Children in the military

6166: 4514: 5379: 319: 2316: 6114: 6105:(OPAC). The treaty prohibits child conscription, ensures that military recruits are no younger than 16, and forbids the use of child recruits in hostilities. The treaty also forbids non-state armed groups from recruiting anyone under the age of 18 for any purpose. Although most states negotiating OPAC supported a ban on recruiting children, some states, led by the US in alliance with the UK, objected to this. As such, the treaty does not ban the recruitment of children aged 16 or 17, although it allows states to bind themselves to a higher standard in law. 5203:, from the mid-1960s to present, one-fourth of non-state combatants have been and still are under 18 years old. In 2004 Colombia ranked fourth in the world for the greatest use of child soldiers. There are currently 11,000–14,000 children in armed groups in the country. In negotiations with the government, armed groups have offered to stop the recruitment of minors as a bargaining chip, but they have not honoured these offers. Bjørkhaug argues that most child soldiers were recruited through some combination of voluntary participation and coercion. 5243: 6214:

UNICEF, often emphasise three components: family reunification/community network, psychological support, and education/economic opportunity. These efforts take a minimum commitment of 3 to 5 years in order for programs to be successfully implemented. Generally, reintegration efforts seek to return children to a safe environment, to create a sense of forgiveness on the behalf of the child's family and community through religious and cultural ceremonies and rituals, and encourage the reunification of the child with his or her family.

5978: 4739:... who are accused of crimes under international law allegedly committed while they were associated with armed forces or armed groups should be considered primarily as victims of offenses against international law; not only as perpetrators. They must be treated by international law in a framework of restorative justice and social rehabilitation, consistent with international law which offers children special protection through numerous agreements and principles. 15354: 6000:, a military training centre dedicated to the age group. As of 2021, the centre is graded 'outstanding' for welfare by the education inspectorate Ofsted, although multiple allegations of abuse at the centre, some proven, are on the army's record. In 2021, nine investigations were opened into sexual offences against 22 girls at the centre; in one investigation, three of the suspected perpetrators were members of staff. The revelations were the subject of a 33: 4999: 6056: 5852: 4650:(1999), which forbid the compulsory recruitment of those under the age of 18. OPAC also requires governments that still recruit children (from age 16) to "take all feasible measures to ensure that persons below the age of 18 do not take a direct part in hostilities". In addition, OPAC forbids non-state armed groups from recruiting children under any circumstances, although the legal force of this is uncertain. 4599:...any person below 18 years of age who is or who has been recruited or used by an armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to children, boys and girls, used as fighters, cooks, porters, messengers, spies or for sexual purposes. The document is approved by the United Nations General Assembly. It does not only refer to a child who is taking or has taken a direct part in hostilities. 5091: 6218:

These situations should be addressed immediately because if not, many children face the threat of re-enlistment. There are also two areas of reintegration that warrant special consideration: female child soldiers and drug use among child soldiers. Child soldiers under the influence of drugs or who have contracted sexually transmitted diseases require additional programmes specific to their needs.

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and support roles. While there seemed to be no policy of doing so, the report said, there were no age verification procedures. Human Rights Watch reported in 2014 that rebel factions have been using children in support and combatant roles, ranging from treating the wounded on battlefields, ferrying ammunition and other supplies to frontlines while fighting raged, to acting as snipers.

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children is manipulative and part of a military recruitment process and should therefore be evaluated ethically as such. This principle has led some groups to campaign for relations between military organisations and young people to be regulated, on the grounds of children's rights and public health. Examples are the Countering the Militarization of Youth programme of

6092:(CRC), when Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) campaigned for the new treaty to outlaw child recruitment entirely. Some states, whose armed forces relied on recruiting below the age of 18, resisted this, so the final treaty text of 1989 only reflected the existing legal standard: the prohibition of the direct participation of children aged under 15 in hostilities. 4550:

right over, I mean this man's about 40 and I'm maybe 17 by then. A bit later, we're crawling through mud and a corporal grabs me and drags me along the ground, half-way across a field. When he lets go I'm in that much pain that I'm whimpering on the ground. When the other corporal, the one who hit me, sees me crying on the ground, he just points at me and laughs.

5655:(MILF) were children, and that some paramilitary forces linked to the government were also using children. In 2016 the MILF allowed 1,869 children to leave and committed not to recruit children any more. In the same year, however, the UN reported that other armed groups in the Philippines continue to recruit children, mainly between the ages of 13 and 17. 6141:, as well as armed groups fighting them, have used children extensively. In addition, the three most populous states – China, India and the United States – still allow their armed forces to enlist children aged 16 or 17, as do five of the Group of Seven countries: Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, again. 5440:, with children as young as 11 being forcibly recruited off the streets. Desertion, the group reported, leads to punishments of three to five years in prison or even execution. The group has also stated that about 5,000–7,000 children serve with a range of different armed ethnic opposition groups, most notably in the 4142:(OPAC) committed states who ratified it to "take all feasible measures" to ensure that no child takes a direct part in hostilities and to cease recruitment below the age of 16. As most states have now opted into OPAC, the global trend has been towards reserving military recruitment to adulthood, known as the 5078:'s membership in the country was under the age of 18, with some as young as nine being sent to fight. The report verified that 6,163 children had been recruited in Somalia between 1 April 2010 and 31 July 2016, of which 230 were girls. Al-Shabaab accounted for seventy percent of this recruitment, and the 13992: 5831:, blocked the inclusion of Saudi Arabia on the US list of countries that recruit child soldiers, dismissing his experts' findings that a Saudi-led coalition has been using children in Yemen's civil war. Male Children can volunteer for military service at 17 in Saudi Arabia. (CIA World Factbook - 2024) 5689:

as it revealed the use of child soldiers. The Syrian National Army is currently funded by Turkey, who signed the optional protocol to the convention on the rights of the child on the involvement of children in armed conflict 8 September 2000. It was reported that Turkey has deployed child soldiers in

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into law. The law criminalizes leading a military force which recruits child soldiers. It also prohibits arms sales to countries where children are used for military purposes. The law's definition of child soldiers includes "any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a

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In 2016 a measure of stability returned to the Central African Republic and, according to the United Nations, 2,691 boys and 1,206 girls were officially separated from armed groups. Despite this, the recruitment and use of children for military purposes increased by approximately 50 percent over that

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estimated that up to half of children involved with state armed forces and non-state armed groups worldwide were in Africa. In 2004, Child Soldiers International estimated that 100,000 children were being used in state and non-state armed forces on the continent; and in 2008 an estimate put the total

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The Secretary-General publishes an annual report on children and armed conflict. As of 2017, his report identified 14 countries where children were widely used by armed groups during 2016 (Afghanistan, Colombia, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria,

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I joined because my parents lacked food and I had no school ... I was worried about mines but what can we do—it's an order . Once somebody stepped on a mine in front of me—he was wounded and died ... I was with the radio at the time, about 60 metres away. I was sitting in my hammock and saw

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Many states which do not allow their armed forces to recruit children have continued to draw criticism for marketing military life to children through the education system, in civic spaces and in popular entertainment such as films and videogames. Some commentators have argued that this marketing to

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The military use of children has been common throughout history; only in recent decades has the practice met with informed criticism and concerted efforts to end it. Progress has been slow, partly because many armed forces have relied on children to fill their ranks, and partly because the behaviour

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According to Child Soldiers International the trend in Europe has been towards recruiting only adults from age 18; most states only allow adult recruitment, and as of 2016 no armed groups were known to be using children. As of 2018 one country, the United Kingdom, was enlisting children from age 16,

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The use of children by armed groups in the Central African Republic has historically been common. Between 2012 and 2015 as many as 10,000 children were used by armed groups in the nationwide armed conflict and as of 2024 the problem persists nationwide with a most likely greater amount fighting now.

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International efforts to reduce the number of children in military organisations in Africa began with the Cape Town Principles and Best Practices, developed in 1997. The Principles proposed that African governments commit to OPAC, which was being negotiated at the time, and raise the minimum age for

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OPAC requires governments to demobilise children within their jurisdiction who have been recruited or used in hostilities and to provide assistance for their physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration. Under war, civil unrest, armed conflict and other emergency situations, children

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In many countries growing populations of young people relative to older generations have made children a cheap and accessible resource for military organisations. In a 2004 study of children in military organisations around the world, Rachel Brett and Irma Specht pointed to a complex of factors that

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During the ongoing Syrian Civil War children have joined groups opposed to Bashar al Assad. In 2012 the UN received allegations of rebels using child soldiers, but said they were unable to verify these. In June 2014 a United Nations report said that the opposition had recruited children in military

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Per OPAC, US military personnel are normally prohibited from direct participation in hostilities until the age of 18. Still, they are eligible for 'forward deployment', which means that they may be posted to a combat zone to perform support tasks. The committee on the Rights of the Child has called

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The Colombian government's security forces do not officially recruit children as the legal age for both compulsory and voluntary recruitment has been set at 18. However, students were allowed to enroll as cadets in military secondary schools and 16- or 17-year-olds could enter air force or national

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In 1998 a Human Rights Watch press release indicated that 30 percent of some guerrilla units were made up of children and up to 85 percent of some of the militias, which are considered to serve as a "training ground for future guerrilla fighters", had child soldiers In the same press release it was

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In 2006, children were also recruited from refugee camps in Chad, and thousands were used in the conflict in Darfur. In 2005 the government ratified the OPAC treaty and by 2008 the military use of children had reduced in the country, but both state armed forces and the SPLA continued to recruit and

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The corporals come into the hangar where we sleep and they're wild-eyed, screaming, shoving people out. A massive sergeant lifts a recruit in the air and literally throws him into the wall. A corporal smacks me full-force around the head—I've got my helmet on but he hits me so hard that I'm knocked

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Military academics in the US have characterized military training as "intense indoctrination" in conditions of sustained stress, the primary purpose of which is to establish the unconditional and immediate obedience of recruits. The research literature has found that adolescents are more vulnerable

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Research from several countries finds that military enlistment, even before recruits are sent to war, is accompanied by a higher risk of attempted suicide in the US, higher risk of mental disorders in the US and the UK, higher risk of alcohol misuse and higher risk of violent behaviour, relative to

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Reintegration efforts can become challenging when the child in question has committed war crimes because in these cases stigma and resentment within the community can be exacerbated. In situations such as these, it is important that the child's needs are balanced with a sense of community justice.

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defines reintegration as: "The process through which children formerly associated with armed forces/groups are supported to return to civilian life and play a valued role in their families and communities" Programs that aim to rehabilitate and reintegrate child soldiers, such as those sponsored by

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In the 1990s NGOs established the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) to work with sympathetic governments on a campaign for a new treaty to correct the deficiencies they saw in the CRC. After a global campaign lasting six years, the treaty was adopted in

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President Assad passed a law in 2013 prohibiting the use of child soldiers (anyone under 18), the breaking of which is punishable by 10–20 years of 'penal labour.' Whether or not the law is actually enforced on government's forces has not been confirmed, and there have been allegations of children

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In 2002 a report by Jihad Shomaly for the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) said that, "while there are reports of children participating in hostilities, there is no evidence of systematic recruitment by armed groups". In 2004, however, the organisation

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army where, according to critics of the Iranian government, they "were sent to the front as waves of human shields". Other sources have estimated the total number of all Iranian casualties to be in the 200,000–600,000 range. One source estimates that 3% of the Iran–Iraq War's casualties were under

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International efforts to limit children's participation in armed conflict began with the Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, adopted in 1977 (Art. 77.2). The new Protocols prohibited the military recruitment of children aged under 15, but continued to allow state armed forces and

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In 2004 the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) reported that in Asia thousands of children are involved in fighting forces in active conflict and ceasefire situations in Afghanistan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Government

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The Machel Report led to a new mandate for a Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (SRSG-CAAC). Among the tasks of the SRSG is to draft the Secretary-General's annual report on children and armed conflict, which lists and describes the worst situations of

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Further harm is caused when armed forces and groups detain child recruits. Children are often detained without sufficient food, medical care, or under other inhumane conditions, and some experience physical and sexual torture. Some are captured with their families, or detained due to one of their

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recruited some children to defend their villages from the violence of the local crime groups, one of the self-defense groups that recruit soldier children is Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias-Pueblos Fundadores (CRAC-PF) to fight with Los Ardillos, a criminal group split from the

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The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990), which most African states have ratified, prohibits all military recruitment of children aged under 18. Nonetheless, according to the UN, in 2016 children were being used by armed groups in seven African countries (Central African

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Children's rights advocates were left frustrated after the final text of the convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) did not prohibit the military recruitment of all children under the age of 18, and they began to call for a new treaty to achieve this goal. As a consequence the newly formed

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After the adoption of the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, a campaign for global ratification made swift progress. As of 2018 OPAC had been ratified by 167 states. The campaign also successfully encouraged many states not to recruit children at all. In 2001 83

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In 2001 the government of Bolivia acknowledged that male children as young as 14 may have been forcibly conscripted into the armed forces during recruitment sweeps. About 40% of the Bolivian army was believed to be under the age of 18, with half of those below the age of 16. As of 2018, Bolivia

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in Uganda became known mainly through the forced recruitment of thousands of children and adolescents who were trained as soldiers or forced to 'marry' members of the rebel group. Unlike all other, or earlier, rebel groups in Uganda, the LRA made the violent abduction or enslavement of children

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Nonetheless, as of 2018, children aged under 18 were still being recruited and trained for military purposes in 46 countries, which is approximately one quarter of all countries. Most of these states recruit from age 17, fewer than 20 recruit from age 16, and an unknown, smaller number, recruit

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conscripted many young French teenagers for his armies. Thousands of children participated on all sides of the First and Second World Wars. Children continued to be used throughout the 20th and early 21st century on every continent, with concentrations in parts of Africa, Latin America, and the

11623:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict: List of issues concerning additional and updated information related to the consideration of the second periodic report of the United States of America (CRC/C/OPAC/USA/2): Addendum" 5223:." According to P. W. Singer the FARC attack on the Guatape hydroelectric facility in 1998 involved militants as young as eight years old and a 2001 FARC training video depicted boys as young as 11 working with missiles. The group has also taken in children from Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador. 6132:

Child Soldiers International reports that the success of the OPAC treaty, combined with the gradual decline in child recruitment by state armed forces, has led to a reduction of children in military organisations worldwide. As of 2018 the recruitment and use of children remains widespread. In

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According to the Turkish Security Forces, the PKK has abducted more than 983 children aged between 12 and 17. More than 400 children have fled from the organization and surrendered to the security forces. The United Nations Children's Fund report, published in 2010, saw the recruitment of the

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Kurdish forces have also been accused of using this tactic. In 2015 Human Rights Watch claimed that 59 children, 10 of them under 15 years old, were recruited by or volunteered for the YPG or YPJ since July 2014 when the Kurdish militia leaders signed a Deed of Commitment with Geneva Call.

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Throughout the Syrian Civil War multiple media outlets including Human Rights Watch have confirmed that the YPG, an organization linked to the PKK, has been recruiting and deploying child soldiers. Despite a claim by the group that it would stop using children, which has been violation of

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Thousands of children serve in the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and various rebel militias. It has been estimated that more than 30,000 children were fighting with various parties to the conflict at the height of the Second Congo War. It was claimed in the film

4773:. These crimes carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment under US law. In 2010, while under torture and duress, Khadr pleaded guilty to murder in violation of the laws of war, attempted murder in violation of the laws of war, conspiracy, two counts of providing material support for 5411:, are used as suicide bombers and gunmen. A propaganda video of boys marching in camouflage uniform and using slogans of martyrdom was issued in 2009 by the Afghan Taliban's leadership. This included a eulogy to a 14-year-old Taliban fighter who allegedly killed an American soldier. 4479:

Child soldiers who survive armed conflict face a markedly elevated risk of debilitating psychiatric illness, poor literacy and numeracy, and behavioural problems. Research in Palestine and Uganda, for example, has found that more than half of former child soldiers showed symptoms of

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appealing unsuccessfully for Khadr's release into a rehabilitation program. In her letter she said that Khadr represented the "classic child soldier narrative: recruited by unscrupulous groups to undertake actions at the bidding of adults to fight battles they barely understand".

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than adults to a high-stress environment, particularly those from a background of childhood adversity. It finds in particular that the prolonged stressors of military training are likely to aggravate pre-existing mental health problems and hamper healthy neurological development.

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states only allowed adult enlistment. By 2016 this had increased to 126, which is 71 percent of countries with armed forces. Approximately 60 non-state armed groups have also entered agreements to stop or scale back their use of children, often brokered by the UN or the NGO

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While UN organizations save child-soldiers, especially in Africa, from the control of militia leaders who hurl them into the furnace of gang-fighting, some Palestinian leaders... consciously issue orders for the purpose of ending their childhood, even if it means their last

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Research in the same three countries finds that recruiters disproportionately target children from poorer backgrounds. In the UK, for example, the army finds it easier to attract child recruits from age 16 than adults from age 18, particularly those from poorer backgrounds.

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the Syrian National Army to Libya according to a report by Al-Monitor, citing sources on the ground. In July 2021, the United States of America added Turkey to the list of countries that implicated in the use of child soldiers, because it used them in Syria and Libya. The

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have confirmed the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the organization and its armed wings since the 90's. In 2001, it was reported that the recruitment of the children by the organization has been systematic. Several reports have reported about the organization's

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The UK inadvertently deployed 22 personnel aged under 18 to Iraq and Afghanistan between 2003 and 2010. The committee on the Rights of the Child has urged the UK to alter its policy so as to ensure that children cannot take part in hostilities under any circumstances.

5137:, a state-sponsored youth militia in Zimbabwe. Originally conceived as a patriotic youth organisation, it became a paramilitary group of youth aged between 10 and 30, and was used to suppress dissent in the country. The organisation was finally banned in January 2018. 13989:"Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under Article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict. Concluding observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" 5230:

The demobilization efforts targeted toward the FARC in 2016–2017 have provided hope that the conflict will come to an end, limiting the number of children involved in violence. However, other armed groups have yet to be demobilized, and conflict is not yet resolved.

4862:. The treaty prohibited the direct participation of all children in armed conflict for the first time, while continuing to allow state armed forces (though not non-state armed groups) to recruit children from age 16. The protocol came into force on 12 February 2002. 13988: 8599: 5954:. There were 31 further reports of child recruitment which could not be verified. Of the 37 verified cases on territory controlled by Russia, 33 were boys and 4 were girls; 57% were aged 16–17, 35% were under 15, and age could not be determined in 8% of cases. 4944:

military recruitment from 15 to 18. The Principles also defined a child soldier to include any person under the age of 18 who is "part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or group in any capacity ... including girls recruited for sexual purposes

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are characteristic of military settings, including the training environment. Between 2015 and 2020, for example, girls aged 16 or 17 in the British armed forces were twice as likely as their same-age civilian peers to report rape or other sexual assault.

