67:
32:
286:
345:
and prevent pulmonary edema and cerebral hemorrhages. An effective course of antihypertensive treatments should reduce blood pressure to below 160/110 mmHg. Magnesium sulfate acts as a vasodilator, reducing vascular resistance and protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The goal of these treatments is to prolong pregnancy and increase fetal survival. Each day gained by treatment in utero increases fetal survival and intact survival by 1%–2% up to 28 weeks gestation.
165:, miscarriages, placental abruption, or even stillbirths. In some cases, preeclampsia can eventually lead to stroke and organ failure. Untreated, preeclampsia can progress and turn into eclampsia which is much more severe with the addition of seizures. Eclampsia seizures could lead to uncontrollable twitching and a loss of consciousness, which could potentially lead to the death of the mother and or the baby.
174:
244:, leading to increased susceptibility to hypoxia-induced brain damage. Maternal anemia in which smoking has also been implicated is another factor associated with IH/BA. Smoking by expectant mothers causes a decrease in maternal nucleated red blood cells, thereby reducing the amount of red blood cells available for oxygen
232:. While some previous studies have suggested that carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke may have a protective effect against preeclampsia, a recent study conducted by the Genetics of Pre-Eclampsia Consortium in the United Kingdom found that smokers were five times more likely to develop pre-eclampsia.
344:
Underlying etiology of intrauterine hypoxia serves as a potential therapeutic target. If maternal preeclampsia is the underlying cause of fetal growth restriction (FGR) antihypertensive therapy and magnesium sulfate are potential therapies. Antihypertensive treatment is used to reduce blood pressure
156:
Complications arising from intrauterine hypoxia are some of most common causes of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that occurs during the second trimester (after the 20th week of pregnancy) resulting from a poorly perfused placenta. The World Health
Organization estimates that
353:
Medical testing and care can be performed in order to prevent intrauterine hypoxia, though can be difficult. These tests don't directly detect hypoxia, but instead detects the general well-being of the baby and ensures that the baby is healthy since hypoxia causes a wide range of responses. These
340:
and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen. Increasing the oxygen concentration to the mother has shown little effect on the fetus as hyperoxygenated blood does not perfuse the placental exchange site
180:
Intrauterine hypoxia can be attributed to maternal, placental, or fetal conditions. Kingdom and
Kaufmann classifies three categories for the origin of fetal hypoxia: 1) pre-placental (both mother and fetus are hypoxic), 2) utero-placental (mother is normal but placenta and fetus is hypoxic), 3)
396:
IH/BA is also a causative factor in cardiac and circulatory birth defects the sixth most expensive condition, as well as premature birth and low birth weight the second most expensive and it is one of the contributing factors to infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) also known as hyaline
160:
During pregnancy, women with preeclampsia faces serious risk of damage to vital organs such as the kidneys, liver, brain, and the blood system. This hypertensive disorder may also cause damage to the placenta leading to issues such as
464:
In the United States the
National Practitioner Data Bank 2006 Annual Report obstetrics-related cases accounted for 8.7 percent of all 2006 physician Malpractice Payment Reports and had the highest median payment amounts ($ 333,334).
1193:
Bouhours-Nouet N, May-Panloup P, Coutant R, de Casson FB, Descamps P, Douay O, et al. (January 2005). "Maternal smoking is associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion and respiratory chain complex III deficiency in placenta".
327:
There has long been a debate over whether newborn infants with birth asphyxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen
1260:
Salafia CM, Minior VK, Pezzullo JC, Popek EJ, Rosenkrantz TS, Vintzileos AM (October 1995). "Intrauterine growth restriction in infants of less than thirty-two weeks' gestation: associated placental pathologic features".
545:
Maslova MV, Maklakova AS, Sokolova NA, Ashmarin IP, Goncharenko EN, Krushinskaya YV (July 2003). "The effects of ante- and postnatal hypoxia on the central nervous system and their correction with peptide hormones".
