332:
642:
925:(WRED). Tail drop is the simplest and most easily implemented: the router simply drops new incoming packets once buffer space in the router is exhausted. RED probabilistically drops datagrams early when the queue exceeds a pre-configured portion of the buffer, until reaching a pre-determined maximum, when it drops all incoming packets, thus reverting to tail drop. WRED can be configured to drop packets more readily dependent on the type of traffic.
233:
132:
40:
802:. Virtually all networking now uses TCP/IP, but multiprotocol routers are still manufactured. They were important in the early stages of the growth of computer networking when protocols other than TCP/IP were in use. Modern routers that handle both IPv4 and IPv6 are multiprotocol but are simpler devices than ones processing AppleTalk, DECnet, IPX, and Xerox protocols.
896:
where the router learns routes from other routers. A default route is one that is used to route all traffic whose destination does not otherwise appear in the routing table; it is common – even necessary – in small networks, such as a home or small business where the default route
867:
device because its primary forwarding decision is based on the information in the layer-3 IP packet, specifically the destination IP address. When a router receives a packet, it searches its routing table to find the best match between the destination IP address of the packet and one of the addresses
908:
A router can run more than one routing protocol at a time, particularly if it serves as an autonomous system border router between parts of a network that run different routing protocols; if it does so, then redistribution may be used (usually selectively) to share information between the different
553:(DFZ). The major ISPs' system routers make up what could be considered to be the current Internet backbone core. ISPs operate all four types of the BGP routers described here. An ISP core router is used to interconnect its edge and border routers. Core routers may also have specialized functions in
2141:
different and thus gateways between networks will be required. These gateways should be as uncomplicated as possible, whilst allowing as much freedom as possible for the design of individual networks". INWG#1 clarified that gateways and simplicity were accepted concepts when INWG was formed.
2140:
INWG#1: Report of
Subgroup 1 on Communication System Requirements by Davies, Shanks, Heart, Barker, Despres, Detwiler, and Riml. They wrote: "It was agreed that interworkingbetween packet switching networks should not add complications to the hosts, considering that networks will probably be
529:, if IP Transit services are provided through an MPLS core, the CE peers with the PE using eBGP with the public ASNs of each respective network. In the case of L3VPN services the CE can exchange routes with the PE using eBGP. It is commonly used in both service provider and enterprise or
872:
data link frame for the outgoing interface indicated in the table entry. A router typically does not look into the packet payload, but only at the layer-3 addresses to make a forwarding decision, plus optionally other information in the header for hints on, for example,
912:
Besides deciding to which interface a packet is forwarded, which is handled primarily via the routing table, a router also has to manage congestion when packets arrive at a rate higher than the router can process. Three policies commonly used are
1736:
1895:
Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a
Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an
306:
All sizes of routers may be found inside enterprises. The most powerful routers are usually found in ISPs, academic and research facilities. Large businesses may also need more powerful routers to cope with ever-increasing demands of
385:(WAN), so they may have considerable memory installed, multiple WAN interface connections, and substantial onboard data processing routines. They may also provide connectivity to groups of file servers or other external networks.
279:
transmission standards. Each network interface is used to enable data packets to be forwarded from one transmission system to another. Routers may also be used to connect two or more logical groups of computer devices known as
201:: A router maintains a routing table that lists which route should be used to forward a data packet, and through which physical interface connection. It does this using internal pre-configured directives, called
396:
interconnecting the distribution tier routers from multiple buildings of a campus, or large enterprise locations. They tend to be optimized for high bandwidth but lack some of the features of edge routers.
759:
system. Some time after early 1974, the first Xerox routers became operational. Due to corporate intellectual property concerns, it received little attention outside Xerox for years. The other was the
958:(ASIC) to avoid the overhead of scheduling CPU time to process the packets. Others may have to be performed through the CPU as these packets need special attention that cannot be handled by an ASIC.
1337:
2397:
863:
The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and forward packets destined either for directly attached networks or more remote networks. A router is considered a
587:) through a voice gateway. Use of access server-type routers expanded with the advent of the Internet, first with dial-up access and another resurgence with voice phone service.
223:
of each packet as it comes in, matches the destination to entries in the FIB supplied by the control plane, and directs the packet to the outgoing network specified in the FIB.