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estimated that several tens of thousands of children, possibly more than 100,000, were in state and non-state military organisations around the world, and in 2018 the organisation reported that children were being used to participate in at least 18 armed

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February is an annual commemoration day to draw public attention to the practice of using children as soldiers in wars and armed conflicts. The date reflects the entry into force of the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict.

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refusal of access to conflict zones has made it impossible to document the numbers involved. In 2004 Myanmar was unique in the region as the only country where government armed forces forcibly recruited and used children between the ages of 12 and 16.

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mentioned the recruitment and use of child soldiers from Turkish-supported forces in Syria. The 2021, 2022 and 2023 Trafficking in Persons Reports mentioned that Turkey provided support to armed groups in Syria which recruit and use child soldiers.

13765: 3814: 11650:"Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth reports submitted by the United States of America under article 8 (1) of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict" 4442:

him die ... I see young children in every unit ... I'm sure I'll be a soldier for at least a couple of more years. If I stop being a soldier, I won't have a job to do because I don't have any skills. I don't know what I'll do ...

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Children are targeted for their susceptibility to influence, which renders them easier to recruit and control. While some are recruited by force, others choose to join up, often to escape poverty or because they expect military life to offer a

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In negotiations on the OPAC treaty during the 1990s the US joined the UK in strongly opposing a global minimum enlistment age of 18. As a consequence the treaty specified a minimum age of 16. The US ratified the treaty in 2002 (but as of 2018

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Despite children's physical and psychological underdevelopment relative to adults, there are many reasons why state and non-state military organisations seek them out, and why children themselves are often drawn to join of their own volition.

4541:, particularly by instructors. In the UK between 2014 and 2020, for example, the army recorded 62 formal complaints of violence committed by staff against recruits at the military training centre for 16- and 17-year-old trainee soldiers, the 11563:"Report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in advance of the United States of America's second periodic report on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict" 5840:

and five were enlisting from age 17 (Austria, Cyprus, France, Germany, and Netherlands). Of these, the UK recruits children in the greatest numbers; in 2016, approximately a quarter of new recruits to the British army were aged under 18.

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report presented 7,622 verified cases of children being recruited and used in armed conflicts in 23 countries. More than 12,460 children formerly associated with armed forces or groups received protection or reintegration support during

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As of 2022, 23% of enlistees to the British armed forces were aged under 18. Most child recruits were enlisted for the army, where 30% of the intake in the year 2021-2022 was aged under 18; more new soldiers were 16 than any other age.

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The State Peace and Development Council has asserted that all of its soldiers volunteered and that all of those accepted are 18 or over. According to Human Rights Watch as many as 70,000 boys serve in Burma/Myanmar's national army, the

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In 2003 and 2004 approximately 60 underage personnel were deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq in error. The Department of Defense subsequently stated that "the situations were immediately rectified and action taken to prevent recurrence."

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All European states have ratified the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, and so child recruits are not typically used in hostilities until they reach adulthood. Children were used as combatants in the

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acknowledged "the grievous deterioration in the situation of children in many parts of the world as a result of armed conflicts" and commissioned the human rights expert Graça Machel to conduct a major fact-finding study. Her report,

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McGurk, Dennis; Cotting, Dave I.; Britt, Thomas W.; Adler, Amy B. (2006). "Joining the ranks: The role of indoctrination in transforming civilians to service members". In Adler, Amy B.; Castro, Carl Andrew; Britt, Thomas W. (eds.).

4747:, the first Chief Prosecutor of the Sierra Leone tribunal, interpreted the statute in favour of prosecuting those who had recruited children, rather than the children themselves, no matter how heinous the crimes they had committed. 4525:

While the use of children in armed conflict has attracted most attention, other research has found that military settings present several serious risks before child recruits are deployed to war zones, particularly during training.

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Relative to adults, the neurological underdevelopment of children, including adolescent children, renders them more susceptible to recruitment and also more likely to make consequential decisions without due regard to the risks.

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make between 10% and 30%, 6 and 50%, or over 40% of the child soldier population. Of the verified cases presented in the 2023 UN Secretary General report, girls make 12.3% of all child soldiers recruited or used by armed groups.

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allows personnel to enlist with parental consent from the age of 16. Personnel under the age of 18 cannot be deployed overseas or used in direct combat except in extreme circumstances where it is not possible to evacuate them.

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In negotiations on the OPAC during the 1990s the UK joined the US in opposing a global minimum enlistment age of 18. Children's rights bodies have criticised the UK's continuing reliance on children to staff its armed forces.

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Goodwin, L.; Wessely, S.; Hotopf, M.; Jones, M.; Greenberg, N.; Rona, R. J.; Hull, L.; Fear, N. T. (2015). "Are common mental disorders more prevalent in the UK serving military compared to the general working population?".

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International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) & The Global Center on Cooperative Security (September 2017). "Correcting the Course: Juvenile Justice Principles for Children Convicted of Violent Extremism Offenses",

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In 2005 an estimated 11,000 children were involved with left- or right-wing paramilitaries in Colombia. "Approximately 80 percent of child combatants in Colombia belong to one of the two left-wing guerrilla groups, the

8595: 10072:"United Nations General Assembly: Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography" 4686: 11530:"United States of America: Compliance with the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, Submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child" 10126: 4895:

was passed unanimously, condemning the use of child soldiers and mandating the UN Secretary-General to establish a means of tracking and reporting on the practice, known as the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism.

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With these susceptibilities in mind, military marketing to adolescents has been criticised in Germany, the UK, and the US for glamorizing military life while omitting the risks and the loss of fundamental rights.

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to put an immediate end to the use of children in armed activities: "Palestinian armed groups must not use children under any circumstances to carry out armed attacks or to transport weapons or other material."

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limits the punishment that a child can receive: "Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offenses committed by persons below eighteen years of age."

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There was no evidence of systematic recruitment of children by Palestinian armed groups. However, children are used as messengers and couriers, and in some cases as fighters and suicide bombers in attacks on

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and the Canadian government faced international criticism for delaying his repatriation. Khadr was eventually transferred to the Canadian prison system in September 2012 and was freed on bail by a judge in

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army training programs, respectively. In addition, captured enemy child combatants were employed by the Colombian military for intelligence gathering purposes in potential violation of legal prohibitions.

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Due to the widespread military use of children in areas where armed conflict and insecurity prevent access by UN officials and other observers, it is difficult to estimate how many children are affected.

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Once recruited, children are easier than adults to indoctrinate and control, and are more motivated than adults to fight for non-monetary incentives such as religion, honour, prestige, revenge, and duty.

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A report published by the Child Soldiers International in 2004 estimated that 200,000 children had been recruited into the country's militias against their will since 1991. In 2017 UN Secretary-General

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Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen) and six countries where state armed forces were using children in hostilities (Afghanistan, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, and Syria).

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Yun, Seira (2014). "Breaking Imaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child".

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and its women's unit in 2017, an almost fivefold increase from the 2016. Seventy-two of the children, nearly one-third, were girls. The group was also reported to had abducted children to enlist them.

11653: 10524: 5444:. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon released a report in June 2009 mentioning "grave violations" against children in the country by both the rebels and the government. The administration announced on 4 4622:(2002) all forbid state armed forces and non-state armed groups from using children under the age of 15 directly in armed conflict (technically "hostilities"). This is now recognised as a war crime. 4451:

Some leaders of armed groups have claimed that children, despite their underdevelopment, bring their own qualities as combatants to a fighting unit, often being remarkably fearless, agile and hardy.

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Opinion is currently divided over whether children should be prosecuted for war crimes. International law does not prohibit the prosecution of children who commit war crimes, but Article 37 of the

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Islamist and communist armed groups fighting the government have routinely relied on child recruits. In 2001 Human Rights Watch reported that an estimated 13 percent of the 10,000 soldiers in the

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In 2004 approximately 17,000 children were being used by the state armed forces and non-state armed groups. As many as 5,000 children were part of the main armed opposition group at the time, the

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Committee on the Rights of the Child made two recommendations: first, to request a major UN study into the impact of armed conflict on children; and second, to establish a working group of the

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Militant use of children in Sri Lanka has been an internationally recognized problem since the inception of the Sri Lankan civil war in 1983. The primary recruiters of children are the rebel

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bodies have criticized the US' reliance on children to staff its armed forces. The committee on the Rights of the Child has recommended that the US raise the minimum age of enlistment to 18.

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in Paris produced the Paris Principles, which refined and updated the Cape Town Principles, applied them globally, and outlined a practical approach to reintegrating current child soldiers.

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Since the 1960s, a number of treaties have successfully reduced the recruitment and use of children worldwide. Nonetheless, around a quarter of armed forces worldwide, particularly those of

11500:"Consideration of Reports Submitted By States Parties Under Article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict" 13129: 8798: 12612: 7995: 12816: 10557: 5643:

There is mounting evidence that Hamas and PIJ operate "summer camps" specifically dedicated to train children to be soldiers, and on occasion uses them for illegal military operations.

12641: 9897: 5730:(PKK) has actively recruited and kidnapped children. The organization has been accused of abducting more than 2,000 children by Turkish Security Forces. The independent reports by the 4735:, including war crimes. However, the Paris Principles state that children who participate in armed conflict should be regarded first as victims, even if they may also be perpetrators: 6102: 5577:: "It appears that a substantial number, if not the majority, of troops of the intifada are young people, including elementary schoolchildren. They are engaged in throwing stones and 4932: 4859: 4816: 4631: 4139: 230: 12951: 11855: 11569: 11422: 5946:

documented 41 verified individual cases of child recruitment into armed formations. Of those 37 concerned the participation of children in armed formations on territory occupied by

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Most states with armed forces are also bound by the higher standards of the widely ratified Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OPAC) (2000) and the

4036:, and other military organizations, may be trained for combat, assigned to support roles, such as cooks, porters/couriers, or messengers, or used for tactical advantage such as for 8565: 6940:

Ursano, Robert J.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Stein, Murray B.; Naifeh, James A.; Aliaga, Pablo A.; Fullerton, Carol S.; Wynn, Gary H.; Vegella, Patti L.; Ng, Tsz Hin Hinz (1 July 2016).

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In Cuba, compulsory military service for both boys and girls starts at age 17. Male teenagers are allowed to join the Territorial Troops Militia prior to their compulsory service.

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at age 16 with parental permission, and the regular component at 17 years of age, also with parental permission. They may not volunteer for a tour of duty until reaching age 18.

16181: 13268: 13155: 12576: 10912: 9337: 11599: 6495: 5031:, one of the warlords in the DRC, has been sentenced to 14 years in prison because of his role in the recruitment of child soldiers between 2002 and 2003. Lubanga directed the 15199: 13211: 5339: 10714: 4690:. To accommodate the proper disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of former members of armed groups, the United Nations started the Integrated DDR Standards in 2006. 14014: 13702: 8855: 7514: 7422: 6840: 5596: 5564: 8179: 10727:

Artur Bogner, Gabriele Rosenthal (2020): Child Soldiers in Context. Biographies, Familial and Collective Trajectories in Northern Uganda. Göttingen: University Press, 12.

8769: 8625: 12871: 11355: 11057: 10502: 10118: 8523: 5628:

In May 2008 a Child Soldiers International report highlighted Hamas and Islamic Jihad for having "used children in military attacks and training" in its Iranian section.

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established a working group to negotiate a treaty to raise the legal standard. After a global campaign and complex negotiations, the new treaty was agreed in 2000 as the

15214: 9738: 189: 15157: 15152: 14173: 13282: 9511: 6510:

Artur Bogner, Gabriele Rosenthal (2020): Child Soldiers in Context. Biographies, Familial and Collective Trajectories in Northern Uganda. Göttingen: University Press.

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The British armed forces enlist personnel from age 16 and accept applications from children aged 15 years, 7 months. Parental consent is required prior to enlistment.

4743:

This principle was reflected in the Court's statute, which did not rule out prosecution but emphasised the need to rehabilitate and reintegrate former child soldiers.

4488:. Researchers in Palestine also found that children exposed to high levels of violence in armed conflict were substantially more likely than other children to exhibit 3935: 7932: 7566: 5789:

fighting. NGO activist Abdul-Rahman al-Marwani has estimated that as many as 500–600 children are either killed or wounded through tribal combat every year in Yemen.

5899:

France enlists military personnel from age 17 and 6 months, and students for military technical school from age 16; 3% of its armed forces' intake is aged under 18.

5027:

Currently, the DRC has one of the highest proportions of child soldiers in the world. The international court has passed judgment on these practices during the war.

209: 7193:

Mattiko, Mark J.; Olmsted, Kristine L. Rae; Brown, Janice M.; Bray, Robert M. (2011). "Alcohol use and negative consequences among active duty military personnel".

6165: 13817: 10528: 10006: 13913: 8149: 5817:

special forces are allegedly involved in training child soldiers in Yemen. Reportedly at least 40% of soldiers fighting for the Saudi-led coalition are children.

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trains children for military services. In 2017, the UN reported that armed groups, suspected to be Islamist militants, were recruiting children in the country.

4987:(a meeting of government, parliament, armed groups, civil society, and religious leaders), a number of armed groups agreed to demobilize thousands of children. 16221: 5012: 4654: 4641: 4326: 4248: 4158: 4094:, still train adolescent children for military service, while elsewhere, the use of children in armed conflict and insurgencies has increased in recent years. 3799: 3330: 174: 13051: 9927: 15858: 15247: 13181: 11649: 11088: 11718: 10587: 6190:, the Stop Recruiting Kids campaign in the US, and the Military Out of Schools campaign in the UK. Similar concerns have been raised in Germany and Israel. 11499: 9069:"Intimate partner violence and abuse experience and perpetration in UK military personnel compared to a general population cohort: A cross-sectional study" 4705: 4454:

The global proliferation of light automatic weapons, which children can easily handle, has also made the use of children as direct combatants more viable.

3684: 3056: 2793: 14048: 12903: 4940:

Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan) and by state armed forces in three (Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan).

15910: 15774: 13325:"United Nations Treaty Collection: 11. b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict" 5106:

use them. The use of children has continued to diminish, but in 2017 the UN was still receiving reports of children as young as 12 in government forces.

3420: 3061: 12838: 12671: 12363: 4657:, which forbids state armed forces from recruiting children under the age of 18 under any circumstances. Most African states have ratified the Charter. 16585: 13935: 12390: 11794: 7231:

MacManus, Deirdre; Dean, Kimberlie; Jones, Margaret; Rona, Roberto J.; Greenberg, Neil; Hull, Lisa; Fahy, Tom; Wessely, Simon; Fear, Nicola T. (2013).

6336: 6199: 4678: 102: 12794: 12776: 12758: 12446:

Child Soldiers International, p. 304 cites in footnote 18 that this Information is from Palestinian human rights Monitoring Group (PHRMG), March 2004.

11885: 11622: 12729: 11304: 9845: 14112: 12711: 8746: 5207:

estimated that some of the government-linked paramilitary units consisted of up to 50 percent children, including some as young as eight years old.

5119:(preferably aged between twelve and fourteen) its main method of recruitment and concentrated its activities on attacking the civilian population." 4513: 14556: 14296: 13612: 10938: 6916: 6405: 5560: 5543:

An estimated 6,000–9,000 children serve in the Communist Party of Nepal forces. As of 2010, child soldiers of the CPN have since been demobilized.

4619: 4613: 4290:

Not all armed groups use children and approximately 60 have entered agreements to reduce or end the practice since 1999. For example, by 2017, the

4044:

as people under the age of 18) have been recruited for participation in military operations and campaigns throughout history and in many cultures.

2753: 11953: 10749: 16680: 16372: 16113: 15900: 15182: 14388: 13125: 11674:

Department of Defense, Information Paper regarding the application of child soldiers protocols, provided to Senator Barbara Boxer, November 2004.

9871: 6420: 5723: 4892: 4888: 12602: 9409: 7865: 6575: 16312: 15976: 15963: 15939: 15177: 15128: 9756: 4964: 4669:

participation of children in "hostilities", or from contributing to a military operation in a stand-off position (i.e. away from hostilities).

4244: 4154: 3108: 169: 12812: 10553: 9366: 7479: 4108:

History is filled with children who have been trained and used for fighting, assigned to support roles such as porters or messengers, used as

15187: 15170: 12637: 11769: 10430: 10041: 9893: 8960: 6205: 5875:

Austria invites male children to begin their adult compulsory military service one year early, at age 17, with the consent of their parents.

5866:. It portrays a 12-year-old child who died with his dog in 1849 while trying to stop a bomb during the defence of the Roman Republic in 1849. 5621: 14074: 12273: 11916: 10972: 8059: 7751: 4200:, the military environment, and a binding contract of service are not compatible with children's rights and jeopardize healthy development. 16660: 15165: 13354: 12964: 11847: 10772: 10331: 9445: 9246: 7386: 6425: 5694:

mentioned that factions of the Turkish backed Syrian National Army recruited and used Syrian children as child soldiers in Libya. The 2021

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In the islands state of São Tomé and Príncipe, the minimum age for voluntary military service is 17 years old. (CIA World Factsheet 2024).

5036: 3804: 3654: 14531: 11562: 11415: 7592: 15765: 13788: 13233: 11949: 10839: 9183: 8569: 7987: 7675: 5496:

There were male Iranian children who left school and participated in the Iran–Iraq War without the knowledge of their parents, including

5378: 3135: 13324: 11455: 11278: 11209: 11128: 7709: 7283:

Bouffard, L. A. (2005). "The Military as a Bridging Environment in Criminal Careers: Differential Outcomes of the Military Experience".

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Cyprus invites children to begin their adult compulsory military service two years early, at age 16, with the consent of their parents.

16118: 15118: 9470: 8116: 8056:"Children, Not Soldiers | United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict" 7448: 5958: 4884: 3881: 2633: 14549: 14508: 13300: 13258: 13151: 12572: 12222: 10649: 10374: 10225: 9067:

MacManus, Deirdre; Short, Roxanna; Lane, Rebecca; Jones, Margaret; Hull, Lisa; Howard, Louise M.; Fear, Nicola T. (1 September 2022).

8650: 8205: 6472:

Vautravers, A. J. (2009). Why Child Soldiers are Such a Complex Issue. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(4), 96–107. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdp002

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AT 17 children can join the military higher education instatutes where they are classified as military personnel. (CIA Factbook 2024)

4325:

In 2003, one estimate calculated that child soldiers participated in about three-quarters of ongoing conflicts. In the same year, the

14513: 13203: 11595: 11389: 6009:

As per the OPAC, the UK does not normally send child recruits to participate in hostilities, although it does not rule out doing so.

5695: 5266:

In Haiti an unknown number of children participate in various loosely organised armed groups that are engaged in political violence.