2984:
2293:
184:
Pre-placental hypoxia is most commonly caused by external hypoxic environments (such as high altitude). It can also be caused by maternal respiratory conditions (such as asthma), cardiovascular conditions (such as
2239:
2224:
358:, or fetal heart rate. Another risk factor is premature birth in which medical intervention, such as premature birth prevention or C-section delivery, can be used as prevention for intrauterine hypoxia.
2286:
320:
Treatment of infants with birth asphyxia by lowering the core body temperature is now known to be an effective therapy to reduce mortality and improve neurological outcome in survivors, and
127:(SIDS). Oxygen deprivation in the fetus and neonate have been implicated as either a primary or as a contributing risk factor in numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders such as
616:
Bulterys MG, Greenland S, Kraus JF (October 1990). "Chronic fetal hypoxia and sudden infant death syndrome: interaction between maternal smoking and low hematocrit during pregnancy".
251:
Utero-placental hypoxia is associated with abnormal placental implantation, impaired vascular remodeling and vascular diseases. It is also associated with pregnancies complicated by
2279:
266:
Post-placental hypoxia is associated with mechanical obstructions of the umbilical cords, reduced uterine artery flow, progressive fetal cardiac failure, and genetic anomalies.
2035:
Rueda-Clausen CF, Morton JS, Davidge ST (March 2009). "Effects of hypoxia-induced intrauterine growth restriction on cardiopulmonary structure and function during adulthood".
201:). Conditions such as obesity, nutritional deficiencies, infections, chronic inflammations, and stress can also affect the maternal oxygen supply and fetal uptake.
1802:
Baschat AA, Cosmi E, Bilardo CM, Wolf H, Berg C, Rigano S, et al. (February 2007). "Predictors of neonatal outcome in early-onset placental dysfunction".
1731:
1634:
Davis PG, Tan A, O'Donnell CP, Schulze A (2004). "Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2131:
531:
321:
224:
thereby reducing the availability of oxygenated blood to the fetus. Placental insufficiency as a result of smoking has been shown to have a
2667:
484:"Intrapartal cardiotocographic patterns and hypoxia-related perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus"
208:
by expectant mothers has been shown to have a wide variety of deleterious effects on the developing fetus. Among the negative effects are
2682:
2672:
2070:
Sly PD, Drew JH (March 1981). "Massive pulmonary haemorrhage: a cause of sudden unexpected deaths in severely growth retarded infants".
132:
1683:"Hydrogen peroxide production in leukocytes during cerebral hypoxia and reoxygenation with 100% or 21% oxygen in newborn piglets"
388:
In the United States, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia were listed together as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death.
157:
preeclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for about 14% of maternal deaths globally (around 50,000 to 75,000 deaths annually).
2662:
1331:
Chełchowska M, Laskowska-Klita T (2002). "Effect of maternal smoking on some markers of iron status in umbilical cord blood".
1410:
2565:
1784:
2570:
1485:
Keyes, Linda E.; Armaza, J. Fernando; Niermeyer, Susan; Vargas, Enrique; Young, David A.; Moore, Lorna G. (July 2003).
269:
The perinatal brain injury occurring as a result of birth asphyxia, manifesting within 48 hours of birth, is a form of
2348:
403:
Most expensive medical condition treated in U.S. hospitals. 4 out of 10 linked to intrauterine hypoxia/birth asphxia
2891:
2866:
2657:
2958:
2908:
2476:
2271:
256:
116:
659:
Peleg D, Kennedy CM, Hunter SK (August 1998). "Intrauterine growth restriction: identification and management".
362:
2017:
1296:
Kingdom JC, Kaufmann P (November 1997). "Oxygen and placental villous development: origins of fetal hypoxia".
980:
Kingdom JC, Kaufmann P (November 1997). "Oxygen and placental villous development: origins of fetal hypoxia".
397:
membrane disease, the most expensive medical condition to treat and the number one cause of infant mortality.
119:
may cause or be the result of hypoxia. Intrauterine hypoxia can cause cellular damage that occurs within the
2979:
2650:
1127:"Smoking in moderate/severe preeclampsia worsens pregnancy outcome, but smoking cessation limits the damage"
2886:
2809:
2627:
2575:
1428:"Causes and Mechanisms of Intrauterine Hypoxia and Its Impact on the Fetal Cardiovascular System: A Review"
1022:"Causes and mechanisms of intrauterine hypoxia and its impact on the fetal cardiovascular system: a review"
296:
124:
2386:
804:
2876:
2781:
2718:
2138:
324:
begun within 6 hours of birth significantly increases the chance of normal survival in affected infants.
