:
23531:
23529:
23526:
23524:
23521:
23519:
23516:
23514:
23511:
23510:
23507:
23503:
23498:
23494:
23484:
23481:
23479:
23476:
23474:
23471:
23469:
23466:
23464:
23461:
23459:
23456:
23452:
23449:
23447:
23444:
23442:
23439:
23435:
23432:
23431:
23430:
23427:
23425:
23422:
23420:
23417:
23416:
23415:
23412:
23406:
23403:
23402:
23401:
23398:
23394:
23391:
23390:
23389:
23386:
23384:
23381:
23379:
23376:
23375:
23374:
23371:
23369:
23366:
23364:
23361:
23359:
23356:
23354:
23351:
23349:
23347:(legislative)
23343:
23341:
23338:
23336:
23333:
23332:
23329:
23325:
23320:
23316:
23306:
23303:
23301:
23298:
23296:
23293:
23291:
23288:
23286:
23283:
23281:
23280:Syrian Desert
23278:
23276:
23275:Shatt al-Arab
23273:
23271:
23268:
23266:
23263:
23261:
23258:
23256:
23253:
23251:
23248:
23246:
23243:
23241:
23238:
23236:
23233:
23231:
23228:
23226:
23223:
23221:
23218:
23216:
23213:
23211:
23210:Faw peninsula
23208:
23207:
23204:
23200:
23195:
23191:
23177:
23174:
23170:
23167:
23166:
23165:
23162:
23158:
23155:
23153:
23152:Fall of Mosul
23150:
23149:
23148:
23145:
23143:
23140:
23136:
23133:
23131:
23128:
23126:
23125:U.S. invasion
23123:
23122:
23121:
23118:
23116:
23113:
23109:
23106:
23105:
23104:
23101:
23099:
23096:
23094:
23091:
23089:
23088:Iran–Iraq War
23086:
23084:
23081:
23079:
23076:
23074:
23071:
23069:
23066:
23064:
23061:
23059:
23056:
23053:
23049:
23046:
23045:
23042:
23036:
23034:
23031:
23029:
23026:
23024:
23021:
23020:
23018:
23016:
23012:
23006:
23003:
22999:
22996:
22995:
22994:
22991:
22989:
22986:
22984:
22981:
22978:
22974:
22971:
22969:
22966:
22964:
22961:
22959:
22956:
22954:
22953:Buyid dynasty
22951:
22949:
22946:
22944:
22941:
22939:
22936:
22935:
22933:
22929:
22923:
22920:
22918:
22915:
22913:
22910:
22908:
22905:
22903:
22900:
22898:
22895:
22893:
22890:
22888:
22885:
22883:
22880:
22878:
22875:
22873:
22870:
22868:
22865:
22863:
22860:
22858:
22855:
22853:
22850:
22848:
22845:
22843:
22840:
22838:
22835:
22833:
22830:
22828:
22825:
22823:
22820:
22818:
22815:
22813:
22810:
22808:
22805:
22803:
22802:Halaf culture
22800:
22798:
22795:
22793:
22790:
22789:
22787:
22785:
22781:
22777:
22773:
22768:
22764:
22759:
22753:
22743:
22738:
22736:
22731:
22729:
22724:
22723:
22720:
22708:
22704:
22700:
22698:
22690:
22689:
22686:
22672:
22669:
22667:
22664:
22662:
22659:
22658:
22656:
22652:
22642:
22641:
22637:
22635:
22632:
22630:
22627:
22625:
22622:
22620:
22617:
22615:
22612:
22610:
22607:
22606:
22604:
22602:
22598:
22591:
22587:
22584:
22582:
22579:
22577:
22574:
22572:
22569:
22567:
22564:
22562:
22559:
22557:
22554:
22551:
22547:
22544:
22542:
22539:
22537:
22534:
22531:
22528:
22525:
22521:
22520:news agencies
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22506:
22502:
22499:
22497:
22494:
22492:
22489:
22487:
22484:
22482:
22479:
22476:
22472:
22469:
22467:
22464:
22462:
22459:
22457:
22454:
22451:
22449:
22443:
22440:
22438:
22435:
22433:
22430:
22427:
22423:
22420:
22417:
22414:
22412:
22408:
22405:
22404:
22401:
22398:
22396:
22392:
22382:
22379:
22377:
22374:
22372:
22369:
22367:
22364:
22361:
22358:
22356:
22353:
22351:
22348:
22346:
22342:
22339:
22337:
22334:
22332:
22329:
22328:
22326:
22322:
22316:
22313:
22310:
22306:
22303:
22301:
22298:
22295:
22291:
22288:
22286:
22283:
22282:
22280:
22278:
22274:
22266:
22263:
22261:
22258:
22256:
22253:
22251:
22248:
22246:
22243:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22231:
22228:
22227:
22226:
22223:
22220:
22216:
22213:
22212:
22210:
22206:
22200:
22197:
22195:
22192:
22190:
22187:
22185:
22182:
22180:
22177:
22175:
22172:
22170:
22167:
22165:
22162:
22161:
22159:
22157:
22153:
22150:
22148:
22144:
22140:
22136:
22131:
22127:
22113:
22110:
22108:
22105:
22103:
22100:
22098:
22095:
22094:
22092:
22088:
22082:
22079:
22077:
22074:
22072:
22069:
22067:
22064:
22062:
22059:
22057:
22054:
22053:
22051:
22049:
22043:
22037:
22034:
22031:
22028:
22026:
22023:
22021:
22018:
22016:
22012:
22009:
22006:
22002:
21999:
21996:
21992:
21989:
21987:
21984:
21982:
21979:
21976:
21972:
21969:
21967:
21964:
21962:
21959:
21955:
21952:
21950:
21947:
21946:
21945:
21942:
21939:
21935:
21932:
21931:
21929:
21927:
21923:
21916:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21892:
21889:
21887:
21884:
21882:
21881:Privatization
21879:
21876:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21864:
21862:
21859:
21857:
21854:
21852:
21849:
21847:
21844:
21842:
21839:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21827:
21824:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21807:
21804:
21802:
21799:
21797:
21794:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21781:
21777:
21774:
21772:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21763:
21761:
21757:
21753:
21749:
21744:
21740:
21726:
21723:
21721:
21718:
21716:
21713:
21711:
21708:
21707:
21705:
21703:
21699:
21693:
21690:
21688:
21685:
21683:
21680:
21678:
21675:
21673:
21670:
21668:
21665:
21664:
21662:
21658:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21644:
21641:
21637:
21634:
21632:
21629:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21619:
21617:
21614:
21611:
21607:
21604:
21602:
21599:
21597:
21594:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21581:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21565:
21562:
21560:
21557:
21555:
21552:
21551:
21550:
21547:
21545:
21542:
21540:
21537:
21534:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21519:
21515:
21512:
21510:
21507:
21506:
21504:
21500:
21496:
21492:
21487:
21483:
21473:
21470:
21468:
21465:
21463:
21460:
21458:
21455:
21453:
21450:
21448:
21445:
21443:
21440:
21438:
21435:
21433:
21430:
21428:
21425:
21423:
21420:
21416:
21413:
21412:
21411:
21408:
21406:
21403:
21399:
21396:
21394:
21391:
21390:
21389:
21386:
21384:
21381:
21380:
21377:
21373:
21368:
21364:
21350:
21349:Years in Iran
21347:
21345:
21342:
21340:
21337:
21335:
21332:
21330:
21327:
21325:
21322:
21320:
21317:
21315:
21312:
21310:
21307:
21305:
21302:
21300:
21297:
21293:
21290:
21289:
21288:
21285:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21273:Turco-Persian
21271:
21270:
21269:
21266:
21265:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21254:
21251:
21250:
21248:
21244:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21197:
21194:
21193:
21192:
21189:
21187:
21184:
21182:
21179:
21177:
21174:
21172:
21169:
21167:
21164:
21162:
21156:
21154:
21151:
21149:
21146:
21144:
21142:War (1980–88)
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21093:
21092:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21074:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21041:
21035:
21034:
21032:
21028:
21025:
21021:
21011:
21008:
21006:
21003:
21001:
20998:
20996:
20993:
20991:
20988:
20986:
20980:
20978:
20972:
20970:
20964:
20962:
20956:
20954:
20948:
20946:
20940:
20938:
20934:Qara Qoyunlu
20932:
20930:
20924:
20923:
20921:
20917:
20911:
20905:
20903:
20897:
20895:
20889:
20887:
20882:
20880:
20874:
20872:
20866:
20864:
20858:
20856:
20850:
20848:
20842:
20840:
20834:
20833:
20831:
20827:
20821:
20815:
20813:
20807:
20805:
20799:
20797:
20791:
20789:
20783:
20781:
20775:
20773:
20767:
20765:
20759:
20757:
20751:
20750:
20748:
20744:
20741:
20735:
20725:
20719:
20718:
20716:
20712:
20706:
20700:
20698:
20692:
20690:
20684:
20682:
20676:
20674:
20668:
20666:
20660:
20658:
20652:
20650:
20644:
20642:
20636:
20635:
20633:
20631:550 BC–AD 224
20629:
20623:
20617:
20615:
20609:
20607:
20601:
20599:
20593:
20591:
20587:Neo-Assyrian
20585:
20583:
20577:
20575:
20569:
20567:
20561:
20559:
20553:
20551:
20545:
20543:
20537:
20535:
20529:
20528:
20526:
20522:
20519:
20515:
20511:
20506:
20502:
20498:
20493:
20489:
20484:
20477:
20472:
20470:
20465:
20463:
20458:
20457:
20454:
20444:
20434:
20428:
20425:
20423:
20422:Order of Fath
20420:
20418:
20415:
20413:
20410:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20400:
20398:
20395:
20393:
20390:
20388:
20385:
20384:
20382:
20378:
20368:
20365:
20363:
20362:
20358:
20356:
20355:
20354:Nimble Archer
20351:
20349:
20348:
20347:Eager Glacier
20344:
20342:
20341:
20337:
20335:
20334:
20330:
20328:
20326:
20321:
20320:
20318:
20314:
20308:
20307:
20303:
20301:
20298:
20296:
20295:
20294:Eternal Light
20291:
20289:
20288:
20284:
20282:
20281:
20277:
20274:
20270:
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20265:
20263:
20262:
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20238:
20234:
20232:
20229:
20227:
20224:
20223:
20221:
20217:
20211:
20210:
20209:Mountain Mast
20206:
20204:
20203:
20199:
20197:
20196:
20192:
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20183:
20182:
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20108:
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20100:
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20037:
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20023:
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20016:
20014:
20013:
20009:
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20006:
20002:
20000:
19998:
19994:
19992:
19989:
19988:
19986:
19982:
19975:
19971:
19970:
19966:
19964:
19963:
19962:Fath-ol-Mobin
19959:
19957:
19956:
19955:Tariq-ol-Qods
19952:
19950:
19949:
19945:
19944:
19942:
19938:
19932:
19929:
19927:
19926:
19922:
19921:
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19904:
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19895:
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19875:
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19869:
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19864:
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19797:
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19789:
19785:
19782:
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19757:
19753:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19733:
19730:
19729:
19728:
19725:
19723:
19722:Sipay Rizgari
19720:
19716:
19713:
19711:
19708:
19707:
19706:
19703:
19702:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19691:
19688:
19686:
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19681:
19678:
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19675:
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19668:
19666:
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19628:
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19623:
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19618:
19616:
19613:
19611:
19608:
19604:
19601:
19600:
19599:
19596:
19595:
19593:
19591:
19584:
19580:
19579:Iran–Iraq War
19573:
19568:
19566:
19561:
19559:
19554:
19553:
19550:
19543:
19539:
19536:
19533:
19530:
19526:
19522:
19518:
19515:
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19511:
19501:
19497:
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19486:
19482:
19478:
19474:
19470:
19466:
19462:
19458:
19454:
19449:
19445:
19441:
19437:
19431:
19427:
19422:
19418:
19414:
19410:
19404:
19400:
19395:
19393:
19389:
19386:
19385:online review
19382:
19378:
19374:
19372:9781135711603
19368:
19364:
19363:
19357:
19356:
19345:
19339:
19335:
19330:
19328:
19327:3-280-01840-4
19324:
19310:
19306:
19305:
19300:
19296:
19292:
19290:9781136357817
19286:
19283:. Routledge.
19282:
19281:
19276:
19272:
19268:
19262:
19257:
19256:
19249:
19245:
19241:
19237:
19233:
19229:
19225:
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19217:
19213:
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19205:
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19195:
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19187:
19183:
19179:
19175:
19171:
19167:
19162:
19158:
19152:
19148:
19144:
19140:
19139:Karsh, Efraim
19136:
19124:
19120:
19116:
19112:
19097:
19093:
19089:
19082:
19078:
19074:
19068:
19064:
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19056:
19052:
19048:
19044:
19040:
19036:
19032:
19031:
19025:
19021:
19015:
19010:
19009:
19003:
19002:Bulloch, John
18999:
18995:
18993:0-7475-0260-9
18989:
18985:
18980:
18979:
18957:
18953:
18949:
18943:
18935:
18931:
18927:
18923:
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18908:
18892:
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18876:
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18771:
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18706:
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18635:
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18566:
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18535:
18531:
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18494:
18492:
18490:
18482:
18478:
18474:
18468:
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18462:
18460:
18443:
18439:
18431:
18412:
18408:
18404:
18400:
18396:
18392:
18388:
18381:
18374:
18355:
18351:
18347:
18343:
18339:
18335:
18331:
18327:
18324:. Viewpoint.
18323:
18316:
18309:
18293:
18289:
18283:
18267:
18263:
18259:
18252:
18250:
18233:
18229:
18225:
18218:
18210:
18208:9780520921245
18204:
18200:
18196:
18191:
18190:
18184:
18183:Makiya, Kanan
18178:
18170:
18168:9780471542995
18164:
18160:
18156:
18152:
18148:
18142:
18134:
18132:9780521876865
18128:
18124:
18120:
18116:
18110:
18108:
18091:
18087:
18083:
18076:
18060:
18056:
18052:
18046:
18030:
18026:
18022:
18015:
17999:
17995:
17991:
17984:
17976:
17974:9781107062290
17970:
17967:. p. 2.
17966:
17962:
17955:
17947:
17945:1-59257-141-7
17941:
17937:
17930:
17922:
17920:1-4039-6450-5
17916:
17913:. MacMillan.
17912:
17905:
17903:
17886:
17882:
17878:
17871:
17855:
17851:
17844:
17836:
17825:
17818:
17802:
17798:
17794:
17787:
17771:
17767:
17763:
17757:
17748:
17746:
17729:
17725:
17721:
17714:
17706:
17700:
17696:
17689:
17681:
17675:
17671:
17666:
17665:
17656:
17640:
17636:
17632:
17628:
17624:
17617:
17610:
17604:
17600:
17596:
17592:
17585:
17569:
17565:
17563:1-59114-661-5
17559:
17555:
17554:
17546:
17527:
17523:
17519:
17512:
17505:
17503:
17501:
17492:
17490:1-84115-007-X
17486:
17481:
17480:
17474:
17468:
17466:
17464:
17462:
17453:
17449:
17442:
17426:
17422:
17421:
17416:
17410:
17391:
17384:
17378:
17376:
17368:
17364:
17361:Koppel, Ted.
17358:
17350:
17348:9780415685245
17344:
17340:
17336:
17329:
17322:
17317:
17315:9780471542995
17311:
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17299:
17295:
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17276:
17269:
17263:
17255:
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17125:
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17120:
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17105:
17101:
17098:
17093:
17085:
17079:
17075:
17074:
17066:
17058:
17051:
17043:
17039:
17032:
17026:, p. 44.
17025:
17020:
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17003:
16999:
16998:
16990:
16974:
16970:
16966:
16959:
16951:
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16735:
16734:
16733:The Economist
16726:
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15536:9780674915718
15532:
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14943:0-8032-3733-2
14939:
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14822:
14818:
14817:
14809:
14793:
14789:
14785:
14778:
14776:
14759:
14755:
14752:Cooper, Tom.
