523:
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country would backslide and return to the repressive tendencies of the past, which ended up happening later on in the year with the 2013 Telecommunications Law, which has been considered a breach of freedom of speech online. While the government of
Myanmar amended the 2013 law slightly in August 2017, including an amendment that "permits judges to release people on bail, allows only those directly affected, or with permission from those directly affected, by the offense to press charges, and reduces the maximum prison sentence to two years” for crimes under article 66 of the law, the government did not change anything about article 66(d), which is considered a "highly controversial clause that restricts freedom of speech."
308:
860:, but were unable to block all circumvention methods. With the removal of the blocking of websites after 2012, the demand for proxies was reduced, and therefore the need to block them was also removed. Cybercafes were required by law to keep records on their customers’ activities and provide police access to their records upon request. However, many cafes do not systematically enforce such monitoring, often assisting their users in circumventing censorship instead. In response, the government increased surprise inspections of cybercafes, and cafes posted signs warning users not to visit certain websites. Licensing law instructed cybercafes to install
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and open to arbitrary or selective interpretation and enforcement. The
Electronic Transactions Law covers "any act detrimental to" and specifically "receiving or sending and distributing any information relating to" state security, law and order, community peace and tranquility, national solidarity, the national economy, or national culture. Violators face fines and prison terms of 7 to 15 years. The importing and use of a modem without official permission is banned, with penalties for violations of up to 15 years in prison. While harsh prison terms and selective enforcement encourages
57:
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24:
539:, including legal and regulatory barriers, infrastructural and technical constraints, and coercive measures such as intimidation and lengthy prison sentences. Although the authorities lacked the capacity to pervasively enforce all restrictions, the impact of their sporadic implementation and the ensuing impact was profound. While information circulating on the Internet is still closely monitored, reforms by the Burmese regime that began in 2011 resulted in information being more freely circulated.
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deemed harmful to state security, however, remained in place. Pornography was still widely blocked, as was content relating to alcohol and drugs, gambling websites, online dating sites, sex education, gay and lesbian content, and web censorship circumvention tools. In 2012, almost all of the previously blocked websites of opposition political parties, critical political content, and independent news sites were accessible, with only 5 of 541 tested URLs categorised as political content blocked.
486:, the Myanmar Information Management Unit, and the ICT4Peace Foundation, all of which discuss big data and trends. According to UNESCO, the workshop "gave participants a chance to learn about social media and data trends, the platforms available, their characteristics, and how to effectively leverage these for crisis information management" in addition to advising the managers about the use of social media in issues such as hate speech or election violence.
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free speech, as seen through the incarceration of 38 people since the NLD came to power who were charged with violating the law through online defamation. Ever since its enactment in 2013, people have criticized the law for being used to silence anyone critical of the government, and therefore making freedom of speech on the
Internet difficult. According to
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dictatorship toward electoral democracy. However, the government maintains tight control over the media sector through the use of harsh defamation and other laws." Since the introduction of
Internet to the country, Myanmar has faced criticism from several organizations for its actions regarding censorship, some of which are listed below:
107:. While the Internet situation in Myanmar has undergone change since its introduction in 2010 and reduction of censorship in 2011, laws such as the 2013 Telecommunications Law continue to restrict citizens from total freedom online. Despite restrictions, internet penetration continues to grow across the country.
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in
Mandalay, and plans to roll out a similar trial in Yangon. On 22 July 2015, the CEO of Telenor Myanmar announced that 55% of Telenor's 10 million mobile subscribers were data users, increasing the low estimate of internet users in Myanmar to at least 5.5 million. Internet World Statistics reported
318:
Myanmar has a very low
Internet penetration rate due to government restrictions on pricing and deliberate lack of facilities and infrastructure. According to World Internet Stats statistics, Myanmar had over 534,930 Internet users (1.0% of the population) in June 2012, with the vast majority of users
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In August 2012, the
Burmese Press Scrutiny and Registration Department announced that all pre-publication censorship of the press was to be discontinued, such that articles dealing with religion and politics would no longer require review by the government before publication. Restrictions on content
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has created more concern for the future of freedom of speech online. Once Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD came into power in 2016, 17 journalists were incarcerated under the
Telecommunications Law. Despite restrictions, the number of Internet users in Myanmar continues to grow, albeit with the majority
473:
According to the
Development Institute of the Russian Federation, Myanmar "still social media penetration levels below 10%." Despite this, internet and social media usage is still rising and influential, with Facebook usage among a variety of people in Myanmar, including farmers. While social media
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With the growth of
Internet use in Myanmar and opening of telecommunications, the price of SIM cards has decreased from Ks.2,45,000/- (reported as US$ 250) in 2013 to Ks.1,542/- (reported as US$ 1.50) in 2014." While costs remain high across the country, ranking 148th out of 188 of countries on the
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Laws regulating the Internet include the Computer Science Development Law (1996), the Wide Area Network Order (2002), the Electronic Transactions Law (2004), and the Printers and Publishers Registration Act (1962), which regulates the media. These laws and associated regulations are broadly worded
670:
in 2016, the speed of the Internet remained generally stagnant, with slight improvements in regard to more phone shops and WiFi in bigger cities, but the freedom of Internet use slowed down. A few years prior in 2013, the Telecommunications Law included legislation that was seen as restrictive to
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organisations. The term "Myanmar Wide Web (MWW)" is a pejorative name for the portion of the World Wide Web that is accessible from Myanmar. Many sites containing keywords or phrases that were considered suspicious, such as "Burma", "drugs", "military government", "democracy", "student movement",
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These laws are still in place, and authorities had promised to adopt a media law that will put an end to censorship back in 2012 in addition to revising or repealing the Electronic Act and emergency rule. In January 2013, the new media law was not put in place and there was some concern that the
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According to Reuters, "U.N. human rights experts investigating a possible genocide in Myanmar said that Facebook had played a role in spreading hate speech there." The Rohingya genocide was found to be affected by Facebook, as Reuters found that while Facebook was broadly "used to convey public
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As Myanmar gradually expands its technologies and the Internet access, censorship remains a problem, with Freedom House in its 2017 Myanmar country profile stating that "conditions for the media in Myanmar have improved significantly since the country began its ongoing transition from military
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Unicode began to spread throughout Myanmar thanks to initiatives such as including both Zawgyi and Unicode on Android versions 4.4 and newer. Lorian Leong of Mobile Media & Communication found that the lack of Unicode "influences users’ access and dependency on others to help install such
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Freelance reporter Hla Hla Win was released in 2011 after being arrested in September 2009 and given a 27-year prison term, including 20 years for violating the Electronic Transactions Law. Her associate, Myint Naing, arrested at the same time was also released after receiving a 32-year
922:, etc. The junta also arrested social influencers and others who wrote articles against the coup. Most were arrested under act 505 (a), which carries a prison sentence of 3 years. Most websites of news agencies and social media that contained content denouncing the coup were blocked.