123:(the brain and spinal cord). This results in an increased mortality rate, including an increased risk of
2723:
2713:
2604:
2599:
1487:"Intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and intrauterine mortality at high altitude in Bolivia"
2753:
2462:
2458:
2418:
1979:
1857:"Fetal cerebrovascular response to chronic hypoxia--implications for the prevention of brain damage"
1563:
937:
Fajersztajn L, Veras MM (October 2017). "Hypoxia: From
Placental Development to Fetal Programming".
66:
2819:
2740:
2254:
1749:
Seeds AE, Escarcena L (September 1974). "Prevention and correction of fetal acidosis and hypoxia".
1358:
Habek D, Habek JC, Ivanisević M, Djelmis J (2002). "Fetal tobacco syndrome and perinatal outcome".
252:
241:
2915:
2881:
2486:
2406:
2396:
2343:
1856:
355:
213:
2796:
2614:
2523:
2506:
190:
120:
1855:
Salihagić-Kadić A, Medić M, Jugović D, Kos M, Latin V, Kusan Jukić M, Arbeille P (July 2006).
481:
2730:
2438:
1550:
881:"Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia: An Update on the Pharmacological Treatment Applied in Portugal"
525:
369:
and hypoxia-ischemia brain injury, though further studies need to be done. Measuring fetal BH
194:
112:
1073:"Smoking and pregnancy--a review on the first major environmental risk factor of the unborn"
2768:
2758:
2516:
108:
104:
84:
8:
2953:
2936:
2786:
2642:
2552:
2243:
2168:
1678:
1542:
337:
2181:
2113:
1980:"Prevention of birth asphyxia: responding appropriately to cardiotocograph (CTG) traces"
2871:
2827:
2804:
2694:
2471:
2095:
2083:
1955:
1930:
1887:
1837:
1815:
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747:
722:
641:
571:
508:
483:
333:
96:
1647:
1309:
993:
846:
829:
354:
tests can include prenatal testing, such as fetal movement and amniotic fluid levels,
2704:
2622:
2592:
2533:
2511:
2328:
2087:
2052:
1999:
1960:
1879:
1829:
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205:
55:
43:
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2099:
1841:
1663:
1528:
1387:
1223:
966:
2946:
2773:
2433:
2374:
2338:
2079:
2044:
1991:
1950:
1942:
1891:
1871:
1819:
1811:
1758:
1694:
1643:
1606:
1590:
1543:"Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology"
1498:
1457:
1439:
1367:
1305:
1270:
1203:
1166:
Slotkin TA (June 1998). "Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: which one is worse?".
1138:
1094:
1084:
1043:
1033:
989:
946:
902:
892:
851:
841:
783:
742:
734:
695:
625:
575:
555:
503:
495:
377:
270:
136:
31:
2301:
1995:
699:
2903:
2689:
2581:
2501:
2259:
828:
Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller AB, Daniels J, Alkema L (June 2014).
209:
162:
1905:
2528:
1207:
499:
140:
100:
1875:
1594:
559:
2973:
2467:
2307:
2194:
1602:
1512:
1453:
329:
260:
229:
186:
2233:
1931:"Tetrahydrobiopterin in the prevention of hypertonia in hypoxic fetal brain"
1929:
Vásquez-Vivar J, Whitsett J, Derrick M, Ji X, Yu L, Tan S (September 2009).
738:
2587:
2428:
2056:
2003:
1964:
1883:
1833:
1708:
1655:
1620:
1520:
1471:
1379:
1344:
1246:
1215:
1152:
1108:
1089:
1057:
958:
916:
865:
856:
756:
723:"Does perinatal asphyxia impair cognitive function without cerebral palsy?"