4827: 4781:, which would see Khadr deported to Canada after one year of imprisonment to serve seven further years there. Omar Khadr remained in 4618:

The Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (1977, Art. 77.2), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and the

3083: 14503: 13731: 12693: 5762:, accused the PKK of committing war crimes by recruiting child soldiers in the Shingal region of Iraq and in neighboring countries. 16692: 15290: 14205: 12433: 11823: 10710: 7776: 3854: 3674: 2847: 1242: 277: 154: 14018: 13706: 13679: 12458: 8859: 7518: 7426: 6844: 16149: 15194: 14212: 14197: 8183: 8090: 5966: 4794: 4353: 4012: 1669: 12864: 12322: 11053: 10492: 10198: 6998: 16697: 16010: 15632: 15123: 10253: 9708: 8534: 8497:"House of Commons Defence Committee Inquiry into Armed Forces and Veterans Mental Health: Written Evidence Submitted by Medact" 6410: 5531:

Many different sides in the Lebanese Civil War used child soldiers. A May 2008 Child Soldiers International report stated that

5220: 4647: 4637: 4299: 3118: 2536: 16394: 13351:"UN Commission on Human Rights – The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation (Mar 96)" 13077: 9735: 8985: 6542: 16723: 16406: 15229: 12546: 12528: 11260: 10219: 10004: 9312: 8330: 7745: 7703: 6484: 6400: 6237: 6089: 5404: 4609: 4588: 4578: 4041: 3696: 3373: 3145: 235: 204: 14270: 12252: 9503: 5171:, recruit children to sell drugs and commit homicides, as well as to fight with the police and other rival groups. Also the 16046: 15988: 14720: 14666: 14165: 12990: 12929: 10469: 10407: 10357: 9867: 6134: 4820: 4193: 3888: 3849: 3492: 14415: 14142: 13025: 11182: 9819: 7722:

The participation of Jewish children and youth in warfare was driven by a combination of necessity, honor, and moral duty.

16623: 16343: 16022: 12506: 10688: 9719: 9268:

Marshall, A; Panuzio, J; Taft, C (2005). "Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen".

6881: 6232: 5808: 5617: 5392: 5216: 4914: 4103: 3930: 3567: 3227: 3078: 2874: 2783: 2025: 318: 80: 13825: 13586: 13555: 13524: 13416: 13385: 12006: 11983: 11159: 10865: 9608: 8627:

Stellungnahme der Kommission zur Wahrnehmung der Belange der Kinder zum Verhältnis von Militär und Jugend in Deutschland

4496:. The combined impact of these effects typically includes a high risk of poverty and lasting unemployment in adulthood. 15204: 15147: 14925: 14725: 12746: 12016: 11529: 8294: 8153: 7928: 7562: 6729: 6293: 5407:

over three decades. Many are still fighting now for the Taliban. Some of those taken from Islamic religious schools or

5346:

on the US to change this policy and ensure that no minor can be deployed to a forward operating area in a combat zone.

5176: 3950: 3644: 3398: 2220: 1998: 613: 13961: 13856: 13099: 10887: 9960:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OP/CAC)" 9782: 8632:

Opinion of the Commission for Children's Concerns on the relationship between the military and young people in Germany

8378: 8265: 16801: 16441: 16255: 15834: 14455:

Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit. "Child Soldiers: Prevention, Demobilization, and Reintegration" May 2002

14237: 12118: 12085: 12052: 10621: 10260: 9674: 8935: 8417: 7835: 6761: 6690: 6505: 6430: 5283: 5134: 5099: 4952: 4592: 4582: 4555: 3772: 3649: 3073: 2842: 2709: 1674: 225: 12411: 9578: 16748: 16707: 16058: 14542: 13047: 10191:"Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism (MRM) on grave violations of children's rights in situations of armed conflict" 9923: 9814:

Meserve, Jeanne; Lawrence, Chris; Cratty, Carol; Keyes, Charley; Labott, Elise; Dougherty, Jill (25 October 2010).

5828: 5670: 4765:, a Canadian, for offences they alleged he committed in Afghanistan while under the age of 16 and fighting for the 3903: 3113: 3098: 3044: 2729: 2719: 2714: 2543: 2399: 1752: 16466: 14075:"Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" 13177: 11710: 11685: 11098: 5923:

The Netherlands enlists military personnel from age 17; in 2014 5% of its armed forces' intake was aged under 18.

5323:

with the written agreement of parents. As of 2015 approximately 16,000 17-year-olds were being enlisted annually.

3619: 16606: 15956: 15758: 15390: 15252: 14905: 13438: 10999:

Overcoming Lost Childhood: Lessons from the Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Former Child Soldiers in Colombia

10805:"Youths who had enrolled for useless National Youth Service turned away as government BANS green bomber training" 10579: 10147: 10042:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict" 9010:

Elbogen, Eric B.; Johnson, Sally C.; Wagner, H. Ryan; Sullivan, Connor; Taft, Casey T.; Beckham, Jean C. (2014).

7905: 7642: 6496:

Correcting the Course: Advancing Juvenile Justice Principles for Children Convicted of Violent Extremist Offenses

6187: 4880: 3898: 3669: 2475: 2097: 1735: 1522: 367: 15932: 11210:"The last march: Colombia's most notorious rebel group is starting to disarm, but obstacles to peace still loom" 10173:"Security Council condemns recruitment of child soldiers, asks Secretary-General to devise monitoring mechanism" 16769: 16743: 16733: 16123: 16105: 16005: 15809: 15785: 15055: 14696: 14041: 12899: 11747: 6415: 5636: 4860:

Optional Protocol to the convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

4798: 4732: 4728: 4718: 3368: 3356: 2936: 2748: 2394: 1861: 194: 138: 13283:"Exclusive: Yemeni child soldiers recruited by Saudi-UAE coalition | Saudi Arabia News | Al Jazeera" 10222:"Library of the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict" 4842:(1996), was particularly concerned with the military use of younger children, which was killing, maiming, and 4153:

As of 2022, the United Nations (UN) verified that nine state armed forces were using children in hostilities:

16216: 16144: 15662: 15414: 12842: 12360: 12308: 9988: 6174: 5940: 5652: 5475: 5395:

guerrilla group, were estimated to have been around ten years old when they began leading the group in 1997.

5358: 4782: 4545:. Joe Turton, who joined up aged 17 in 2014, recalls bullying by staff throughout his training. For example: 4481: 4291: 3940: 3723: 2584: 2278: 1725: 17: 12387: 11877: 9125: 8240: 7958: 16806: 16616: 16506: 15819: 15712: 15257: 15209: 15142: 14787: 14707: 12959: 12798: 12780: 12762: 6350: 6210: 5748: 4345: 3945: 3789: 3659: 3320: 3088: 3068: 2628: 2596: 2215: 919: 679: 270: 15743: 12733: 9841: 7321:

Merrill, Lex L.; Crouch, Julie L.; Thomsen, Cynthia J.; Guimond, Jennifer; Milner, Joel S. (August 2005).

7233:"Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: a data linkage cohort study" 6569:"The Paris Principles: Principles and guidelines on children associated with armed forces or armed groups" 5907:

Germany enlists military personnel from age 17; in 2015 6% of its armed forces' intake was aged under 18.

5500:. Iraqi officers claimed that they sometimes captured Iranian child soldiers as young as eight years old. 5102:(SPLA). Some former child soldiers were sentenced to death for crimes committed while they were soldiers. 4305:

in Colombia agreed to stop recruiting children. Other countries have seen the reverse trend, particularly

2315: 16821: 16816: 16226: 15239: 14335: 14304: 14104: 10172: 8841:

They Fight Like Soldiers, They Die Like Children: The Global Quest to Eradicate the Use of Child Soldiers

6796:

Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (1 November 2016). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?".

6370: 5943: 5814: 5727: 5664: 5503:

As of 2018 the Iranian government has been recruiting children from Iran and Afghanistan to fight in the

5300: 5075: 5032: 4005: 3955: 3679: 3597: 2724: 2505: 2325: 2225: 1412: 1214: 1085: 623: 16233: 12397:

Defence for Children International/Palestine Section, 2004, p. 8. Citing CSC 1371 Report, November 2002.

10942: 9303:

Anderson, E H; Suris, A (2013). "Military sexual trauma". In Moore, Brett A; Barnett, Jeffrey E (eds.).

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In 2018, the annual UN report on children in armed conflict found 224 cases of child recruitment by the

4850:

Clearly one of the most urgent priorities is to remove everyone under 18 years of age from armed forces.

16611: 16211: 15751: 15677: 15301: 15224: 15137: 11945: 10741: 5326:

The US Army describes outreach to schools as the 'cornerstone' of its approach to recruitment, and the

5320: 3864: 3716: 3701: 3592: 2788: 2458: 1689: 164: 14639: 14601: 10220:

Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (2018).

10005:

Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (2018).

9403:"Paris Principles: Principles and guidelines on children associated with armed forces or armed groups" 9402: 9211: 8687:"Should We End Military Recruiting in High Schools as a Matter of Child Protection and Public Health?" 6568: 4317:

militants and groups opposing them have intensified their recruitment, training, and use of children.

16379: 16317: 15682: 15622: 15219: 15110: 14847: 14777: 14591: 14365: 13878: 10711:"Witness: A Child Soldier's Darfur Confession – 'I shot her. She is dead.' | Human Rights Watch" 7869: 6305: 6257: 6044: 5770: 5497: 5419:

Children can volunteer for military service at 17, with compulsory military service, for men, at 18.

5304: 5172: 5150:

Children can join the Barbados Army at 17 years and 9 months, with parental consent. (CIA Factsheet)

5064: 4992: 4463: 4256: 4196:

and others have called for an end to the recruitment of children by state armed forces, arguing that

4166: 4067:, which together lead to an increased risk of unemployment and poverty in adulthood. Research in the 3960: 3859: 3390: 3378: 2968: 2941: 2446: 1799: 1307: 656: 530: 384: 199: 184: 97: 13489: 8799:"Youngest British army recruits come disproportionately from England's most deprived constituencies" 6120:, the International Day Against Use of Child Soldiers, is often marked by displaying red handprints. 5581:

and other forms of violence." Arab journalist Huda Al-Hussein wrote in a London Arab newspaper on 27

16796: 16561: 16401: 15697: 15094: 14842: 14760: 14750: 14659: 14039: 9760: 8346: 7988:"General comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence" 6453: 6031: 5327: 5200: 4926: 4724: 4080: 3740: 3609: 3162: 2951: 2436: 2250: 2117: 1357: 1175: 1023: 159: 14478: 11908: 10438: 10049: 8956: 7081:

Martin, Pamela Davis; Williamson, Donald A.; Alfonso, Anthony J.; Ryan, Donna H. (February 2006).

4865: 2616: 16831: 16687: 16350: 15944: 15314: 15012: 14960: 14909: 14755: 14745: 14627: 12269: 10965: 9535:"Engaging nonstate armed groups on the protection of children: Towards strategic complementarity" 8743:"Soldiers of Misfortune: Abusive U.S. Military Recruitment and Failure to Protect Child Soldiers" 8055: 7735: 6388: 6068: 5997: 5982: 5685:

The Turkish government linked think tank SETA withdrew a report detailing the composition of the

5457: 4855: 4542: 4209: 4033: 3925: 3664: 3614: 3542: 3315: 3093: 3037: 3020: 2451: 2203: 2185: 1941: 1500: 1422: 1367: 965: 628: 263: 179: 128: 51: 14528: 13350: 12201:

International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995

11740: 10779: 10324: 9745:, February 2007. Section "Treatment of children accused of crimes under international law", p. 9 9438: 9238: 7390: 7323:"Perpetration of severe intimate partner violence: premilitary and second year of service rates" 5288: 16811: 16300: 16240: 16078: 14945: 14821: 14740: 10375:"Central African Republic says 10,000 children are still fighting alongside armed groups there" 7588: 5388: 5308: 4913:

This section covers the use of children for military purposes today. For historical cases, see

4221: 3998: 3967: 3472: 3213: 3125: 2973: 2697: 2663: 2658: 2070: 2045: 1767: 1679: 1552: 1427: 1028: 1005: 451: 350: 12044: 12037: 11037: 10836: 10159: 9651: 7670: 5747:, which has been formed mainly for the recruitment of children. It was also reported that the 4505:

family members' activity. Lawyers and relatives are frequently banned from any court hearing.

4329:(UNOCHA) estimated that most of these children were aged over 15, although some were younger. 16826: 16755: 16536: 16436: 16389: 16333: 15667: 15483: 15419: 15285: 14965: 14950: 14940: 14920: 14867: 12664:"Pro-Erdoğan think tank's survey shows child soldiers among Turkish-backed Syrian opposition" 12302: 11448: 8120: 7693: 6724:. Vol. 2: Operational stress. Westport: Praeger Security International. pp. 13–31. 5735: 5632: 5605: 5570: 4493: 3834: 3689: 3602: 3587: 3269: 3257: 3003: 2988: 2773: 2548: 2470: 2441: 1659: 1592: 1545: 1199: 1162: 1125: 1043: 995: 879: 689: 497: 406: 14473: 12176:

Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991

10580:"Preventing the Use of Child Soldiers in Somalia – Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative" 9736:

The Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children associated with armed forces or armed groups

8441:

Spear, L. P. (June 2000). "The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations".

8124: 7456: 7133:

Head, M.; Goodwin, L.; Debell, F.; Greenberg, N.; Wessely, S.; Fear, N. T. (1 August 2016).

6113: 16670: 16424: 16384: 16360: 16000: 15846: 15702: 13906:"Letter from UK Minister of Defence regarding deployment of under-18s on combat operations" 12214: 11014:

Child Soldiers in Colombia: The Recruitment of Children into Non-State Violent Armed Groups

10657: 10221: 8657: 8302:(Technical report). The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action. December 2020 8212: 8083:"UN Officials congratulate MILF for completion of disengagement of children from its ranks" 6616: 6242: 6178: 5782: 5686: 5441: 5331: 5247: 5079: 5028: 4770: 4744: 4239:

As of 2022, the UN identified 12 countries where children were widely used by such groups:

3972: 3876: 3839: 3767: 3711: 3580: 3537: 3351: 3281: 2956: 2736: 2638: 2522: 2429: 2050: 1952: 1809: 1804: 1622: 1587: 1322: 1142: 1000: 936: 790: 760: 357: 14209: 14194: 13259:"'Serious' questions over SAS involvement in Yemen war | UK news | The Guardian" 11382: 9667:

Child soldiers, adult interests : the global dimensions of the Sierra Leonean tragedy

9012:"Violent behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder in US Iraq and Afghanistan veterans" 8379:"The recruitment of children by the UK armed forces: A critique from health professionals" 7613:

Michael Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon: The Allied Invasion of France 1813–1814, pg.99–100

6500:

Dr U C Jha (2018), "Child Soldiers – Practice, Law and Remedies". Vij Books India Pvt Ltd

5785:

stated in January 2010 that "large numbers" of teenage boys are being recruited in Yemeni

8: 16601: 16578: 16471: 16458: 16367: 16307: 16288: 16260: 16088: 16041: 15612: 15596: 15540: 15515: 15407: 15383: 15357: 15319: 15050: 15030: 14652: 11239: 11120: 7135:"Post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse: comorbidity in UK military personnel" 5820:

Saudi Arabia is also hiring Yemeni child soldiers to guard Saudi border against Houthis.

5523:

Children can volunteer for military service at 17 in Jordan. (CIA World Factbook - 2024)

5515:

Children can volunteer for military service at 17 in Israel. (CIA World Factbook - 2024)

4834: 4229: 3460: 3440: 3325: 3310: 3179: 3150: 3140: 3030: 2978: 2946: 2743: 2601: 2569: 2564: 2517: 2374: 1901: 1886: 1762: 1649: 1627: 1602: 1562: 1472: 1282: 1187: 1137: 904: 894: 859: 651: 641: 411: 335: 14617: 13645: 12437: 11827: 7780: 6620: 5071: 16204: 15853: 15814: 15692: 15585: 15535: 15488: 15456: 15439: 15280: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15067: 15045: 15040: 15007: 14997: 14857: 14852: 14735: 14686: 13671: 12607: 12455: 11881: 11714: 11124: 11025: 10099: 9639: 9161: 9101: 9068: 9044: 9011: 8719: 8686: 8474: 8152:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2003. Archived from 7300: 7262: 7167: 7134: 7060: 6974: 6941: 6821: 6750: 6344: 6170: 5759: 5731: 4830:

to negotiate a supplementary protocol to the convention. Both proposals were accepted.

4302: 4075:

children, even when they are not sent to war, is often accompanied by a higher risk of

4055:

Child soldiers who survive armed conflict frequently develop psychiatric illness, poor

3706: 3552: 3527: 3517: 3482: 3477: 3445: 3410: 3403: 3344: 3337: 3194: 3013: 3008: 2998: 2768: 2621: 2579: 2574: 2527: 2495: 2485: 2422: 2235: 2090: 2010: 1931: 1876: 1851: 1772: 1718: 1684: 1615: 1532: 1442: 1347: 1292: 1182: 1147: 1100: 975: 946: 899: 837: 812: 646: 460: 379: 133: 123: 15971: 14584: 14577: 14570: 13464: 9967:

International Council on Human Rights Policy & International Commission of Jurists

8454: 8377:

Louise, Rhianna; Hunter, Christina; Zlotowitz, Sally; et al. (17 November 2016).

8282:

The usual view of girl soldiers – who make up between 10% and 30% of some child armies

8082: 7249: 7232: 5242: 4409:

Background poverty including a lack of civilian education or employment opportunities.

4341:

estimated that some 300,000 children are involved in more than 30 conflicts worldwide.

2643: 2589: 16702: 16633: 16493: 16488: 16446: 16154: 15917: 15882: 15717: 15473: 15072: 15035: 14872: 14830: 14814: 14243: 14233: 12330: 12124: 12114: 12091: 12081: 12058: 12048: 12012: 11093: 11033: 11029: 10913:"Adolescente recrutado da milícia é morto após nova investida do CV no Morro do Fubá" 10627: 10617: 10301: 10190: 10119:"Confidential U.N. Report Accuses Saudi Coalition of Killing Hundreds of Yemeni Kids" 10103: 10091: 9982: 9680: 9670: 9647: 9643: 9376: 9318: 9308: 9285: 9165: 9153: 9145: 9106: 9088: 9049: 9031: 8931: 8904: 8724: 8706: 8466: 8458: 8423: 8413: 8326: 7841: 7831: 7741: 7699: 7352: 7344: 7304: 7254: 7210: 7172: 7154: 7112: 7104: 7052: 7044: 6979: 6961: 6957: 6825: 6813: 6767: 6757: 6725: 6696: 6686: 6501: 6480: 6299: 5845: 5608:

and civilians. All the main political groups involve children in this way, including

5485: 4485: 4225: 3794: 3512: 3507: 3450: 3435: 3415: 3237: 3232: 3167: 3130: 2963: 2929: 2758: 2611: 2500: 2379: 2271: 2180: 2127: 2030: 2020: 2015: 1985: 1968: 1963: 1936: 1881: 1582: 1572: 1567: 1557: 1477: 1467: 1462: 1437: 1407: 1297: 1267: 1262: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1152: 1105: 1075: 914: 707: 684: 618: 15922: 13613:"Involvement of Children in Armed Formations During the Military Conflict in Donbas" 10278: 9705: 9236: 9141: 8478: 6365: 5710:

Iranian government is recruiting children from Iran and Afghanistan to fight in the

5330:

gives recruiters the legal right of access to all school students' contact details.