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in order to bypass government censorship. The popularity of Internet cafés declined with the emergence of improved telecommunication infrastructure following liberalization, which allowed mobile Internet to achieve widespread use. However, they are still widely present, especially in
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United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Index that have 66.9% of the country making less than Ks.2,622/- per day ($ 2.00 USD), Mobile Media & Communication found that "Myanmar people are willing to pay for mobiles, with over 18.1 million active SIM cards."
399:, meaning that it does not use "an intelligent rendering engine to make sure each script element has one and only one code point." This may prevent websites displaying the Zawgyi font from being accessible to users from other countries or those displaying text using Unicode.
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ACM Computers & Society also cautioned that typing certain ethnic languages of Myanmar with Zawgyi may be difficult, meaning that "Myanmar’s ethnic languages cannot be represented or co-exist with Burmese languages when the non-Unicode Zawgyi font is used."
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The number of Internet service providers has enormously increased since 2015 and mobile data usage fees have also decreased to 1 MB per 5 Kyat (US$ 0.0035estimated), with FTTH monthly fees starting from 20,000 Kyat (US$ 14.19 estimated) for 10 Mbit/s.
812:, were also made accessible. Following the reduction in online censorship, the head of Burma’s press censorship department described such censorship as "not in harmony with democratic practices" and a practice that "should be abolished in the near future."
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Activist Than Myint Aung was released in January 2012 after receiving a 10-year prison sentence in July 2010 for violating the Electronic Transactions Law by using the Internet to disseminate information that was "detrimental to the security of the state";
579:, the junta completely shut down Internet connectivity from 29 September to 4 October. State-controlled ISPs occasionally applied bandwidth caps to prevent the sharing of video and image files, particularly during politically-sensitive events, such as the
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A former military officer and a foreign affairs official were sentenced to death in 2010, and another foreign affairs official was sentenced to 15 years in prison, for leaking information and photographs about military tunnels and a general’s trip to
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Photographer Sithu Zeya was granted a conditional release after being sentenced to eight years in prison in December 2010 for taking pictures in the aftermath of an April 2010 bomb blast in Yangon and for his affiliation with an exiled media
736:, and other members were given sentences ranging from three to eleven years; Min Ko Naing has since been released. Other members of the group were released on 13 January 2012, as part of a mass presidential pardon for political activists.
732:, and nine others, were convicted on 11 November 2008 of four counts of "illegally using electronic media" and one count of "forming an illegal organization" and sentenced to 65 years in prison apiece, while the group's photographer,
1840:, the OpenNet Initiative is a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa
791:
Reforms have also extended to the country’s strict information control regime. Beginning in September 2011, the historically-pervasive levels of Internet censorship were significantly reduced. International news sites, including
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Many political prisoners in Myanmar were charged under the aforementioned laws. However, in the second half of 2011, as part of a larger series of amnesties, the military regime released a number of journalists and bloggers.
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Following decades of military rule, Burma has undergone a series of significant political and economic reforms since elections in November 2010. March 2011 saw the end of formal military rule in the country, with reformist
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As significant as they are, the impact of these reforms may be less than expected considering only 0.3 percent of Burma's population has Web access, and outside of Burma's largest city, Yangon, few can read English.
327:. Although 42 cities across the country have access to the Internet, the number of users outside of Yangon and Mandalay is just over 10,000. In the same year, most of the country's 40,000 Internet connections were
92:, and laws and regulations with large fines and lengthy prison sentences for violators. In 2015, internet usage significantly increased to 12.6% with the introduction of faster mobile 3G internet by transnational
481:
With the growth of social media and its capability to spread both news and opinionated information, some information managers in Myanmar are learning about the potential of social media through a workshop run by
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930:, partly shared by the military, was seemingly not affected in the shutdowns. From 15 February, internet curfews were initiated seemingly without reason, lasting daily from 1:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.
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365:
Due to the geography of Myanmar, VSAT services have remained viable. While IPStar services had previously been offered, commercial VSAT service providers began emerging in 2016 and 2017, listed below:
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and its related sister projects were also banned on 19 February. On 6 and 7 February, the Internet experienced a blackout with minor shutdowns in several regions. However, telecommunications company
680:
relying upon low bandwidth. According to World Bank, "mobile and internet penetration has increased significantly from less than 20% and 10% in 2014, to 60% and 25% respectively" as of October 2017.