707:
602:
567:
517:
47:
2091:
1770:
1444:
1317:
1282:
1179:
1038:
1001:
772:"Intrauterine hypoxia: clinical consequences and therapeutic perspectives"
672:
637:
629:
2985:
Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific to the perinatal period
2931:
2833:
2699:
2401:
2048:
1824:
1192:
2216:
897:
285:
2941:
2898:
2839:
2677:
788:
771:
482:
Tarvonen M, Hovi P, Sainio S, Vuorela P, Andersson S, Teramo K (2021).
237:
60:
39:
1946:
1371:
950:
2844:
2303:
245:
2637:
1984:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
233:
221:
128:
92:
2360:
1077:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
16:
Medical condition when the fetus is deprived of sufficient oxygen
544:
373:
levels can be another way to look out for intrauterine hypoxia.
2364:
2228:
225:
217:
198:
88:
1928:
1854:
770:
Thompson LP, Crimmins S, Telugu BP, Turan S (September 2015).
2748:
2495:
1071:
Mund M, Louwen F, Klingelhoefer D, Gerber A (November 2013).
1070:
1676:
1633:
1196:
American
Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
727:
Archives of
Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
1357:
769:
173:
2034:
1732:"Norwegian paediatrician honoured by University of Athens"
1484:
1330:
1259:
588:
1168:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1977:
1801:
380:
can be used to monitor the baby's health during labor.
615:
589:
Habek D, Habek JC, Jugović D, Salihagić A (2002). "".
1864:
The
Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1579:"Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy"
1426:
Hutter, Damian; Kingdom, John; Jaeggi, Edgar (2010).
827:
2206:
2132:"National Practitioner Data Bank 2006 Annual Report"
1425:
1019:
878:
1906:"Preventing Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)"
1400:
658:
46:(left of image), a cause of intrauterine hypoxia.
1986:. Risk Management in Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
885:Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
830:"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO analysis"
91:. It may be due to a variety of reasons such as
2971:
936:
376:During birth, birth asphyxia can occur in which
216:which causes a reduction in blood flow from the
204:The most preventable cause is maternal smoking.
1295:
1120:
1118:
979:
879:Peres GM, Mariana M, CairrĂŁo E (January 2018).
322:hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
2169:"Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in the Newborn"
1748:
803:Publishing, Harvard Health (26 October 2018).
720:
2287:
1978:Chandraharan E, Arulkumaran S (August 2007).
1263:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
686:Rosenberg A (June 2008). "The IUGR newborn".
2195:"Clear Criteria for Defining Birth Asphyxia"
1721:ILCOR Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines 2010
1115:
530:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1742:
2294:
2280:
802:
65:
30:
1954:
1823:
1698:
1610:
1576:
1502:
1461:
1443:
1333:Roczniki Akademii Medycznej W Bialymstoku
1142:
1098:
1088:
1047:
1037:
906:
896:
855:
845:
787:
746:
685:
507:
447:9. Intrauterine hypoxia or birth asphyxia
197:), and hematological conditions (such as
721:Gonzalez FF, Miller SP (November 2006).
436:6. Cardiac and circulatory birth defects
361:Studies have shown a connection between
181:post-placental (only fetus is hypoxic).
151:
133:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
2179:
2166:
2069:
1405:(4th ed.). Springer. p. 453.
1401:Benirschke K, Kaufmann P (March 2000).
1165:
425:2. Premature birth and low birth weight
414:1. Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2972:
1583:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
1236:
1124:
1020:Hutter D, Kingdom J, Jaeggi E (2010).
548:Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology
2275:
2022:National Center for Health Statistics
1015:
1013:
1011:
932:
930:
928:
926:
107:, maternal diabetes (prepregnancy or
2566:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
280:
2192:
2018:"Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2004"
1577:Shankaran, Seetha (December 2012).