14748:
14740:
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14729:
14721:
14705:
14701:
14697:
14690:
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14001:
13999:
13997:
13995:
13993:
13991:
13989:
13987:
13985:
13983:
13981:
13972:
13970:0-275-96528-7
13966:
13962:
13961:
13953:
13945:
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13940:
13935:
13929:
13921:
13917:
13913:
13906:
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13758:9780415685245
13754:
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13571:
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13554:
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13509:
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13503:
13501:
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13495:
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13487:
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13483:
13474:
13468:
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13453:
13437:
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13411:
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13369:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13352:
13346:
13342:
13341:
13336:
13330:
13314:
13310:
13302:
13298:
13294:
13293:"Iran at war"
13288:
13280:
13274:
13270:
13263:
13244:
13237:
13231:
13223:
13219:
13215:
13209:
13205:
13204:
13203:Iran Yearbook
13197:
13186:
13179:
13172:
13170:
13168:
13166:
13164:
13162:
13160:
13158:
13156:
13154:
13152:
13150:
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13146:
13144:
13142:
13140:
13138:
13136:
13134:
13132:
13130:
13121:
13115:
13111:
13110:
13102:
13100:
13093:By Baqer Moin
13092:
13088:
13085:
13080:
13078:
13076:
13059:
13055:
13052:Cooper, Tom.
13048:
13046:
13044:
13042:
13040:
13020:
13013:
13006:
13004:
13002:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12971:
12955:
12951:
12947:
12941:
12934:
12929:
12923:
12920:. Routledge.
12919:
12918:
12910:
12903:
12890:
12886:
12882:
12876:
12869:
12864:
12857:
12852:
12846:
12843:. Routledge.
12842:
12841:
12833:
12817:
12813:
12806:
12804:
12802:
12793:
12787:
12783:
12776:
12767:
12760:
12754:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12723:
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12719:
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12705:
12701:
12694:
12687:
12685:
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12673:
12671:
12669:
12667:
12665:
12663:
12661:
12659:
12651:
12639:
12635:
12631:
12630:Policy Review
12627:
12620:
12609:
12602:
12599:Wilson, Ben.
12595:
12593:
12591:
12589:
12587:
12585:
12576:
12570:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12539:
12537:
12535:
12533:
12524:
12517:
12509:
12507:0-8108-4330-7
12503:
12499:
12492:
12490:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12458:
12450:
12448:0-7475-0260-9
12444:
12440:
12433:
12431:
12429:
12427:
12425:
12423:
12421:
12419:
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12415:
12413:
12411:
12409:
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12403:
12394:
12388:
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12380:
12379:
12371:
12369:
12367:
12359:
12354:
12348:
12344:
12339:
12338:
12332:
12331:Makiya, Kanan
12326:
12319:
12314:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12293:
12286:
12280:
12273:
12269:
12267:9781107062290
12263:
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12239:
12232:
12222:
12217:
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12193:
12186:
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12169:
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12158:
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12140:
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12120:
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12100:
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12092:
12090:
12073:
12069:
12062:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12011:
12007:
12000:
11989:
11982:
11976:
11968:
11966:0-203-57971-2
11962:
11958:
11951:
11943:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11922:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11886:
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11870:
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11840:
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11825:
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11814:
11808:
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11748:
11741:
11733:
11727:
11723:
11719:
11712:
11704:
11698:
11694:
11689:
11688:
11682:
11681:Makiya, Kanan
11676:
11668:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11647:
11639:
11633:
11629:
11622:
11620:
11618:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11603:
11597:
11593:
11588:
11587:
11581:
11580:Makiya, Kanan
11575:
11559:
11555:
11549:
11542:
11538:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11517:
11509:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11488:
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11474:
11470:
11463:
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11445:
11443:
11441:
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11423:
11421:
11419:
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11409:
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11327:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11319:
11317:
11315:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11307:
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11301:
11299:
11297:
11295:
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11119:
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11113:
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11027:
11025:
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11021:
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11015:
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10967:
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10921:
10919:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10909:
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10905:
10903:
10901:
10899:
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10879:
10877:
10869:
10863:
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10850:
10843:
10839:
10836:
10830:
10823:
10820:
10814:
10808:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10795:Riedel, Bruce
10790:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10776:
10771:
10755:
10751:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10734:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10703:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10672:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10650:
10646:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10603:Karsh, Efraim
10598:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10571:
10567:
10563:
10556:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10525:
10520:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
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10450:
10448:
10446:
10444:
10442:
10440:
10431:
10427:
10423:
10417:
10413:
10406:
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10402:
10400:
10398:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10357:
10355:
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10351:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10337:
10331:
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10320:
10310:
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10274:
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10248:
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10235:
10233:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10210:
10206:
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10193:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10170:
10166:
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10156:
10150:
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10134:
10132:
10130:
10120:
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10075:
10066:
10060:
10051:
10035:
10031:
10025:
10016:
10007:
9998:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9968:
9967:
9959:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9943:
9941:
9924:
9920:
9919:
9914:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9902:
9885:
9881:
9880:
9875:
9868:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9838:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9771:
9762:
9756:
9751:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9731:
9715:
9711:
9710:
9705:
9699:
9688:
9684:
9682:0-7391-0649-X
9678:
9674:
9670:
9663:
9662:
9654:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9624:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9594:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9563:
9555:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9523:
9516:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9501:9780739140390
9497:
9493:
9489:
9482:
9474:
9468:
9464:
9463:
9455:
9447:
9441:
9437:
9436:
9428:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9376:
9360:
9356:
9354:9780231144278
9350:
9346:
9345:
9337:
9318:
9311:
9305:
9289:
9285:
9279:
9263:
9259:
9253:
9249:
9235:
9232:
9224:
9212:
9208:
9206:
9199:
9195:
9190:
9189:
9172:
9166:
9160:
9153:
9147:
9138:
9133:
9127:
9118:
9113:
9106:
9099:
9091:
9085:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9048:
9037:
9035:
9024:
9022:
9011:
9009:
8998:
8995:
8983:
8981:
8970:
8969:
8965:
8957:
8946:
8943:
8931:
8929:
8918:
8915:
8903:
8900:
8888:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8873:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8842:
8835:
8831:
8830:
8824:
8817:
8816:
8810:
8804:
8799:
8786:
8785:Shatt al-Arab
8776:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8756:
8750:
8741:
8732:
8722:
8718:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8673:
8672:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8606:Morteza Avini
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8583:Juwad Shitnah
8581:
8580:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8525:Iyad Futayyih
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8495:Abboud Qanbar
8493:
8492:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8453:Javad Fakoori
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8378:
8373:
8372:Sabir Jabbari
8370:
8366:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8335:Mostafa Izadi
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8248:Mehdi Khazali
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8222:
8221:Kazim Mousavi
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8206:Hossein Nejat
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8176:Hossein Alaei
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8066:Ali Shamkhani
8064:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8034:Ali Abdollahi
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7963:Rahian-e Noor
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7879:
7876:
7865:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7815:
7814:
7808:
7804:
7799:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7763:
7756:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7686:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7650:North Vietnam
7647:
7643:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7618:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7543:Iran's attack
7540:
7538:
7533:
7522:
7517:
7515:
7510:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7490:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7395:Iran–Iraq War
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7320:George Shultz
7316:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7255:
7251:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7237:According to
7232:
7227:
7223:
7221:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7180:
7174:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7009:
6995:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6891:Sea Isle City
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6865:
6862:
6857:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6843:
6842:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6819:
6813:
6808:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:According to
6781:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6741:
6737:
6736:Ronald Reagan
6732:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6658:
6654:
6652:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6627:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6541:'s branch in
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6527:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6481:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6465:
6463:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6358:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6316:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6277:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6248:United States
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6232:no man's land