209:
using a routing protocol. Static and dynamic routes are stored in the routing table. The control-plane logic then strips non-essential directives from the table and builds a
1819:
1394:
625:. They are typically devices with a small form factor, operating on the standard electric power supply for residential use. Connected to the Internet as offered by an
1939:
579:, these devices are used to route and process voice, data, video and fax traffic on the Internet. Since 2005, most long-distance phone calls have been processed as
303:
PTX) interconnect the various ISPs, or may be used in large enterprise networks. Smaller routers usually provide connectivity for typical home and office networks.
1223:
1537:
2001:
The first packet-switching network was implemented at the
National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.
1079:
In some router implementations, the forwarding action can increment a counter associated with the routing table entry for the collection of statistical data.
525:(CE): Located at the edge of the subscriber's network, it interconnects with the PE router for L2VPN services, or direct layer 3 IP hand-off in the case of
2419:
1610:
1737:"What is the primary role of a router placed at the edge of an ISP network engaging in peering with upstream IP transit providers through eBGP - ITEagers"
381:
Distribution routers aggregate traffic from multiple access routers. Distribution routers are often responsible for enforcing quality of service across a
1587:"Hierarchical Network Design Overview (1.1) > Cisco Networking Academy Connecting Networks Companion Guide: Hierarchical Network Design | Cisco Press"
2310:
1365:
116:
between the home computers and the
Internet. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or ISP networks to powerful
1143:
2374:
751:
The idea was explored in more detail, with the intention to produce a prototype system as part of two contemporaneous programs. One was a program at
881:
information associated with individual packets. Once a packet is forwarded, the router does not retain any historical information about the packet.
417:
which restricts connections initiated from external connections but is not recognized as a security feature by all experts. Some experts argue that
2065:
1249:
2335:
Pete Carey, "A Start-Up's True Tale: Often-told story of Cisco's launch leaves out the drama, intrigue", San Jose
Mercury News, December 1, 2001.
2291:
768:
1523:
1509:
519:
An MPLS-specific router in the network's access layer that interconnects with customer edge routers to provide layer 2 or layer 3 VPN services.
366:
of their own. Typically, they are optimized for low cost. Some SOHO routers are capable of running alternative free Linux-based firmware like
684:
2453:
1166:
594:, with layer-3 devices being used to simply interconnect multiple subnets within the same security zone, and higher-layer switches when
2548:
494:
Placed at the edge of an ISP network, where the router is used to peer with the upstream IP transit providers, bilateral peers through
2499:
2910:
1926:
paper dated June 1966 ... introduced the concept of an "interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.
1638:
405:
External networks must be carefully considered as part of the overall security strategy of the local network. A router may include a
2237:
951:
where special rules are constructed to override the rules derived from the routing table when a packet forwarding decision is made.
179:
When multiple routers are used in interconnected networks, the routers can exchange information about destination addresses using a
1812:
1287:
Routing tables can be created manually and "learned" by software as it observes network traffic, or they can be built according to
1882:
955:
696:
164:
2326:
David D. Clark, "M.I.T. Campus
Network Implementation", CCNG-2, Campus Computer Network Group, M.I.T., Cambridge, 1982; pp. 26.
779:-based routers were in service in the experimental prototype Internet. Mike Brecia, Ginny Travers, and Bob Hinden received the
700:
1787:
1390:
295:' (ISPs') networks, they are also responsible for directing data between different networks. The largest routers (such as the
2509:
2463:
1479:
1452:
1425:
688:
97:, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Data packets are forwarded from one router to another through an
901:. The default route can be manually configured (as a static route); learned by dynamic routing protocols; or be obtained by
564:
Port forwarding: In some networks, that rely on legacy IPv4 and NAT, routers (often labeled as NAT boxes) are also used for
542:
Within an ISP: In the ISP's autonomous system, a router uses internal BGP to communicate with other ISP edge routers, other
2100:
Davies, Shanks, Heart, Barker, Despres, Detwiler and Riml, "Report of
Subgroup 1 on Communication System", INWG Note No. 1.