1432:International Journal of Pediatrics
1026:International Journal of Pediatrics
776:Research and Reports in Neonatology
13:
2571:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
2084:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1981.tb00010.x
1816:10.1097/01.AOG.0000253215.79121.75
1751:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
1504:10.1203/01.PDR.0000069846.64389.DC
1144:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.106559
1008:
923:
172:
14:
2996:
2349:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2182:"Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy"
2159:
1677:Kutzsche S, Ilves P, Kirkeby OJ,
2867:Vertically transmitted infection
1763:10.1097/00003081-197409000-00008
1700:10.1203/00006450-200106000-00020
284:
2959:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
2909:Group B streptococcal infection
2477:Intrauterine growth restriction
2124:
2106:
2063:
2028:
2010:
1971:
1922:
1898:
1848:
1795:
1777:
1724:
1715:
1670:
1627:
1570:
1535:
1478:
1419:
1403:Pathology of the human placenta
1394:
1351:
1324:
1304:(8): 613–21, discussion 623–6.
1289:
1253:
1237:Gogiia TE (November 2005). "".
1230:
1186:
1159:
1064:
988:(8): 613–21, discussion 623–6.
973:
872:
821:
401:
383:
271:hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
257:intrauterine growth restriction
146:
117:Intrauterine growth restriction
2302:Conditions originating in the
796:
763:
714:
679:
652:
609:
582:
538:
475:
459:
1:
2651:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2072:Australian Paediatric Journal
1996:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.02.008
1648:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17189-4
1310:10.1016/S0143-4004(97)90000-X
994:10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90000-x
847:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70227-X
700:10.1053/j.semperi.2007.11.003
468:
348:
236:alone has been shown to be a
228:effect in the development of
2810:Periventricular leukomalacia
2628:Persistent fetal circulation
2576:Meconium aspiration syndrome
1275:10.1016/0002-9378(95)91325-4
805:"Preeclampsia And Eclampsia"
336:after asphyxia. Research by
315:
276:
125:sudden infant death syndrome
7:
2719:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2180:Zanelli SA (3 April 2021).
2167:Zanelli SA (3 April 2021).
1360:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
212:induced tissue hypoxia and
83:) occurs when the fetus is
10:
3001:
2724:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
2714:Velamentous cord insertion
2605:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2114:"Hyaline Membrane Disease"
1208:10.1152/ajpendo.00260.2003
500:10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0
391:
2924:
2859:
2818:
2795:
2767:
2754:Necrotizing enterocolitis
2739:
2636:
2613:
2551:
2544:
2485:
2463:Large for gestational age
2459:Small for gestational age
2451:
2415:
2383:
2357:
2325:
2314:
2210:
1876:10.1080/14767050600637861
1804:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1595:10.1007/s11940-012-0200-y
661:American Family Physician
87:of an adequate supply of
54:
38:
29:
24:
1125:Pipkin FB (April 2008).
834:The Lancet Global Health
688:Seminars in Perinatology
253:gestational hypertension
242:autonomic nervous system
168:
2916:Neonatal conjunctivitis
2407:Single umbilical artery
2397:Umbilical cord prolapse
2344:Placental insufficiency
2317:complicating pregnancy,
2037:Cardiovascular Research
1785:"Maternal preeclampsia"
739:10.1136/adc.2005.092445
560:10.1023/A:1023938905744
363:tetrahydrobiopterin (BH
332:, which have a role in
214:placental insufficiency
2892:ureaplasma urealyticum
2600:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
2524:Brachial plexus injury
1558:Cite journal requires
1090:10.3390/ijerph10126485
939:Birth Defects Research
293:This section is empty.
195:cyanotic heart disease
191:pulmonary hypertension
177:
121:central nervous system
2840:Congenital hypertonia
2731:Anemia of prematurity
2439:Shoulder presentation
1239:Georgian Medical News
630:10.1542/peds.86.4.535
176:
152:Maternal Consequences
2980:Respiratory diseases
2845:Congenital hypotonia
2759:Meconium peritonitis
2561:Intrauterine hypoxia
2517:Subgaleal hemorrhage
667:(2): 453–60, 466–7.
591:Acta Medica Croatica
109:gestational diabetes
105:placental infarction
77:Intrauterine hypoxia
25:Intrauterine hypoxia
2954:Neonatal withdrawal
2937:Perinatal mortality
2787:Sclerema neonatorum
2643:hematologic disease
1935:Annals of Neurology
1445:10.1155/2010/401323
1039:10.1155/2010/401323
898:10.3390/jcdd5010003
356:Doppler examination
338:Ola Didrik Saugstad
2887:mycoplasma hominis
2872:Neonatal infection
2828:Gray baby syndrome
2805:Perinatal asphyxia
2695:Hyperbilirubinemia
2472:Postterm pregnancy
2319:labour or delivery
2049:10.1093/cvr/cvn341
1810:(2 Pt 1): 253–61.