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6079:
6076:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6021:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5971:
5970:Ephraim Karsh
5963:
5958:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5798:external debt
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5718:assassination
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:Shatt al-Arab
5629:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5609:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5426:Qasr-e Shirin
5423:
5417:
5415:
5405:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5354:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5341:USS Vincennes
5337:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:Kaveh Farrokh
5294:
5289:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5249:عملیات چلچراغ
5246:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5199:oil platforms
5196:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5005:US Navy SEALS
5001:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4981:
4980:swarm tactics
4977:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:Tupolev Tu-22
4959:
4953:
4949:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4856:Mohsen Rezaee
4851:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4788:
4785:
4782:port city of
4781:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:referring to
4739:
4735:
4729:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4692:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4515:Faw Peninsula
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4484:. Iran later
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4405:producing an
4399:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4280:
4278:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:MiG-25 Foxbat
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:Seawise Giant
4166:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4118:, which used
4117:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:The focus of
3783:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3749:in 1983 near
3748:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3506:
3505:Abbas ibn Ali
3502:
3498:
3493:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3419:sue for peace
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3364:Ronald Reagan
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:port of Aqaba
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3303:
3302:Juwad Shitnah
3297:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3184:10th Armoured
3181:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:According to
3045:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2786:supply depots
2783:
2779:
2772:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:Mosul Airbase
2634:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:F-14A Tomcats
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:Qasr-e Shirin
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2492:C-47 Skytrain
2488:
2481:
2477:
2474:Explosion in
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2433:
2430:
2422:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:This section
2393:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2360:Shatt al-Arab
2356:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2336:over, Iran's
2335:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:Shatt al-Arab
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:Shatt al-Arab
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:A meeting of
1980:
1975:
1971:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:United States
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Shatt al-Arab
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:United States
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:Sunni Muslims
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:in 1979—from
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:Iran–Iraq War
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Iran–Iraq War
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1444:Nimble Archer
1441:
1439:
1438:
1437:Eager Glacier
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:Eternal Light
1381:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1069:Fath-ol-Mobin
1066:
1064:
1063:
1062:Tariq-ol-Qods
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
956:
954:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
916:
911:
910:Iran–Iraq War
903:
898:
896:
891:
889:
884:
883:
880:
870:
865:
861:
853:
848:
843:
839:
838:
831:
827:
823:
816:
811:
810:civilian dead
806:
801:
789:
783:
779:
778:
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
751:
733:
720:1,200 tanks,
716:
702:
701:
698:
692:
689:
688:Start of war:
685:
680:
676:
658:
641:
619:
618:
615:
609:
606:
605:Start of war:
602:
601:
596:
593:
589:
587:
583:
582:
577:
571:
566:
561:
559:
554:
549:
547:
542:
537:
535:
530:
525:
524:
522:
519:
514:
509:
504:
502:
497:
492:
490:
485:
480:
478:
473:
468:
467:
465:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
430:
419:
409:
406:
402:
391:
380:
369:
359:
358:
354:
342:
340:
329:
328:
323:
316:
315:
311:
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
274:
268:
265:
262:
261:
257:
251:
247:
244:
241:
238:
234:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
216:
210:
208:
204:
201:
200:child soldier
197:
196:
193:
183:
174:
163:
154:
143:
134:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
97:Iran–Iraq War
95:
84:
74:
70:
66:
62:
56:
52:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Iran-Iraq war
30055:
30042:
30035:
30028:
30002:
30001:
29989:
29982:
29963:
29955:
29954:
29945:
29938:
29893:
29876:
29869:
29837:
29809:
29759:
29743:
29742:
29672:
29612:
29580:
29556:
29450:
29436:
29394:World War II
29392:
29228:
29172:
29106:
28718:
28615:
28497:Abbas Edalat
28492:Roger Cooper
28380:
28369:Zainab Pasha
28330:
28124:
27738:
27590:
27357:
27344:
27206:
27135:Axis of Evil
27021:
26947:Hanoi Summit
26798:
26785:
26778:
26749:Axis of evil
26655:
26615:Sons of Iraq
26450:Preparations
26048:
26041:
25908:Axis of evil
25840:Morad Tahbaz
25810:Noor Pahlavi
25710:Scott Ritter
25566:
25393:
25389:
25242:
25154:
25145:Negotiations
24940:
24893:Negotiations
24663:
24659:Refah School
24548:
24541:
24534:
24527:
24520:
24513:
24468:Little Satan
24448:Anti-Zionism
24401:
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24087:
24080:
24073:
24066:
23977:U.S. support
23971:
23740:Christianity
23622:Demographics
23556:Oil reserves
23551:Oil Industry
23518:Central Bank
23414:Human rights
23340:Constitution
23285:Tigris river
23265:Persian Gulf
23087:
22973:Ottoman Iraq
22958:Qara Qoyunlu
22792:Ubaid period
22654:Other topics
22638:
22566:Persian name
22505:Islamization
22447:
22407:Architecture
22360:universities
22305:Zoroastrians
22300:Christianity
22290:Baháʼí Faith
22240:Azerbaijanis
22147:Demographics
21961:Construction
21949:Central Bank
21891:Space Agency
21786:Child labour
21621:Principlists
21601:Cyberwarfare
21549:Human rights
21514:Constitution
21309:Azerbaijanis
21278:Indo-Persian
21258:Greater Iran
21139:
21129:siege (1980)
21088:1979–present
20739:early modern
20737:Medieval and
20531:Kura-Araxes
20360:
20353:
20346:
20340:Prime Chance
20339:
20333:Earnest Will
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19874:Scorch Sword
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19820:Ba'ath Party
19784:Baghdad Pact
19660:Soviet Union
19603:Arms-to-Iraq
19586:Participants
19578:
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19315:17 September
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18862:
18848:(4): 47–58.
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17473:Fisk, Robert
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14731:. ABC-CLIO.
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13440:. Retrieved
13399:17 September
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13340:The Iraq war
13339:
13335:Keegan, John
13329:
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10868:The Gulf War
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9745:p. 196.
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9554:Academia.edu
9552:– via
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8146:Hamid Taqavi
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8014:Ahmad Kazemi
7992:Abbas Mohtaj
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7607:F-14A Tomcat
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7541:
7537:Kanan Makiya
7532:Bruce Riedel
7530:
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7006:Casualties*
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6726:U.S. embargo
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6684:support for
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6024:Civil unrest
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5903:Efraim Karsh
5895:Barzani clan
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5823:neurosurgery
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5586:to 600,000.
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5450:paratroopers
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4958:supertankers
4954:
4950:
4946:
4922:
4918:Soviet Union
4914:East Germany
4906:South Africa
4898:
4872:unemployment
4860:
4852:
4844:
4840:Pilatus PC-7
4824:
4813:
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4603:
4601:
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4538:
4531:
4527:Persian Gulf
4519:
4478:TOW missiles
4462:
4454:
4430:interceptors
4419:
4403:
4398:Ali Khamenei
4379:
4366:
4364:
4356:Tigris River
4352:
4344:
4341:versus Iraq.
4339:
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4204:Blinder and
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4104:
4100:Larak Island
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4067:Kharg Island
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4004:
4000:
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3803:Suleimaniyah
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3678:
3661:TOW missiles
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3571:World War II
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3548:
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3462:
3455:Ali Khamenei
3453:, President
3444:
3440:Badr Brigade
3416:
3396:
3388:West Germany
3373:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3312:
3298:
3296:held 1,000.
3285:interceptors
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3162:
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3148:Northrop F-5
3118:
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3004:attack on H3
2985:
2970:Attack on H3
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2906:
2897:
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2883:
2841:
2822:
2815:100 others.
2813:
2793:cannibalised
2790:
2775:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2708:Khorramshahr
2686:
2675:
2663:
2655:F-14A Tomcat
2641:
2627:. Groups of
2622:
2586:
2546:Khorramshahr
2543:
2539:Khorramshahr
2527:
2523:
2496:
2425:
2416:
2403:spinning off
2396:
2368:
2331:
2314:its hostages
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2024:
2022:
2003:
1997:
1934:
1886:Soviet Union
1835:
1822:
1795:
1783:Pahlavi Iran
1779:Persian Gulf
1763:Shia Muslims
1726:
1722:
1720:
1682:
1530:
1471:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1430:Prime Chance
1429:
1421:
1415:Earnest Will
1414:
1407:
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686:
673:KDP: 45,000
672:
656:
639:
613:
604:
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520:
501:Ali Khamenei
460:
325:Belligerents
312:
302:Inconclusive
250:Iranian Army
222:by an Iraqi
220:being struck
214:
191:
102:Part of the
78:
46:
29:
30058:World War I
29516:Suez Crisis
29463:Suez Crisis
29192:Arab Revolt
29174:World War I
28553:BBC Persian
28475:Individuals
27692:Safari Club
27537:Legislation
27346:Put It Down
27340:Superdollar
27245:Legislation
27231:Travis King
27182:Kenneth Bae
27047:Max Thunder
27032:Team Spirit
26694:Legislation
25933:Great Satan
25860:Nizar Zakka
25830:Ali Shakeri
25815:Trita Parsi
25780:Esha Momeni
25425:Legislation
25388:Seizure of
24863:Safari Club
24654:Fajr decade
24488:Imam's Line
24463:Great Satan
24179:Daughters:
24095:Blood Quran
23896:WikiProject
23697:Marsh Arabs
23682:Circassians
23363:Foreign aid
23255:Mesopotamia
22817:Uruk period
22671:Tehrangeles
22634:Traditional
22371:Nationality
22309:persecution
22294:persecution
22245:Circassians
22194:Neo-Aramaic
22174:Azerbaijani
22046:State-owned
21971:Health care
21934:Agriculture
21771:Brain drain
21710:Ambassadors
21405:Earthquakes
20942:Aq Qoyunlu
20891:Muzaffarid
20868:Eldiguzids
20860:Anushtegin
20686:Kingdom of
20662:Kingdom of
20654:Kingdom of
20646:Atropatene
20638:Achaemenid
20579:Kingdom of
20524:3400–539 BC
20287:Forty Stars
20280:Shining Sun
20161:(3rd Basra)
20056:(2nd Basra)
19999:(1st Basra)
19690:Iran–Contra
19640:North Korea
19226:: 367–372.
