149:, but the term has been deprecated in this context, because of possible confusion with functionally different devices. By 1973-4, researchers in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom had worked out an approach to internetworking where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol, and instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, the hosts became responsible, as demonstrated in the
384:. Despite similar appearance as a layered model, it has a much less rigorous, loosely defined architecture that concerns itself only with the aspects of the style of networking in its own historical provenance. It assumes the availability of any suitable hardware infrastructure, without discussing hardware-specific low-level interfaces, and that a host has access to this local network to which it is connected via a link layer interface.
719:
In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and
Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who
689:
The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and
317:, is required to traverse these devices. However, a single computer network may be converted into an internetwork by dividing the network into segments and logically dividing the segment traffic with routers and having an internetworking software layer that applications employ.
328:
across the network. The architecture avoids intermediate network elements maintaining any state of the network. Instead, this function is assigned to the endpoints of each communication session. To transfer data reliably, applications must utilize an appropriate
643:
But the ARPANET itself had now become an island, with no links to the other networks that had sprung up. By the early 1970s, researchers in France, the UK, and the U.S. began developing ways of connecting networks to each other, a process known as
626:
365:(ISO) and provides a rigorous description for layering protocol functions from the underlying hardware to the software interface concepts in user applications. Internetworking is implemented in the
886:
387:
For a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the network engineering community was polarized over the implementation of competing protocol suites, commonly known as the
48:
in the connected networks can exchange messages irrespective of their hardware-level networking technology. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called an
586:
From the outset of the project, we aimed not only to carry out innovative research, but also to provide network services to UK and U.S. groups that wished to cooperate.
702:
539:
630:
169:
in the United
Kingdom confirmed establishing a common host protocol would be more reliable and efficient. The ARPANET connection to UCL later evolved into
297:
of the networking model, i.e. at the hardware-centric layer below the level of the TCP/IP logical interfaces. Such interconnection is accomplished with
254:
with specifications for compatibility of addressing and routing. The term catenet was gradually displaced by the short-form of the term internetwork,
627:"The Computer History Museum, SRI International, and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission, Precursor to Today's Internet"
118:, started as a way to connect disparate types of networking technology, but it became widespread through the developing need to connect two or more
732:
376:, also known as the TCP/IP model, was not designed to conform to the OSI model and does not refer to it in any of the normative specifications in
892:
362:
166:
391:. It was unclear which of the OSI model and the Internet protocol suite would result in the best and most robust computer networks.
987:
956:
775:
457:
429:
231:
946:
516:
138:
321:
928:
578:
657:
357:
Two architectural models are commonly used to describe the protocols and methods used in internetworking. The
286:
defining format and handling of transmitted packets; components interconnecting the participating networks by
196:. The definition of an internetwork today includes the connection of other types of computer networks such as
1006:
334:
63:, a network of networks based on many underlying hardware technologies. The Internet is defined by a unified
305:. This is sometimes incorrectly termed internetworking, but the resulting system is simply a larger, single
345:(UDP), for tasks which do not require reliable delivery of data or that require real-time service, such as
220:
146:
17:
358:
749:
173:. In 1977, ARPA demonstrated a three-way internetworking experiment, which linked a mobile vehicle in
142:
508:
400:
373:
310:
342:
283:
830:
McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the
Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account".
765:
197:
162:
502:
145:(UCL). In the ARPANET, the network elements used to connect individual networks were called
793:"In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s"
377:
8:
182:
907:
977:
855:
812:
570:
247:
193:
119:
72:
983:
952:
859:
847:
804:
771:
680:
562:
512:
453:
425:
381:
314:
263:
123:
76:
598:
27:"Internetwork" redirects here. For the most notable example of an internetwork, see
839:
672:
574:
554:
325:
293:
Another type of interconnection of networks often occurs within enterprises at the
130:
41:
346:
338:
330:
279:
216:
875:, L. Pouzin, Proceedings of EUROCOMP, Brunel University, May 1974, pp. 1023-36.
