100:
433:, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any time to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" (teams small enough to be fed with two pizzas) could add new features faster and more efficiently, Amazon initiated a new product development effort to provide cloud computing to external customers and launched
460:. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them" and observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."
25:
414:(VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able to optimize their overall network usage. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between the provider's responsibility and the users' responsibility. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers and the network infrastructure.
491:
It has made significant investments in developing a robust infrastructure to provide businesses with an array of technology solutions, including the patent-pending iAreaOffice, which commercializes the concept of an IAN by eliminating the need for traditional LAN, WAN, or telephone system for business communications.
490:
iAreaNet was founded in 1999 by CEO James DeCrescenzo as a company called
Internet Area Network, devoted to providing offsite data storage and disaster prevention before the cloud existed in widely deployed commercial form. It pioneered the idea of an IAN. Since then, it has strengthened operations.
341:
As computers became more prevalent, scientists and technologists explored ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through time-sharing, experimenting with algorithms to provide the optimal use of the infrastructure, platform, and applications with prioritized access to the
281:
connection across the
Internet. Unlike IAN, LAN interconnects computers in a limited area, such as a home, a school, a computer laboratory, or an office building. The WAN also differs from the IAN because it is a network that covers a broad area, such as any telecommunications network that links
364:) postulated that the entire world would operate on dumb terminals powered by about 15 large data centers. Due to the expense of these powerful computers, many corporations and other entities could avail themselves of computing capability through time-sharing, and several organizations, such as
463:
In 2011, RESERVOIR was established in Europe to create open-source technologies that allow cloud providers to build an advanced cloud by balancing workloads, lowering costs, and moving workloads across geographic locations through a federation of clouds. Also, in 2011, IBM announced that the
297:
services from any connected endpoint. The hosted model reduces IT and communications expenses for businesses, protects against data loss and disaster downtime, and realizes a greater return on their invested resources through increased employee productivity and reduced telecom costs.
352:.". Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry, and the use of public, private, government, and community forms were thoroughly explored in
322:
computers. Because it was costly to buy a mainframe, it became essential to find ways to get the greatest return on the investment, allowing multiple users to share both the physical access to the computer from multiple terminals as well as to share the
1027:
Deboosere, L., De
Wachter, J., Simoens, P., De Turck, F., Dhoedt, B., and Demeester, P. “Thin Client Computing Solutions in Low- and High-Motion Scenarios.” Third International Conference on Networking and Services (ICNS),
334:
The increasing demand and use of computers in universities and research labs in the late 1960s generated the need for high-speed interconnections between computer systems. A 1970 report from the
277:
The IAN eliminates a geographic profile for the entire network because the applications and communications services have become virtualized. Endpoints need to be connected only over a
452:-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds and for the federation of clouds. In the same year, efforts were focused on providing
457:
456:
guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures in the IRMOS European
Commission-funded project's framework, resulting in a
293:
provider, an IAN platform offers users secure access to information from anywhere, anytime, via an
Internet connection. Users can access telephony, voicemail, email, and
487:
and utility computing have led to tremendous growth in cloud computing. Virtual worlds and peer-to-peer architectures have paved the way for the concept of an IAN.
35:
730:
Deboosere, L.; De
Wachter, J.; Simoens, P.; De Turck, F.; Dhoedt, B.; Demeester, P. (2007). "Thin Client Computing Solutions in Low- and High-Motion Scenarios".
1035:
762:
991:
MartĂnez-Mateo, J., Munoz-Hernandez, S. and PĂ©rez-Rey, D. “A Discussion of Thin Client
Technology for Computer Labs.” University of Madrid. May 2010.
1045:
998:
629:
407:." This contribution focused on the need for better meta-data to explain implementation details and conceptual details of model-based applications.
356:'s 1966 book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility. Other scholars have shown that cloud computing's roots go back to the 1950s when scientist
1054:
784:
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250:) is a concept for a communications network that connects voice and data endpoints within a cloud environment over IP, replacing an existing
674:
475:
Currently, The ubiquitous availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers, and storage devices and the widespread adoption of
50:
1064:
814:
410:
In the 1990s, telecommunications companies that previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits began offering
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The development of the
Internet from being document-centric via semantic data towards more and more services was described as a "
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345:
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1007:
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Winkleman, Roy. “Networking
Handbook.” Florida Center for Instructional Technology College of Education. 2009-2013.