19172:(4): 9–43.
18760:: 152–185.
18004:18 December
17535:29 December
17130:: 222–236.
16191:14 December
16021:12 November
15511:Piazza 1994
15405:9 September
15395:On This Day
14907:Mashregnews
14521:14 November
14432:9 September
14019:23 November
13653:14 November
13628:14 November
13319:25 November
12990:9 September
12895:30 December
12868:Piazza 1994
12559:9 September
12051:8 September
11911:15 February
11859:Brands, Hal
10713:Power Kills
10692:14 December
10566:Power Kills
10519:Hiro, Dilip
10155:Hiro, Dilip
9929:2 September
9021:North Yemen
8872:Afghanistan
8775:Arvand Rood
8540:Kamel Sajid
8375: [
8363: [
8291: [
8224: [
8101:Bijan Najdi
8052: [
8029:Ahmad Salek
8005: [
7987:Abbas Ka'bi
7889:Iraq portal
7875:Iran portal
7842:during the
7834:, in which
7819:قادسية صدام
7561:pre-emptive
7308:Jesse Helms
7204:Netherlands
7196:Star-Ledger
6963:it caused.
6940:, and that
6938:F-14 Tomcat
6934:Airbus A300
6753:George Bush
6605:deniability
6570:casus belli
6567:as a major
6315:the Kremlin
6224:machine gun
6220:barbed wire
6212:World War I
5747:, when the
5628:Switzerland
5500:. The last
5487:settlements
5151:mustard gas
5115:Suleimaniya
5071:smart bombs
5041:mustard gas
4964:Bs and one
4596:Suleimaniya
4422:air defence
4332:(after the
4229:air defense
4093:5 June 1984
4020:superpowers
3974:mustard gas
3606:East German
3600:armed with
3399:North Korea
3360:Six-Day War
3334:in Jordan.
3265:bridgeheads
3261:Karun River
2988:H-3 Airbase
2854:, and used
2629:F-4 Phantom
2574:Suleimaniya
2258:cannibalize
2063:Pan-Islamic
2025:coup d'état
1937:World War I
1930:South Yemen
1918:North Korea
1866:Iraqi Kurds
1377:Forty Stars
1266:(6th Basra)
1258:(5th Basra)
1202:(4th Basra)
1162:(3rd Basra)
1154:(2nd Basra)
1097:(1st Basra)
869:Total dead:
645:700 tanks,
307:Territorial
198:An Iranian
69:subheadings
30075:Categories
28671:Background
28600:Great Game
27165:Laura Ling
27037:Foal Eagle
26985:Korean War
26952:DMZ Summit
26465:Occupation
26425:Opposition
25855:Xiyue Wang
25695:Jon Pattis
25675:Brian Hook
25623:Farashgard
25394:St Nikolas
25390:Suez Rajan
24607:(grandson)
24601:(grandson)
24589:(daughter)
24583:(daughter)
24226:South Park
24104:Propaganda
23813:Television
23793:Literature
23755:Irreligion
23730:Secularism
23667:Minorities
23535:(currency)
23528:Corruption
23373:Government
23164:Insurgency
22963:Aq Qoyunlu
22784:Chronology
22571:Philosophy
22530:newspapers
22511:Literature
22416:architects
22411:Achaemenid
22331:Corruption
21791:Corruption
21631:Reformists
21626:Propaganda
21524:Corruption
21509:Censorship
21452:Lake Urmia
21140:Iran–Iraq
20836:Ghaznavid
20714:AD 224–651
20678:Frataraka
20510:Prehistory
20273:2nd al-Faw
20231:Tanker War
20195:Karbala 10
20116:1st al-Faw
19590:supporters
19529:AP Archive
19523:(Video on
18962:20 January
18897:20 January
18420:6 November
18363:3 November
18197:. p.
18157:. p.
18096:18 January
18065:8 February
18035:17 January
17891:9 February
17860:3 November
17734:10 January
17304:. p.
16878:7 November
16673:Column in
16634:30 January
16391:12 October
16183:. London.
15942:2 November
15804:9 February
15743:9 February
15650:28 October
15618:17 January
15439:9 February
15290:9 February
15143:13 October
14623:10945/3463
14493:17 January
14050:9 February
13584:3 November
13222:sn89044105
12822:13 October
12478:1 November
12236:: Missing
12206:13 October
12078:13 October
12041:Pars Times
11564:28 October
10760:9 February
10492:4645489824
10109:29 January
10040:9 December
9987:29 January
9720:8 December
9643:8 December
9613:8 December
9583:8 December
9490:. Lanham:
9294:3 February
9268:3 February
9184:References
8683:Persepolis
8044:Ali Fadavi
7790:until the
7339:leading up
7296:Iqbal Riza
7212:cyclosarin
6977:See also:
6924:shot down
6734:President
6671:See also:
6636:Yugoslavia
6624:See also:
6553:See also:
6514:(BNL), in
6384:See also:
6334:Khomeini's
6086:See also:
6051:Ali Fadavi
6018:Quds force
5872:volte-face
5829:after the
5770:Paris Club
5766:GDP growth
5726:airstrikes
5706:cold peace
5524:Casualties
5448:. Iranian
5424:, seizing
5422:Kermanshah
5379:shot down
5353:Rafsanjani
5273:Shalamcheh
5203:destroyers
5111:Lake Dukan
4925:insurgents
4708:electrodes
4544:, and the
4311:missiles.
4142:F-1 Mirage
4063:tanker war
4032:Tanker war
4005:Tanker war
3917:marshlands
3870:speedboats
3851:insurgency
3630:Naft shahr
3317:regime in
3224:Mirage F-1
3109:Chieftains
3059:synonymous
3000:Boeing 747
2996:Boeing 707
2948:Tariq Aziz
2647:AH-1 Cobra
2531:mechanised
2407:relocating
2334:suzerainty
2295:battalions
2171:, the new
2039:See also:
1959:Background
1947:, Iranian
1898:Yugoslavia
1399:Tanker War
1370:2nd al-Faw
1300:Karbala 10
1213:1st al-Faw
570:Tariq Aziz
450:volunteers
407:volunteers
81:April 2024
65:condensing
28877:Incidents
28712:Conflicts
28347:Incidents
28302:Conflicts
28246:Diplomacy
27890:Incidents
27702:Conflicts
27685:Diplomacy
27484:Conflicts
27468:Incidents
27452:Diplomacy
27088:Incidents
26973:Conflicts
26940:Reactions
26913:Diplomacy
26787:Overthrow
26721:reactions
26435:Polo Step
26366:Rationale
26269:Incidents
26159:Conflicts
26043:Overthrow
26036:Bomb Iran
25633:Jundallah
25460:reactions
25055:reactions
24934:Conflicts
24918:Aftermath
24913:Criticism
24908:Reactions
24903:Framework
24814:Diplomacy
24639:Mausoleum
24435:Positions
24038:reactions
24033:Execution
23955:Biography
23833:Squatting
23798:Education
23745:Mandaeism
23714:/Turkoman
23692:Mandaeans
23677:Assyrians
23672:Armenians
23635:Languages
23523:Companies
23478:Judiciary
23388:President
23358:Elections
23353:Democracy
23199:Geography
23115:Sanctions
23033:2003–2011
23028:1968–2003
23023:1958–1968
22882:Babylonia
22536:Mythology
22442:Calendars
22432:Astronomy
22341:Education
22250:Georgians
22235:Assyrians
22230:Armenians
22156:Languages
22048:companies
22011:Transport
21991:Petroleum
21776:Companies
21715:President
21702:Officials
21636:Terrorism
21585:Air Force
21529:Elections
21467:Provinces
21462:Mountains
21372:Geography
21292:languages
21030:1925–1979
20958:Afsharid
20919:1370–1925
20907:Chobanid
20801:Saffarid
20753:Rashidun
20721:Sasanian
20702:Kings of
20694:Parthian
20670:Seleucid
20611:Scythian
20571:Kassites
20555:Akkadian
20188:karbala 9
20181:Karbala 8
20174:Karbala 7
20167:Karbala 6
20159:Karbala 5
20152:Karbala 4
20145:Karbala 3
20138:Karbala 2
20130:Karbala 1
19867:Sultan 10
19803:Khuzestan
19705:Peshmerga
19650:Singapore
19500:0143-5450
19481:149704506
19473:1940-3461
19444:907204345
19417:877852628
19051:143904965
18934:143904965
18827:144891295
18715:15 August
18685:15 August
18655:15 August
18350:144450978
18342:1746-1766
17807:27 August
17635:0040-781X
17524:: 43–46.
