610:
375:
633:) and sometimes willingly performed military missions such as reconnaissance. Officially, the age of military conscription was lowered to 18 for those without secondary education and 19 for those with higher education. In 1943 and 1944, 16â17 years old boys (born 1926â27), many from Central Asia, were conscripted. These soldiers served in secondary units, not combat. Many were sent to the Far East, to replace units sent to the German front. After training and coming of age, these males were sent to the front too.
457:
356:. Even at the onset of war, the Hitler Youth totalled 8.8 million members. Numbers decreased significantly (to just over one million) once the war began, as many local and district leaders were conscripted for the national army. The previous average age for local and district leaders was 24, but following the onset of war, this had to change to those who were 16 and 17 years of age. These youths were in command of up to 500 boys.
270:
521:. This mobilization was conducted by the ordinance of the Ministry of Army, not by law. The ordinances mobilized the student for a volunteer soldier for form's sake. However, in reality, the military authorities ordered schools to force almost all students to "volunteer" for soldiers. Sometimes they counterfeited the necessary documents of students. And student soldiers "
653:, called for men between the ages of 17 and 65 for Home Guard duty, so it was voluntarily undertaken by those of the younger age. Initially a rag-tag militia, the Home Guard and its young volunteers became well-equipped and well-trained. More than 1,200 Home Guard men died as a result of German bombings.
532:
in June 1945, the
Japanese government enacted new laws in preparation for the decisive battles in the main islands. They were the laws that made it possible boys aged 15 or older and girls aged 17 or older to be conscripted into the army for actual battles. Those who tried to escape the call-up were
424:
Towards the end of the war, the
Germans established an entire SS Panzer Division with the majority of its recruits being 16- and 17-year-old boys from the Hitler Youth brigades. In the 1st Battalion over 65% were under 18 years old, and only 3% were over 25. There were more than 10,000 boys in this
389:
Huge numbers of underage males were removed from school in early 1945, and sent on what were essentially suicide missions. Hitler Youth activities often included learning to throw grenades and dig trenches, bayonet drills and escaping under barbed wire under pistol fire; the boys were encouraged to
661:
In World War II, the US only allowed men and women 18 years or older to be drafted or enlisted into the armed forces, although 17-year-olds were allowed to enlist with parental consent, and women were not allowed in armed conflict. Some successfully lied about their age. The youngest member of the
393:
The boys of Hitler Youth first saw action following the
British air raids in Berlin in 1940. Later, in 1942, the WehrertĂŒchtigungslager or WEL (Defense Strengthening Camps) were created in Germany; they were designed to train Hitler Youth boys aged 16â18. They learned how to handle German infantry
813:
does not prohibit children in being prosecuted for war crimes they committed, although article 37 of the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child does limit the punishment a child can receive. This includes "neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release
808:
Following the creation of the United
Nations in 1945, and subsequent international conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, child rights have been notably asserted and protected. Immediately following World War II, children involved in armed conflict were not
390:
find these activities exhilarating and exciting. The Hitler Youth was essentially an army of fit, young
Germans that Hitler had created, trained to fight for their country. They had the "choice" either to follow Nazi party orders or to face trial with the possibility of execution.
574:
The
Zionist groups' focus changed with the onset of war. Before the war, they focused on social and ideological development. Feeling a higher sense of responsibility to their people during the war, they set out to educate their people by setting up underground schools in ghettos.
436:
was established later in World War II as
Germany suffered more casualties, and more young people "volunteered", initially as reserves, but soon joined front line troops. These children saw extensive action and were among the fiercest and most effective German defenders in the
649:") when it was formed in 1940 in preparation for a German invasion and as a "last line of defense". On 27 September 1942, the minimum age for entry into the Home Guard was lowered to 16, provided that there was parental consent. The Secretary of State for War,
785:(UNICEF) defines a child soldier as "any child â boy or girl â under eighteen years of age, who is part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity". This age limit of 18 is relatively new, only introduced in 2002 under the
777:
in 1989 was the first time that any formal commitment was entered into that specified, protected and realised the human rights of a child. This
Convention sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children.
840:
There were some cases from World War II, where children were prosecuted of war crimes for actions undertaken during the war. Two 15-year-old ex-Hitler Youth were convicted of violating laws of war, by being party to a shooting of a
825:(ICC), which was adopted in 1998, and came into force in 2002, "Conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into the national armed forces or using them to participate actively in hostilities" is a war crime.