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1022:
1046:
https://web.archive.org/web/20071020032705/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/timesharing/timesharing.html
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https://web.archive.org/web/20071020032705/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/timesharing/timesharing.html
54:
480:
335:
1044:
McCarthy, John. “Reminiscences on the
History of Time Sharing.” Stanford University. 1983 Winter or Spring.
997:
McCarthy, John. “Reminiscences on the History of Time Sharing.” Stanford University. 1983 Winter or Spring.
1113:
959:
993:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45917654_A_Discussion_of_Thin_Client_Technology_for_Computer_Labs
633:
1088:
880:
222:
472:. Cloud computing is a critical piece among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation.
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500:
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became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008,
377:
181:
176:
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Arrington, Michael. “Interview with Jeff Bezos On Amazon Web Services.” TechCrunch, Nov. 14, 2006.
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564:
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http://www.billingworld.com/articles/1999/05/virtual-private-networks-managing-telecom-s-golde.aspx
397:
114:
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Anders, George. “Inside Amazon's Idea Machine: How Bezos Decodes The Customer.” Forbes. April 2012
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Gardner, W. David. “Author Of Grosch's Law Going Strong At 87.” InformationWeek. April 12, 2005.
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411:
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215:
42:
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Anders, George (April 2012). "Inside Amazon's Idea Machine: How Bezos Decodes The Customer".
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to communicate and exchange information and data without being tied to a physical location.
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987:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130408032637/http://iareanet.com/about-the-cloud-company.html
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1063:“Virtual Private Networks: Managing Telecom’s Golden Horde.” Billing World. May 1, 1999.
515:
484:
449:
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detailing the growth of their "Octopus" network gave a good indication of the situation.
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Plummer, Daryl. “Cloud Computing Confusion Leads to Opportunity.” Gartner Inc. June 2008
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Naone, Erica. “Peer to Peer Virtual Worlds.” MIT Technology Review. April 16, 2008.
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Garfinkle, Simson. “The Cloud Imperative.” MIT Technology Review. Oct. 3, 2011.
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played a crucial role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their
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286:, regional, or national boundaries, using private or public network transports.
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time, eliminating periods of inactivity, which became known in the industry as
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Proceedings of the Multi-Conference on Innovative Developments in ICT
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310:. The underlying concept dates back to the 1950s, when large-scale
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http://royal.pingdom.com/2007/12/07/a-history-of-the-dynamic-web/
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http://www.technologyreview.com/news/425623/the-cloud-imperative/
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MartĂnez-Mateo, J.; Munoz-Hernandez, S; PĂ©rez-Rey, D (May 2010).
1101:
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International Conference on Networking and Services (ICNS '07)
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became available in academia and corporations, accessible via
815:"Virtual Private Networks: Managing Telecom's Golden Horde"
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580:"A Discussion of Thin Client Technology for Computer Labs"
943:
583:
520:
373:
324:
294:
1050:“A History of the Dynamic Web.” Pingdom. Dec. 7. 2007.
1003:
Mendicino, Samuel. Computer Networks. 1972. pp 95–100.
653:
Mendicino, Samuel. Computer Networks. 1972. pp 95-100.
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621:
400:(BBN) marketed time-sharing as a commercial venture.
53:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
849:"Interview with Jeff Bezos On Amazon Web Services"
618:
1132:
907:"Cloud Computing Confusion Leads to Opportunity"
270:An IAN securely connects endpoints through the
630:"Reminiscences on the History of Time Sharing"
223:
437:(AWS) on a utility computing basis in 2006.
981:http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap1/chap1.htm
763:"Author Of Grosch's Law Going Strong At 87"
376:subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation (
588:. University of Madrid. pp. 119–124.
230:
216:
846:
672:
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
1005:http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/OCTOA/OCTO.html
847:Arrington, Michael (November 14, 2006).