429:
Blogs focus on entertainment (14%), technology, computers, and the Internet (17%), books and literature (9%), news (6%), hobbies and travel (6%), politics (5%), and religion (4%), among other topics;
788:, won seats after contesting their first elections since 1991. From 2011 to 2012, hundreds of political prisoners were released as legislative changes re-established labour rights in the country.
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Blogger Win Zaw Naing was released in January 2012 after being arrested in November 2009 and facing up to 15 years in prison for posting pictures and reports about the September 2007 protests;
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804:, long blocked by Burmese censors, became accessible. A number of previously censored independent Burma-focused news sites which had been highly critical of the ruling regime, such as the
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697:, a blogger and owner of three cybercafes, was released in January 2012 after being sentenced to 20 years and six months in prison in November 2008 for posting a cartoon of
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becoming the country’s first civilian president in half a century. While by-elections held in April 2012 included numerous reports of fraud, the opposition party
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in Nov 2015 that penetration was 12.6%. As of 30 June 2017 Myanmar has 13,747,506 internet users, 25.1% population penetration, and 11,000,000 Facebook users.
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568:, a network protocol serving as a closed alternative to the global Internet, in order to limit the flow of unwanted information in and out of the country.
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has been available since 2000 when the first Internet connections were established. Beginning in September 2011, historically-pervasive levels of Internet
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Listed as selective in the political and Internet tools areas, as substantial in social, and as no evidence of filtering in conflict/security by the
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is the fastest growing type of Internet activity in Myanmar, with a 25 percent increase from 2009. A non-scientific survey taken in 2009 found that:
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1030:, Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications, Information Technology department, Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs, accessed 10 June 2011
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Calderaro, Andrea. (2014). Digitalizing Myanmar: Connectivity Developments in Political Transitions. Internet Policy Observatory. Retrieved from
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in Myanmar was classified as pervasive in the political area and as substantial in social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas by the
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messages", it also allowed ultra-nationalist Buddhist groups to incite violence and "hatred against the Rohingya or other ethnic minorities."
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were significantly reduced. Prior to September 2011, the military government worked aggressively to limit and control Internet access through
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395:, "may impede the digital potential of the country." Zawgyi, considered the most widely-used font throughout Myanmar, is incompatible with
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described the country as having taken "irreversible steps" towards democracy, a speech broadcast on state television for the first time.
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284:) is Ks.17,000/- (US$ 13 estimated). 2.5 Mbit/s, the highest bandwidth available, is offered at Ks.80,000/- (US$ 60 estimated).
135:
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651:-based company, provides the government of Myanmar with software that limits the material accessible by citizens online, especially
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Liao, Han-Teng (13 January 2017). "Encoding for access: how Zawgyi success impedes full participation in digital Myanmar".
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On 15 March 2021, the military completely shut off mobile internet access in Myanmar, and all internet access on 18 March.
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and its related sister projects, international and local media, and the websites of anti-coup organizations (including the
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114:, internet access was shut off daily between the hours of 1:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. Social media networks such as
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910:, were banned following their usage by anti-coup protestors. Websites are available and accessible in Myanmar including
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a website listing the different Internet Service Providers in Myanmar and comparing their plans and respective coverage
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On 15 March, nationwide mobile Internet was shut down and only fibre to the home (FTTH) services remained unaffected.
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Amid the growth of Internet access across the country, ACM Computers & Society found that the Burmese-text font,
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1151:"Internet Governance Capacity Building in Post-Authoritarian Contexts. Telecom Reform and Human Rights in Myanmar"
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Prior to September 2011, Myanmar banned the websites and blogs of political opposition groups, sites relating to
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shut down all telecommunications in the late midnight of 31 January. After a few days, social media, including
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usage spreads, people using platforms such as Facebook use it for controversially both good and bad reasons.
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840:, expression in online environments, such as comment features, remains both relatively free and anonymous.
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3,25,000/- (US$ 240 estimated), including an initial setup fee of Ks.50,000/- (US$ 37 estimated) without a
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1660:"Blogging Increases 25% Within A Year" (Blog Yay Thar Hmu Ta Nhit Ah Twin 25 Yar Khaing Hnoan Toe Lar)
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Leong, Lorian (1 February 2017). "Mobile Myanmar: The development of a mobile app culture in Yangon".
280:. The annual fee is Ks.50,000/- (US$ 37 estimated), while the monthly fee for 512 kbit/s (lowest
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751:, there are conflicting reports that the death sentences were reduced to life or to 32 years in 2012;
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The Internet infrastructure was also controlled through total shutdowns and temporary reductions in
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372:- Leading VSAT Services provide with complete suites of Services and Teleport right within Yangon.
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2201:"Burma: Telecom Law Amended but Key Defamation Provision Remains Unchanged | Global Legal Monitor"
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Internet access for home use in areas outside of Yangon and Mandalay is only available through
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Listed as not free for both net freedom and press freedom according to Freedom House in 2017.