5274:

In Mexico an unknown number of children are used by criminal organizations like the

4437:

armed forces in the 1990s is typical of many children's motivations for joining up:

2240: 16774: 16628: 16093: 16053: 15829: 15799: 15580: 15555: 15466: 15461: 15275: 15060: 14557:

Involvement of children in armed formations during the military conflict in Donbas"

13073: 12503:"Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Philippines" 12475: 11593: 11017: 10379: 10293: 10083: 9631: 9568: 9277: 9137: 9126:"Childhood trauma: a major risk factor in the military recruitment of young people" 9096: 9080: 9039: 9023: 8894: 8714: 8698: 8450: 7589:"Girl Soldiers – The cost of survival in Northern Uganda, Women News Network – WNN" 7334: 7292: 7244: 7202: 7162: 7146: 7094: 7064: 7036: 6969: 6953: 6805: 6658: 6628: 6624: 6534: 6355: 6317: 5962: 5859: 5711: 5578: 5504: 5362:

member of governmental armed forces." Waivers from the act were issued by both the

5279: 5168: 4887:

under the heading "Children in armed conflict". The first resolution on the issue,

4687:

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict

4469: 4197: 4125:

have international efforts begun to limit and reduce the military use of children.

3984: 3562: 3557: 3547: 3522: 3487: 3455: 3425: 3298: 3286: 3264: 3242: 3189: 3025: 2993: 2295: 2245: 2210: 2142: 2035: 1973: 1866: 1794: 1787: 1644: 1577: 1527: 1517: 1392: 1312: 1272: 1257: 1224: 1209: 1080: 1065: 1018: 926: 884: 827: 822: 780: 603: 580: 487: 416: 345: 328: 40: 15927: 14623:

Special Representative of the UN Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict

12532: 11264: 8924: 7266: 6809: 5977: 4790:

in May 2015. As of 2016, Khadr was appealing his US conviction as a war criminal.

16728: 16556: 16355: 16338: 16245: 15995: 15951: 15905: 15824: 15782: 15647: 15565: 15342: 15234: 14862: 14825: 14730: 14563: 14535: 14262: 14216: 14201: 13263: 12925: 12694:"Report: Child soldiers deployed to Libya by Turkish-backed Syrian National Army" 12462: 12394: 12367: 12244: 10843: 10462:"Armed groups in Central African Republic agree to release thousands of children" 10361: 10007:"Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict" 9742: 9723: 9712: 9084: 7679: 7206: 5246:

Rebel Salvadoran soldier boy combatant in Perquin, El Salvador, 1990, during the

5188: 4843: 4518: 4426: 4049: 3893: 3784: 3779: 3532: 3502: 3497: 3220: 3184: 2983: 2901: 2606: 2352: 2055: 2040: 1958: 1914: 1856: 1512: 1507: 1397: 1387: 1302: 1277: 1219: 1060: 990: 980: 832: 817: 740: 712: 512: 492: 340: 118: 12998: 10461: 10403: 10257: 9504:"Ratifications of C182 – Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)" 7515:"A law unto themselves? Confronting the recruitment of children by armed groups" 6360: 6323: 6085:

non-state armed groups to recruit children from age 15 and use them in warfare.

5766:

international law, the group has continued the recruitment and use of children.

5448:

August that they would send a team into Burma/Myanmar to press for more action.

5258:

Children can join the military at 17 in Guatemala. (CIA World Factbook - 2024).

5047:

The minimum age to join the Egyptian military is 16. (CIA World Factsheet 2024)

16548: 16516: 16478: 16250: 16174: 15875: 15841: 15804: 15722: 15652: 15637: 15627: 15617: 15545: 15449: 15376: 15309: 14878: 14836: 14423: 14134: 14015:"Letter from UK Children's Commissioners and others to the Ministry of Defence" 13021: 11186: 10931: 10355: 10071: 9815: 9212:"Abuse and sexual assault of children in British armed forces training exposed" 7296: 6329: 5574: 5354: 4866:

Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict

4233: 4122: 4109: 4068: 3977: 3871: 2763: 2404: 2362: 2230: 1978: 1402: 1362: 1340: 1327: 1317: 1287: 1204: 1157: 960: 951: 842: 795: 775: 765: 735: 702: 590: 547: 502: 374: 307: 59: 13879:"Teenage Girls Serving in British Army Report Record Levels of Sexual Assault" 13610: 12502: 11416:"USA: Annexes of the Combined Third and Fourth Periodic Report (OPAC Annex 2)" 10680: 10087: 9716: 9635: 9281: 9027: 8899: 8882: 7150: 7040: 6942:"Risk Factors, Methods, and Timing of Suicide Attempts Among US Army Soldiers" 6874: 6663: 6646: 16790: 16738: 16675: 16573: 15727: 15434: 14930: 14809: 14247: 13936:"EXCL UK broke pledge not to send under-age soldiers to Iraq and Afghanistan" 13578: 13547: 13516: 13408: 13377: 12128: 12095: 11527: 11356:"Denuncian reclutamiento de niños soldado por parte de guerrilla en Paraguay" 11305:"Meet the Children Being Armed to Defend a Mexican Village From Drug Cartels" 11151: 10857: 10631: 10305: 10264: 10095: 9600: 9380: 9322: 9149: 9092: 9035: 8908: 8710: 8702: 8596:"Cessation of Military Recruiting in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools" 8462: 8427: 7845: 7666: 7348: 7339: 7322: 7158: 7108: 7099: 7082: 7048: 6965: 6817: 6700: 6287: 6247: 6152:(also known as the International Day Against the Use of Child Soldiers) on 12 6060: 5863: 5002:

A group of demobilized child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4362: 4084: 3915: 3844: 3291: 3274: 3049: 2879: 2869: 2653: 2303: 2077: 2065: 1921: 1841: 1757: 1740: 1597: 1452: 1432: 1115: 1110: 1090: 1070: 985: 956: 931: 807: 785: 770: 745: 585: 507: 470: 465: 362: 85: 14040:

House of Commons and House of Lords Joint Committee on Human Rights (2009).

12062: 11975: 9684: 8623: 7423:"Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers" 6771: 5481:

Current Iranian law officially prohibits the recruitment of those under 16.

16526: 16295: 16283: 15773: 15657: 15590: 15570: 15560: 15550: 15520: 14980: 14884: 14782: 14622: 12712:"U.S. adds Turkey to list of countries implicated in use of child soldiers" 12456:

Israel/Occupied Territories: Palestinian armed groups must not use children

12005:

Schmitz, Cathryne L.; Traver, Elizabeth KimJin; Larson, Desi, eds. (2004).

11084: 10647: 10497: 9289: 9157: 9110: 9053: 8853: 8728: 8566:"Informed Choice? Armed forces recruitment practices in the United Kingdom" 8470: 8112: 7356: 7258: 7214: 7176: 7116: 7056: 6983: 6838: 6376: 6281: 6269: 6252: 6149: 6117: 5792: 5367: 5363: 5129: 4778: 4113: 4037: 3920: 3757: 3733: 3639: 3632: 3363: 2891: 2864: 2827: 2805: 2692: 2409: 2389: 2367: 2357: 2347: 2342: 2332: 2264: 2190: 2170: 2165: 2060: 2005: 1639: 1634: 1457: 1372: 1120: 854: 755: 552: 456: 251: 92: 13758:"'Welfare and duty of care in Armed Forces initial training 2020 to 2021'" 10404:"Central African Republic: Children brutally targeted in weekend violence" 9570: 6263: 4980:

militias have both used children in this way; some are as young as eight.

4672: 3172: 16638: 16531: 15732: 15707: 15530: 15505: 15495: 15478: 15429: 15346: 14935: 14770: 14715: 12407: 11770:"Obama waives penalties on countries that employ child soldiers – again!" 11021: 10297: 8624:

Müller, Norbert; Commission for Children's Concerns (21 September 2016).

6917:"Child soldiering: Impact on childhood development and learning capacity" 6683:

On killing: the psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society

6126: 5824: 5707:

being recruited to fight for the Syrian government against rebel forces.

5275: 4976: 4306: 4295: 4280: 4260: 4182: 4170: 4116:

or for political advantage in propaganda. In 1813 and 1814, for example,

4091: 4072: 3762: 3750: 3103: 2906: 2896: 2854: 2668: 2175: 1926: 1891: 1730: 1417: 1382: 1095: 1038: 941: 725: 446: 441: 10728: 9601:"UNICEF: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child" 9436: 6511: 16521: 16501: 16267: 15865: 15687: 15510: 15500: 14987: 14765: 13986: 13439:"Les étapes de recrutement et conditions d'admissibilité | Sengager.fr" 12032: 10517: 7634: 6311: 6138: 5159:

invites children to begin their adult conscription early, from age 17.

4908: 4762: 4756: 4489: 4064: 3910: 3207: 2911: 2778: 2132: 2102: 1824: 1193: 32: 16034: 10616:. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 68. 8408:

Strasburger, V. C.; Wilson, Barbara J.; Jordan, Amy Beth (2013). "1".

7897: 5915:

Children can join the Italian military at age 17. (CIA Factbook 2024)

5573:, wrote about the active participation of Palestinian children in the 4998: 16191: 15983: 14675: 12156: 12111:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

10176: 9371: 8770:"Conscription by poverty? Deprivation and army recruitment in the UK" 6444: 6275: 6193: 6002: 5740: 5532: 5408: 5090: 5020: 4774: 4699: 4217: 4040:, or for political advantage in propaganda. Children (defined by the 3155: 2820: 2682: 2122: 1946: 1896: 1846: 1836: 1831: 1696: 1487: 1482: 1447: 889: 575: 542: 431: 14628:

International Labour Organization, "Child labour and armed conflict"

14072: 11647: 11620: 11497: 11413: 11330: 10279:"Child Soldiers in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 9184:"Freedom of Information request, ref. Army/PolSec/C/U/FOI2021/13445" 7985: 7929:"Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017" 7563:"Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017" 6345:

Campaigns and campaigners to end the use of children in the military

6173:

Reserve Command Honor Guard sergeant drills high school students at

5039:. The children were forced to fight in the armed conflict in Ituri. 4298:

had released nearly 2,000 children from its ranks, and in 2016, the

2837: 16566: 16511: 16164: 16017: 15870: 15575: 15424: 15324: 14975: 14805: 13646:"Russia is going to conscript 17-year-olds in occupied territories" 13301:"Pompeo blocks inclusion of Saudi Arabia on US child soldiers list" 7830:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 11–31. 7826:

Becker, J (2013). "Campaigning to stop the use of child soldiers".

6055: 5437: 4538: 4434: 4405:

incentivise children to join military organisations, particularly:

4314: 4240: 4117: 4060: 4056: 4029: 3745: 3303: 3247: 3199: 2859: 2704: 2559: 2465: 2137: 2112: 1745: 1377: 1352: 970: 525: 399: 27:

The conscription and use of children, often adolescents, in warfare

13074:"PKK commits war crime by recruiting child soldiers in Iraq, Huma" 9439:"Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949" 8767: 8593: 6103:

Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

5851: 5470: 4817:

Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

4731:(SCSL) to try former combatants aged 15 and older for breaches of 4632:

Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

4140:

Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

16650: 15525: 15002: 14992: 14970: 14955: 13789:"Freedom of information request, ref. Army/Sec/C/U/FOI2021/15645" 9471:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (A/CONF.183/9)" 5951: 5804: 5291:. The battles between CRAC-PF and Los Ardillos caused 53 deaths. 5074:

commented on a UN report which estimated that over 50 percent of

4787: 4766: 4422: 4418:

Revenge (for example, after seeing friends and relatives killed).

4284: 4268: 4213: 4186: 4076: 3728: 2810: 2490: 2307: 2147: 2107: 1871: 1705: 1701: 1048: 1033: 909: 570: 565: 535: 474: 436: 14543:

Invisible Children—The Tragedy in Uganda, Every Child Ministries

9367:"Tenfold rise in rapes and sexual assaults on girls in military" 7926: 7560: 4684:

and youths are also offered protection under the United Nations

16645: 16199: 15642: 11479: 11054:"Child Soldiers Used by All Sides in Colombia's Armed Conflict" 5947: 5931:

Male children can volunteer to join at 17. (CIA Factbook 2024)

5800: 5786: 5551:

Children can join the Pakistan Army at 16. (CIA Factbook 2024)

5219:. The remainder fight in paramilitary ranks, predominately the 5094:

A child soldier of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (2007)

4338: 3430: 3252: 2832: 2815: 2677: 2512: 2480: 1654: 1055: 872: 608: 14327: 11279:"In Mexico, children as young as 10 recruited by drug cartels" 8241:"Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General" 8019:"Ending the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict" 7959:"Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General" 7480:"Why 18 Matters: A rights-based analysis of child recruitment" 5996:

Army recruits aged between 16 and 17.5 train initially at the

5957:

In December 2022, Andrii Yusov, a representative of Ukraine's

5340:

U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child

5282:

to fight the government and the other rival cartels. Also the

15399: 14644: 13152:"Kurdish YPG militia recruiting child soldiers in Syria: HRW" 12371: 11795:"Trump administration turns its back on child soldiers again" 9501: 8180:"How many children are used for military purposes worldwide?" 6160: 5796: 5613: 5609: 5489: 4310: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4178: 4174: 2687: 2673: 2648: 1130: 666: 661: 14451: 14449: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14441: 13726: 13724: 13576: 13545: 13514: 13406: 13375: 12988: 12476:"UN accuses Israel of recruiting Palestinian child soldiers" 11594:

UN, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (2018).

11560: 11180: 11149: 10855: 10678: 10428: 9706:

The Military Trial of Omar Khadr: Child Soldiers and the Law

9009: 8619: 8617: 8177: 7895: 7863: 7635:"How did Britain let 250000 underage soldiers fight in WW1?" 7512: 7477: 7420: 7384: 6999:"UK armed forces suicide and open verdict deaths: 1984–2017" 6722:

Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat

5781:

U.N. Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict

4833:

Responding to the committee on the Rights of the Child, the

14618:

International Committee of the Red Cross, "Children in war"

14483: 14325: 14263:"The First Ambush: Effects of army training and employment" 13732:"UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: April 2022" 12188:

Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age

10254:

Child soldiers global report 2004: Africa Regional overview

7737:

Little Soldiers: How Soviet Children Went to War, 1941–1945

7320: 7080: 6050: 5981:

Children from age 16 in the British Army, on parade at the

5212: 4595:

define a child associated with an armed force or group as:

4252: 4162: 2554: 2384: 426: 421: 14357: 12813:"Kurdish Militia Accused of Using Child Soldiers in Syria" 12270:"Iran's Child Soldiers in Syria | Human Rights Watch" 11446: 9813: 8376: 7828:

Campaigning for justice: Human rights advocacy in practice

7132: 6394: 5462:

The minimum age to join the Indian Army is 17 and a half.

5403:

Militias recruited thousands of child soldiers during the

5309:

ongoing insurgency in the northeastern part of the country

4974:

coalition of armed groups and the predominantly Christian

16029: 15778: 15672: 15299: 14488: 14438: 13721: 12704: 12547:"Sri Lanka: Tamil Tigers Forcibly Recruit Child Soldiers" 12323:"Last group of Maoist child soldiers discharged in Nepal" 10966:""You'll learn not to cry": Child Combatants in Colombia" 9894:"'Freedom is way better than I thought,' says Omar Khadr" 9757:"Omar Khadr's Confession Can Be Used at Guantanamo Trial" 8614: 7025: 5565:

Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

5307:

of recruit child soldiers to fight the government in the

5115: 4665:

None of the above treaties either explicitly forbids the

4537:

Military settings are characterized by elevated rates of

299: 15368: 13903: 12573:"Syrian rebels accused over child soldiers: UN official" 11998: 10554:"Guterres: Thousands of child soldiers fight in Somalia" 10493:"Kony 2012 puts child soldiers back under the spotlight" 9700: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9571:"African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child" 9569:

African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2018).

7695:

Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism

6939: 5299:

The government of Paraguay accused the guerrilla groups

5187:

In Canada, people may join the reserve component of the

4936:

at 120,000 children, or 40 percent of the global total.

4883:

convenes regularly to debate, receive reports, and pass

14529:

Girl Soldiers – The cost of survival in Northern Uganda

14389:"The New Profile Report on Child Recruitment in Israel" 13611:

Eastern-Ukrainian Centre for Civil Initiatives (2016).

13234:"Saudi Arabia 'recruits Darfur children for Yemen war'" 12388:

Use of Children in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

12351:

Law and Morality in Israel's War With the PLO, New York

12080:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 2. 10643: 10641: 8407: 8323:

The Routledge Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect

7192: 6718: 6264:

Well-known cases of children used for military purposes

5024:

that the Lord's Resistance Army recruited this number.

4673:

Standards for the release and reintegration of children

4591:

defines a child as any person under the age of 18. The

4484:

and nearly nine in ten in Uganda screened positive for

14494: 12747:

2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey

12529:"Human Rights Watch Interactive Map of Child Soldiers" 11528:

US Campaign to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2007).

10770: 10607: 10605: 9239:"Sexual Misconduct in the Canadian Armed Forces, 2016" 9066: 6996: 5427:

Children can join the Army at 16. (CIA Factbook 2024)

5013:

Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4933:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

4655:

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

4642:

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

4433:

The following testimony from a child recruited by the

4327:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

14260: 13703:"Letter to Child Soldiers International, 4 July 2016" 13022:"Refworld | Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Iraq" 12603:"U.N. Report Details Abuse of Children in Syrian War" 10614:

The social problems of children in Sub-Saharan Africa

9691: 9307:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–269. 8768:

Child Rights International Network (21 August 2019).

7581: 7230: 7083:"Psychological adjustment during Army basic training" 5714:

on the side of the government forces loyal to Assad.

5507:

on the side of forces loyal to the Assad government.

14290: 14288: 12180: 12113:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 418. 10648:

Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2008).

10638: 8854:

Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001).

8638:(in German). Federal Republic of Germany: Bundestag. 7956: 6839:

Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2008).