302:
298:
68:
45:
676:
1000:
948:
A History of
International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen
912:
851:
808:
684:
566:
388:
366:
278:
To build an internetwork, the following are needed: A standardized scheme to
720:
included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.
761:
480:
227:
690:
S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
448:
Coulouris, George; Dollimore, Jean; Kindberg, Tim; Blair, Gordon (2012).
238:. Pouzin was a pioneer in packet-switching technology and founder of the
843:
816:
792:
540:"Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom"
341:. Some applications use a simpler, connection-less transport protocol,
306:
294:
154:
64:
929:"Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War"
558:
476:
603:
239:
158:
150:
60:
28:
287:
282:
packets to any host on any participating network; a standardized
267:
177:
with nodes in the ARPANET, and, via SATNET, to nodes at UCL. The
134:
447:
290:
packets to their destinations based on standardized addresses.
170:
361:(OSI) reference model was developed under the auspices of the
174:
733:"8.7 Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975"
484:
250:. Catenet was the concept of linking these networks into a
186:
185:
were based in the 1970s and 1980s, was supplemented by the
178:
979:
History of the
Internet: A Chronology, 1843 to the Present
500:
236:
873:
494:
489:
The term "catenet" was introduced by L. Pouzin in 1974.
629:. SRI International. 27 October 2009. Archived from
34:
Interconnecting different types of computer networks
59:The most notable example of internetworking is the
658:"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"
905:
110:Internetworking, a combination of the components
998:
945:Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (2010-04-26).
739:
320:The Internet Protocol is designed to provide an
504:Research Handbook on Governance of the Internet
481:"IEN 48: The Catenet Model for Internetworking"
363:International Organization for Standardization
790:
273:
192:Today the interconnecting gateways are called
944:
791:Russell, Andrew L.; Schafer, Valérie (2014).
419:
420:Peterson, Larry L.; Davie, Bruce S. (2012).
230:in October 1973 in a note circulated to the
133:network was the 1973 interconnection of the
40:is the practice of interconnecting multiple
975:
891:. Indianapolis: Cisco Press. Archived from
745:
165:(PUP) for internetworking. Research at the
141:through the computer science department at
934:. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.
899:
443:
441:
219:communication networks interconnected via
475:
189:protocol which enabled internetworking.
94:. An earlier term for an internetwork is
829:
655:
599:"30 years of the international internet"
537:
450:Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design
832:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
547:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
471:
469:
438:
215:is obsolete terminolgy for a system of
14:
999:
760:
884:
878:
422:Computer Networks: a systems approach
413:
129:The first international heterogenous
976:Moschovitis, Christos J. P. (1999).
466:
352:
926:
823:
665:IEEE Transactions on Communications
234:, later published in a 1974 paper "
232:International Network Working Group
86:is a combination of the components
24:
906:Andrew L. Russell (30 July 2013).
501:M. Ziewitz & I. Brown (2013).
266:replaced earlier protocols on the
25:
1018:
619:
938:
920:
908:"OSI: The Internet That Wasn't"
866:
784:
754:
725:
695:
649:
591:
531:
13:
1:
406:
335:Transmission Control Protocol
167:National Physical Laboratory
7:
916:. Vol. 50, no. 8.
656:Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974).
394:
359:Open System Interconnection
274:Interconnection of networks
246:meant what is now called a
10:
1023:
969:
885:Teare, Diane (July 1999).
770:. MIT Press. p. 125.
703:"The internet's fifth man"
203:
105:
26:
951:. John Wiley & Sons.
677:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259
309:, and no internetworking
213:(con)catenating networks,
143:University College London
139:British academic networks
888:Designing Cisco Networks
369:(Layer 3) of the model.
337:(TCP), which provides a
242:network, at a time when
153:network. Researchers at
100:(con)catenating networks
75:methods provided by the
65:global addressing system
44:, such that any pair of
538:Kirstein, P.T. (1999).