17431:1 January
17399:21 August
17367:Nightline
17339:Routledge
17144:142964464
16979:1 January
16624:خبرآنلاین
16381:0458-3035
16319:12 August
15694:5 October
15547:5 January
15226:6 October
15049:141846747
14952:cite book
14917:9 October
14081:5 October
13749:Routledge
13693:6 January
13305:cited in
13252:18 August
12960:5 October
12761:, p. 226.
12743:6 October
12644:1 October
12523:Le Figaro
12016:1 October
11901:154354622
11893:1468-2745
11877:Routledge
10484:0034-8910
10388:171111098
10265:775759780
10223:492125659
9817:249695060
9801:0011-3530
9510:430736528
9417:30 August
9326:30 August
9244:Citations
9211:incorrect
9146:romanized
9126:romanized
8793:) in Iraq
7449:1992–1996
7443:1991–2003
7437:1991–2003
7425:1990–2003
7419:1990–1991
7397:1980–1988
7385:1978–1979
7373:1961–1991
7315:sanctions
7262:Gary Sick
7260:Analysts
7171:Unknown
7087:Unknown
7076:Unknown
6960:Vincennes
6955:Nightline
6946:Vincennes
6942:Vincennes
6930:Vincennes
6921:Vincennes
6919:USS
6899:USS
6884:. During
6839:USS
6587:Nicaragua
6535:Tektronix
6473:Juma Oris
6429:reported
6341:, former
6230:across a
5749:Gulf Arab
5620:ceasefire
5618:With the
5563:civilians
5519:Aftermath
5509:aggressor
5473:freighter
5377:Vincennes
5324:Oshnavieh
5155:nerve gas
5145:(Blessed
5119:Peshmerga
4976:IRGC navy
4868:insurance
4817:attacks.
4791:Karbala-6
4704:Fish Lake
4621:IRGC navy
4558:stalemate
4426:SAM Sites
4411:Mohajer 1
4222:escorting
4132:U.S. Navy
4120:Boghammar
3921:commandos
3862:commandos
3846:armaments
3515:total war
3376:howitzers
3315:Ba'athist
3078:logistics
3051:historian
2992:Jordanian
2933:impeached
2918:Chieftain
2890:Susangerd
2740:partisans
2633:F-5 Tiger
2554:Susangerd
2419:June 2024
2328:Khuzestan
2322:airstrike
2183:and most
2100:Ayatollah
1422:Bridgeton
1293:Karbala 9
1279:Karbala 7
1272:Karbala 6
1264:Karbala 5
1256:Karbala 4
1242:Karbala 3
1235:Karbala 2
1227:Karbala 1
1001:Sultan 10
677:(1986–88)
675:Peshmerga
213:USS
108:aftermath
73:talk page
61:splitting
59:Consider
29871:Iraq War
28405:Timeline
27303:38 North
27170:Han Park
27160:Euna Lee
26514:Timeline
26455:Legality
26445:Timeline
26376:Timeline
26356:Timeline
26348:Iraq War
26166:Gulf War
26067:Category
25259:Timeline
25241:MV
25110:Timeline
24961:Iran Ajr
24692:Category
24299:Politics
24011:timeline
23989:Gulf War
23876:Category
23725:Religion
23702:Persians
23586:Railways
23581:Airlines
23463:Military
23324:Politics
23300:Wildlife
23290:Umm Qasr
23120:Iraq War
23103:Gulf War
23015:Republic
22968:Safavids
22931:638–1958
22697:Category
22590:football
22581:Scouting
22491:Iranians
22481:Folklore
22277:Religion
22189:Georgian
22169:Armenian
22030:shipping
22025:railways
22015:airlines
21981:Industry
21846:Taxation
21660:Councils
21576:Military
21491:Politics
21472:Wildlife
21437:Caucasus
21319:Persians
21246:See also
21070:Iranian
21037:Pahlavi
20950:Safavid
20926:Timurid
20829:977–1432
20809:Ziyarid
20785:Tahirid
20777:Samanid
20769:Abbasid
20761:Umayyad
20746:632–1090
20563:Lullubi
20547:Elamite
20443:Category
20412:In media
20327:incident
20132:(Mehran)
20012:Muharram
19900:Morvarid
19855:Kaman 99
19813:Politics
19755:Timeline
19680:for Iraq
19670:for Iraq
19665:for Iran
19645:Pakistan
19538:Archived
19517:Archived
19388:Archived
19240:20029156
19141:(2002).
19123:Archived
19061:(2011).
18891:Archived
18774:57559579
18709:Archived
18705:BBC News
18679:Archived
18649:Archived
18626:Archived
18621:Newsweek
18540:10 April
18534:Archived
18508:Archived
18448:2 August
18411:Archived
18407:57560777
18354:Archived
18298:2 August
18292:Archived
18272:2 August
18238:2 August
18185:(1998).
18149:(1991).
18117:(2007).
18090:Archived
18059:Archived
17885:Archived
17854:Archived
17801:Archived
17770:Archived
17728:Archived
17639:Archived
17526:Archived
17475:(2005).
17425:Archived
17296:(1991).
17242:(2008).
17206:11 March
17200:Archived
17195:Le Monde
17174:11 March
17168:Archived
17163:Le Monde
17100:Archived
16973:Archived
16953:entered)
16946:Archived
16872:Archived
16628:Archived
16604:26 April
16598:Archived
16574:26 April
16568:Archived
16503:2 August
16494:Archived
16429:12900110
16385:Archived
16343:Archived
16313:Archived
16309:BBC News
16288:2 August
16248:Archived
16185:Archived
16160:21 April
16154:Archived
16105:Archived
16082:16 March
16076:Archived
16047:10 March
16015:Archived
15929:37998429
15798:Archived
15737:Archived
15688:Archived
15660:cite web
15641:Archived
15541:Archived
15433:Archived
15399:Archived
15372:16 April
15366:Archived
15310:Archived
15284:Archived
15250:Archived
15137:Archived
15041:40971614
14995:Archived
14911:Archived
14848:126, 133
14798:16 April
14792:Archived
14764:30 April
14758:Archived
14710:2 August
14679:2 August
14544:Archived
14515:Archived
14487:Archived
14466:10 March
14460:Archived
14426:Archived
14323:Archived
14297:Archived
14277:16 March
14271:Archived
14075:Archived
14044:Archived
14013:Archived
13894:Archived
13875:Archived
13857:13 April
13827:Archived
13808:Archived
13776:Archived
13722:Archived
13647:Archived
13436:Archived
13337:(2004).
13313:Archived
13243:Archived
13087:Archived
13064:20 April
13058:Archived
13019:Archived
12984:Archived
12954:Archived
12889:Archived
12856:outside.
12816:Archived
12737:Archived
12700:Infantry
12638:Archived
12472:Archived
12333:(1998).
12200:Archived
12072:Archived
12045:Archived
12010:Archived
11905:Archived
11861:(2012).
11683:(1998).
11582:(1998).
11558:Archived
11203:21 April
11197:Archived
11148:Archived
10838:Archived
10754:Archived
10717:Archived
10686:Archived
10663:39035954
10625:48783766
10605:(2002).
10576:26 March
10570:Archived
10547:22347651
10521:(1991).
10500:18066475
10430:70230312
10364:(2008).
10183:22347651
10157:(1991).
10103:Archived
9981:Archived
9923:Archived
9884:Archived
9851:Archived
9847:BBC News
9821:Archived
9809:45316185
9714:Archived
9637:Archived
9607:Archived
9577:Archived
9542:Archived
9411:Archived
9365:21 March
9359:Archived
9317:Archived
9288:Archived
9262:Archived
8914:Pakistan
8829:Muharram
8790:شط العرب
8780:اروندرود
7861:See also
7803:Iraq War
7658:Haiphong
7630:Borujerd
7622:Iran Air
7417:Gulf War
7401:Iraqgate
7344:Iraq War
7312:economic
7272:phosgene
7103:Unknown
7042:Injured
6825:missiles
6682:American
6508:Iraqgate
6362:dual-use
6324:and the
6302:executed
6298:Iraq War
6250:and the
6238:such as
6041:forces.