6685:(revised ed.). New York: Little, Brown and Co. 6133:

particular, militant Islamist organisations such as

5167:

In Brazil the local organized crime groups, such as

4909:

Children in the military today—by region and country

4795:

UN Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict

4793:

Before sentencing the Special Representative to the

3685:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

12500: 12004: 11686:"Old Enough to Sign Up, but Not to Fight in Battle" 10832: 10830: 10602: 10548: 10546: 10484: 9624:

Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies

9267: 8847: 8531:

UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

8296:

Girls Associated with Armed Forces and Armed Groups

7556: 6832: 5006: 4899: 14500:Child Soldiers International, historical reports: 12596: 12594: 12361:Arab Journalist Decries Palestinian Child-Soldiers 12036: 10963: 9868:"Toews' request delays Khadr's transfer to Canada" 8923: 8150:"AFRICA: Too small to be fighting in anyone's war" 7554: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7536: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6749: 6477:Child Soldier: When Boys and Girls Are Used in War 6382: 6200:Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers 6194:Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers 5595:reported that there were at least nine documented 4679:Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers 4567: 14285: 13178:"Syria: Armed Group Recruiting Children in Camps" 12632: 12630: 12199:"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, 11083: 9437:International Committee of the Red Cross (1977). 9432: 9430: 8651:"Army visits London's poorest schools most often" 7952: 7950: 6529: 6527: 5133:reported multiple human rights violations by the 4871:child recruitment and use from around the world. 4805: 16788: 13987:UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2008). 13126:"US: YPG still recruits child soldiers in Syria" 13020:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 12102: 12039:The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict 11909:"U.N. team to visit Myanmar over child soldiers" 11818: 11816: 10827: 10543: 10141: 8797:Cooper, Charlotte; Gee, David (21 August 2019). 8745:. American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from 8680: 8678: 7278: 7276: 7226: 7224: 6406:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 6088:Efforts were renewed during negotiations on the 4777:, and spying. The plea was offered as part of a 4653:The highest standard in the world is set by the 4620:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 4614:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 3800:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 15901:Drug and precursor laws by country or territory 13962:"UK guilty of sending 'child soldiers' to Iraq" 12591: 12297:. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. 12153:Dunnigan, A Quick and Dirty Guide to War (1991) 11596:"Reporting status for United States of America" 10319: 10317: 10315: 8685:Hagopian, Amy; Barker, Kathy (1 January 2011). 7821: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7771: 7769: 7533: 7316: 7314: 7188: 7186: 7021: 7019: 6899: 6756:. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 6676: 6674: 6421:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1998 6337:Returned: Child Soldiers of Nepal's Maoist Army 5961:, stated 17-year-olds have been drafted by the 5319:In the United States 17-year-olds may join the 14585:Criticism of British child soldier recruitment 14166:"Child Soldiers Are Unfortunately Nothing New" 13322: 12627: 12147: 11183:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Colombia" 10036: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10028: 9427: 8980: 8978: 8684: 8490: 8488: 8372: 8370: 8368: 7947: 7920: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7727: 7691: 7662: 7660: 7139:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 7076: 7074: 6935: 6933: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6524: 6373:(Countering Militarization of Youth programme) 5862:statue in the lobby of the grand staircase in 5755:children by the PKK concerning and dangerous. 5599:between October 2000 and March 2004, stating: 4965:Child soldiers in the Central African Republic 4071:has found that the enlistment and training of 15759: 15384: 14660: 14611: 14410: 14408: 14073:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2016). 13275: 13048:"PKK criticized over 'child soldiers' claims" 12795:"2023 Trafficking in Persons Report: Türkiye" 12638:"Report: Syria rebels send children into war" 12426: 12163:Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History 11813: 11648:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017). 11621:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2012). 11498:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2008). 11414:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2016). 11174: 11121:"Colombia: Armed Groups Send Children to War" 10611: 9969:. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9924:"Khadr should go back to Canada: UN official" 9564: 9562: 9302: 9296: 8880: 8820:Rosenblatt, Roger (1984). "Children of War". 8675: 8287: 7986:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2016). 7273: 7221: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6644: 6562: 6560: 6451: 6206:Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration 5622:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 4063:, and behavioral problems such as heightened 4006: 2272: 271: 14640:Podcast on child soldiers in the Middle East 13786: 13669: 13606: 13604: 13343: 12991:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey" 12926:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - Turkey" 12865:"Child soldiers in ISIS, PKK, Boko Haram..." 12777:"2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Turkey" 12759:"2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: Turkey" 12237: 11968: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11711:"President Bush Signs Law on Child Soldiers" 11523: 11521: 11493: 11491: 10990: 10888:"Como formar crianças-soldados para o crime" 10490: 10312: 10000: 9998: 9816:"Youngest Guantanamo detainee pleads guilty" 9335: 9181: 8883:"The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion" 8881:Beber, Bernd; Blattman, Christopher (2013). 8589: 8587: 8235: 8233: 8173: 8171: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7766: 7698:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 54–55. 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7311: 7183: 7128: 7126: 7016: 6743: 6741: 6671: 6647:"The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion" 6645:Beber, Bernd; Blattman, Christopher (2013). 6640: 6638: 6426:Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict 6043:As of 2018, the minimum age for joining the 5597:suicide attacks involving Palestinian minors 5561:Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 5037:Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo 4660: 3805:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 14386: 14294: 14066: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13251: 12960:Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers 12894: 12892: 12730:"2023 Trafficking in Persons Report: Libya" 12264: 12262: 12168: 12108: 12069: 12011:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. 11950:United Nations High Commission for Refugees 11836:Child Soldiers International pp. 18,159–161 11048: 11046: 10703: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10025: 9754: 9664: 9532: 8975: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8594:American Public Health Association (2012). 8559: 8557: 8555: 8485: 8365: 7792: 7657: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7071: 6930: 6859: 6747: 6607:Wessels, Michael (1997). "Child Soldiers". 4958: 15766: 15752: 15391: 15377: 14667: 14653: 14521: 14405: 14188: 13490:"Intégrer l'armée de l'Air et de l'Espace" 13293: 13100:"US report: YPG recruiting child soldiers" 11946:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Iran" 11741:"The Child Soldier Prevention Act of 2008" 10837:Global March Against Child Labour: Bolivia 10742:"Living in fear of Mugabe's green bombers" 10650:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008: Sudan" 10422: 9942: 9917: 9915: 9559: 9358: 8986:"Has the Time Come for an All-Adult Army?" 8819: 8521: 8198: 7733: 6914: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6707: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6557: 6161:Countering the militarisation of childhood 4013: 3999: 2279: 2265: 278: 264: 14467: 14195:ICRC Commentary on Protocol I: Article 77 13849:"Armed Forces: Offences against Children" 13818:"Armed Forces: Offences against Children" 13643: 13601: 13579:"Child Soldiers World Index: Netherlands" 12900:"Iraq: Armed Groups Using Child Soldiers" 12078:Iranian Perspectives on the Iran-Iraq War 11931: 11518: 11488: 11011: 10957: 10349: 10325:"Cape Town Principles and Best Practices" 10162: (1999) Retrieved 20 July 2008. 9995: 9100: 9043: 8898: 8796: 8718: 8584: 8230: 8168: 7927:United Nations Secretary-General (2017). 7884: 7852: 7685: 7591:. Womennewsnetwork.net. 13 January 2009. 7561:United Nations Secretary-General (2017). 7363: 7338: 7248: 7166: 7123: 7098: 6973: 6795: 6738: 6662: 6635: 5941:armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine in 2014 5696:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 4625: 4603: 4203: 4112:, or recruited for tactical advantage as 244:Movement to end the use of child soldiers 16693:World Intellectual Property Organization 15291:Post-conflict reception of war criminals 14328:"Countering the Militarisation of Youth" 13846: 13815: 13700: 13311: 12889: 12698:Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East 12600: 12374:. Special Dispatch 147, 1 November 2000. 12259: 12025: 11976:"The State of the World's Children 1996" 11845: 11480:Government of the United States (2001). 11043: 11001:. London, England: Y Care International. 10584:Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative 10525:"The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo" 10276: 10240: 9921: 9593: 9123: 8944: 8838: 8552: 7616: 7497: 7405: 7282: 6997:UK Ministry of Defence (27 March 2018). 6752:Young soldiers: why they choose to fight 6433:, which established the Paris Principles 6164: 6112: 6054: 6051:Movement to end military use of children 5976: 5850: 5469: 5377: 5241: 5089: 5050: 4997: 4712: 4512: 4378: 3810:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 3675:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 3655:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 1243:List of military strategies and concepts 31: 12285: 12283: 11906: 11848:"Independent Appeal: A child is reborn" 11683: 11482:No Child Left Behind Act (Section 9528) 11380: 11261:"Human Rights Watch: Child Soldier Map" 11079: 11077: 11075: 10739: 10395: 9912: 9177: 9175: 9124:Campbell, Katharine Ann (1 June 2022). 8642: 8522:Krennerich, Michael (30 October 2020). 8320: 8144: 8142: 6778: 6606: 6593: 6395:Related international law and standards 5734:(HRW), the United Nations (UN) and the 14: 16789: 16698:World Intellectual Property Indicators 16222:Fictional pornography depicting minors 15633:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 14571:Sex slavery awaits Ugandan schoolgirls 13755: 13028:from the original on 20 September 2013 12932:from the original on 12 September 2018 12644:from the original on 25 September 2014 12291:"Iran Recruits Child Soldiers – Again" 12075: 11331:"UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program" 11208:Woody, Christopher (4 February 2017). 11152:"Child Soldiers World Index: Colombia" 11056:. Human Rights Watch. 7 October 1998. 10996: 10459: 10337:from the original on 27 September 2007 9400: 9305:Military psychologists' desk reference 8921: 8648: 8494: 8443:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8347:"4 out of 10 child soldiers are girls" 8111: 8105: 8080: 8016: 7998:from the original on 26 September 2018 7825: 6875:"Impact of armed conflict on children" 6872: 6566: 6411:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 5488:, male children were drafted into the 4750: 4648:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 4638:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 4572: 15747: 15372: 14648: 14592:Armies of girls caught up in conflict 14368:from the original on 13 February 2018 14338:from the original on 13 February 2018 14261:Veterans for Peace UK (3 July 2017). 14163: 13625:from the original on 11 February 2017 13577:Child Soldiers International (2018). 13548:"Child Soldiers World Index: Germany" 13546:Child Soldiers International (2018). 13515:Child Soldiers International (2018). 13407:Child Soldiers International (2018). 13378:"Child Soldiers World Index: Austria" 13376:Child Soldiers International (2018). 13357:from the original on 11 February 2012 13307:. Reuters (Washington). 18 June 2019. 13158:from the original on 12 February 2018 13132:from the original on 12 February 2018 13106:from the original on 12 February 2018 13080:from the original on 15 December 2018 13054:from the original on 16 December 2018 12989:Child Soldiers International (2001). 12615:from the original on 4 September 2017 12414:from the original on 19 December 2008 11919:from the original on 14 November 2009 11888:from the original on 16 February 2009 11878:"'My Gun Was As Tall As Me': Summary" 11858:from the original on 27 November 2010 11767: 11561:Child Soldiers International (2012). 11461:from the original on 19 February 2018 11395:from the original on 19 February 2018 11207: 11181:Child Soldiers International (2008). 11150:Child Soldiers International (2018). 11131:from the original on 13 November 2008 10964:Human Rights Watch (September 2003). 10858:"Child Soldiers World Index: Bolivia" 10856:Child Soldiers International (2018). 10752:from the original on 15 November 2017 10729:https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2020-1325 10679:Child Soldiers International (2018). 10429:Child Soldiers International (2016). 10116: 9957: 9930:from the original on 29 November 2017 9926:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 9896:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 9669:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. 8602:from the original on 13 December 2017 8440: 8178:Child Soldiers International (2017). 8050: 8048: 8046: 7957:UN Secretary-General (23 June 2022). 7896:Child Soldiers International (2018). 7866:"International laws and child rights" 7864:Child Soldiers International (2017). 7513:Child Soldiers International (2016). 7478:Child Soldiers International (2018). 7421:Child Soldiers International (2012). 7385:Child Soldiers International (2017). 6680: 6401:Convention on the Rights of the Child 6238:Children in emergencies and conflicts 6090:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4846:many thousands every year. It noted: 4706:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4610:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4589:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4579:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4457: 4133: 4042:Convention on the Rights of the Child 3697:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 3374:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 236:Convention on the Rights of the Child 14721:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 14474:Human Rights Watch, "Child Soldiers" 14326:War Resisters International (2018). 14273:from the original on 16 January 2018 14176:from the original on 18 January 2018 14054:from the original on 7 December 2017 13995:from the original on 24 October 2015 13768:from the original on 20 October 2021 13682:from the original on 4 December 2017 13644:Roshchina, Olena (8 December 2022). 13517:"Child Soldiers World Index: France" 13409:"Child Soldiers World Index: Cyprus" 13331:from the original on 6 February 2018 13196: 13019: 12952:"Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008" 12906:from the original on 29 January 2019 12877:from the original on 16 October 2016 12839:"Assad Issues Law on Child Soldiers" 12601:Sengupta, Somini (4 February 2014). 12280: 12255:from the original on 2 January 2019. 12031: 11986:from the original on 8 February 2018 11956:from the original on 10 October 2012 11220:from the original on 30 January 2018 11072: 10740:Meldrum, Andrew (19 February 2003). 10717:from the original on 17 August 2016. 10472:from the original on 14 January 2018 10410:from the original on 14 January 2018 10277:Rakisits, Claude (1 December 2008). 10228:from the original on 29 January 2018 10013:from the original on 29 January 2018 9900:from the original on 31 January 2016 9848:from the original on 28 October 2010 9822:from the original on 26 October 2010 9581:from the original on 21 January 2018 9514:from the original on 30 January 2018 9415:from the original on 30 October 2016 9172: 8959:. Human Rights Watch. 28 July 2016. 8801:. Child Rights International Network 8410:Children, adolescents, and the media 8389:from the original on 31 January 2018 8325:. New York: Routledge. p. 154. 8139: 8093:from the original on 17 January 2018 8062:from the original on 19 January 2018 7935:from the original on 25 January 2018 7754:from the original on 6 February 2016 7734:Kucherenko, Olga (13 January 2011). 7712:from the original on 6 February 2016 7569:from the original on 25 January 2018 6748:Brett, Rachel; Specht, Irma (2004). 6581:from the original on 30 October 2016 6545:from the original on 12 January 2018 5391:, twin brothers who jointly led the 4840:Impact of Armed Conflict on Children 4821:Committee on the Rights of the Child 4799:US military commission at Guantanamo 4562: 4521:were given military drills, May 1942 4508: 4194:Committee on the Rights of the Child 4128: 3889:Slave marriages in the United States 3493:Human trafficking in the Middle East 16681:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 14602:The Child Soldiers of Staten Island 14495:Reference: Child soldiers worldwide 14227: 13271:from the original on 28 March 2019. 13184:from the original on 8 January 2019 12819:from the original on 23 August 2017 12579:from the original on 23 August 2017 12434:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2004" 12408:"Child soldiers in the firing line" 12212: 11824:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2004" 11447:US Army Recruiting Command (2011). 10681:"Child Soldiers World Index: Sudan" 10505:from the original on 20 August 2014 9842:"Khadr to return to Canada: lawyer" 9795:from the original on 2 October 2011 9621: 9611:from the original on 6 October 2014 9502:International Labour Organization. 9073:The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 8963:from the original on 21 August 2016 8563: 8524:"Shadow Report Child Soldiers 2020" 8412:(3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. 7789:Child Soldiers International p. 292 7777:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2004" 6841:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008" 6437: 6233:History of children in the military 5474:An Iranian child soldier after the 4915:History of children in the military 4874: 4530:recruits' pre-military experience. 4446: 4320: 4212:paramilitary organisations such as 4104:History of children in the military 3228:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 14726:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 14509:Child Soldiers Global Report: 2004 14504:Child Soldiers Global Report: 2001 14145:from the original on 31 March 2018 13589:from the original on 29 March 2018 13558:from the original on 29 March 2018 13527:from the original on 29 March 2018 13419:from the original on 29 March 2018 13388:from the original on 29 March 2018 13289:from the original on 2 April 2019. 13204:"Yemen's child soldiers go to war" 12276:from the original on 30 June 2018. 12225:from the original on 21 March 2018 12215:"Death Tolls of the Iran-Iraq War" 11907:Worsnip, Patrick (4 August 2009). 11846:Sengupta, Kim (24 December 2009). 11684:Hendren, John (14 February 2003). 11656:from the original on 25 March 2018 11629:from the original on 25 March 2018 11602:from the original on 14 March 2018 11575:from the original on 25 March 2018 11506:from the original on 25 March 2018 11428:from the original on 25 March 2018 11162:from the original on 29 March 2018 11060:from the original on 18 March 2010 11012:Bjørkhaug, Ingunn (28 June 2010), 10868:from the original on 30 March 2018 10815:from the original on 30 March 2018 10656:. pp. 315–320. Archived from 10590:from the original on 29 March 2018 10560:from the original on 29 March 2018 10401: 10201:from the original on 23 March 2018 10129:from the original on 23 March 2018 9483:from the original on 18 March 2018 9249:from the original on 30 March 2018 8043: 7908:from the original on 29 March 2018 7672:Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw, 7645:from the original on 21 March 2018 6466: 5692:2023 Trafficking in Persons Report 4412:The cultural normalization of war. 4369: 4271:and Palestine in the Middle East; 3882:last survivors of American slavery 25: 16843: 15215:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 14552:" (Uganda), forlife-worldwide.com 14462: 14115:from the original on 23 June 2011 13214:from the original on 3 April 2010 12165:, by Jan Palmowski (Oxford, 1997) 12142:Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century 11721:from the original on 2 April 2015 11542:from the original on 22 July 2014 10978:from the original on 5 March 2016 10941:. Canadian Forces. Archived from 10773:"National youth service training" 10691:from the original on 2 April 2018 10330:. UNICEF. April 1997. p. 8. 9874:from the original on 27 July 2012 9451:from the original on 7 March 2017 9364: 9182:British Army (13 December 2021). 8856:"Global Report on Child Soldiers" 8691:American Journal of Public Health 7484:Save the Children Resource Centre 6609:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6431:Free Children from War conference 6074: 6059:2008 poster by Rafaela Tasca and 5972: 5950:and 4 on territory controlled by 5284:Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria 5177:conflict against Comando Vermelho 5175:recruit children to fight in the 4953:Free Children from War conference 4583:Free Children from War conference 4474: 4399: 2843:Field slaves in the United States 2710:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 16708:International copyright treaties 15353: 15352: 15158:Myanmar civil war (2021–present) 14578:Ugandan army recruiting children 14380: 14350: 14319: 14254: 14221: 14157: 14127: 14097: 14033: 14007: 13980: 13954: 13928: 13897: 13871: 13840: 13809: 13787:British Army (11 January 2022). 