509:Edward Elgar Publishing
401:History of the Internet
374:Internet Protocol Suite
226:The term was coined by
797:Technology and Culture
767:Inventing the Internet
343:User Datagram Protocol
198:personal area networks
163:PARC Universal Packet
157:outlined the idea of
1007:Network architecture
378:Request for Comments
270:in the early 1980s.
183:public data networks
927:Russell, Andrew L.
844:10.1109/MAHC.2011.9
252:network of networks
181:protocol, on which
120:local area networks
709:. 13 December 2013
607:. 19 November 2003
452:. Addison-Wesley.
382:Internet standards
333:protocol, such as
248:local area network
211:, a short-form of
98:, a short-form of
989:978-1-57607-118-2
958:978-3-527-32710-2
777:978-0-262-51115-5
633:on March 29, 2019
559:10.1109/85.759368
459:978-0-13-214301-1
431:978-0-12-385059-1
424:. Elsevier, Inc.
353:Networking models
324:(not guaranteed)
315:Internet Protocol
264:Internet Protocol
124:wide area network
122:via some sort of
77:Internet Protocol
42:computer networks
16:(Redirected from
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644:internetworking.
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577:. Archived from
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303:network switches
131:resource sharing
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584:on 2020-02-07.
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349:or voice chat.
347:video streaming
339:reliable stream
331:transport layer
299:network bridges
276:
217:packet-switched
206:
108:
84:internetworking
52:, or simply an
38:Internetworking
35:
32:
23:
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15:
12:
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5:
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895:on 2007-02-07.
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803:(4): 893–894.
783:
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671:(5): 637–648.
648:
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518:978-1849805049
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326:packet service
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114:(between) and
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90:(between) and
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913:IEEE Spectrum
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762:Abbate, Janet
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511:. p. 7.
510:
506:
505:
497:
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486:
482:
479:(July 1978).
478:
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455:
451:
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389:Protocol Wars
385:
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367:Network Layer
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982:. ABC-CLIO.
978:
947:
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893:the original
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868:
838:(1): 66–71.
835:
831:
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786:
766:
756:
741:
727:
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713:11 September
711:. Retrieved
706:
697:
688:
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664:
651:
642:
637:25 September
635:. Retrieved
631:the original
621:
609:. Retrieved
602:
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579:the original
553:(1): 38–44.
550:
546:
533:
522:. Retrieved
503:
496:
488:
449:
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415:
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371:
356:
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262:), when the
259:
258:(lower-case
255:
251:
243:
235:
228:Louis Pouzin
225:
212:
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207:
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115:
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109:
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87:
83:
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71:format, and
58:
53:
50:internetwork
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37:
36:
18:Internetwork
137:with early
748:, p.
524:2015-08-16
407:References
322:unreliable
313:, such as
307:subnetwork
295:link layer
155:Xerox PARC
116:networking
92:networking
860:206443072
852:1934-1547
809:0040-165X
707:Economist
685:1558-0857
567:1934-1547
477:Vint Cerf
82:The term
1001:Category
817:24468474
764:(2000).
604:BBC News
395:See also
311:protocol
284:protocol
256:internet
240:CYCLADES
221:gateways
161:and the
159:Ethernet
151:CYCLADES
147:gateways
61:Internet
54:internet
29:Internet
970:Sources
611:22 June
575:1558618
288:routing
280:address
268:ARPANET
244:network
209:Catenet
204:Catenet
194:routers
135:ARPANET
106:History
96:catenet
73:routing
986:
955:
858:
850:
815:
807:
774:
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565:
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456:
428:
171:SATNET
69:packet
932:(PDF)
856:S2CID
813:JSTOR
661:(PDF)
582:(PDF)
571:S2CID
543:(PDF)
175:PRNET
112:inter
88:inter
46:hosts
984:ISBN
953:ISBN
848:ISSN
805:ISSN
772:ISBN
750:78-9
715:2017
681:ISSN
639:2017
613:2012
563:ISSN
513:ISBN
485:IETF
454:ISBN
426:ISBN
380:and
372:The
301:and
187:X.75
179:X.25
840:doi
673:doi
555:doi
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468:^
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