1947:
1913:
1219:
2014:
1495:
1469:
1442:
717:
348:
312:
2920:
2079:
1686:
1203:
1176:
190:
The software that runs the router is composed of two functional processing units that operate simultaneously, called
549:
Internet backbone: The
Internet no longer has a clearly identifiable backbone, unlike its predecessor networks. See
2915:
2557:
503:
736:
devices, which had no role in assuring that traffic was delivered reliably, leaving that function entirely to the
413:
handling, and other security functions, or they may be handled by separate devices. Routers also commonly perform
922:
17:
1617:
2946:
2541:
716:
at the time) initially came about through an international group of computer networking researchers called the
2725:
2598:
2307:
1361:
558:
513:, it sits in an MPLS network and is responsible for establishing label-switched paths between the PE routers.
1652:
1151:
2966:
2956:
2941:
2833:
817:
added to speed both common routing functions, such as packet forwarding, and specialized functions such as
712:
576:
499:
2370:
475:
Routers intended for ISP and major enterprise connectivity usually exchange routing information using the
1586:
692:
678:
646:
599:
414:
210:
1940:"4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968"
1245:
219:: This unit forwards the data packets between incoming and outgoing interface connections. It reads the
2288:
2272:
1193:
603:
113:
89:
information in the packet header to determine the ultimate destination. Then, using information in its
1271:
437:
Routers are also often distinguished on the basis of the network in which they operate. A router in a
291:
Routers may provide connectivity within enterprises, between enterprises and the
Internet, or between
2961:
2951:
2534:
1116:
898:
626:
426:
292:
1338:"Which networking component is responsible for directing data between different networks - ITEagers"
2573:
982:
878:
359:
1220:"Overview Of Key Routing Protocol Concepts: Architectures, Protocol Types, Algorithms and Metrics"
2905:
1121:
554:
476:
2345:
2205:
2259:
2192:
2179:
2155:"Designed for Change: End-to-End Arguments, Internet Innovation, and the Net Neutrality Debate"
967:
929:
918:
884:
The routing table itself can contain information derived from a variety of sources, such as a
362:(SOHO) models, are located at home and customer sites such as branch offices that do not need
1915:
Entrepreneurial
Capitalism & Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968 - 1988
1129:
814:
756:
622:
1635:"Global Internet Experts Reveal Plan for More Secure, Reliable Wi-Fi Routers - and Internet"
315:
for interconnecting routers in large networks is in common use. Some routers can connect to
2775:
2753:
2651:
2346:"Packet Forwarding and Routing on IPv4 Networks - System Administration Guide: IP Services"
1719:
1320:
948:
830:
741:
595:
418:
406:
363:
168:
140:
31:
2289:
Valley of the Nerds: Who Really Invented the Multiprotocol Router, and Why Should We Care?
2154:
1634:
539:: Resides within an Autonomous System as a backbone to carry traffic between edge routers.
8:
2229:
2052:
Leonard Kleinrock: Donald Davies ... did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did
977:
780:
136:
109:
1992:
1067:
933:
874:
729:
438:
393:
352:
220:
1878:
775:, as part of that DARPA-initiated effort, during 1975–1976. By the end of 1976, three
2858:
2694:
2659:
2505:
2459:
2413:
2131:
2075:
1682:
1475:
1448:
1421:
1288:
1199:
1172:
837:
operating system was independently designed. Major router operating systems, such as
810:
591:
580:
568:
configuration between RFC1918 address space and their publicly assigned IPv4 address.
550:
454:
382:
367:
316:
125:
102:
60:
56:
2182:, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Volume 28, Issue 4, April 1980, pp. 612- 624.
1996:
1561:
2823:
2788:
2565:
2195:, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Volume 22, Issue 5, May 1974, pp. 637 - 648.
2123:
1982:
1860:
1780:
1709:
1310:
1063:
1039:
1009:
893:
786:
The first multiprotocol routers were independently created by staff researchers at
772:
721:
707:. These computers had fundamentally the same functionality as a router does today.
630:
480:
320:
300:
241:
216:
180:
67:
2262:; IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 28, Issue 1; January–March 2006.
1110:
794:
in 1981 and both were also based on PDP-11s. Stanford's router program was led by
2664:
2606:
2314:
2295:
2111:
2019:. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from
1033:
987:
941:
724:
schemes in two ways. First, they connected dissimilar kinds of networks, such as
687:
in the United Kingdom in early 1969, followed later that year by the IMPs at the
670:
616:
565:
331:
206:
187:, a list of routes, between two computer systems on the interconnected networks.