13780: 13749: 13694: 13663: 13637: 13570: 13539: 13508: 13482: 13457: 13431: 13400: 13369: 13226: 13170: 13144: 13118: 13092: 13066: 13040: 13013: 12982: 12944: 12918: 12857: 12831: 12805: 12787: 12769: 12751: 12740: 12722: 12686: 12656: 12565: 12539: 12521: 12509:from the original on 25 May 2018 12494: 12468: 12449: 12400: 12377: 12354: 12345: 12315: 12206: 12193: 12135: 11900: 11870: 11839: 11787: 11761: 11733: 11703: 11677: 11668: 11641: 11614: 11587: 11554: 11473: 11440: 11407: 11383:"2015–16 Pocket Recruiter Guide" 11374: 11348: 11323: 11297: 11271: 11253: 11232: 11201: 11143: 11113: 11005: 10939:"Basic Eligibility Requirements" 10905: 10880: 10849: 10797: 10764: 10733: 10721: 10672: 10572: 10453: 10431:"Des Milliers de vies à réparer" 10367: 10270: 10213: 10183: 10165: 10110: 10064: 8957:"Children Detained in War Zones" 8117:"Facing Saddam's Child Soldiers" 7595:from the original on 23 May 2012 6958:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0600 6915:Boothby, N; et al. (2010). 6887:from the original on 8 July 2017 6108: 5671:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 5569:William O'Brien, a professor of 5430: 5314: 5007:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4900:United Nations Secretary-General 4249:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4159:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2720:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 2715:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 2544:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 2314: 317: 103:Rehabilitation and reintegration 37:Child Soldier in the Ivory Coast 15248:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 14085:from the original on 7 May 2017 13816:Docherty, Leo (14 April 2022). 12109:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 12043:. New York: Routledge. p. 10771:Solidarity Peace Trust (2003). 10148:United Nations Security Council 10117:Lynch, Colum (16 August 2017). 10082:(6): 1285–1297. November 2000. 9886: 9860: 9834: 9807: 9775: 9748: 9729: 9658: 9526: 9495: 9463: 9394: 9338:"Sexual harassment 2021 report" 9329: 9261: 9230: 9204: 9142:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2022-002149 9117: 9060: 9003: 8915: 8874: 8832: 8813: 8790: 8761: 8735: 8515: 8434: 8401: 8339: 8314: 8258: 8074: 8010: 7979: 7692:David M. Rosen (January 2005). 7607: 7471: 7441: 6990: 6475:Humphreys, Jessica Dee (2015). 6383:Related crimes against children 5809:Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) 5717: 4991:year, mostly attributed to the 4881:United Nations Security Council 4761:In the US, prosecutors charged 4568:Recruitment and use of children 4081:stress-related mental disorders 3670:Committee of Experts on Slavery 3221:East, Southeast, and South Asia 16770:List of international rankings 16744:Separation of church and state 15800:Candidacy for political office 14674: 14164:Eigen, L D (3 November 2009). 13904:Child Soldiers International. 12480:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 11768:Rogin, Josh (4 October 2011). 10491:Smith, David (16 March 2012). 9783:"USvKhadr Stipulation of Fact" 8211:. UNICEF. 2003. Archived from 7931:. United Nations. p. 41. 6629:10.1080/00963402.1997.11456787 6416:International humanitarian law 6079: 6038: 5918: 5803:), and Yemen to fight against 5751:(PUK) had recruited children. 5646: 5398: 5100:Sudan People's Liberation Army 5082:was also recruiting children. 4891:, was passed in 1999. In 2004 4806:The role of the United Nations 4729:Special Court for Sierra Leone 4719:Special Court for Sierra Leone 4517:Elementary school students in 4482:post-traumatic stress disorder 3369:Slave raiding in Easter Island 139:Post-traumatic stress disorder 13: 1: 15415:Adverse childhood experiences 14141:. New Zealand Defence Force. 13847:Docherty, Leo (16 May 2022). 12249:The Christian Science Monitor 10076:International Legal Materials 9844:. CBC News. 25 October 2010. 9755:Jane Sutton (9 August 2010). 9016:British Journal of Psychiatry 8455:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2 7250:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60354-2 6810:10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837 6517: 5653:Moro Islamic Liberation Front 5422: 5414: 5359:Child Soldiers Protection Act 4856:UN Commission on Human Rights 4828:UN Commission on Human Rights 4810: 4693: 4292:Moro Islamic Liberation Front 16094:Legality of assisted suicide 14788:International Criminal Court 14420:Child Soldiers International 14230:Spectacle Reality Resistance 13910:Child Soldiers International 12501:UN Security Council (2013). 10654:Child Soldiers International 10435:Child Soldiers International 10258:Child Soldiers International 9922:CBC News (27 October 2010). 9085:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100448 8533:. p. 24. Archived from 7898:"Child Soldiers World Index" 7449:"Child Soldiers World Index" 7207:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.023 6460:Life does not lose its value 6351:Child Soldiers International 6211:Child Soldiers International 6188:War Resisters' International 6025: 5749:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 5658: 5554: 5253: 4499: 4346:Child Soldiers International 4138:The adoption in 2000 of the 4121:Middle East. Only since the 3660:Temporary Slavery Commission 3321:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 175:Democratic Republic of Congo 7: 16227:Simulated child pornography 15188:Russian invasion of Ukraine 13701:Mordaunt, P (4 July 2016). 13583:childsoldiersworldindex.org 13552:childsoldiersworldindex.org 13521:childsoldiersworldindex.org 13413:childsoldiersworldindex.org 13382:childsoldiersworldindex.org 11156:childsoldiersworldindex.org 10862:childsoldiersworldindex.org 10685:childsoldiersworldindex.org 10437:(in French). Archived from 8246:. UN Security Council. 2023 8206:"Factsheet: Child Soldiers" 7902:childsoldiersworldindex.org 7387:"Where are child soldiers?" 6371:War Resisters International 6221: 6071:is difficult to influence. 5944:Justice for Peace at Donbas 5665:Child soldiers in Sri Lanka 5546: 5294: 5194: 5145: 5140: 5122: 5033:Union of Congolese Patriots 3680:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 2725:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 1736:Military–industrial complex 1215:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 16848: 16586:Legality of cryptocurrency 15923:Legal status of Mephedrone 15162:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 14612:International institutions 13756:Ofsted (20 October 2021). 13208:United Press International 12008:Child Labor: A Global View 9870:. CBC News. 20 July 2012. 9665:John-Peter., Pham (2005). 9270:Clinical Psychology Review 8887:International Organization 8266:"I wanted to take revenge" 8081:UNICEF (4 December 2017). 7297:10.1177/0095327x0503100206 7285:Armed Forces & Society 6651:International Organization 6479:. Toronto: Kids Can Press 6226: 6203: 6197: 6020: 5934: 5902: 5878: 5870: 5795:hired child soldiers from 5662: 5558: 5526: 5476:liberation of Khorramshahr 5455: 5382:Young Khmer Rouge fighters 5153: 5062: 5058: 5010: 4962: 4924: 4814: 4754: 4716: 4697: 4676: 4635: 4629: 4607: 4576: 4467: 4461: 4101: 4097: 3865:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 3702:Anti-Slavery International 3467:North Africa and West Asia 16764: 16716: 16659: 16594: 16547: 16487: 16457: 16417: 16380:Censorship of LGBT issues 16326: 16276: 16190: 16163: 16137: 16104: 16071: 15928:Legal status of Methylone 15891: 15792: 15623:Abusive power and control 15605: 15406: 15398: 15339: 15268: 15103: 15021: 14897: 14848:Joint criminal enterprise 14798: 14778:Responsibility to protect 14706: 14695: 14682: 14297:"Military Out of Schools" 14111:. Department of Defence. 12307:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10997:Thomas, Virginia (2008). 10842:27 September 2007 at the 10612:Hollingsworth, J (2013). 10088:10.1017/s0020782900009335 9987:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9741:23 September 2015 at the 9636:10.1163/18781527-00501008 9282:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009 9237:Canada, Statcan (2016). 9028:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.134627 8900:10.1017/s0020818312000409 7740:. OUP Oxford. p. 3. 7151:10.1007/s00127-016-1177-8 7041:10.1017/s0033291714002980 6664:10.1017/s0020818312000409 6512:Child Soldiers in Context 6306:Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh 6258:Stress in early childhood 6144: 6045:New Zealand Defence Force 5926: 5894: 5886: 5834: 5745:Tabura Zaroken Sehit Agit 5518: 5510: 5498:Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh 5269: 5182: 5162: 5109: 5065:Child soldiers in Somalia 4920: 4661:Limitations and loopholes 4464:Impact of war on children 3961:Emancipation Proclamation 3633:Opposition and resistance 3391:Sex trafficking in Europe 3379:Blackbirding in Polynesia 2942:Trans-Saharan slave trade 1800:Loss-of-strength gradient 657:Combat information center 16802:Children in the military 16562:Mergers and acquisitions 16430:Children in the military 16084:Law enforcement killings 15698:Psychological projection 15561:Referee and umpire abuse 14633: 14562:11 February 2017 at the 14538:", womennewsnetwork.net. 14479:UNICEF, "Child Soldiers" 12978:– via justice.gov. 12076:Rajaee, Farhang (1997). 10286:Refugee Survey Quarterly 9722:22 December 2008 at the 8839:Dallaire, Roméo (2011). 8703:10.2105/ajph.2009.183418 8321:Whitman, Shelly (2012). 7340:10.7205/milmed.170.8.705 7100:10.7205/milmed.171.2.157 6681:Dave., Grossman (2009). 6454:La vita non perde valore 6095: 6032:Australian Defence Force 5910: 5776: 5728:Kurdistan Workers' Party 5724:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 5676: 5637:Palestinian armed groups 5635:reiterated its calls to 5538: 5451: 5328:No Child Left Behind Act 5261: 5201:Colombian armed conflict 5085: 5042: 4959:Central African Republic 4927:Child soldiers in Africa 4844:psychiatrically injuring 4725:Sierra Leonean Civil War 4245:Central African Republic 4192:The United Nations (UN) 4155:Central African Republic 4087:, and violent behavior. 4026:Children in the military 3741:Compensated emancipation 2952:Indian Ocean slave trade 2118:Military science fiction 1603:Technology and equipment 1024:List of military tactics 170:Central African Republic 16688:Antarctic Treaty System 16402:Video gaming censorship 16351:Cartographic censorship 15810:Criminal responsibility 15315:Crimes against humanity 15153:Libyan civil war (2011) 15013:Wartime sexual violence 14961:Human trophy collecting 14946:Enforced disappearances 14522:Testimony and reportage 14514:Louder than words: 2012 14232:. London: ForcesWatch. 14215:13 October 2007 at the 14200:13 October 2007 at the 13323:United Nations (2018). 12393:30 October 2007 at the 10360:14 January 2018 at the 7678:6 February 2016 at the 6389:Trafficking of children 5998:Army Foundation College 5983:Army Foundation College 5858:(1851). Replica of the 5465: 5458:Child soldiers in India 5373: 5234: 4543:Army Foundation College 4222:terrorist organizations 3665:1926 Slavery Convention 3421:Germany in World War II 3038:North and South America 2560:Contract of manumission 2186:Wartime sexual violence 1942:Full-spectrum dominance 1753:Supply-chain management 16734:National legal systems 16301:International adoption 16079:Legality of euthanasia 14966:Indiscriminate attacks 14951:Extrajudicial killings 14822:Command responsibility 14468:Advocacy and campaigns 14358:"Stop Recruiting Kids" 14017:. 2016. Archived from 13469:www.lamarinerecrute.fr 13465:"Questions fréquentes" 11535:. Human Rights Watch. 10364:, UNICEF press release 10048:. 2000. Archived from 9958:Brett, Rachel (2005). 8930:. New York: Pantheon. 8922:Singer, Peter (2005). 7029:Psychological Medicine 6452: 6182: 6121: 6069:non-state armed groups 6063: 5986: 5867: 5771:People's Defense Units 5626: 5592: 5478: 5389:Johnny and Luther Htoo 5383: 5250: 5135:National Youth Service 5095: 5003: 4993:Lord's Resistance Army 4852: 4741: 4727:, the UN mandated the 4626:Children aged under 18 4604:Children aged under 15 4601: 4552: 4522: 4444: 4204:Non-state armed groups 4173:in Africa; Palestine, 4123:turn of the millennium 4034:non-state armed groups 3146:British Virgin Islands 2698:Circassian slave trade 2664:Safavid imperial harem 2659:Ottoman Imperial Harem 2098:Awards and decorations 2071:Peace through strength 2046:Low-intensity conflict 1680:Conscientious objector 1553:Area of responsibility 44: 16756:World Justice Project 16390:Television censorship 16334:Censorship by country 16182:Size of police forces 15668:Just-world hypothesis 15420:Anti-social behaviour 15286:List of global issues 15115:Gaza–Israel conflict 14941:Desecration of graves 14921:Collective punishment 14566:(Ukraine), jfp.org.ua 14267:Veterans For Peace UK 13670:British Army (2018). 12801:on 17 September 2023. 12736:on 13 September 2023. 12410:. BBC. 8 April 2001. 12295:World Affairs Journal 12174:Clodfelter, Micheal, 10460:UNICEF (5 May 2015). 9717:Crimes of War Project 9336:British army (2021). 8649:Gee, D.; Goodman, A. 8121:Brookings Institution 6168: 6116: 6058: 6006:report in July 2022. 5980: 5854: 5829:US Secretary of State 5736:Amnesty International 5633:Amnesty International 5601: 5587: 5571:Georgetown University 5473: 5381: 5245: 5093: 5051:Sao Tome and Principe 5001: 4848: 4815:Further information: 4737: 4713:Example: Sierra Leone 4698:Further information: 4636:Further information: 4597: 4547: 4516: 4494:anti-social behaviour 4462:Further information: 4439: 4421:Expectations that a " 4379:Psychological factors 4361:It is estimated that 4283:in Central Asia; and 4232:, and other types of 4185:in Central Asia; and 3385:Europe and North Asia 3345:Australia and Oceania 3045:Pre-Columbian America 2617:Slave raid of Suðuroy 2549:Slavery in al-Andalus 2471:Black Sea slave trade 2400:21st-century jihadism 690:Torpedo data computer 680:Ship gun fire-control 35: 16671:International waters 16385:Political censorship 16234:Internet pornography 15933:Legal status of MPDV 15847:Mandatory retirement 15703:Psychological trauma 15341:‡ Does not apply to 15320:Crimes of aggression 15302:international crimes 15200:Sri Lankan Civil War 15008:Use of human shields 14906:humanitarian workers 14550:Children of Karamoja 14387:New Profile (2004). 14295:ForcesWatch (2018). 14079:tbinternet.ohchr.org 12902:. 22 December 2016. 12765:on 20 February 2023. 12461:11 July 2007 at the 12440:on 17 December 2004. 12366:11 July 2007 at the 12272:. 30 November 2017. 11830:on 17 December 2004. 11449:"Recruiter handbook" 11360:www.lavanguardia.com 11240:"The World Factbook" 11189:on 23 September 2013 11127:. 22 February 2005. 11087:(Winter 2005–2006). 11022:10.2139/ssrn.1650250 10713:. 9 September 2015. 9607:. 30 November 2005. 9533:Geneva Call (2012). 8031:on 26 September 2018 7992:tbinternet.ohchr.org 7783:on 17 December 2004. 7682:Pan Books 2004 p.603 5967:occupied territories 5959:Defence Intelligence 5783:Radhika Coomaraswamy 5687:Syrian National Army 5442:United Wa State Army 5289:Beltrán Leyva Cartel 5248:Salvadoran Civil War 5080:Somali National Army 5029:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo 4415:Seeking new friends. 4354:UN Secretary General 4287:in South East Asia. 4230:liberation movements 4189:in South East Asia. 3840:Indentured servitude 3768:Underground Railroad 3568:United Arab Emirates 2957:Zanzibar slave trade 2924:By country or region 2737:Atlantic slave trade 2639:Ma malakat aymanukum 2523:Venetian slave trade 2216:Military occupations 2051:Military engineering 1953:Unrestricted Warfare 1810:Force multiplication 708:Military manoeuvrers 16807:Human rights abuses 16602:Corporal punishment 16579:Corporate liability 16459:Freedom of movement 16368:Internet censorship 16289:Minors and abortion 16089:Legality of suicide 16042:Psilocybin mushroom 15911:Alcohol consumption 15613:Abusive supervision 15541:Psychological abuse 15516:Institutional abuse 15178:Russo-Ukrainian War 14815:Civilian casualties 14534:23 May 2012 at the 14208:¶ 3183–3191 also ¶ 14042:"Children's Rights" 12535:on 1 November 2008. 12251:. 28 October 1987. 11748:US State Department 11267:on 1 November 2008. 11101:on 29 November 2008 10811:. 30 January 2018. 10785:on 5 September 2008 10586:. 30 January 2017. 9788:. 25 October 2010. 9711:12 May 2008 at the 9704:Lauren McCollough, 9130:BMJ Military Health 8843:. New York: Walker. 8572:on 13 December 2017 8503:on 15 November 2019 8127:on 12 February 2010 8115:(14 January 2003). 7195:Addictive Behaviors 6621:1997BuAtS..53f..32W 6462:), documentary film 6175:Jackson High School 5342:has not happened). 5035:and its armed wing 4983:In May 2015 at the 4835:UN General Assembly 4751:Example: Omar Khadr 4723:In the wake of the 4573:Definition of child 4226:guerrilla movements 4092:third-world nations 3926:Slave Route Project 3057:Americas indigenous 2947:Red Sea slave trade 2937:Contemporary Africa 2800:Topics and practice 2570:Crimean slave trade 2565:Bukhara slave trade 2518:Genoese slave trade 2395:Contemporary Africa 2375:Forced prostitution 1902:Penal military unit 1887:Rules of engagement 1563:Command and control 1188:Operations research 652:Director (military) 642:Fire-control system 412:Command and control 293:Part of a series on 16822:Military sociology 16817:Military personnel 16256:Child sexual abuse 15775:Lists of countries 15693:Playing the victim 15586:Surveillance abuse 15536:Professional abuse 15457:Cruelty to animals 15281:War crime apologia 15195:Second Chechen War 14898:War crimes by type 14858:Military necessity 14853:Medical neutrality 14771:Protocol II (1977) 14736:Geneva Conventions 14687:List of war crimes 14332:antimili-youth.net 14105:"Age & Gender" 13796:whatdotheyknow.com 13210:. 6 January 2010. 13001:on 29 October 2014 12608:The New York Times 12553:. 11 November 2004 12551:Human Rights Watch 12213:Kurzman, Charles. 11882:Human Rights Watch 11717:. 3 October 2008. 11715:Human Rights Watch 11125:Human Rights Watch 10945:on 13 October 2007 10892:outraspalavras.net 10441:on 15 January 2018 10383:. 12 February 2024 10298:10.1093/rsq/hdn054 10224:. United Nations. 10009:. United Nations. 9191:whatdotheyknow.com 8353:. 12 February 2015 8218:on 4 November 2004 8186:on 26 January 2018 8058:. United Nations. 7872:on 2 February 2018 7565:. United Nations. 7453:Dallaire Institute 7393:on 1 February 2018 6873:Machel, G (1996). 6847:on 10 October 2018 6448:, documentary film 6340:(documentary film) 6183: 6171:United States Army 6122: 6064: 5987: 5868: 5856:The brave Righetto 5848:during the 1990s. 5760:Human Rights Watch 5732:Human Rights Watch 5479: 5384: 5353:In 2008 President 5251: 5173:Brazilian militias 5096: 5004: 4970:The mainly Muslim 4554:Elevated rates of 4523: 4458:Impact on children 4425:" role provides a 4303:guerrilla movement 4243:in South America; 4150:younger children. 4134:State armed forces 4028:, including state 3707:Blockade of Africa 3014:Somali slave trade 2930:Sub-Saharan Africa 2622:Turkish Abductions 2580:Khivan slave trade 2575:Khazar slave trade 2528:Balkan slave trade 2486:Prague slave trade 2011:Counter-insurgency 1932:Command of the sea 1877:Jewish laws on war 1852:Geneva Conventions 1388:Divide and conquer 1183:Military operation 1148:Tactical objective 647:Fire-control radar 624:Electronic-warfare 45: 16784: 16783: 16703:Foreign ownership 16447:Human trafficking 16442:Same-sex marriage 16425:Children's rights 16217:Child pornography 16155:Life imprisonment 15741: 15740: 15718:Traumatic bonding 15366: 15365: 15335: 15334: 15276:War crimes trials 15104:War crimes by war 14893: 14892: 14873:Protected persons 14766:Protocol I (1977) 13968:. 3 February 2007 13859:on 16 August 2022 13828:on 16 August 2022 13267:. 27 March 2019. 13238:www.aljazeera.com 13180:. 3 August 2018. 12845:on 6 October 2014 12245:"Children at war" 11801:. 4 November 2019 11690:Los Angeles Times 11311:. 7 February 2020 11285:. 14 October 2021 11094:American Educator 10919:. 7 February 2022 9314:978-0-19-992826-2 8822:American Educator 8540:on 31 August 2022 8332:978-0-415-60075-0 7747:978-0-19-161099-8 7705:978-0-8135-3568-5 7459:on 19 August 2022 7327:Military Medicine 7243:(9870): 907–917. 7087:Military Medicine 6535:"Children at war" 6485:978-1-77138-126-0 6300:Himeyuri students 6243:Children's rights 5846:First Chechen War 5799:(especially from 5579:Molotov cocktails 5370:administrations. 5332:Children's rights 4563:International law 4556:sexual harassment 4509:Military training 4279:in Western Asia; 4198:military training 4181:in Western Asia; 4129:Current situation 4023: 4022: 3973:Freedmen's Bureau 3795:Third Servile War 3790:International law 3357:Human trafficking 3119:Human trafficking 2794:Thirteen colonies 2612:Sack of Baltimore 2380:Human trafficking 2289: 2288: 2181:Horses in warfare 2128:Anti-war movement 2031:Gunboat diplomacy 2021:Disaster response 1969:Philosophy of war 1964:Principles of war 1937:Deterrence theory 1882:Right of conquest 1805:Lanchester's laws 1573:Principles of war 1263:Counter-offensive 1248:Military campaign 1153:Target saturation 1076:Counterinsurgency 685:Gun data computer 619:Close air support 581:Aircraft carriers 288: 287: 231:Optional protocol 16:(Redirected from 16839: 16775:Lists by country 16629:Police brutality 16054:Salvia divinorum 15972:Amanita mushroom 15768: 15761: 15754: 15745: 15744: 15581:Structural abuse 15556:Police brutality 15462:Disability abuse 15393: 15386: 15379: 15370: 15369: 15356: 15355: 15297: 15296: 15205:Syrian civil war 15148:2006 Lebanon War 15111:Afghanistan wars 14863:Prisoners of war 14704: 14703: 14699:humanitarian law 14669: 14662: 14655: 14646: 14645: 14545:", ecmafrica.org 14456: 14453: 14436: 14435: 14433: 14431: 14422:. 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Archived from 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11097:. Archived from 11089:"Child Soldiers" 11081: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11065: 11050: 11041: 11040: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10977: 10970: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10924: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10853: 10847: 10834: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10809:My Zimbabwe News 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10784: 10778:. Archived from 10777: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10718: 10707: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10645: 10636: 10635: 10609: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10550: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10531:on 19 March 2014 10527:. Archived from 10521: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10380:Associated Press 10371: 10365: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10310: 10309: 10283: 10274: 10268: 10251: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10179:. 22 April 2004. 10169: 10163: 10160:S/RES/1261(1999) 10145: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10038: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10002: 9993: 9992: 9986: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9964: 9955: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9919: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9794: 9787: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9763:on 6 August 2018 9759:. Archived from 9752: 9746: 9733: 9727: 9702: 9689: 9688: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9630:(1–2): 213–257. 