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89:
758:, was sentenced to 13 years in prison in January 2010 for working for an exile media outlet;
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In a September 2012, in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, Burmese president
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2615:"The Electronic Transactions Law (The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 5/2004)"
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8:
3123:
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1790:"Myanmar information managers learn about social media, big data and the crisis response"
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Journalist Ngwe Soe Lin was released in late 2011 after being arrested at a cybercafe in
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268:. However, its pricing is prohibitively expensive for most customers. In 2017, For MPT's
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452:, 10 percent blog in both languages, and the rest use ethnic minority languages such as
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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was officially banned by the military government; Myanmar ISPs blocked many bypass and
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2004:
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Wai-Yan Phyo Oo and Saw Pyayzon (30 July 2010). "State of Internet Usage in Myanmar".
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35 percent of bloggers are 26 to 30 years old and 29 percent are 21 to 25 years old;
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2482:, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), accessed 2 February 2013
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counted at least 15 journalists and three internet activists in detention in 2011;
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were the most common method of accessing the Internet, as most were equipped with
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675:, the tense environment with the Rohingya refugee crisis starting in 2015 in the
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Prior to September 2011, the government used a wide range of methods to restrict
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52 percent of Burmese bloggers write from Burma and 48 percent write from abroad;
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FTTH service providers are also available in some towns that are not included in
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61:
1699:"The State of Social Media and Messaging in Asia Pacific: Trends and Statistics"
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Ooredoo users say its products are expensive and don't match their expectations
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s-down.html "Internet service hampered as Myanmar Teleport server breaks down"
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599:), and "human rights" were shut down, with some remaining blocked. Access to
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report, although by 2014, the country's status was revised to "Partly Free".
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1525:"Competition, watch out' says Telenor Myanmar CEO, as subs over 10 million"
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2033:, Stephanie Wang and Shishir Nagaraja, OpenNet Initiative, 22 October 2007
1688:, Nyi Lynn Seck, Myanmar Blogger Society, Rangoon, slides, 2 February 2010
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2501:, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), 8 January 2013
2024:"Pulling the Plug: A Technical Review of the Internet Shutdown in Burma"
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in December 2010. In 2012, Myanmar was listed as an "Internet enemy" by
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on 1 February, internet censorship saw a significant re-emergence. The
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2676:"Myanmar retains tough clause in communications law despite calls..."
1495:, Internet World Stats, 23 September 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
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Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering
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an article on Myanmar's Internet Censorship by Shawn W Crispin in
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cameras and assign at least four security staff to monitor users.
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2451:, International Freedom of Expression Exchange, 18 November 2009
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2708:"Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising"
1539:"Asia Internet Stats by Country and 2021 Population Statistics"
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services, and creates constraints and limitations to content."
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2442:"Another blogger arrested for posts about Saffron Revolution"
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2523:"Court Extends Prison Sentence of NLD Liberated Area Member"
2314:"40 Burmese Dissidents Given Prison Terms of up to 65 Years"
1428:, Saw Yan Naing, The Irrawaddy Publishing Group, 29 May 2008
2624:, Myanmar Law (2004), Burma Lawyers' Council, 30 April 2004
2563:, Reporters Without Borders, news release, 28 December 2010
1995:, Asia Pacific Nets, channelnewsasia.com, 28 September 2007
861:
636:
344:
328:
2513:, Reporters Without Borders, news release, 29 January 2010
255:
2168:"Myanmar's National League for Democracy at a Crossroads"
1755:"U.N. investigators cite Facebook role in Myanmar crisis"
1366:
1123:
1099:"Ooredoo Myanmar: Mobile Data, Supernet, FTTH, M-pitesan"
797:
149:
874:
Myanmar protests (2021–present) § Internet blackout
265:
2145:
http://repository.upenn.edu/internetpolicyobservatory/6
1820:"Summarized global Internet filtering data spreadsheet"
1217:"Myanmar Internet Usage and Telecommunications Reports"
2093:"Internet Filtering in Burma in 2005: A Country Study"
2082:, Irene Poetranto, OpenNet Initiative, 23 October 2012
662:
Once the leadership of the country transferred to the
615:, the messaging feature of the social networking site
370:
SEANET (SOUTHEASTASIANET TECHNOLOGIES Myanmar Co. Ltd)
2584:
The Rice Bowl, the GlobalPost's reported blog on Asia
2542:"BURMA: Prisoners released and others still detained"
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
1993:"Myanmar's main Internet link not working: official"
867:
553:. Myanmar was initially designated as "Not Free" in
2057:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1889:, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 12 March 2012
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1438:"Bypassing Internet Censorship in Burma / Myanmar"
997:
2645:, Reporters Without Borders, Paris, 12 March 2009
2561:"Photographer Sentenced to Eight Years in Prison"
2461:"Two Receive Death Sentence for Information Leak"
4152:
2551:, Asian Human Rights Commission, 3 February 2012
2511:"Another Video Reporter Gets Long Jail Sentence"
2375:"High-profile dissidents freed in Burma amnesty"
1458:"Google Public Data: Burma Internet penetration"
1045:
1043:
3278:Internet censorship and surveillance by country
2047:, Ronald Deibert (ed), MIT Press, 2008, p.340,
1892:
1862:
1706:Development Institute of the Russian Federation
438:77% of bloggers are single and 14% are married;
2121:. Burma Net News. 27 June 2006. Archived from
1294:. American National Standards Institute, Inc.