152:
86:
1722:
1703:
1323:
1304:
484:
2879:
2798:
868:
in the routing table. Once a match is found, the packet is encapsulated in the
795:
737:
733:
572:
526:
463:
285:
264:
94:
2020:
429:
are more likely to be discovered and addressed in an open-source environment.
43:
Rack containing a service-provider–class router connected to multiple networks
2935:
2889:
2135:
937:
932:
and deciding which packet should be processed first. This is managed through
885:
704:
662:
422:
276:
198:
184:
121:
90:
71:
2684:
2127:
1766:
2884:
2828:
2586:
889:
806:
799:
202:
98:
649:, was delivered to UCLA August 30, 1969, and went online October 29, 1969.
2793:
2484:
2438:
725:
666:
641:
606:, or other higher-level functions are required, especially between zones.
536:
530:
389:
340:
296:
268:
117:
63:
1705:
Terminology for Benchmarking BGP Device Convergence in the Control Plane
571:
Voice, data, fax, and video processing routers: Commonly referred to as
30:
This article is about the network device. For the woodworking tool, see
2689:
2674:
858:
752:
237:
82:
2398:"Cisco administration 101: What you need to know about default routes"
2050:(Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine. 35:55 minutes in.
1987:
1970:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2783:
2679:
2641:
2071:
2045:
1714:
1315:
914:
834:
767:
architecture in use today. The first true IP router was developed by
877:(QoS). For pure IP forwarding, a router is designed to minimize the
2848:
2761:
2738:
2733:
2626:
2611:
2526:
791:
745:
543:
446:
308:
272:
252:
232:
156:
75:
52:
2479:
Diane Teare (March 2013). "Chapter 5: Implementing Path Control".
2160:. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. pp. 7, 11
2743:
2713:
2631:
869:
864:
854:
674:
371:
336:
281:
151:
Routers can be built from standard computer parts but are mostly
2481:
Implementing Cisco IP-Routing (ROUTE): Foundation Learning Guide
2435:
Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE): Foundation Learning Guide
1653:"Is Open Source Software More Secure than Proprietary Products?"
1246:"Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction to Routing Dynamically"
720:(INWG). These gateway devices were different from most previous
621:
Wi-Fi routers combine the functions of a router with those of a
2803:
2699:
2669:
2616:
776:
764:
487:
defines the types of BGP routers according to their functions:
375:
131:
81:
A router is connected to two or more data lines from different
2501:
Router Security Strategies: Securing IP Network Traffic Planes
1054:
1024:
167:(ASICs) to increase performance or add advanced filtering and
85:. When a data packet comes in on a line, the router reads the
1302:
1048:
1018:
972:
842:
838:
822:
818:
760:
2057:
683:(IMPs). The first interface computer was implemented at the
546:
core routers, or the ISP's intranet provider border routers.
498:, private peering (or even settlement-free peering) through
453:. While a router that connects a LAN with the Internet or a
2863:
2636:
2621:
902:
826:
755:
to explore new networking technologies, which produced the
584:
248:
144:
27:
Device that forwards data packets between computer networks
1562:"How Do WiFi Extenders Work? Repeater, Booster, Extender?"
39:
2112:"SIGCOMM's archaeological journey into networking's past"
1900:
to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.
1441:
Beasley, Jeffrey S.; Nilkaew, Piyasat (5 November 2012).
1168:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
787:
495:
470:
410:
160:
2298:, Public Broadcasting Service, Accessed August 11, 2007.
1306:
Requirements for Separation of IP Control and Forwarding
1088:
A router can serve as a DHCP client or as a DHCP server.
509:
Provider Router (P): A Provider router is also called a
2178:
David Boggs, John Shoch, Edward Taft, Robert Metcalfe,
1538:"SOHO Network Requirements Planning and Implementation"
833:
routing code, for research and other applications. The
892:
that are configured manually, or dynamic entries from
845:, are extensively modified versions of Unix software.
805:
From the mid-1970s and in the 1980s, general-purpose
2063:
1051:
1045:
1021:
1015:
147:
interfaces and redundant processor/power/fan modules
2043:
1042:
1012:
425:routers because errors and potentially exploitable
355:into three layers: core, distribution, and access.
263:A router may have interfaces for multiple types of
2193:"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"
2109:
1843:
1109:
954:Some of the functions may be performed through an
947:Yet another function a router performs is called
809:served as routers. Modern high-speed routers are
2933:
2418:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2044:Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023).