9620: 9618: 9616: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9566: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9547:on 22 March 2015 9546: 9540:. Archived from 9539: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9450: 9443: 9434: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9414: 9407: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9342: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9188: 9179: 9170: 9169: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9104: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9047: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8982: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8953: 8942: 8941: 8929: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8902: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8858:. Archived from 8851: 8845: 8844: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8774: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8722: 8682: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8662: 8656:. Archived from 8655: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8621: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8591: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8568:. Archived from 8564:Gee, D. (2008). 8561: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8539: 8528: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8499:. Archived from 8492: 8483: 8482: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8374: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8301: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8277: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8245: 8237: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8217: 8210: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8182:. Archived from 8175: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8156:on 25 March 2013 8146: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8123:. Archived from 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8052: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8030: 8024:. Archived from 8023: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7893: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7868:. Archived from 7861: 7850: 7849: 7823: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7779:. Archived from 7773: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7717: 7689: 7683: 7664: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7631: 7614: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7558: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7517:. Archived from 7510: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7455:. Archived from 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7425:. Archived from 7418: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7389:. Archived from 7382: 7361: 7360: 7342: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7252: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7190: 7181: 7180: 7170: 7145:(8): 1171–1180. 7130: 7121: 7120: 7102: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7035:(9): 1881–1891. 7023: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6977: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6912: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6886: 6879: 6870: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6843:. Archived from 6836: 6830: 6829: 6798:The RUSI Journal 6793: 6776: 6775: 6755: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6716: 6705: 6704: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6604: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6573: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6531: 6457: 6438:Documentary film 6356:Els de Temmerman 6318:Luftwaffenhelfer 6284:, Sierra Leonean 6155: 5963:Russian military 5860:Giovanni Strazza 5712:Syrian Civil War 5606:Israeli soldiers 5584: 5505:Syrian Civil War 5447: 5405:Afghan civil war 5280:Mexican drug war 5169:Comando Vermelho 5072:António Guterres 4947: 4875:Security Council 4733:humanitarian law 4593:Paris Principles 4470:Recruit training 4447:Military factors 4321:Global estimates 4015: 4008: 4001: 3985:Emancipation Day 3818: 3785:Slave Trade Acts 2476:Byzantine Empire 2318: 2291: 2290: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2036:Humanitarian aid 1974:Security dilemma 1795:Power projection 1578:Economy of force 1558:Chain of command 1273:Defence in depth 1258:Commerce raiding 1081:Defeat in detail 417:Defense ministry 321: 312: 311: 302: 290: 289: 280: 273: 266: 226:Paris Principles 62: 47: 46: 41:Gilbert G. Groud 21: 16847: 16846: 16842: 16841: 16840: 16838: 16837: 16836: 16797:Age and society 16787: 16786: 16785: 16780: 16779: 16760: 16729:Immigration law 16712: 16662: 16655: 16590: 16543: 16492: 16483: 16453: 16437:Intersex rights 16413: 16356:Film censorship 16339:Book censorship 16322: 16272: 16246:Sex trafficking 16186: 16159: 16133: 16100: 16067: 15952:Methamphetamine 15893: 15887: 15788: 15783:law enforcement 15772: 15742: 15737: 15713:Rationalization 15648:Destabilisation 15601: 15566:Religious abuse 15402: 15397: 15367: 15362: 15343:airborne forces 15331: 15310:Atrocity crimes 15295: 15264: 15099: 15024:committed by... 15023: 15017: 14926:Criminal orders 14889: 14868:Proportionality 14826:Superior orders 14794: 14731:Geneva Protocol 14698: 14691: 14678: 14673: 14636: 14614: 14564:Wayback Machine 14536:Wayback Machine 14524: 14497: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14459: 14454: 14439: 14429: 14427: 14426:on 8 March 2018 14416:"Reintegration" 14414: 14413: 14406: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14385: 14381: 14371: 14369: 14362:srkcampaign.org 14356: 14355: 14351: 14341: 14339: 14324: 14320: 14310: 14308: 14301:forceswatch.net 14293: 14286: 14276: 14274: 14259: 14255: 14240: 14228:Gee, D (2014). 14226: 14222: 14217:Wayback Machine 14204:website of the 14202:Wayback Machine 14193: 14189: 14179: 14177: 14162: 14158: 14148: 14146: 14139:Defence Careers 14133: 14132: 14128: 14118: 14116: 14103: 14102: 14098: 14088: 14086: 14071: 14067: 14057: 14055: 14051: 14044: 14038: 14034: 14024: 14022: 14021:on 8 March 2019 14013: 14012: 14008: 13998: 13996: 13985: 13981: 13971: 13969: 13960: 13959: 13955: 13945: 13943: 13934: 13933: 13929: 13919: 13917: 13902: 13898: 13888: 13886: 13877: 13876: 13872: 13862: 13860: 13845: 13841: 13831: 13829: 13814: 13810: 13800: 13798: 13791: 13785: 13781: 13771: 13769: 13754: 13750: 13740: 13738: 13730: 13729: 13722: 13712: 13710: 13709:on 8 March 2019 13699: 13695: 13685: 13683: 13668: 13664: 13654: 13652: 13642: 13638: 13628: 13626: 13622: 13615: 13609: 13602: 13592: 13590: 13575: 13571: 13561: 13559: 13544: 13540: 13530: 13528: 13513: 13509: 13499: 13497: 13488: 13487: 13483: 13473: 13471: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13448: 13446: 13443:www.sengager.fr 13437: 13436: 13432: 13422: 13420: 13405: 13401: 13391: 13389: 13374: 13370: 13360: 13358: 13349: 13348: 13344: 13334: 13332: 13321: 13312: 13299: 13298: 13294: 13281: 13280: 13276: 13264:TheGuardian.com 13257: 13256: 13252: 13242: 13240: 13232: 13231: 13227: 13217: 13215: 13202: 13201: 13197: 13187: 13185: 13176: 13175: 13171: 13161: 13159: 13150: 13149: 13145: 13135: 13133: 13124: 13123: 13119: 13109: 13107: 13098: 13097: 13093: 13083: 13081: 13072: 13071: 13067: 13057: 13055: 13046: 13045: 13041: 13031: 13029: 13018: 13014: 13004: 13002: 12987: 12983: 12973: 12971: 12970:on 28 June 2017 12967: 12954: 12950: 12949: 12945: 12935: 12933: 12924: 12923: 12919: 12909: 12907: 12898: 12897: 12890: 12880: 12878: 12874: 12867: 12863: 12862: 12858: 12848: 12846: 12837: 12836: 12832: 12822: 12820: 12811: 12810: 12806: 12793: 12792: 12788: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12745: 12741: 12728: 12727: 12723: 12710: 12709: 12705: 12692: 12691: 12687: 12677: 12675: 12662: 12661: 12657: 12647: 12645: 12636: 12635: 12628: 12618: 12616: 12599: 12592: 12582: 12580: 12571: 12570: 12566: 12556: 12554: 12545: 12544: 12540: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12512: 12510: 12499: 12495: 12485: 12483: 12474: 12473: 12469: 12463:Wayback Machine 12454: 12450: 12443: 12432: 12431: 12427: 12417: 12415: 12406: 12405: 12401: 12395:Wayback Machine 12383:Jihad Shomaly, 12382: 12378: 12368:Wayback Machine 12359: 12355: 12350: 12346: 12336: 12334: 12321: 12320: 12316: 12300: 12299: 12289: 12288: 12281: 12268: 12267: 12260: 12243: 12242: 12238: 12228: 12226: 12211: 12207: 12198: 12194: 12185: 12181: 12173: 12169: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12148: 12140: 12136: 12121: 12107: 12103: 12088: 12074: 12070: 12055: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12003: 11999: 11989: 11987: 11974: 11973: 11969: 11959: 11957: 11952:. 20 May 2008. 11944: 11943: 11932: 11922: 11920: 11905: 11901: 11891: 11889: 11876: 11875: 11871: 11861: 11859: 11852:The Independent 11844: 11840: 11833: 11822: 11821: 11814: 11804: 11802: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11778: 11776: 11766: 11762: 11752: 11750: 11743: 11739: 11738: 11734: 11724: 11722: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11694: 11692: 11682: 11678: 11673: 11669: 11659: 11657: 11646: 11642: 11632: 11630: 11619: 11615: 11605: 11603: 11592: 11588: 11578: 11576: 11572: 11565: 11559: 11555: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11532: 11526: 11519: 11509: 11507: 11496: 11489: 11478: 11474: 11464: 11462: 11458: 11451: 11445: 11441: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11418: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11385: 11379: 11375: 11365: 11363: 11354: 11353: 11349: 11339: 11337: 11329: 11328: 11324: 11314: 11312: 11303: 11302: 11298: 11288: 11286: 11277: 11276: 11272: 11259: 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11233: 11223: 11221: 11206: 11202: 11192: 11190: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11132: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11104: 11102: 11082: 11073: 11063: 11061: 11052: 11051: 11044: 11010: 11006: 10995: 10991: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10968: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10937: 10936: 10932: 10922: 10920: 10911: 10910: 10906: 10896: 10894: 10886: 10885: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10854: 10850: 10844:Wayback Machine 10835: 10828: 10818: 10816: 10803: 10802: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10755: 10753: 10738: 10734: 10726: 10722: 10709: 10708: 10704: 10694: 10692: 10677: 10673: 10663: 10661: 10660:on 2 April 2018 10646: 10639: 10624: 10610: 10603: 10593: 10591: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10552: 10551: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10523: 10522: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10489: 10485: 10475: 10473: 10458: 10454: 10444: 10442: 10427: 10423: 10413: 10411: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10373: 10372: 10368: 10362:Wayback Machine 10354: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10313: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10263:3 July 2007 at 10252: 10241: 10231: 10229: 10218: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10189: 10188: 10184: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10146: 10142: 10132: 10130: 10115: 10111: 10070: 10069: 10065: 10055: 10053: 10040: 10039: 10026: 10016: 10014: 10003: 9996: 9980: 9979: 9972: 9970: 9962: 9956: 9943: 9933: 9931: 9920: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9892: 9891: 9887: 9877: 9875: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9851: 9849: 9840: 9839: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9785: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9766: 9764: 9753: 9749: 9743:Wayback Machine 9734: 9730: 9724:Wayback Machine 9713:Wayback Machine 9703: 9692: 9677: 9663: 9659: 9614: 9612: 9599: 9598: 9594: 9584: 9582: 9567: 9560: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9531: 9527: 9517: 9515: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9435: 9428: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9405: 9401:UNICEF (2007). 9399: 9395: 9385: 9383: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9315: 9301: 9297: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9186: 9180: 9173: 9122: 9118: 9065: 9061: 9008: 9004: 8994: 8992: 8984: 8983: 8976: 8966: 8964: 8955: 8954: 8945: 8938: 8926:Children at War 8920: 8916: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8863: 8852: 8848: 8837: 8833: 8818: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8795: 8791: 8781: 8779: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8752: 8750: 8749:on 8 March 2019 8741: 8740: 8736: 8683: 8676: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8622: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8592: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8562: 8553: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8495:Medact (2018). 8493: 8486: 8439: 8435: 8420: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8375: 8366: 8356: 8354: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8319: 8315: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8275: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8176: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8148: 8147: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8054: 8053: 8044: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8017:UNICEF (2017). 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7961: 7955: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7894: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7862: 7853: 7838: 7824: 7793: 7786: 7775: 7774: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7748: 7732: 7728: 7715: 7713: 7706: 7690: 7686: 7680:Wayback Machine 7665: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7633: 7632: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7559: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7521:on 8 March 2019 7511: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7429:on 8 March 2019 7419: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7383: 7364: 7319: 7312: 7281: 7274: 7229: 7222: 7191: 7184: 7131: 7124: 7079: 7072: 7024: 7017: 7007: 7005: 6995: 6991: 6946:JAMA Psychiatry 6938: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6837: 6833: 6794: 6779: 6764: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6717: 6708: 6693: 6679: 6672: 6643: 6636: 6605: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6567:UNICEF (2007). 6565: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6533: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6492:ICCT & GCCS 6469: 6467:Further reading 6440: 6397: 6385: 6347: 6266: 6229: 6224: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6163: 6153: 6147: 6111: 6098: 6082: 6077: 6053: 6041: 6028: 6023: 5985:, Harrogate, UK 5975: 5937: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5837: 5779: 5720: 5679: 5667: 5661: 5649: 5631:On 23 May 2005 5582: 5567: 5559:Main articles: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5529: 5521: 5513: 5493:the age of 14. 5468: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5401: 5376: 5317: 5297: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5237: 5197: 5189:Canadian Forces 5185: 5165: 5156: 5148: 5143: 5125: 5112: 5088: 5067: 5061: 5053: 5045: 5015: 5009: 4985:Forum de Bangui 4967: 4961: 4945: 4929: 4923: 4911: 4902: 4893:Resolution 1539 4889:Resolution 1261 4877: 4868: 4854:Meanwhile, the 4823: 4813: 4808: 4759: 4753: 4721: 4715: 4702: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4663: 4644: 4634: 4628: 4616: 4608:Main articles: 4606: 4585: 4577:Main articles: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4511: 4502: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4449: 4427:rite of passage 4402: 4381: 4372: 4370:Driving factors 4323: 4210:non-state armed 4206: 4136: 4131: 4106: 4100: 4050:rite of passage 4019: 3990: 3989: 3894:Slave narrative 3850:Fugitive slaves 3830: 3822: 3821: 3812: 3780:Slave rebellion 3635: 3625: 3624: 3583: 3573: 3572: 3395:United Kingdom 3331:Yankee princess 2925: 2917: 2916: 2644:Avret Pazarları 2590:Avret Pazarları 2459:Medieval Europe 2425: 2415: 2414: 2353:Forced marriage 2328: 2285: 2256: 2255: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2093: 2083: 2082: 2056:Multilateralism 2041:Law enforcement 2001: 1991: 1990: 1959:Just war theory 1917: 1907: 1906: 1857:Geneva Protocol 1827: 1817: 1816: 1790: 1780: 1779: 1721: 1711: 1710: 1618: 1608: 1607: 1548: 1538: 1537: 1503: 1493: 1492: 1423:Network-centric 1343: 1333: 1332: 1240: 1230: 1229: 1178: 1168: 1167: 1116:Rapid dominance 1021: 1011: 1010: 966:Electromagnetic 875: 865: 864: 851: 804: 752: 728: 718: 717: 713:Combat training 694: 671: 637:Combat systems: 633: 595: 591:Auxiliary ships 557: 517: 513:Military police 479: 402: 392: 391: 331: 305: 304: 303: 298: 284: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16845: 16835: 16834: 16832:Slave soldiers 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16782: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16772: 16766: 16765: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16758: 16753: 16752: 16751: 16746: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16720: 16718: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16678: 16667: 16665: 16657: 16656: 16654: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16620: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16598: 16596: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16588: 16583: 16582: 16581: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16564: 16553: 16551: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16537:Riparian water 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16498: 16496: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16481: 16476: 16475: 16474: 16463: 16461: 16455: 16454: 16452: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16444: 16434: 16433: 16432: 16421: 16419: 16415: 16414: 16412: 16411: 16410: 16409: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16365: 16364: 16363: 16353: 16348: 16347: 16346: 16336: 16330: 16328: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16304: 16303: 16293: 16292: 16291: 16280: 16278: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16270: 16265: 16264: 16263: 16258: 16251:Sexual assault 16248: 16243: 16238: 16237: 16236: 16231: 16230: 16229: 16224: 16209: 16208: 16207: 16196: 16194: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16184: 16179: 16178: 16177: 16175:Prisoner abuse 16169: 16167: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16141: 16139: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16110: 16108: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16086: 16081: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16068: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16061: 16051: 16050: 16049: 16039: 16038: 16037: 16027: 16026: 16025: 16015: 16014: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15993: 15992: 15991: 15981: 15980: 15979: 15966: 15961: 15960: 15959: 15949: 15948: 15947: 15937: 15936: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15915: 15914: 15913: 15903: 15897: 15895: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15880: 15879: 15878: 15876:Youth suffrage 15873: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15854:School-leaving 15851: 15850: 15849: 15839: 15838: 15837: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15796: 15794: 15790: 15789: 15771: 15770: 15763: 15756: 15748: 15739: 15738: 15736: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15723:Victim blaming 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15653:Discrimination 15650: 15645: 15640: 15638:Dehumanization 15635: 15630: 15628:Child grooming 15625: 15620: 15618:Abuse of power 15615: 15609: 15607: 15606:Related topics 15603: 15602: 15600: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15546:Physical abuse 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15486: 15476: 15474:Domestic abuse 15471: 15470: 15469: 15467:military draft 15459: 15454: 15453: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15410: 15404: 15403: 15396: 15395: 15388: 15381: 15373: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15360: 15340: 15337: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15329: 15328: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15306: 15304: 15294: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15272: 15270: 15269:Related topics 15266: 15265: 15263: 15262: 15261: 15260: 15250: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15232: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15191: 15190: 15185: 15175: 15174: 15173: 15168: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15134: 15133: 15132: 15131: 15121: 15113: 15107: 15105: 15101: 15100: 15098: 15097: 15092: 15090:United Kingdom 15087: 15082: 15077: 15076: 15075: 15065: 15064: 15063: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15027: 15025: 15019: 15018: 15016: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14956:Hostage-taking 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14916:Child soldiers 14913: 14901: 14899: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14890: 14888: 14887: 14882: 14879:Ruse de guerre 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14837:Hors de combat 14833: 14828: 14819: 14818: 14817: 14810:non-combatants 14802: 14800: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14780: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14712: 14710: 14701: 14693: 14692: 14690: 14689: 14683: 14680: 14679: 14672: 14671: 14664: 14657: 14649: 14643: 14642: 14635: 14632: 14631: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14598: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14567: 14553: 14546: 14539: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14518: 14517: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14463:External links 14461: 14458: 14457: 14437: 14404: 14379: 14349: 14318: 14307:on 11 May 2017 14284: 14253: 14238: 14220: 14187: 14156: 14126: 14096: 14065: 14032: 14006: 13979: 13953: 13942:. 23 July 2019 13927: 13896: 13885:. 21 July 2022 13870: 13839: 13808: 13779: 13748: 13720: 13693: 13662: 13636: 13600: 13569: 13538: 13507: 13481: 13456: 13430: 13399: 13368: 13342: 13310: 13292: 13274: 13250: 13225: 13195: 13169: 13143: 13117: 13091: 13065: 13039: 13012: 12981: 12943: 12917: 12888: 12856: 12830: 12804: 12786: 12768: 12750: 12739: 12721: 12718:. 1 July 2021. 12703: 12685: 12674:on 9 July 2021 12655: 12626: 12590: 12564: 12538: 12520: 12493: 12467: 12448: 12444:(2.29 MB) 12425: 12399: 12376: 12370:translated by 12353: 12344: 12314: 12279: 12258: 12236: 12205: 12192: 12179: 12167: 12155: 12146: 12134: 12119: 12101: 12086: 12068: 12053: 12024: 12018:978-0313322778 12017: 11997: 11967: 11930: 11899: 11869: 11838: 11834:(2.29 MB) 11812: 11786: 11774:Foreign Policy 11760: 11732: 11702: 11676: 11667: 11640: 11613: 11586: 11553: 11517: 11487: 11472: 11439: 11406: 11373: 11347: 11322: 11296: 11270: 11252: 11231: 11200: 11173: 11142: 11112: 11071: 11042: 11004: 10989: 10956: 10930: 10917:odia.ig.com.br 10904: 10879: 10848: 10826: 10796: 10763: 10732: 10720: 10702: 10671: 10637: 10622: 10601: 10571: 10556:. Al Jazeera. 10542: 10516: 10483: 10452: 10421: 10394: 10366: 10348: 10311: 10292:(4): 108–122. 