416:). Avoiding direct armed conflict, their primary role was to produce healthy, racially pure baby boys. They were also required to run 60 metres in 14 seconds, throw a ball at least 12 metres, march for 2 hours and swim 100 metres.
1598:
730:. Despite this attempt to protect children's rights, stating they must be "protected against every form of exploitation," the rise of fascism that led to the start of World War II left millions of children again unprotected â
682:
From 1939, Polish youth created multiple resistance organisations. Children also joined military organisations despite the age limit, where they acted as liaison or distributor. Children also fought in extreme situations like
506:, Japanese military authorities also trained young teenagers to fight the enemy with bamboo spears and other (often poorly) improvised weapons. Some Japanese children aged 17 years volunteered to be Kamikaze suicide pilots.
717:
The legality of the use of children in armed conflicts, as soldiers or in other capacities, has changed significantly in the last century. During both world wars, the legal framework was under-developed. Following
475:
Children as young as 8 were reported as having been captured by
American troops, with boys aged 12 and under manning artillery units. Girls were also being placed in armed combat, operating anti-aircraft, or
832:
and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or armed groups, those children accused of war crimes, should primarily be treated as victims and treated in accordance with international law under
742:
The lack of legal protection for children in times of war, which allows for their exploitation, can be linked to the lack of a universally recognised definition of a child during World War II.
1595:
765:
occurred. No legal limits excluded children being involved in armed conflicts, nor was there any definition of what a child was in relation to their ability to be involved in conflicts.
204:
609:
1132:
1085:
786:
1796:
163:
1182:
1108:
1062:
183:
1551:
148:
567:
Leaders of the Zionist Youth Movement who fled returned to Warsaw through a sense of responsibility as local leaders, for both youth in general and the wider
291:
536:
The Japanese surrender, however, had forestalled the Allied invasion of the Japanese main islands, and therefore rendered these child soldiers unnecessary.
925:
909:
996:
947:
76:
601:
of 1943. Unlike many other instances of the use of child soldiers, participation of children in this armed resistance is usually regarded positively.
394:
weaponry, including hand grenades, machine guns and hand pistols. By 1943, Hitler Youth boys were facing the forces of Britain, the United States and
793:, the 1977 Additional Protocols, and the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, all set 15 as the minimum age to participate in armed conflict.
621:
A number of child soldiers served in the Soviet Union's armed forces during World War II. In some cases, orphans also unofficially joined the Soviet
1527:
1155:
1024:
970:
888:
1768:
1823:
1668:
1262:
590:) in France, created in 1942, an armed Jewish resistance in Western Europe. They took part in the 1944 uprisings against the Germans in Paris.
143:
1409:
727:
745:
Prior to the creation of the United Nations during World War II, protection of child welfare was predominantly embodied in the laws of war,
1359:
1449:
1286:
552:
simply to survive. Most Jewish resistance took place after 1942 when the Nazi atrocities became clear. Many Polish political leaders fled
1574:
1238:
1208:
374:
278:
1129:
1082:
829:
691:. In November 1942 age ranges were put in place: school of military support, 12 to 15 years; 16â18 years also in military support,
251:
1881:
1745:
1644:
571:
community. More than 100,000 young Jews participated in resistance youth movements, despite the Germans outlawing such activity.
754:
In relation to protecting the rights of children involved in conflict, however, this concept failed to address the concept of a
1851:
1692:
1789:
1386:
472:
was formed ("Volkssturm") in anticipation of an Allied invasion. Men of all ages, from 16â60 were conscripted into this army.
209:
178:
1179:
1105:
1059:
429:
1596:"The Beautiful Soldiers: A piece on child soldiers, humanitarian law and a critique of modernityâs discourse of childhood"
1703:
1310:
864:
774:
614:
54:
1722:
1621:
1548:
1856:
1503:
1871:
782:
549:
199:
1335:
582:
resistance, determining political and social action underground. Youth of the Zionist resistance were part of the
1876:
1431:
1846:
168:
112:
993:
944:
822:
244:
1524:
1407:"THE 32ND STAFFORDSHIRE (ALDRIDGE) BATTALION 1940â1944: TIMELINE 1938â1945 â KEY DATES OF THE HOME GUARD"
642:
401:
Even younger boys from the ages of 10â14 years could be involved in the Hitler Youth movement, under the
1834:, Borken, Germany, 21â22 Dec 1945, 11 L REP. Trials of War Crimes 74 (1949). Retrieved on 27 April 2015.