5920:Imam Ali
5739:and the
5702:cold war
5361:Sardasht
5293:Dehloran
5253:Pasdaran
5037:Sardasht
5019:Iran Ajr
5010:Iran Ajr
4916:and the
4910:Pakistan
4832:Silkworm
4828:Shahab-1
4814:Khorasan
4554:Umm Qasr
4407:antidote
4382:Hoveyzeh
4234:Sardasht
4193:missiles
4107:frigates
4007:and the
3827:Behbehan
3819:materiel
3799:Sardasht
3780:warheads
3772:Dehloran
3745:Iranian
3575:tear gas
3522:materiel
3356:dual-use
3146:Iranian
3020:airspace
3012:airspace
2955:Banisadr
2953:In 1984
2898:Khorasan
2811:by sea.
2619:missiles
2603:Iranian
2507:MiG-23BN
2177:military
2124:hegemony
1926:Pakistan
1872:and the
1474:incident
1424:incident
1229:(Mehran)
1013:Morvarid
975:Kaman 99
866:100,000+
840:400,000
732:In 1988:
715:In 1982:
657:In 1988:
640:In 1982:
598:Strength
276:Location
104:Cold War
49:too long
29263:Revolts
28993:Bahrain
28595:Old fox
28536:Related
28035:Related
28006:Bahrain
27568:Related
27335:Stuxnet
27286:Related
26742:Related
26361:Prelude
25881:Related
25279:Stuxnet
24627:Related
24153:Wives:
24018:Capture
23906:Commons
23823:Smoking
23788:Culture
23783:Cuisine
23766:General
23750:Yazidis
23707:Solluba
23660:Persian
23650:Kurdish
23645:Aramaic
23610:Society
23591:Tourism
23502:Economy
23250:Islands
23225:Borders
23050: (
23040:present
22975:(incl.
22887:Assyria
22832:Subartu
22772:History
22640:Ey Iran
22588: (
22548: (
22524:student
22522: (
22518: (
22503: (
22471:Cuisine
22456:Fashion
22444: (
22424: (
22409: (
22395:Culture
22343: (
22307: (
22292: (
22265:Turkmen
22217: (
22208:Peoples
22179:Kurdish
22135:Society
22036:Tourism
22013: (
22003: (
21993: (
21973: (
21966:Defense
21936: (
21926:Sectors
21913: (
21873: (
21778: (
21759:General
21748:Economy
21638: (
21608: (
21578: (
21531: (
21516: (
21502:General
21457:Islands
21393:largest
21383:Borders
20852:Seljuk
20844:Ghurid
20793:Alavid
20603:Median
20595:Urartu
20517:Ancient
20497:History
20417:UNIIMOG
20380:Related
20261:Zafar 7
20254:Halabja
20087:Marshes
20062:Kheibar
19997:Ramadan
19808:History
19762:Prelude
19598:Britain
19525:YouTube
19129:29 June
18975:Sources
16675:Etelaat
16339:Reuters
16257:20 June
16224:1 March
16214:Encarta
15859:31 July
15397:. BBC.
15256:20 June
14553:13 July
13817:4 April
13442:10 June
13297:Reuters
11879:: 334.
11154:29 June
9857:21 July
9827:21 July
9548:19 July
9176:option.
9148::
9137:Persian
9128::
9047:Tunisia
9008:Morocco
8942:Bahrain
8899:Lebanon
8773:Called
8698:dispute
8669:Stories
8641:Memoirs
8594:Persons
7855:Jamaran
7748:, 2011.
7746:Isfahan
7690:Shaheed
7685:mullahs
7571:by the
7545:on the
7342:to the
7337:Events
7132:11,644
7039:Killed
7034:Choking
7013:Mustard
6797:1983."
6776:in the
6644:Setúbal
6583:Contras
6579:Lebanon
6406:in Iran
6204:1,000+
6201:4,000+
6135:4,500+
6092:Iran's
6075:Etelaat
6045:Economy
5962:Mashhad
5613:Isfahan
5538:Baghdad
5482:UNIIMOG
5365:Marivan
5245:Persian
5168:cyanide
5147:Ramadan
5131:Halabja
4902:Belgium
4768:Persian
4738:Karbala
4616:shuttle
4474:Lebanon
4470:MANPADS
4415:sorties
4208:Badger
4085:Bahrain
4055:US Navy
3795:Marivan
3757:During
3732:Valfajr
3705:Mandali
3639:During
3634:Mandali
3614:routing
2896:, 77th
2829:brigade
2609:AIM-54A
2362:on the
2299:company
2283:Karkheh
2105:Baghdad
2005:thalweg
1358:Zafar 7
1339:Dawn 10
1186:Marshes
1160:Kheibar
1095:Ramadan
968:Revenge
845:70,000
786:60,711
309:changes
243:ZU-23-2
226:missile
110:of the
47:may be
28998:Kuwait
28011:Kuwait
24571:(wife)
24561:Family
24187:, and
24185:Raghad
24169:Sons:
24149:Barzan
24147:, and
24145:Sabawi
24141:Watban
24126:Family
23886:Portal
23828:Sports
23803:Health
23778:Cinema
23630:Iraqis
23533:Dinar
23468:Police
23270:Places
22760:topics
22707:Portal
22466:Cinema
22448:Nowruz
22345:higher
22219:abroad
22184:Hebrew
22090:Places
21986:Mining
21811:Energy
21388:Cities
21304:Aryans
21023:Modern
20974:Qajar
20817:Buyid
20485:topics
20306:Mersad
20202:Nasr 4
20123:Dawn 9
20111:Dawn 8
20081:Dawn 7
20074:Dawn 6
20054:Dawn 5
20047:Dawn 4
20040:Dawn 3
20033:Dawn 2
20026:Dawn 1
19991:Dujail
19907:Dezful
19893:Ashkan
19842:(1980)
19635:Kuwait
19630:Jordan
19620:Israel
19615:France
19588:&
19498:
19479:
19471:
19442:
19432:
19415:
19405:
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19325:
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18348:
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17560:
17487:
17365:, ABC
17345:
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16114:23 May
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7772:Arabic
7581:Osirak
7577:Osirak
7548:Osirak
7233:, Iran
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6712:Senate
6651:BO-105
6593:Israel
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5646:). As
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3897:, and
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3807:Kirkuk
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3384:Exocet
3328:Turkey
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3210:Iraqi
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3055:squads
3044:IV bag
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2480:Tehran
2464:, and
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2055:, and
1990:, and
1928:, and
1922:Israel
1890:France
1884:, the
1880:, the
1791:Israel
1391:Mersad
1306:Nasr 4
1249:Fath 1
1220:Dawn 9
1208:Dawn 8
1180:Dawn 7
1173:Dawn 6
1152:Dawn 5
1145:Dawn 4
1138:Dawn 3
1131:Dawn 2
1124:Dawn 1
1007:Abadan
994:Dezful
955:(1980)
350:
336:
299:Result
224:Exocet
118:, and
30017:2020s
29922:2010s
29863:2000s
29803:1990s
29736:1980s
29646:1970s
29545:1960s
29489:1950s
29386:1940s
29330:1930s
29284:1920s
29161:1910s
29008:Qatar
28982:with
28021:Qatar
27995:with
24595:(son)
24577:(son)
24507:Books
24478:hijab
24204:Media
24175:Qusay
24059:Books
24028:Trial
23818:Music
23808:Media
23735:Islam
23687:Kurds
23513:Banks
23451:Women
23245:Lakes
23038:2011–
22998:Kings
22827:Sumer
22601:Music
22586:Sport
22516:Media
22501:Islam
22437:Blogs
22381:Women
22336:Crime
22324:Other
22285:Islam
22255:Kurds
22020:metro
21938:fruit
21896:Setad
20966:Zand
20876:Kart
20325:Stark
19886:Kafka
19655:Syria
19625:Italy
19610:Egypt
19477:S2CID
19236:JSTOR
19222:(2).