995:
3262:
2788:
2342:
2311:
1812:
1040:
2473:"Political Prisoner Profile: Win Naing Kyaw"
2463:, Irrawaddy Publishing Group, 7 January 2010
2014:, Michael Dobie, BBC News, 28 September 2007
1669:, Myanmar Internet Journal, 17 December 2010
597:protest movement that began on 8 August 1988
847:
3269:
3255:
2795:
2781:
2746:"Burning down Myanmar's Internet firewall"
2413:, Myint Maung, Mizzima News, 24 March 2010
2404:"Appeal case for DVB reporter Hla Hla Win"
435:72% of bloggers are men and 27% are women;
2532:, Myint Maung, Mizzima News, 16 July 2010
2073:"Update on information controls in Burma"
1162:
1148:
854:Internet censorship circumvention methods
360:
138:), were also banned by the ruling junta.
1721:"The Facebook-Loving Farmers of Myanmar"
1023:
1021:
521:
379:
306:
288:Internet is unavailable in rural areas.
178:Myanmar Post and Telecommunication (MPT)
105:Myanmar Post and Telecommunications(MPT)
55:
2627:
1409:, Mizzima News Agency, 10 February 2009
958:
302:
256:Internet in other towns and rural areas
4153:
2685:from the original on 23 September 2023
2255:from the original on 23 September 2023
2211:from the original on 23 September 2023
2178:from the original on 23 September 2023
2165:
1951:, OpenNet Initiative, 22 December 2010
1800:from the original on 23 September 2023
1765:from the original on 23 September 2023
1464:from the original on 23 September 2023
1298:from the original on 23 September 2023
1292:"Country Code List: ISO 3166-1993 (E)"
1197:from the original on 23 September 2023
1124:"MPT Myanmar | Moving Myanmar Forward"
784:, including leader and Nobel laureate
272:(new installation) price for ADSL was
3250:
2776:
2702:
2700:
2274:"Press Freedom Barometer 2011: Burma"
2195:
2193:
2161:
2159:
2099:from the original on 5 September 2008
1784:
1782:
1780:
1748:
1746:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1481:
1479:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1018:
351:
343:. MPT is also undertaking a trial of
319:hailing from the two largest cities,
2740:"The Internet and Burma (1998-2009)"
2718:from the original on 1 February 2021
2385:from the original on 13 January 2012
2336:
1731:from the original on 23 January 2021
1616:
1549:from the original on 4 February 2019
996:Martin, Steven; et al. (2002).
631:were sporadically blocked. However,
244:where they are used extensively for
160:
17:
2655:"Call for ‘Concrete’ Media Reforms"
2293:"Burma blogger jailed for 20 years"
2207:. Zeldin, Wendy. 6 September 2017.
1859:, OpenNet Initiative, 6 August 2012
1419:"No More Proxies: Myanmar Teleport"
1187:"Two Telecoms Race To Wire Myanmar"
703:State Peace and Development Council
155:
13:
2697:
2664:, Radio Free Asia, 16 January 2013
2573:"YouTube, BBC ban lifted in Burma"
2432:, Freedom House, 25 September 2012
2345:"Harsh sentences for Burma rebels"
2343:Jonathan Head (11 November 2008).
2312:Saw Yan Naing (11 November 2008).
2190:
2156:
2005:Burma "Junta tightens media screw"
1974:from the original on 12 April 2019
1777:
1743:
1605:
1561:
1498:
1476:
1268:. 14 November 2017. Archived from
1239:
421:An October 2010 survey found that
14:
4182:
2767:Internet package plans comparison
2742:, Mizzima News, 24 September 2009
2733:
2673:
2423:"Freedom on the Net 2012 - Burma"
1752:
868:Re-censorship after the 2021 coup
770:
375:
2355:from the original on 11 May 2011
1619:ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society
1579:Mobile Media & Communication
1149:Calderaro, Andrea (1 May 2015).
227:Before democratization in 2011,
22:
2667:
2648:
2608:
2589:
2566:
2554:
2535:
2516:
2504:
2485:
2466:
2454:
2435:
2416:
2397:
2367:
2305:
2286:
2267:
2237:
2137:
2111:
2085:
2036:
2017:
1998:
1986:
1954:
1843:
1718:
1712:
1691:
1672:
1653:
1531:
1517:
1450:
1431:
1412:
1400:
1381:
1355:
1329:
1326:, Yatanarpon Teleport Co., Ltd.
1310:
1284:
1209:
564:Previously, Myanmar utilised a
506:Listed as an Internet enemy by
468:
2802:
2119:"Burma bans Google and g-mail"
1929:, Freedom House, 18 April 2011
1179:
1142:
1116:
1091:
1066:
1004:. Lonely Planet Publications.
989:
970:
172:, satellite internet provider
1:
1679:“Myanmar Blogger Survey 2009”
983:
782:National League for Democracy
664:National League for Democracy
489:
2302:, BBC News, 11 November 2008
1942:"ONI Country Profile: Burma"
1850:"ONI Country Profile: Burma"
1447:, VPNHero.com, 16 March 2011
884:State Administration Council
710:88 Generation Students Group
633:Voice over Internet Protocol
7:
2283:, Reporters Without Borders
1388:"Myanmar Internet Provider"
936:
410:
103:, later joined by national
94:telecommunication companies
10:
4187:
2492:"Political Prisoners List"
1543:www.internetworldstats.com
1221:www.internetworldstats.com
1050:"Internet Cafe in Myanmar"
1028:"Internet Services Tariff"
871:
643:, were and are available.