1152:
1044:
1021:
967:
885:
138:
556:
at the onset of war, and those who remained were generally executed, jailed or forced to serve on the
1820:
1765:
1446:
173:
158:
71:
1665:
1549:"International Laws Concerning the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers and the Case of Omar Khadr"
1259:
1406:
854:
712:
133:
49:
1470:
761:
Furthermore, there was essentially no criminal culpability placed on the child where a breach of
408:
Girls were also involved in Hitler Youth Operations, although in a limited capacity, through the
283:
237:
153:
102:
25:
1356:
525:" were killed such as in suicide attacks against a tank with bombs and in guerrilla operations.
409:
352:
Germany that physically trained youth and indoctrinated them with Nazi ideology to the point of
1571:
1283:
663:
598:
510:
413:
316:
1790:"The Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children associated with armed forces or armed groups"
529:
518:
1235:
1205:
801:
It is a contentious issue whether children should be able to be prosecuted for committing
8:
834:
809:
able to be prosecuted, as the legislative instruments did not exist to do so. Currently,
402:
107:
97:
1742:
1641:
859:
810:
790:
723:
703:. There were few well-known children aged below 14 who took part in military fights.
684:
503:
1689:
1383:
837:, rehabilitation that is consistent with child protection treaties and principles.
626:
594:
490:
438:
1827:
1772:
1749:
1726:
1707:
1696:
1672:
1648:
1625:
1602:
1578:
1555:
1536:
Children's Rights in Wales: United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child
1531:
1507:
1413:
1390:
1363:
1314:
1290:
1266:
1242:
1212:
1186:
1159:
1136:
1112:
1089:
1066:
1028:
1000:
974:
951:
892:
842:
814:
shall be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age".
688:
92:
692:
557:
514:
33:
1700:
1307:
359:
Near the end of the war, one Hitler Youth soldier, Heinz Shuetze aged 15 from
1865:
1719:
1618:
1453:
755:
731:
667:
646:
545:
456:
59:
699:, liaison office and reconnaissance; older had military training and joined
445:
beaches, the division suffered 60% casualties, most of whom were teenagers.
1500:
1433:
Children at War: Underage Americans Illegally Fighting the Second World War
818:
762:
747:
650:
433:
341:
312:
225:
66:
480:, guns alongside boys. Children commonly served in auxiliary roles in the
1743:"A Summary of the Rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child"
926:"Revealed: The Tragedy of the Nazi Child soldiers rounded up from school"
910:"Revealed: The Tragedy of the Nazi Child soldiers rounded up from school"
719:
696:
583:
364:
320:
1331:
1236:"Jewish Youth Movements in Wartime Poland: From Minority to Leadership"
1130:"World War II: 12th SS HitlerJugend Panzer Division Fought in Normandy"
1083:"World War II: 12th SS HitlerJugend Panzer Division Fought in Normandy"
802:
469:
461:
460:
2cm-antiaircraft gun with Hitler Youth (Flakhelfer â born 1927) on the
379:
353:
700:
625:. Such children were affectionately known as "sons of the regiment" (
622:
442:
671:
360:
269:
845:. The youths' age was a mitigating factor in their sentencing.
579:
568:
553:
383:
1690:"The Military Trial of Omar Khadr: Child Soldiers and the Law"
787:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
674:, and his real age was not known until after he was wounded.
395:
349:
1583:
International Committee of the Red Cross: Resource Centre
641:
In the United Kingdom, boys of 17 were accepted into the
368:
796:
1766:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
371:uniform and directed to the front lines to fight.
1863:
670:. He lied about his age when he enlisted in the
1501:"Geneva Declaration on the Rights of the Child"
363:, was only given a half-day of training with a
1180:"Child soldiers are unfortunately nothing new"
1106:"Child Soldiers Are Unfortunately Nothing New"
1060:"Child Soldiers Are Unfortunately Nothing New"
768:
728:Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child
245:
1258:International School for Holocaust Studies.