19099:(PDF)
19084:(PDF)
19047:S2CID
18930:S2CID
18823:S2CID
18770:S2CID
18414:(PDF)
18403:S2CID
18383:(PDF)
18357:(PDF)
18346:S2CID
18318:(PDF)
17827:(PDF)
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17514:(PDF)
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17224:[
17140:S2CID
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16497:(PDF)
16490:(PDF)
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16101:(PDF)
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15637:(PDF)
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15209:(PDF)
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15037:JSTOR
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14991:(PDF)
14651:(PDF)
14644:(PDF)
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14540:(PDF)
14380:(PDF)
14365:(PDF)
13811:(PDF)
13800:(PDF)
13718:(PDF)
13246:(PDF)
13239:(PDF)
13188:(PDF)
13181:(PDF)
13028:4 May
13022:(PDF)
13015:(PDF)
12707:(PDF)
12696:(PDF)
12611:(PDF)
12604:(PDF)
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11984:(PDF)
11897:S2CID
11875:(2).
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8980:Egypt
8956:India
8713:Notes
8379:]
8367:]
8295:]
8228:]
8056:]
8009:]
7654:Hanoi
7403:1982–
7208:sarin
7027:Blood
7020:Nerve
6997:Year
6958:that
6861:Stark
6854:Stark
6849:class
6847:Perry
6841:Stark
6818:Stark
6794:sarin
6439:China
6244:Kurds
6218:with
6157:500+
6116:Iran
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5976:jihad
5409:مرصاد
5369:Baneh
5022:'
4997:mined
4836:Oghab
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4608:telex
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4442:chaff
4434:AWACs
4301:Libya
4260:Libya
4218:Su-22
4206:Tu-16
4202:Tu-22
4146:Stark
4137:Stark
3993:Mi-24
3951:Qurna
3763:proxy
3594:Mi-25
3530:Mi-24
3526:BM-21
3407:Syria
3403:Libya
3319:Syria
3293:Syria
3192:Shush
2963:Paris
2852:Ahvaz
2837:RPG-7
2801:radar
2782:Ahvaz
2667:Basra
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2613:AIM-7
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2511:Tu-22
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2136:Egypt
2120:Egypt
1914:China
1910:Libya
1906:Syria
1894:Italy
1472:Stark
1040:Opera
835:More:
775:More:
697:More:
614:More:
418:DRFLA
215:Stark
29003:Oman
28288:P5+1
28016:Oman
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25264:P5+1
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24181:Rana
24173:and
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24157:and
23718:Jews
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23405:List
23393:List
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22629:Rock
22614:Jazz
22609:Folk
22475:wine
22260:Jews
21590:Navy
21580:Army
21559:LGBT
20483:Iran
20323:USS
20104:Badr
19925:Nasr
19744:KDPI
19732:Badr
19727:ISCI
19496:ISSN
19469:ISSN
19440:OCLC
19430:ISBN
19413:OCLC
19403:ISBN
19367:ISBN
19338:ISBN
19323:ISBN
19317:2015
19285:ISBN
19261:ISBN
19194:ISBN
19151:ISBN
19131:2012
19107:2012
19067:ISBN
19014:ISBN
18988:ISBN
18964:2022
18899:2019
18717:2022
18687:2022
18657:2022
18596:ISBN
18565:ISBN
18542:2018
18516:2012
18477:ISBN
18450:2011
18422:2012
18365:2012
18338:ISSN
18300:2011
18274:2011
18240:2011
18203:ISBN
18163:ISBN
18127:ISBN
18098:2010
18067:2012
18037:2019
18006:2006
17969:ISBN
17940:ISBN
17915:ISBN
17893:2017
17862:2012
17809:2013
17778:2013
17736:2020
17699:ISBN
17674:ISBN
17647:2017
17631:ISSN
17627:Time
17603:ISBN
17576:2006
17558:ISBN
17537:2017
17485:ISBN
17433:2019
17401:2013
17343:ISBN
17310:ISBN
17248:ISBN
17208:2023
17176:2023
17078:ISBN
16981:2019
16924:ISBN
16899:ISBN
16880:2012
16840:ISBN
16811:ISBN
16782:ISBN
16753:ISBN
16717:2016
16685:ISBN
16655:ISBN
16636:2021
16606:2024
16576:2024
16558:ISBN
16528:ISBN
16505:2011
16448:ISBN
16425:PMID
16393:2016
16377:ISSN
16351:2017
16321:2009
16290:2011
16259:2015
16226:2009
16193:2016
16162:2013
16116:2012
16084:2019
16049:2013
16023:2020
16005:ISBN
15967:ISBN
15944:2013
15925:OCLC
15861:2015
15825:ISBN
15806:2017
15769:ISBN
15745:2017
15696:2013
15666:link
15652:2017
15620:2019
15572:ISBN
15549:2024
15531:ISBN
15489:ISBN
15464:ISBN
15441:2017
15407:2012
15374:2013
15341:ISBN
15318:2018
15292:2017
15258:2015
15228:2012
15145:2012
15119:2017
15090:ISBN
15070:ISBN
15006:2013
14958:link
14938:ISBN
14919:2012
14878:ISBN
14852:ISBN
14821:ISBN
14800:2013
14766:2013
14733:ISBN
14712:2011
14681:2011
14580:ISBN
14555:2010
14523:2015
14495:2008
14468:2013
14434:2012
14388:2012
14331:2021
14305:2021
14279:2019
14238:ISBN
14213:ISBN
14128:ISBN
14083:2013
14052:2017
14021:2012
13965:ISBN
13859:2013
13819:2009
13753:ISBN
13730:2012
13695:2005
13655:2023
13630:2023
13617:ISBN
13586:2012
13547:ISBN
13467:ISBN
13444:2013
13401:2009
13345:ISBN
13321:2012
13273:ISBN
13254:2014
13218:LCCN
13208:ISBN
13114:ISBN
13066:2013
13030:2013
12992:2012
12962:2013
12922:ISBN
12897:2021
12845:ISBN
12824:2012
12786:ISBN
12745:2012
12646:2012
12561:2012
12502:ISBN
12480:2012
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12387:ISBN
12347:ISBN
12307:ISBN
12262:ISBN
12238:ISBN
12231:ISBN
12208:2012
12168:ISBN
12080:2012
12053:2012
12018:2012
11961:ISBN
11936:ISBN
11913:2022
11889:ISSN
11839:ISBN
11807:ISBN
11755:ISBN
11726:ISBN
11697:ISBN
11661:ISBN
11632:ISBN
11596:ISBN
11566:2012
11531:ISBN
11502:ISBN
11473:ISBN
11205:2020
11187:ISBN
11156:2012
11091:ISBN
10807:ISBN
10762:2013
10725:2012
10694:2016
10659:OCLC
10649:ISBN
10621:OCLC
10611:ISBN
10578:2019
10543:OCLC
10533:ISBN
10496:PMID
10488:OCLC
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10426:OCLC
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10251:ISBN
10219:OCLC
10209:ISBN
10179:OCLC
10169:ISBN
10111:2023
10093:ISBN
10042:2018
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9971:ISBN
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9892:2024
9859:2023
9829:2023
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9615:2019
9585:2019
9550:2023
9506:OCLC
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9440:ISBN
9419:2023
9385:ISBN
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9349:ISBN
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9296:2021
9270:2021
9203:its
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8885:Iraq
7836:Arab
7656:and
7491:2003
7485:2003
7479:2002
7473:2001
7467:2001
7461:2001
7455:2001
7431:1991
7413:1990
7407:1990
7391:1979
7379:1968
7367:1958
7306:and
7210:and
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7151:1987
7137:1986
7123:1985
7100:1984
7092:1983
7081:1982
7067:1981
7047:1980
6844:, a
6816:USS
6714:and
6693:Iran
6675:and
6628:and
6557:and
6549:Iran
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6506:The
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6258:the
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6171:500
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6113:Iraq
6004:IRGC
6002:The
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5817:was
5592:USMC
5532:The
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4776:Iran
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4428:and
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4216:and
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3955:IrAF
3927:and
3811:Mi-8
3797:and
3776:Elam
3774:and
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3657:T-72
3653:APCs
3503:and
3283:and
3212:T-62
3186:and
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3076:and
2978:The
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2920:and
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2912:and
2910:T-55
2850:and
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2129:APCs
2109:Shia
1972:and
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1200:Badr
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440:KDPI
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390:ISCI
353:Iraq
339:Iran
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284:Iran
263:Date
211:The
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27997:GCC
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23458:Law
22619:Pop
22422:Art
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19715:PUK
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