517:
414:
222:Internet service providers
202:Kinetic Myanmar Technology
4117:
3891:
3680:
3512:
3284:
3206:
3106:
2916:
2810:
2660:23 September 2023 at the
2620:23 September 2023 at the
2601:23 September 2023 at the
2596:"Myanmar Law (1988–2004)"
2578:23 September 2023 at the
2547:23 September 2023 at the
2447:23 September 2023 at the
2428:23 September 2023 at the
2298:23 September 2023 at the
2150:23 September 2023 at the
1962:"Freedom on the net 2014"
1947:29 September 2018 at the
1855:29 September 2018 at the
1684:23 September 2023 at the
1322:16 September 2011 at the
1055:23 September 2023 at the
953:Digital divide in Myanmar
806:Democratic Voice of Burma
689:Reporters Without Borders
611:, the video-sharing site
595:"8888" (a reference to a
551:Reporters Without Borders
508:Reporters Without Borders
385:Union of Burma Boy Scouts
82:software-based censorship
31:This article needs to be
3322:Central African Republic
2964:Content-control software
2605:, Burma Lawyers’ Council
2166:Roewer, Richard (2017).
2029:15 November 2020 at the
2010:18 February 2009 at the
1591:10.1177/2050157917689950
1397:, Guide for Myanmar 2007
963:
848:Censorship circumvention
224:in Yangon and Mandalay.
220:and some others are the
112:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
3808:Palestinian territories
3219:Chinese issues overseas
2641:30 October 2014 at the
2635:Internet Enemies: Burma
2095:. Open Net Initiative.
1927:Freedom on the Net 2011
1825:10 January 2012 at the
1631:10.1145/3040489.3040493
1000:Myanmar (Burma), 8th Ed
976:formerly known as Burma
830:
581:November 2010 elections
559:Freedom on the Net 2011
387:motto using Zawgyi font
264:technology provided by
4171:2020s internet outages
4166:2010s internet outages
3978:YouTube video blocking
3929:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3193:Suppression of dissent
2756:Internet in Mawlamyine
2279:26 August 2012 at the
2229:: CS1 maint: others (
1916:"Burma Country Report"
1836:26 August 2011 at the
1829:, 29 October 2012 and
1665:22 August 2011 at the
1491:21 August 2015 at the
655:service providers and
532:
388:
361:VSAT Service Providers
331:circuits, followed by
315:
65:
2959:Conspiracy of silence
2949:Collateral censorship
2874:Speech and expression
1885:23 March 2012 at the
1393:10 September 2012 at
1317:"Company at a glance"
1034:20 April 2011 at the
943:Human rights in Burma
657:pornographic websites
639:) systems, including
525:
383:
310:
59:
3868:United Arab Emirates
3236:Muhammad controversy
3173:Naturalistic fallacy
3081:computer and network
2497:6 March 2013 at the
2478:11 June 2013 at the
2409:12 July 2011 at the
2078:2 March 2018 at the
1921:23 June 2011 at the
1424:2 March 2011 at the
1164:10.2139/ssrn.2686095
959:Notes and references
577:2007 street protests
448:, 8 percent blog in
303:Internet penetration
4161:Internet in Myanmar
3650:Trinidad and Tobago
3231:Internet censorship
2761:Internet In Myanmar
2752:, 21 September 2007
2714:. 31 January 2021.
2586:, 16 September 2011
2528:18 May 2011 at the
2381:. 13 January 2012.
1818:OpenNet Initiative
1796:. 31 October 2014.
1443:14 May 2016 at the
1369:on 28 December 2018
1227:on 7 September 2017
543:Internet censorship
444:80 percent blog in
417:Blogging in Myanmar
166:Yatanarpon Teleport
78:censorship in Burma
3575:Dominican Republic
3168:Moralistic fallacy
2906:banned video games
2889:banned televisions
1831:"Country Profiles"
1363:"Myanmar Speednet"
880:2021 military coup
705:from 1992 to 2011;
701:, Chairman of the
547:OpenNet Initiative
533:
501:OpenNet Initiative
389:
352:Mobile Phone Usage
337:satellite terminal
316:
311:Example usages of
176:, the state-owned
66:
4148:
4147:
3244:
3243:
3226:Freedom of speech
3071:Strategic lawsuit
3021:National intranet
2969:Damnatio memoriae
2750:Asia Times Online
1061:Today in Myanmar,
1011:978-1-74059-190-4
699:General Than Shwe
621:Google’s Blogspot
566:national intranet
345:fibre-to-the-home
198:Fortune Broadband
194:AGB Communication
161:Service providers
52:
51:
4178:
4140:Papua New Guinea
3424:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3183:Propaganda model
2811:Media regulation
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2671:
2665:
2652:
2646:
2631:
2625:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2587:
2582:, Patrick Winn,
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2539:
2533:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2489:
2483:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2420:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2320:. Archived from
2309:
2303:
2290:
2284:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2172:GIGA Focus Asien
2163:
2154:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2021:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1939:
1930:
1913:
1890:
1879:Internet Enemies
1875:
1860:
1847:
1841:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1676:
1670:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1614:
1603:
1602:
1574:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:Bi-Weekly Eleven
1502:
1496:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:. Archived from
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1339:. Archived from
1333:
1327:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1272:on 11 April 2019
1266:freedomhouse.org
1258:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1223:. Archived from
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:13 February 2009
1047:
1038:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1003:
993:
977:
974:
794:Voice of America
786:Aung San Suu Kyi
668:Aung San Suu Kyi
537:Internet freedom
530:Aung San Suu Kyi
527:State Counsellor