1332:"Last war draft. Russian Gazette, May 2012"
451:
378:16-year-old Willi HĂŒbner being awarded the
1821:"Trial of Johannes Oenning & Emil Nix"
1572:"What are Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum?"
252:
238:
1429:
464:Berlin-Gesundbrunnen (Humboldthain), 1943
315:, children frequently fought in both the
218:Movement to end the use of child soldiers
1720:"Conventions on the Rights of the Child"
737:
608:
455:
373:
348:) was established as an organization in
294:of all important aspects of the article.
1619:"Conventions on the Right of the Child"
773:The introduction of the United Nations
548:, Jews of all ages participated in the
513:mobilized students aged 14â17 years in
502:In anticipation of the possible Allied
1864:
1802:from the original on 23 September 2015
1447:"Interesting Facts About World War II"
331:
290:Please consider expanding the lead to
1857:Convention on the rights of the child
1496:
1494:
1378:
1376:
1338:from the original on 13 February 2018
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1201:
1199:
1174:
1172:
210:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1525:"History of childrenâs human rights"
1284:"Child soldiers: Victims or heroes?"
1206:"Armed Jewish Resistance: Partisans"
1017:
1015:
1013:
989:
987:
940:
938:
881:
879:
539:
419:
263:
865:History of children in the military
817:Under Article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) of the
775:Convention on the Rights of a Child
751:. These laws sought to outlaw war.
593:Many members of the youth movement
13:
1491:
1373:
1222:
1196:
1169:
326:
14:
1893:
1840:
1666:"Child Soldiers Around the World"
1478:Institute of National Remembrance
1010:
984:
935:
876:
797:Convicting children of war crimes
734:, otherwise killed, or orphaned.
636:
613:Zhenya Seryogin, 14, was awarded
382:in March 1945 for the defence of
656:
268:
77:Rehabilitation and reintegration
1814:
1782:
1759:
1736:
1713:
1682:
1658:
1635:
1612:
1588:
1565:
1541:
1517:
1463:
1440:
1423:
1400:
1368:Children's British Encyclopedia
1350:
1324:
1300:
1276:
1252:
1146:
1122:
1099:
1076:
604:
336:
282:may be too short to adequately
1882:Child soldiers in World War II
1119:, Retrieved on 2 October 2014.
1052:
1038:
961:
919:
902:
783:United Nations Children's Fund
367:. He was immediately given an
292:provide an accessible overview
113:Post-traumatic stress disorder
16:Use of Children In World War 2
1:
1779:, Retrieved on 27 April 2015.
1756:, Retrieved on 26 April 2015.
1733:, Retrieved on 27 April 2015.
1710:, Retrieved on 26 April 2015.
1679:, Retrieved on 26 April 2015.
1655:, Retrieved on 26 April 2015.
1632:, Retrieved on 26 April 2015.
1609:, Retrieved on 16 April 2015.
1585:, Retrieved on 16 April 2015.
1562:, Retrieved on 13 April 2015.
1538:, Retrieved on 11 April 2015.
1514:, Retrieved on 11 April 2015.
1460:, Retrieved on 10 April 2015.
1420:, Retrieved on 22 April 2015.
1397:, Retrieved on 22 April 2015.
1370:, Retrieved on 24 April 2015.
1321:, Retrieved on 23 April 2015.
1273:, Retrieved on 22 April 2015.
1249:, Retrieved on 24 April 2015.
1219:, Retrieved on 24 April 2015.
1193:, Retrieved on 26 April 2015.
1166:, Retrieved on 21 April 2015.
1143:, Retrieved on 24 April 2015.
1096:, Retrieved on 23 April 2015.
1073:, Retrieved on 23 April 2015.
1048:, Retrieved on 19 April 2015.
1035:, Retrieved on 20 April 2015.
1007:, Retrieved on 22 April 2015.
981:, Retrieved on 19 April 2015.
958:, Retrieved on 20 April 2015.
932:, Retrieved on 17 April 2015.
916:, Retrieved on 17 April 2015.
899:, Retrieved on 15 April 2015.
870:
758:at the time of World War II.
1847:Child Soldiers International
1777:International Criminal Court
1677:Council on Foreign Relations
1642:"Fact sheet: Child Soldiers"
823:International Criminal Court
149:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
1852:Child soldiers now veterans
1458:Armed Forces History Museum
848:
706:
10:
1898:
1471:"MĆodzierzowa konspiracja"
1430:Pollarine, Joshua (2008).