1765:Rekhter, Yakov; Rosen, Eric C. (February 2006).
1198:. New Delhi: PHI Learning. pp. 85–86, 124.
1108:
326:
1303:H. Khosravi & T. Anderson (November 2003).
335:A screenshot of the LuCI web interface used by
1969:John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986).
1968:
1861:"Proposal for a Digital Communication Network"
1440:
1264:
940:is deployed, so as not to introduce excessive
703:in the United States. All were built with the
2542:
2400:. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014
2064:Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W., eds. (2005).
1818:. IronBridge Networks, Inc. September, 2000.
1164:
432:
259:to connect it to home computers and printers.
2497:
1764:
1701:
1695:
1165:Medhi, Deepankar; Ramasamy, Karthik (2007).
441:(LAN) of a single organization is called an
2921:National Security Agency#Software backdoors
2498:Schudel, Gregg; Smith, David (2007-12-29).
2478:
2432:
2395:
2146:
2012:
1767:BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
1676:
1415:
813:or highly specialized computers with extra
275:transmission. It can also support multiple
2549:
2535:
2371:"The Next Generation of IP - Flow Routing"
2032:The system first went 'live' early in 1969
1769:(Report). Internet Engineering Task Force.
897:simply sends all non-local traffic to the
421:routers are more secure and reliable than
120:that forward data at high speed along the
2911:List of router and firewall distributions
1986:
1713:
1314:
1195:Fundamentals of Computer Networks, 2nd Ed
629:, they provide Internet access through a
213:(FIB) to be used by the forwarding plane.
108:The most familiar type of IP routers are
1616:. University of Michigan. Archived from
1444:A Practical Guide to Advanced Networking
821:encryption. There is substantial use of
669:in 1966. The same idea was conceived by
640:
330:
231:
165:application-specific integrated circuits
130:
38:
2451:
2368:
2317:, NetworkWorld, Accessed June 22, 2007.
2152:
2067:Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology
1876:
1702:H. Berkowitz; et al. (June 2005).
1385:
1383:
956:application-specific integrated circuit
697:University of California, Santa Barbara
14:
2934:
1944:The History of Computer Communications
1911:
1858:
1793:from the original on 20 September 2011
1467:
928:Another function a router performs is
909:protocols running on the same router.
763:-initiated program, which created the
701:University of Utah School of Computing
492:Edge router or inter-AS border router:
471:Internet connectivity and internal use
2530:
1879:"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"
1877:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995).
1760:
1758:
1756:
1397:from the original on 22 December 2010
1362:"Setting uo Netflow on Cisco Routers"
1252:from the original on October 27, 2015
1226:from the original on 20 December 2010
1191:
689:University of California, Los Angeles
2556:
2240:from the original on 1 December 2017
1380:
1185:
1158:
1130:participating institution membership
267:connections, such as copper cables,
247:to connect it to the internet using
2180:"Pup: An Internetwork Architecture"
2153:Bennett, Richard (September 2009).
1962:
1844:E. Rosen; Y. Rekhter (April 2004).
1391:"Windows Home Server: Router Setup"
718:International Network Working Group
445:. A router that is operated in the
153:specialized purpose-built computers
24:
2369:Roberts, Lawrence (22 July 2003).
2110:Edmondson-Yurkanan, Chris (2007).
2016:A Brief History of the NPL Network
1937:
1931:
1885:from the original on 24 March 2016
1753:
1637:(Press release). 14 October 2015.
673:the following year for use in the
557:based on a combination of BGP and
349:hierarchical internetworking model
313:hierarchical internetworking model
25:
2978:
2522:
2377:from the original on 4 April 2015
1825:from the original on 16 July 2011
1681:. Cengage Learning. p. 272.
1468:Lawson, Wayne (8 February 2001).
1393:. Microsoft Technet 14 Aug 2010.
1368:from the original on 14 July 2011
829:software-based machines, running
163:. More sophisticated devices use
101:until it reaches its destination
2916:List of router firmware projects
2273:"IEEE INTERNET AWARD RECIPIENTS"
2258:Craig Partridge, S. Blumenthal,
1641:from the original on 2015-10-20.