270:fixed-line phone
190:Myanmar Speednet
156:Access and usage
146:top-level domain
60:An example of a
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4113:
4044:North Macedonia
3887:
3676:
3508:
3420:
3280:
3275:
3245:
3240:
3202:
3102:
3061:Self-censorship
3036:Prior restraint
3026:Newspaper theft
3011:Internet police
2944:Chilling effect
2934:Broadcast delay
2912:
2806:
2801:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2672:
2668:
2662:Wayback Machine
2653:
2649:
2643:Wayback Machine
2632:
2628:
2622:Wayback Machine
2613:
2609:
2603:Wayback Machine
2594:
2590:
2580:Wayback Machine
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2549:Wayback Machine
2540:
2536:
2530:Wayback Machine
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2499:Wayback Machine
2490:
2486:
2480:Wayback Machine
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2449:Wayback Machine
2440:
2436:
2430:Wayback Machine
2421:
2417:
2411:Wayback Machine
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2310:
2306:
2300:Wayback Machine
2291:
2287:
2281:Wayback Machine
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2157:
2152:Wayback Machine
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2080:Wayback Machine
2071:
2058:
2041:
2037:
2031:Wayback Machine
2022:
2018:
2012:Wayback Machine
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1949:Wayback Machine
1940:
1933:
1923:Wayback Machine
1914:
1893:
1887:Wayback Machine
1876:
1863:
1857:Wayback Machine
1848:
1844:
1838:Wayback Machine
1827:Wayback Machine
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1686:Wayback Machine
1677:
1673:
1667:Wayback Machine
1658:
1654:
1615:
1606:
1575:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1493:Wayback Machine
1484:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1445:Wayback Machine
1436:
1432:
1426:Wayback Machine
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1343:on 19 July 2015
1335:
1334:
1330:
1324:Wayback Machine
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1078:www.atom.com.mm
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:Wayback Machine
1048:
1041:
1036:Wayback Machine
1026:
1019:
1012:
994:
990:
986:
981:
980:
975:
971:
966:
961:
939:
876:
870:
850:
838:self-censorship
833:
802:Radio Free Asia
773:
708:Members of the
520:
503:in August 2012.
492:
471:
419:
413:
378:
363:
354:
305:
258:
210:Telenor Myanmar
206:Ooredoo Myanmar
163:
158:
101:Ooredoo Myanmar
97:Telenor Myanmar
62:Telenor Myanmar
48:
42:
39:
36:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4109:United Kingdom
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3949:Czech Republic
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
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43:February 2021
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3863:Turkmenistan
3823:Saudi Arabia
3469:South Africa
3459:Sierra Leone
3307:Burkina Faso
3093:Whitewashing
3076:Surveillance
3056:Sanitization
3031:Pixelization
2929:Book burning
2835:banned films
2823:books banned
2749:
2720:. Retrieved
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2687:. Retrieved
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2387:. Retrieved
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2322:the original
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2123:the original
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1802:. Retrieved
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1767:. Retrieved
1758:
1753:Miles, Tom.
1733:. Retrieved
1725:The Atlantic
1724:
1719:Mod, Craig.
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1625:(4): 18–24.
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1371:. Retrieved
1367:the original
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1341:the original
1337:"Skynet MPS"
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1300:. Retrieved
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1270:the original
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1225:the original
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1199:. Retrieved
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1130:(in Burmese)
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4135:New Zealand
4094:Switzerland
4039:Netherlands
3833:South Korea
3813:Philippines
3793:North Korea
3688:Afghanistan
3660:Puerto Rico
3585:El Salvador
3377:Ivory Coast
3158:LGBT issues
3153:Ideological
3141:Hate speech
3066:Speech code
3051:Revisionism
3016:Memory hole
2986:Expurgation
2979:Minced oath
2939:Censor bars
2901:Video games
2884:Televisions
2205:www.loc.gov
1373:17 November
1302:12 November
1231:26 February
1201:26 February
1134:30 December
1108:30 December
1083:30 December
852:The use of
749:North Korea
726:Nilar Thein
601:Yahoo! Mail
186:Myanmar Net
90:constraints
4155:Categories
4034:Montenegro
4014:Kazakhstan
3914:Azerbaijan
3873:Uzbekistan
3853:Tajikistan
3768:Kyrgyzstan
3718:East Timor
3698:Bangladesh
3565:Costa Rica
3429:Mozambique
3412:Mauritania
3402:Madagascar
3214:Censorship
3207:By country
3163:Media bias
3041:Propaganda
2804:Censorship
2389:13 January
2249:World Bank
2245:"Overview"
1513:(18): 1–2.
984:References
878:After the
821:Thein Sein
778:Thein Sein
666:(NLD) and
649:California
623:, and the
490:Censorship
144:Myanmar's
4125:Australia
4024:Lithuania
3838:Sri Lanka
3828:Singapore
3733:Indonesia
3723:Hong Kong
3672:Venezuela
3625:Nicaragua
3595:Guatemala
3590:Greenland
3520:Argentina
3479:Swaziland
3188:Religious
3119:Corporate
2996:Gag order
2974:Euphemism
2954:Concision
2712:NetBlocks
1639:0095-2737
1599:168760732
1262:"Myanmar"
924:Knowledge
904:Instagram
896:Knowledge
810:Irrawaddy
740:sentence;
714:Htay Kywe
573:bandwidth
299:regions.