1687:Pediatric Research
1491:Pediatric Research
789:10.2147/RRN.S57990
488:Acta Diabetologica
334:reperfusion injury
240:which affects the
178:
2967:
2966:
2855:
2854:
2705:Neonatal jaundice
2623:Pneumopericardium
2593:Pneumomediastinum
2534:Klumpke paralysis
2512:Caput succedaneum
2447:
2446:
2315:Maternal factors
2269:
2268:
1947:10.1002/ana.21738
1642:(9442): 1329–33.
1412:978-0-387-98894-8
1372:10.1159/000065387
951:10.1002/bdr2.1142
945:(17): 1377–1385.
494:(11): 1563–1573.
457:
456:
313:
312:
206:Cigarette smoking
74:
73:
44:placental infarct
19:Medical condition
2992:
2947:Infant mortality
2782:Erythema toxicum
2774:thermoregulation
2741:Gastrointestinal
2549:
2548:
2545:Affected systems
2422:
2390:
2375:Chorioamnionitis
2368:
2339:Placenta praevia
2332:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2137:. Archived from
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2120:. 27 April 2022.
2110:
2104:
2103:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1631:
1625:
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1614:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1533:
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1506:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1447:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1017:
1006:
1005:
977:
971:
970:
934:
921:
920:
910:
900:
876:
870:
869:
859:
849:
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
800:
794:
793:
791:
767:
761:
760:
750:
718:
712:
711:
683:
677:
676:
656:
650:
649:
613:
607:
606:
586:
580:
579:
542:
536:
535:
529:
521:
511:
479:
409:Hospital Charge
400:
399:
308:
305:
295:You can help by
288:
281:
163:premature births
137:eating disorders
113:maternal smoking
70:
69:
34:
22:
21:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2920:
2904:Neonatal sepsis
2851:
2820:Musculoskeletal
2814:
2791:
2772:
2763:
2735:
2690:Hydrops fetalis
2641:
2632:
2609:
2582:Pleural disease
2540:
2502:Cephalohematoma
2481:
2443:
2416:
2411:
2384:
2379:
2358:
2353:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2300:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2219:
2205:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2068:
2064:
2033:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1976:
1972:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1910:HIE Help Center
1904:
1903:
1899:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1675:
1671:
1632:
1628:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1483:
1479:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1399:
1395:
1356:
1352:
1329:
1325:
1294:
1290:
1258:
1254:
1235:
1231:
1191:
1187:
1164:
1160:
1123:
1116:
1083:(12): 6485–99.
1069:
1065:
1018:
1009:
978:
974:
935:
924:
877:
873:
857:1854/LU-5796925
826:
822:
813:
811:
801:
797:
768:
764:
719:
715:
684:
680:
657:
653:
614:
610:
587:
583:
543:
539:
523:
522:
480:
476:
471:
462:
394:
386:
378:cardiotocograph
372:
366:
351:
318:
309:
303:
300:
279:
210:carbon monoxide
171:
154:
149:
79:(also known as
64:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:herpes simplex
2879:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2797:Nervous system
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2615:Cardiovascular
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:umbilical cord
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2236:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:Classification
2204:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2163:
2161:
2160:External links
2158:
2155:
2154:
2123:
2105:
2062:
2027:
2009:
1970:
1921:
1897:
1847:
1794:
1776:
1741:
1723:
1714:
1669:
1626:
1589:(6): 608–619.
1569:
1560:|journal=
1534:
1477:
1418:
1411:
1393:
1350:
1323:
1288:
1269:(4): 1049–57.
1252:
1229:
1185:
1158:
1114:
1063:
1007:
972:
922:
871:
840:(6): e323–33.