789:. Prior to 2002, the 1949
769:Changes since World War II
710:
533:punished by imprisonment.
1601:30 September 2018 at the
1412:25 September 2015 at the
1289:24 September 2015 at the
677:
630:
1872:Children in the military
1771:26 February 2015 at the
1748:13 February 2015 at the
1706:22 December 2008 at the
1647:26 February 2015 at the
1436:. University of Montana.
1389:4 September 2015 at the
1191:Scriptamus.wordpress.com
855:Children in the military
713:Children in the military
497:
452:Other German involvement
144:Central African Republic
1725:25 January 2016 at the
1701:"Crimes of War Project"
1624:25 January 2016 at the
1554:20 January 2013 at the
1362:12 January 2017 at the
441:. In the battle of the
430:12th SS Panzer Division
1877:People of World War II
1832:British Military Court
1826:3 October 2018 at the
1560:St Jerome's University
1247:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1217:Holocaust Encyclopedia
664:United States military
645:(popularly nicknamed "
618:
599:Warsaw Ghetto uprising
511:Japanese Imperial Army
465:
414:League of German Girls
386:
1530:18 April 2015 at the
1418:Staffshomeguard.co.uk
1384:"The Real Dadâs Army"
1319:Spartacus Educational
1313:16 March 2015 at the
1271:Shoah Resource Center
1241:20 April 2015 at the
1211:20 April 2015 at the
1185:23 March 2018 at the
1158:22 April 2015 at the
1111:23 March 2018 at the
1065:23 March 2018 at the
1027:22 April 2015 at the
973:22 April 2015 at the
891:22 April 2015 at the
738:Definition of a child
612:
530:the Battle of Okinawa
519:the Battle of Okinawa
459:
377:
1688:McCollough, Lauren.
1506:9 April 2015 at the
1265:13 July 2014 at the
578:These leaders led a
410:Bund Deutscher MĂ€del
1695:12 May 2008 at the
1671:10 May 2015 at the
1594:Yesduas, Michelle.
1577:8 July 2014 at the
1523:Save the Children.
1395:Imperial War Museum
1297:, Summer-Fall 2005.
1135:11 May 2015 at the
1088:11 May 2015 at the
835:restorative justice
615:medal "For Courage"
332:German armed forces
999:9 May 2015 at the
994:"The Hitler Youth"
950:9 May 2015 at the
945:"The Hitler Youth"
619:
484:and were known as
468:In late 1944, the
466:
403:Deutsches Jungvolk
387:
1452:29 April 2015 at
1260:"Youth Movements"
1164:The History Place
1046:The History Place
1033:The History Place
979:The History Place
897:The History Place
860:Himeyuri students
811:international law
791:Geneva Convention
724:League of Nations
685:Operation Tempest
550:Jewish resistance
540:Jewish resistance
523:Tekketsu Kinnotai
504:invasion of Japan
420:SS Youth Division
309:
308:
262:
261:
205:Optional protocol
1889:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1763:
1757:
1740:
1734:
1717:
1711:
1686:
1680:
1662:
1656:
1639:
1633:
1616:
1610:
1592:
1586:
1569:
1563:
1545:
1539:
1521:
1515:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1404:
1398:
1380:
1371:
1357:"The Home Guard"
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1280:
1274:
1256:
1250:
1233:
1220:
1203:
1194:
1178:Eigen, Louis D.
1176:
1167:
1150:
1144:
1126:
1120:
1103:
1097:
1080:
1074:
1058:Eigen, Louis D.