1611:"Security Considerations Of NAT"
1038:
1008:
710:The idea for a router (called a
610:
504:Exterior Border Gateway Protocol
159:-based forwarding, running on a
2491:
2472:
2452:Donahue, Gary A. (2007-06-21).
2445:
2426:
2389:
2362:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2265:
2252:
2222:
2198:
2185:
2172:
2103:
2094:
2037:
2006:
1905:
1870:
1852:
1837:
1805:
1781:"M160 Internet Backbone Router"
1773:
1729:
1670:
1645:
1627:
1603:
1579:
1554:
1530:
1516:
1502:
1488:
1461:
1434:
1409:
1364:. MY-Technet.com date unknown.
1354:
1330:
1082:
1073:
923:weighted random early detection
502:(PNI) via the extensive use of
227:
2396:David Davis (April 19, 2007).
1296:
1238:
1212:
1136:
1102:
1000:
783:for early IP routers in 2008.
645:The first ARPANET router, the
13:
1:
1420:. Indianapolis: Cisco Press.
1095:
848:
590:Larger networks commonly use
559:Multiprotocol Label Switching
327:Access, core and distribution
110:home and small office routers
740:. This particular idea, the
685:National Physical Laboratory
680:Interface Message Processors
500:Private Network Interconnect
174:
135:A carrier class router with
7:
2013:Scantlebury, Roger (2001).
1971:"Notable computer networks"
961:
693:Stanford Research Institute
647:Interface Message Processor
415:network address translation
400:
211:forwarding information base
10:
2983:
2458:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.".
2433:Diane Teare (March 2013).
2191:Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn,
1813:"Virtual Backbone Routers"
1741:ITEagers - Prepare youself
1679:Network+ Guide to Networks
1342:ITEagers - Prepare youself
1192:Kundu, Sudakshina (2009).
852:
636:
614:
517:Provider edge router (PE):
433:Routing different networks
358:Access routers, including
293:internet service providers
183:. Each router builds up a
29:
2898:
2872:
2816:
2774:
2752:
2724:
2712:
2650:
2597:
2585:
2564:
2116:Communications of the ACM
1975:Communications of the ACM
1117:Oxford English Dictionary
936:, which is critical when
899:Internet service provider
627:Internet service provider
527:Dedicated Internet Access
449:backbone is described as
2260:"Data networking at BBN"
1524:"Serial Network Modules"
1510:"Serial Interface Cards"
1416:Oppenheimer, Pr (2004).
1171:. Elsevier. p. 19.
1144:"A Router is a Computer"
993:
983:Switch virtual interface
633:for home or office use.
555:virtual private networks
360:small office/home office
205:, or by learning routes
2906:Comparison of firewalls
2128:10.1145/1230819.1230840
1471:Configuring Cisco AVVID
1418:Top-Down Network Design
1122:Oxford University Press
744:, was pioneered in the
661:were first proposed by
477:Border Gateway Protocol
339:. This page configures
236:A home or small office
1912:Pelkey, James (2007).
1859:Davies, D. W. (1966).
968:Mobile broadband modem
930:traffic classification
919:random early detection
657:using software and an
650:
344:
260:
148:
44:
2947:Internet architecture
2504:. Pearson Education.
2230:"Ms. Ginny Strazisar"
2210:Internet Hall of Fame
1447:. Pearson Education.
1148:Cisco Network Academy
853:Further information:
815:hardware acceleration
757:PARC Universal Packet
644:
623:wireless access point
334:
284:, each with a unique
235:
155:. Early routers used
134:
42:
2236:. 21 December 2015.
1950:on December 23, 2022
1786:. Juniper Networks.
1677:Tamara Dean (2009).
1623:on October 18, 2014.
949:policy-based routing
742:end-to-end principle
732:. Second, they were
523:Customer edge router
364:hierarchical routing
32:Router (woodworking)
2967:Computer networking
2957:Networking hardware
2942:Routers (computing)
2487:. pp. 330–334.
2441:. pp. 330–334.
1120:(Online ed.).
978:Residential gateway
781:IEEE Internet Award
730:local area networks
677:, which were named
592:multilayer switches
353:enterprise networks
74:such as the global
2754:Partly proprietary
2660:AirOS & EdgeOS
2652:Partly proprietary
2313:2013-06-05 at the
2294:2016-03-03 at the
2234:IT History Society
2206:"Virginia Travers"
2074:. pp. 573–5.