820:
809:Harvard Health
795:
762:
713:
678:
651:
608:
581:
537:
473:
472:
470:
467:
461:
458:
455:
454:
451:
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411:
410:
407:
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393:
390:
385:
382:
370:
364:
350:
347:
317:
314:
311:
310:
291:
289:
278:
275:
170:
167:
153:
150:
148:
145:
141:cerebral palsy
101:umbilical cord
72:
71:
58:
52:
51:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
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2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:Preterm birth
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2308:fetal disease
2305:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2144:on 2010-05-27
2140:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:(4): 713–22.
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:(4): 609–24.
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:(3): 323–31.
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:(7): 387–96.
1869:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:11577/1773054
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:(3): 115–34.
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1693:(6): 834–42.
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:(June 2001).
1680:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1552:
1545:. 2019-11-13.
1544:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:(6): 367–71.
1365:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1241:(128): 15–7.
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:(1): E171-7.
1201:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1174:(3): 931–45.
1173:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1137:(4): 1042–6.
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
929:
927:
918:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
867:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
810:
806:
799:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
733:(6): F454-9.
732:
728:
724:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:(3): 219–24.
693:
689:
682:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:(4): 535–40.
623:
619:
612:
604:
600:
597:(3): 109–18.
596:
592:
585:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:(6): 607–11.
553:
549:
541:
533:
527:
519:
515:
510:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:
474:
466:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
435:
434:
430:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
389:
381:
379:
374:
368:
359:
357:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
330:free radicals
325:
323:
307:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
282:
274:
272:
267:
264:
262:
261:pre-eclampsia
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:pre-eclampsia
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:heart failure
182:
175:
166:
164:
158:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:fetal hypoxia
78:
68:
62:
59:
57:
53:
49:
48:H&E stain
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
23:
2832:
2588:Pneumothorax
2580:
2560:
2494:
2487:Birth trauma
2429:Breech birth
2419:presentation
2417:
2385:
2359:
2327:
2253:
2238:
2223:
2201:. WebMD LLC.
2198:
2188:. WebMD LLC.
2185:
2175:. WebMD LLC.
2172:
2146:. Retrieved
2139:the original
2126:
2117:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2024:. June 2019.
2021:
2012:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1867:
1863:
1850:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1690:
1686:
1672:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1551:cite journal
1537:
1497:(1): 20–25.
1494:
1490:
1480:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1402:
1396:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1238:
1232:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1134:
1131:Hypertension
1130:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1029:
1025:
985:
981:
975:
942:
938:
888:
884:
874:
837:
833:
823:
812:. Retrieved
808:
798:
779:
775:
765:
730:
726:
716:
691:
687:
681:
664:
660:
654:
621:
617:
611:
594:
590:
584:
551:
547:
540:
526:cite journal
491:
487:
477:
463:
395:
387:
384:Epidemiology
375:
367:) deficiency
360:
352:
343:
326:
319:
304:October 2021
301:
297:adding to it
292:
268:
265:
250:
203:
183:
179:
159:
155:
147:Presentation
80:
76:
75:
2932:Miscarriage
2834:muscle tone
2700:Kernicterus
2553:Respiratory
2529:Erb's palsy
2434:Asynclitism
2402:Nuchal cord
2193:Johnson K.
2078:(1): 32–4.
1789:Mayo Clinic
1679:Saugstad OD
460:Medicolegal
2974:Categories
2942:Stillbirth
2899:Omphalitis
2860:Infections
2769:Integument
2148:2010-01-21
1915:2020-07-28
1438:: 401323.
1339:: 235–40.
1032:: 401323.
814:2020-07-28
618:Pediatrics
469:References
442:$ 101,412
431:$ 119,389
420:$ 138,224
349:Prevention
61:Pediatrics
40:Micrograph
2668:Anti-Kell
2306:period /
2304:perinatal
2118:EMedicine
1736:Norway.gr
1603:1092-8480
1513:0031-3998
1454:1687-9740
782:: 79–89.
646:245156371
453:$ 74,942
316:Treatment
277:Diagnosis
246:transport
238:teratogen
97:occlusion
56:Specialty
2638:Bleeding
2329:placenta
2199:Medscape
2186:Medscape
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