1056:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1019:
1008:
991:
982:
965:
959:
942:
933:
923:
917:
906:
900:
883:
830:Paris Principles
666:was 12-year-old
632:
595:Hashomer Hatzair
528:After losing in
491:luftwaffenhelfer
439:Battle of Berlin
304:
301:
295:
272:
264:
254:
247:
240:
200:Paris Principles
36:
21:
20:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1862:
1861:
1843:
1838:
1828:Wayback Machine
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1773:Wayback Machine
1764:
1760:
1750:Wayback Machine
1741:
1737:
1727:Wayback Machine
1718:
1714:
1708:Wayback Machine
1697:Wayback Machine
1687:
1683:
1673:Wayback Machine
1663:
1659:
1649:Wayback Machine
1640:
1636:
1626:Wayback Machine
1617:
1613:
1603:Wayback Machine
1593:
1589:
1579:Wayback Machine
1570:
1566:
1556:Wayback Machine
1546:
1542:
1532:Wayback Machine
1522:
1518:
1508:Wayback Machine
1499:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1414:Wayback Machine
1405:
1401:
1391:Wayback Machine
1381:
1374:
1364:Wayback Machine
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:Wayback Machine
1305:
1301:
1291:Wayback Machine
1281:
1277:
1267:Wayback Machine
1257:
1253:
1243:Wayback Machine
1234:
1223:
1213:Wayback Machine
1204:
1197:
1187:Wayback Machine
1177:
1170:
1160:Wayback Machine
1151:
1147:
1137:Wayback Machine
1128:Latimer, John.
1127:
1123:
1113:Wayback Machine
1104:
1100:
1090:Wayback Machine
1081:
1077:
1067:Wayback Machine
1057:
1053:
1043:
1039:
1029:Wayback Machine
1020:
1011:
1001:Wayback Machine
992:
985:
975:Wayback Machine
966:
962:
952:Wayback Machine
943:
936:
924:
920:
907:
903:
893:Wayback Machine
884:
877:
873:
851:
843:prisoner of war
799:
781:Currently, the
771:
740:
715:
709:
689:Warsaw Uprising
680:
659:
639:
607:
542:
500:
454:
448:
422:
339:
334:
329:
327:Use of children
305:
299:
296:
289:
277:This article's
273:
258:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1841:External links
1839:
1837:
1836:
1813:
1781:
1758:
1735:
1712:
1681:
1664:Kaplan, Eben.
1657:
1634:
1611:
1587:
1564:
1540:
1516:
1490:
1462:
1439:
1422:
1399:
1372:
1349:
1323:
1308:"The Red Army"
1306:Simkin, John.
1299:
1282:Rosen, David.
1275:
1251:
1221:
1195:
1168:
1153:"Hitler Youth"
1145:
1121:
1098:
1075:
1051:
1037:
1022:"Hitler Youth"
1009:
983:
968:"Hitler Youth"
960:
934:
918:
901:
886:"Hitler Youth"
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
862:
857:
850:
847:
798:
795:
770:
767:
739:
736:
722:, in 1924 the
711:Main article:
708:
705:
693:Minor sabotage
679:
676:
658:
655:
638:
637:United Kingdom
635:
606:
603:
597:fought in the
558:Jewish Council
541:
538:
499:
496:
453:
450:
421:
418:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
307:
306:
286:the key points
276:
274:
267:
260:
259:
257:
256:
249:
242:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
194:
193:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
123:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
87:
86:
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
69:
64:
63:
62:
57:
50:Child soldiers
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:Child soldiers
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1454:archive.today
1451:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1005:British Pathé
1002:
998:
995:
990:
988:
980:
976:
972:
969:
964:
957:
956:British Pathé
953:
949:
946:
941:
939:
931:
927:
922:
915:
911:
908:Hill, Allan.
905:
898:
894:
890:
887:
882:
880:
875:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
846:
844:
838:
836:
831:
826:
824:
820:
815:
812:
806:
804:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
776:
766:
764:
759:
757:
756:child-soldier
752:
750:
749:
743:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
675:
673:
669:
668:Calvin Graham
665:
657:United States
654:
652:
648:
644:
634:
628:
624:
616:
611:
602:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
572:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:the Holocaust
537:
534:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
495:
493:
492:
487:
483:
479:
473:
471:
470:People's Army
463:
458:
449:
446:
444:
440:
435:
431:
426:
417:
415:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
391:
385:
381:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
324:
322:
318:
314:
303:
293:
287:
285:
280:
275:
271:
266:
265:
255:
250:
248:
243:
241:
236:
235:
233:
232:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
192:Legal aspects
191:
190:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
120:
119:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
84:
83:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
61:
60:Girl soldiers
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:Main articles
41:
40:
37:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
1831:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1784:
1776:
1761:
1753:
1738:
1730:
1715:
1684:
1676:
1660:
1652:
1637:
1629:
1614:
1607:Academia.edu
1606:
1590:
1582:
1567:
1559:
1547:Khan, Myra.