282:bandwidth
132:Knowledge
124:Instagram
4079:Slovenia
4074:Slovakia
4054:Portugal
3934:Bulgaria
3858:Thailand
3803:Pakistan
3778:Mongolia
3773:Malaysia
3708:Cambodia
3645:Suriname
3635:Paraguay
3610:Honduras
3560:Colombia
3530:Barbados
3513:Americas
3504:Zimbabwe
3484:Tanzania
3352:Ethiopia
3337:Congo RO
3332:Congo DR
3317:Cameroon
3302:Botswana
3178:Politics
3129:Facebook
3114:Criminal
3107:Contexts
3001:Heckling
2924:Bleeping
2842:Internet
2722:26 March
2716:Archived
2683:Archived
2658:Archived
2639:Archived
2618:Archived
2599:Archived
2576:Archived
2545:Archived
2526:Archived
2495:Archived
2476:Archived
2445:Archived
2426:Archived
2407:Archived
2383:Archived
2379:BBC News
2359:17 April
2353:Archived
2349:BBC News
2296:Archived
2277:Archived
2253:Archived
2225:cite web
2209:Archived
2176:Archived
2148:Archived
2103:14 March
2097:Archived
2076:Archived
2027:Archived
2008:Archived
1969:Archived
1945:Archived
1919:Archived
1883:Archived
1853:Archived
1834:Archived
1823:Archived
1804:23 April
1798:Archived
1769:21 April
1763:Archived
1735:21 April
1729:Archived
1682:Archived
1663:Archived
1647:24023877
1553:26 March
1547:Archived
1489:Archived
1468:13 April
1462:Archived
1441:Archived
1422:Archived
1391:Archived
1320:Archived
1296:Archived
1195:Archived
1053:Archived
1032:Archived
937:See also
916:Miniclip
908:WhatsApp
888:Facebook
722:Ko Jimmy
645:Fortinet
627:service
617:Facebook
605:MSN Mail
423:blogging
411:Blogging
325:Mandalay
297:Mandalay
246:blogging
242:Mandalay
128:WhatsApp
116:Facebook
70:Internet
64:SIM card
4118:Oceania
4104:Ukraine
4059:Romania
4029:Moldova
4004:Ireland
3999:Iceland
3994:Hungary
3984:Georgia
3974:Germany
3964:Finland
3959:Estonia
3954:Denmark
3939:Croatia
3924:Belgium
3919:Belarus
3909:Austria
3904:Armenia
3899:Albania
3878:Vietnam
3783:Myanmar
3693:Bahrain
3667:Uruguay
3615:Jamaica
3580:Ecuador
3540:Bolivia
3525:Bahamas
3494:Tunisia
3464:Somalia
3454:Senegal
3444:Nigeria
3434:Namibia
3417:Morocco
3392:Liberia
3387:Lesotho
3347:Eritrea
3312:Burundi
3292:Algeria
2991:Fogging
2917:Methods
2896:Thought
2689:3 April
2259:3 April
2215:3 April
2182:3 April
2129:28 June
1347:23 July
1276:3 April
1173:2686095
920:Scratch
912:YouTube
900:Spotify
892:Twitter
766:outlet.
730:Mie Mie
629:Twitter
613:YouTube
518:History
450:English
446:Burmese
397:Unicode
333:dial-up
120:Twitter
74:Myanmar
33:updated
4099:Turkey
4089:Sweden
4069:Serbia
4064:Russia
4049:Poland
4019:Latvia
3989:Greece
3969:France
3944:Cyprus
3892:Europe
3848:Taiwan
3763:Kuwait
3758:Jordan
3748:Israel
3703:Bhutan
3630:Panama
3620:Mexico
3600:Guyana
3550:Canada
3545:Brazil
3535:Belize
3499:Zambia
3449:Rwanda
3407:Malawi
3367:Guinea
3357:Gambia
3297:Angola
3285:Africa
3146:Online
3134:Google
2859:Postal
2051:
1978:25 May
1794:UNESCO
1645:
1637:
1597:
1486:"Asia"
1191:Forbes
1171:
1074:"ATOM"
1008:
906:, and
800:, and
756:Yangon
653:e-mail
590:, and
484:UNESCO
460:, and
454:Kachin
393:Zawgyi
339:, and
321:Yangon
293:Yangon
238:Yangon
174:Skynet
4084:Spain
4009:Italy
3883:Yemen
3843:Syria
3818:Qatar
3788:Nepal
3753:Japan
3728:India
3713:China
3605:Haiti
3555:Chile
3474:Sudan
3439:Niger
3397:Libya
3382:Kenya
3362:Ghana
3342:Egypt
3124:Apple
3046:Purge
2869:Radio
2864:Press
2854:Music
2830:Films
2818:Books
2328:8 May
2174:(1).
1972:(PDF)
1965:(PDF)
1702:(PDF)
1643:S2CID
1595:S2CID
964:Notes
928:Mytel
641:Skype
609:Gmail
458:Karen
341:WiMax
313:WiMax
214:Mytel
4130:Fiji
3798:Oman
3743:Iraq
3738:Iran
3681:Asia
3640:Peru
3570:Cuba
3489:Togo
3327:Chad
3086:mass
2724:2021
2691:2018
2391:2012
2361:2011
2330:2011
2261:2018
2231:link
2217:2018
2184:2018
2131:2006
2105:2012
2049:ISBN
1980:2015
1806:2018
1771:2018
1737:2018
1635:ISSN
1555:2021
1470:2014
1375:2018
1349:2015
1304:2007
1278:2018
1233:2016
1203:2016
1169:SSRN
1155:SSRN
1136:2023
1110:2023
1085:2023
1006:ISBN
862:CCTV
831:Laws
808:and
647:, a
637:VoIP
462:Chin
329:ADSL
323:and
295:and
286:FTTH
262:ADSL
240:and
148:is '
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2679:U.S
1759:U.S
1627:doi
1587:doi
1159:doi
1128:MPT
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