1898:interface computer
1591:www.ciscopress.com
1498:. 23 January 1995.
1272:"What Is Routing?"
1222:. Tcpipguide.com.
1068:Australian English
875:quality of service
811:network processors
659:interface computer
653:The concepts of a
651:
457:(WAN) is called a
439:local area network
394:collapsed backbone
388:In enterprises, a
345:
323:via serial ports.
317:Data service units
261:
149:
45:
2929:
2928:
2812:
2811:
2770:
2769:
2708:
2707:
2511:978-0-13-279673-6
2465:978-0-596-10151-0
1988:10.1145/6617.6618
1481:978-0-08-047673-5
1454:978-0-13-335400-3
1427:978-1-58705-152-4
1289:routing protocols
1128:(Subscription or
894:routing protocols
551:default-free zone
455:wide area network
383:wide area network
126:Internet backbone
68:computer networks
57:networking device
16:(Redirected from
2974:
2962:Server appliance
2952:Hardware routers
2899:Related articles
2722:
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2595:
2594:
2583:
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2558:Routing software
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1150:. Archived from
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722:packet switching
631:wireless network
311:data traffic. A
242:telephone socket
217:Forwarding plane
181:routing protocol
21:
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2975:
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2817:Routing daemons
2808:
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2704:
2665:Alliedware Plus
2646:
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2572:
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2555:
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2473:
2466:
2455:Network Warrior
2450:
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2401:
2394:
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2367:
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2354:
2352:
2350:docs.oracle.com
2344:
2343:
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2321:
2315:Wayback Machine
2306:
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2296:Wayback Machine
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2082:
2062:
2058:
2047:Computer Freaks
2042:
2038:
2026:
2024:
2011:
2007:
1981:(10): 932–971.
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1938:Pelkey, James.
1936:
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1496:"Computerworld"
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1127:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
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1087:
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1074:
1041:
1037:
1034:British English
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
988:Wireless router
964:
861:
851:
639:
619:
617:Wireless router
613:
566:port forwarding
473:
451:exterior router
443:interior router
435:
427:vulnerabilities
403:
329:
257:(right, yellow)
230:
177:
171:functionality.
87:network address
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Internet router
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2896:
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2882:
2880:Captive portal
2876:
2874:
2873:Other software
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2561:
2554:
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2524:
2523:External links
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1542:ExamCollection
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1177:
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1154:on 2022-07-05.
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975:
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963:
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850:
847:
796:William Yeager
734:connectionless
655:switching node
638:
635:
615:Main article:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:load balancing
588:
573:access servers
569:
562:
547:
540:
534:
533:organizations.
520:
514:
511:transit-router
507:
472:
469:
464:gateway router
434:
431:
402:
399:
392:may provide a
328:
325:
321:T1 connections
286:network prefix
265:physical layer
229:
226:
225:
224:
214:
176:
173:
95:routing policy
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2732:
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2729:
2727:
2726:Entirely free
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2599:Entirely free
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2040:
2033:
2023:on 2003-08-07
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1994:
1989:
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798:and MIT's by
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769:Ginny Travers
766:
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705:Honeywell 516
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663:Donald Davies
660:
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2776:Proprietary
2485:Cisco Press
2439:Cisco Press
2381:22 February
2244:21 November
1006:Pronounced
921:(RED), and
831:open source
667:NPL network
600:translation
537:Core router
531:data center
419:open source
390:core router
341:Dynamic DNS
297:Cisco CRS-1
269:fiber optic
207:dynamically
83:IP networks
2936:Categories
2690:SmoothWall
2675:ExtremeXOS
2355:2021-03-25
2308:Router Man
2215:2024-06-16
2087:2015-08-15
2027:2024-06-13
1921:2020-02-18
1829:15 January
1797:15 January
1746:2024-02-27
1663:2024-03-30
1596:2021-03-21
1572:2021-03-25
1566:ISP Family
1547:2021-03-25
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1372:15 January
1347:2024-02-27
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1230:15 January
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1096:References
859:IP routing
849:Forwarding
753:Xerox PARC
699:, and the
561:protocols.
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2844:GNU Zebra
2839:FRRouting
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2642:Zeroshell
2576:operating
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2136:0001-0782
2072:Routledge
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1248:. Cisco.
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1111:"router"
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