1543:
1535:
1519:
1512:UN Documents
1511:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1465:
1457:
1442:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1402:
1394:
1367:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1326:
1318:
1302:
1294:
1278:
1270:
1254:
1246:
1216:
1190:
1163:
1148:
1140:
1124:
1116:
1101:
1093:
1078:
1070:
1054:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1004:
978:
963:
955:
929:
921:
913:
904:
896:
839:
827:
819:Rome Statute
816:
807:
800:
780:
772:
763:jus in bello
760:
753:
748:jus in bello
746:
744:
741:
726:adopted the
716:
681:
660:
651:Anthony Eden
640:
620:
605:Soviet Union
592:
587:
577:
573:
566:
561:
543:
535:
527:
522:
508:
501:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
467:
447:
434:Hitlerjugend
427:
423:
407:
400:
392:
388:
358:
346:Hitlerjugend
345:
342:Hitler Youth
340:
337:Hitler Youth
313:World War II
310:
297:
281:
279:lead section
226:Red Hand Day
169:Sierra Leone
129:World War II
128:
108:Prostitution
98:Sexual abuse
18:
1483:13 November
1382:IVM Staff.
1342:13 February
1295:FDUMagazine
720:World War I
697:Operation N
588:Jewish Army
584:Armee Juive
517:island for
365:Panzerfaust
103:Trafficking
1866:Categories
1141:HistoryNet
1117:Scriptamus
1094:HistoryNet
1071:Scriptamus
871:References
828:Under the
803:war crimes
647:Dad's Army
643:Home Guard
486:flakhelfer
462:Flak tower
425:division.
412:(BDM, the
380:Iron Cross
354:fanaticism
701:Home Army
631:ŃŃĐœ ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐșĐ°
482:Luftwaffe
284:summarize
179:Sri Lanka
164:Palestine
121:Instances
93:Abduction
1824:Archived
1806:29 April
1797:Archived
1769:Archived
1746:Archived
1723:Archived
1704:Archived
1693:Archived
1669:Archived
1645:Archived
1622:Archived
1599:Archived
1575:Archived
1552:Archived
1528:Archived
1504:Archived
1450:Archived
1410:Archived
1387:Archived
1360:Archived
1336:Archived
1311:Archived
1287:Archived
1263:Archived
1239:Archived
1209:Archived
1183:Archived
1156:Archived
1133:Archived
1109:Archived
1086:Archived
1063:Archived
1025:Archived
997:Archived
971:Archived
948:Archived
889:Archived
849:See also
707:Legality
623:Red Army
562:Judenrat
443:Normandy
323:forces.
300:May 2023
139:Cambodia
26:a series
24:Part of
930:Express
914:Express
821:of the
672:US Navy
627:Russian
617:, 1943.
544:During
515:Okinawa
488:, from
432:of the
361:Leipzig
174:Somalia
159:Myanmar
55:History
1754:UNICEF
1731:UNICEF
1653:UNICEF
1630:UNICEF
732:gassed
678:Poland
580:ghetto
569:Jewish
554:Warsaw
384:Lauban
317:Allied
134:Africa
85:Issues
72:Impact
67:Piracy
1800:(PDF)
1793:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
498:Japan
184:Yemen
154:India
1808:2015
1485:2019
1344:2018
509:The
478:flak
428:The
396:USSR
350:Nazi
321:Axis
319:and
687:or
564:).
311:In
1868::
1830:,
1795:.
1775:,
1752:,
1729:,
1699:,
1675:,
1651:,
1628:,
1605:,
1581:,
1558:,
1534:,
1510:,
1493:^
1476:.
1456:,
1416:,
1393:,
1375:^
1366:,
1334:.
1317:,
1293:,
1269:,
1245:,
1224:^
1215:,
1198:^
1189:,
1171:^
1162:,
1139:,
1115:,
1092:,
1069:,
1031:,
1012:^
1003:,
986:^
977:,
954:,
937:^
928:,
912:,
895:,
878:^
805:.
695:,
629::
494:.
405:.
398:.
369:SS
28:on
1810:.
1487:.
1346:.
586:(
560:(
344:(
302:)
298:(
288:.
253:e
246:t
239:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.