704:
655:http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/OCTOA/OCTO.html
904:
760:
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545:An Educator's Guide to School Networks
342:CPU and efficiency for the end users.
34:contains content that is written like
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709:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
707:The Challenge of the Computer Utility
673:Garfinkel, Simson (October 3, 2011).
632:. Stanford University. Archived from
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761:Gardner, W. David (April 12, 2005).
627:
18:
16:Type of large-scale computer network
13:
791:. December 7, 2007. Archived from
396:(bought by Tymshare in 1968), and
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306:The IAN is rooted in the rise of
260:public switched telephone network
98:
23:
1106:IBM Smarter Planet Home Page.
1080:http://www.opennebula.org/start
985:iAreaNetwork Vision Statement.
958:Naone, Erica (April 16, 2008).
951:
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388:(founded in 1967 and bought by
939:"IBM Smarter Planet Home Page"
785:"A History of the Dynamic Web"
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541:"Chapter 1- What is a Network"
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1:
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960:"Peer to Peer Virtual Worlds"
705:Parkhill, Douglas F. (1966).
481:service-oriented architecture
336:Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
1102:http://www.reservoir-fp7.eu/
905:Plummer, Daryl (June 2008).
448:, enhanced in the RESERVOIR
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1086:http://www.irmosproject.eu/
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458:real-time cloud environment
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1141:Computer networks by scale
501:Cloud-computing comparison
468:framework would support a
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398:Bolt, Beranek, and Newman
289:Hosted in the cloud by a
594:10.5220/0002962901190124
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182:Municipal wireless (MWN)
477:hardware virtualization
412:virtual private network
204:Interplanetary Internet
675:"The Cloud Imperative"
964:MIT Technology Review
740:10.1109/ICNS.2007.115
680:MIT Technology Review
244:Internet area network
55:neutral point of view
867:"OpenNebula Website"
390:Dun & Bradstreet
380:, founded in 1957),
1078:OpenNebula Website
925:"RESERVOIR Website"
795:on January 20, 2018
516:Cloud collaboration
450:European Commission
435:Amazon Web Services
429:, which, like most
384:(founded in 1966),
47:promotional content
1100:RESERVOIR Website
1091:2018-10-10 at the
1057:2018-01-20 at the
1038:2012-10-23 at the
1010:2013-10-20 at the
660:2013-10-20 at the
454:Quality of Service
252:local area network
177:Metropolitan (MAN)
49:and inappropriate
603:978-989-8425-15-7
466:Smarter Computing
431:computer networks
256:wide area network
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427:data centers
416:
409:
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386:National CSS
362:Grosch's law
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329:time-sharing
316:thin clients
305:
288:
284:metropolitan
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247:
243:
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193:
167:Campus (CAN)
69:
60:
45:by removing
41:Please help
33:
405:Dynamic Web
358:Herb Grosch
135:Local (LAN)
974:References
891:2013-05-31
853:TechCrunch
691:2013-05-31
640:2017-09-25
446:OpenNebula
442:Eucalyptus
417:After the
392:in 1979),
312:mainframes
189:Wide (WAN)
155:Home (HAN)
43:improve it
563:ignored (
553:cite book
394:Dial Data
279:broadband
110:Nanoscale
1135:Category
1089:Archived
1055:Archived
1036:Archived
1008:Archived
748:17209120
658:Archived
495:See also
382:Tymshare
320:terminal
266:Overview
262:(PSTN).
199:Internet
172:Backbone
162:Building
93:by scale
911:Gartner
799:May 31,
789:Pingdom
612:5682218
302:History
282:across
254:(LAN),
130:Near-me
834:Forbes
746:
713:
610:
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423:Amazon
370:GEISCO
1028:2007.
744:S2CID
608:S2CID
527:Notes
194:Cloud
91:types
801:2013
711:ISBN
598:ISBN
565:help
318:and
120:Body
944:IBM
736:doi
590:doi
521:VPN
378:SBC
374:IBM
368:'s
325:CPU
295:fax
248:IAN
242:An
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246:(
231:e
224:t
217:v
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70:(
65:)
61:(
57:.
39:.
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