10269: 10239: 10212: 10182: 10164: 10140: 10123:Foreign Policy 10109: 10063: 10024: 9994: 9941: 9911: 9885: 9859: 9833: 9806: 9774: 9747: 9728: 9690: 9675: 9657: 9592: 9558: 9525: 9494: 9462: 9426: 9393: 9357: 9328: 9313: 9295: 9276:(7): 862–876. 9260: 9229: 9218:. 21 July 2022 9203: 9171: 9116: 9059: 9022:(5): 368–375. 9002: 8974: 8943: 8936: 8914: 8873: 8862:on 25 May 2019 8846: 8831: 8812: 8789: 8760: 8734: 8674: 8663:on 29 May 2018 8641: 8613: 8583: 8551: 8514: 8484: 8449:(4): 417–463. 8433: 8418: 8400: 8364: 8338: 8331: 8313: 8286: 8257: 8229: 8197: 8167: 8138: 8104: 8073: 8042: 8009: 7978: 7966:United Nations 7946: 7919: 7883: 7851: 7836: 7791: 7787:(2.29 MB) 7765: 7746: 7726: 7704: 7684: 7656: 7615: 7606: 7580: 7532: 7496: 7470: 7440: 7404: 7362: 7333:(8): 705–709. 7310: 7291:(2): 273–295. 7272: 7220: 7201:(6): 608–614. 7182: 7122: 7093:(2): 157–160. 7070: 7015: 6989: 6952:(7): 741–749. 6929: 6898: 6858: 6831: 6777: 6762: 6737: 6731:978-0275983024 6730: 6706: 6691: 6670: 6634: 6592: 6556: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6508: 6498: 6487: 6473: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6449: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6366:Romeo Dallaire 6363: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6333: 6330:Dominic Ongwen 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6198:Main article: 6195: 6192: 6162: 6159: 6146: 6143: 6110: 6107: 6097: 6094: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6075:Recent history 6073: 6052: 6049: 6040: 6037: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 5974: 5973:United Kingdom 5971: 5936: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5836: 5833: 5823:In June 2019, 5778: 5775: 5719: 5716: 5678: 5675: 5663:Main article: 5660: 5657: 5648: 5645: 5585:October 2000: 5575:First Intifada 5556: 5553: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5509: 5467: 5464: 5456:Main article: 5453: 5450: 5432: 5429: 5424: 5421: 5416: 5413: 5400: 5397: 5375: 5372: 5355:George W. Bush 5316: 5313: 5296: 5293: 5271: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5252: 5236: 5233: 5196: 5193: 5184: 5181: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5124: 5121: 5111: 5108: 5087: 5084: 5063:Main article: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5041: 5011:Main article: 5008: 5005: 4963:Main article: 4960: 4957: 4925:Main article: 4922: 4919: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4783:Guantanamo Bay 4755:Main article: 4752: 4749: 4717:Main article: 4714: 4711: 4695: 4692: 4677:Main article: 4674: 4671: 4662: 4659: 4630:Main article: 4627: 4624: 4605: 4602: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4519:Imperial Japan 4510: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4486:depressed mood 4476: 4475:Armed conflict 4473: 4459: 4456: 4448: 4445: 4431: 4430: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4401: 4400:Social factors 4398: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4322: 4319: 4294:(MILF) in the 4236:organisation. 4234:quasi-military 4208:These include 4205: 4202: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4102:Main article: 4099: 4096: 4069:United Kingdom 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3872:List of slaves 3869: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3590: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3416:Dutch Republic 3413: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3284: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2875:Child soldiers 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784:Spanish Empire 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2764:Middle Passage 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2585:Ottoman Empire 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2405:Sexual slavery 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2363:Child marriage 2360: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2338:Child soldiers 2335: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2221:Military terms 2218: 2213: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1979:Tripwire force 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1504: 1501:Administrative 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1428:New generation 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1403:Fleet in being 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1344: 1341:Grand strategy 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1328:Scorched earth 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1205:Deep operation 1202: 1197: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1031: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1006:Unconventional 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 954: 952:Disinformation 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 923: 922: 917: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 876: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 857: 850: 849: 848: 847: 846: 845: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 803: 802: 801: 800: 799: 798: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 751: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 729: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 710: 705: 703:Basic training 700: 693: 692: 687: 682: 677: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 632: 631: 629:Reconnaissance 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 556: 555: 550: 548:Special forces 545: 540: 539: 538: 528: 523: 516: 515: 510: 505: 503:Reconnaissance 500: 495: 490: 485: 478: 477: 468: 463: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 403: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 388: 387: 382: 372: 371: 370: 365: 355: 354: 353: 346:Post-classical 343: 338: 332: 327: 326: 323: 322: 314: 313: 295: 294: 286: 285: 283: 282: 275: 268: 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 246: 245: 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 228: 220: 219: 215: 214: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 149: 148: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 113: 112: 108: 107: 106: 105: 100: 95: 90: 89: 88: 83: 76:Child soldiers 70: 69: 65: 64: 61:Child soldiers 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16844: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16812:Military life 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16794: 16792: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16767: 16763: 16757: 16754: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16739:Religious law 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16724:Animal rights 16722: 16721: 16719: 16715: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16676:Admiralty law 16674: 16673: 16672: 16669: 16668: 16666: 16664: 16661:International 16658: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16593: 16587: 16584: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16572: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16558: 16555: 16554: 16552: 16550: 16546: 16538: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16499: 16497: 16495: 16490: 16486: 16480: 16477: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16468: 16465: 16464: 16462: 16460: 16456: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16439: 16438: 16435: 16431: 16428: 16427: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16416: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16374: 16371: 16370: 16369: 16366: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16325: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16313:Sterilization 16311: 16309: 16308:Human cloning 16306: 16302: 16299: 16298: 16297: 16294: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16285: 16282: 16281: 16279: 16275: 16269: 16266: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16253: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16235: 16232: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16218: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16210: 16206: 16203: 16202: 16201: 16198: 16197: 16195: 16193: 16189: 16183: 16180: 16176: 16173: 16172: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16150:Incarceration 16148: 16146: 16145:Death penalty 16143: 16142: 16140: 16136: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16103: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16076: 16074: 16070: 16060: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16052: 16048: 16045: 16044: 16043: 16040: 16036: 16033: 16032: 16031: 16028: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16016: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15998: 15997: 15994: 15990: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15978: 15975: 15974: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15968:Psychedelics 15967: 15965: 15962: 15958: 15955: 15954: 15953: 15950: 15946: 15943: 15942: 15941: 15938: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15920: 15919: 15916: 15912: 15909: 15908: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15890: 15884: 15881: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15864: 15860: 15857: 15856: 15855: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15840: 15836: 15833: 15832: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15784: 15780: 15776: 15769: 15764: 15762: 15757: 15755: 15750: 15749: 15746: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15728:Victimisation 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15608: 15604: 15599: 15598: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15481: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15394: 15389: 15387: 15382: 15380: 15375: 15374: 15371: 15359: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15344: 15338: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15311: 15308: 15307: 15305: 15303: 15298: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15273: 15271: 15267: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15254: 15253:Yugoslav Wars 15251: 15249: 15246: 15242: 15241: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15183:War in Donbas 15181: 15180: 15179: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15130: 15127: 15126: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15116: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15102: 15096: 15095:United States 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15074: 15071: 15070: 15069: 15066: 15062: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15020: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14982: 14981:Mass killings 14979: 14978: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14936:Death marches 14934: 14932: 14931:Death flights 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14896: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14880: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14838: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14823: 14820: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14807: 14804: 14803: 14801: 14797: 14789: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14761:Fourth (1949) 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14751:Second (1949) 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14709: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697:International 14694: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14681: 14677: 14670: 14665: 14663: 14658: 14656: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14641: 14638: 14637: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14607: 14603: 14599: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14565: 14561: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14540: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14526: 14525: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14498: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14452: 14450: 14448: 14446: 14444: 14442: 14425: 14421: 14417: 14411: 14409: 14390: 14383: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14353: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14322: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14291: 14289: 14272: 14268: 14264: 14257: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14239:9780993095504 14235: 14231: 14224: 14218: 14214: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14196: 14191: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14160: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14130: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14100: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14069: 14050: 14043: 14036: 14020: 14016: 14010: 13994: 13990: 13983: 13967: 13963: 13957: 13941: 13940:Politics Home 13937: 13931: 13915: 13911: 13907: 13900: 13884: 13880: 13874: 13858: 13854: 13853:parliament.uk 13850: 13843: 13827: 13823: 13822:parliament.uk 13819: 13812: 13797: 13790: 13783: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13752: 13737: 13733: 13727: 13725: 13708: 13704: 13697: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13666: 13651: 13647: 13640: 13621: 13614: 13607: 13605: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13573: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13542: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13511: 13495: 13491: 13485: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13444: 13440: 13434: 13418: 13414: 13410: 13403: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13372: 13356: 13352: 13346: 13330: 13326: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13306: 13302: 13296: 13288: 13284: 13278: 13270: 13266: 13265: 13260: 13254: 13239: 13235: 13229: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13199: 13183: 13179: 13173: 13157: 13153: 13147: 13131: 13127: 13121: 13105: 13101: 13095: 13079: 13075: 13069: 13053: 13049: 13043: 13027: 13023: 13016: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12985: 12966: 12962: 12961: 12953: 12947: 12931: 12927: 12921: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12893: 12873: 12866: 12860: 12844: 12840: 12834: 12818: 12814: 12808: 12800: 12796: 12790: 12782: 12778: 12772: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12748: 12743: 12735: 12731: 12725: 12717: 12713: 12707: 12700:. 8 May 2020. 12699: 12695: 12689: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12659: 12643: 12639: 12633: 12631: 12614: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12597: 12595: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12552: 12548: 12542: 12534: 12530: 12524: 12508: 12504: 12497: 12482:. 29 May 2023 12481: 12477: 12471: 12464: 12460: 12457: 12452: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12413: 12409: 12403: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12386: 12380: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12362: 12357: 12348: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12318: 12310: 12304: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12284: 12275: 12271: 12265: 12263: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12240: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12209: 12203:(1997) p. 195 12202: 12196: 12189: 12183: 12177: 12171: 12164: 12159: 12150: 12143: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12120:9781598843361 12116: 12112: 12105: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12087:9780813014760 12083: 12079: 12072: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12054:9780415904063 12050: 12046: 12041: 12040: 12034: 12028: 12020: 12014: 12010: 12009: 12001: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11971: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11903: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11873: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11842: 11829: 11825: 11819: 11817: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11775: 11771: 11764: 11749: 11742: 11736: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11691: 11687: 11680: 11671: 11655: 11651: 11644: 11628: 11624: 11617: 11601: 11597: 11590: 11571: 11564: 11557: 11538: 11531: 11524: 11522: 11505: 11501: 11494: 11492: 11483: 11476: 11457: 11450: 11443: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11391: 11384: 11377: 11361: 11357: 11351: 11336: 11332: 11326: 11310: 11306: 11300: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11256: 11241: 11235: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11188: 11184: 11177: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11100: 11096: 11095: 11090: 11086: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11047: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11008: 11000: 10993: 10974: 10971:. p. 4. 10967: 10960: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10918: 10914: 10908: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10852: 10845: 10841: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10706: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10675: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10644: 10642: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10623:9781443845137 10619: 10615: 10608: 10606: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10547: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10487: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10425: 10409: 10405: 10398: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10370: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10333: 10326: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10265:archive.today 10262: 10259: 10255: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10144: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10113: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10052:on 2 May 2013 10051: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9999: 9990: 9984: 9968: 9961: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9929: 9925: 9918: 9916: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9821: 9817: 9810: 9791: 9784: 9778: 9762: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9732: 9726:10 March 2008 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9676:9781594546716 9672: 9668: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9563: 9543: 9536: 9529: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9479: 9472: 9466: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9431: 9411: 9404: 9397: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9365:Whyte, Lara. 9361: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9243:statcan.gc.ca 9240: 9233: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9176: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9006: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8939: 8937:9780375423499 8933: 8928: 8927: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8893:(1): 65–104. 8892: 8888: 8884: 8877: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8800: 8793: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8679: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8633: 8629: 8628: 8620: 8618: 8601: 8597: 8590: 8588: 8571: 8567: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8536: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8489: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8419:9781412999267 8415: 8411: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8298: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8214: 8207: 8201: 8185: 8181: 8174: 8172: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8143: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8113:Singer, P. W. 8108: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8027: 8020: 8013: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7951: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7837:9780804774512 7833: 7829: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7730: 7723: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7688: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7667:Norman Davies 7663: 7661: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7315: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7277: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7225: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7187: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7127: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7075: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7020: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6934: 6918: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6763:9781588262615 6759: 6754: 6753: 6744: 6742: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6692:9780316040938 6688: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6665: 6660: 6657:(1): 65–104. 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6639: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6544: 6540: 6539:History Extra 6536: 6530: 6528: 6523: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6506:9789386457523 6503: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6288:Calvin Graham 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248:Child slavery 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6158: 6151: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6119: 6115: 6109:2000s–present 6106: 6104: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6072: 6070: 6062: 6061:Carlos Latuff 6057: 6048: 6046: 6036: 6033: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5979: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5932: 5924: 5916: 5908: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5865: 5864:Palazzo Litta 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5841: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5758:In 2016, the 5756: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618:Islamic Jihad 5615: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5534: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486:Iran–Iraq War 5482: 5477: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5431:Burma/Myanmar 5428: 5420: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5315:United States 5312: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5259: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5151: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5127:In 2003, the 5120: 5117: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5056: 5048: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5014: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4951:In 2007, the 4949: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4931:In 2003, the 4928: 4918: 4916: 4906: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4803: 4800: 4797:wrote to the 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4471: 4465: 4455: 4452: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4364: 4363:girl soldiers 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4114:human shields 4111: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4085:alcohol abuse 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4052:to maturity. 4051: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038:human shields 4035: 4031: 4027: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916:Slave catcher 3914: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3845:Forced labour 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 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