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can access benefits that are available to the local film and television industry in each country. Benefits may include government financial assistance, tax concessions and inclusion in domestic television broadcast quotas. International co-productions also occur outside the framework of official co-productions, for example with countries that do not have an agreement in place, or projects that do not satisfy official co-production criteria.
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both local and foreign sources." One approach has been to reconcile this tension by creating "local production with an explicit international orientation." But not everyone agrees this is the best approach. For example, the idea that
Australia should produce more 'deterritorialised' programming such as fantasy and science fiction has been met with disquiet in some sections of the industry.
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co-production in
Australia, the authors identified financial pooling as the most important benefit and increased co-ordination costs as the greatest drawback. This suggests that co-production is more suited to larger budget productions, primarily film, which have greater capital needs but do not carry the same dollar-for-dollar coordination costs as smaller projects.
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study found evidence that, for television projects, domestic joint ventures performed better than international joint ventures. However, in the case of larger budget projects, domestic joint ventures were found not to be a viable alternative to international joint ventures. In their later study of
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movies being
Spanish-Italian co-productions, typically directed by an Italian, played fifty-fifty by Spanish and Italian actors and shot in southern Spain landscapes. Due to the worldwide popularity of Hollywood stars they would be used to guarantee a respectable audience around the world as well as
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Official co-productions are made possible by agreements between countries. Co-production agreements seek to achieve economic, cultural and diplomatic goals. For filmmakers, the key attraction of a treaty co-production is that it qualifies as a national production in each of the partner nations and
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in the 1990s presented a distinct challenge to local producers. In the face of such challenges, local producers need to learn "how to internationalise local film and television production in order to retain and hopefully build market shares; and how to develop new models of financing that combine
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Renaud and Litman developed the terms “co-production strategy” and “international co-production.” The first is based on the US experience in the late 1970s and early 1980s where its film companies had minimized foreign input while preferring in-house production or coproducing films with domestic
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In many cases, co-productions are a response to the challenges of internationalisation by countries with small production sectors, as they seek to maintain a viable production industry and produce culturally-specific content for national audiences. However, these dual goals also produce tensions
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recalled that in the 1960s and 1970s the government of Spain would give producers funds based on the budget of the film whilst Italy would give producers funds based on the box office results of the film, however the government could interfere with production if they chose to
121:. Though this scheme was developed for the aid of American humanitarian workers redeveloping nations destroyed in World War II, agents discovered that Hollywood actors, directors, and screenwriters would qualify for the tax break by working outside the US for the same period.
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co-production rules acknowledged the tensions between cultural and economic objectives, and argues that 'requiring the program's aims to be predominantly economic or cultural would hobble the program and reduce its effectiveness in achieving either outcome'.
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Debate concerning international co-productions centres on the potential for productions to have little cultural specificity in any of its home countries. Internationalisation brings tensions in terms of cost, benefit and opportunity. In
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work was undertaken by a German film company. International co-productions open new markets for films and television programs and can increase the output of high quality productions through the sharing of equity investment.
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within national film and television sectors. Although a co-production agreement may make available more resources, an international production risks being less relevant to its target audiences than purely local productions.
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To use these profits in
England, film companies would set up production companies using the required amount of British film technicians and actors to qualify as British Productions in order to take advantage of the
576:"Hoskins, Colin, Stuart McFadyen, and Adam Finn. 1996. "A Comparison of Domestic and International Joint Ventures in Television Program and Feature Film Production." Canadian Journal of Communication 21(1)"
485:"Hoskins, Colin, Stuart McFadyen, and Adam Finn. 1996. "A Comparison of Domestic and International Joint Ventures in Television Program and Feature Film Production." Canadian Journal of Communication 21(1)"
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offered producers lucrative deals. In exchange for a share of the profits or an outright payment the host country would pick up most of the local charges; with the film often credited as a co-production.
534:
Hammett-Jamart, Julia. 2004. “Regulating
Diversity: Cultural Diversity, National Film Policy and the International Coproduction of Films.” Media International incorporating Culture and Policy, no. 111:
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To qualify as an
Italian film a film needed either an Italian director or cameraman plus at least two Italian featured players and an Italian film laboratory to process the film. Actor and director
601:"Hoskins, Colin, Stuart McFadyen and Adam Finn. 1999. "International Joint Ventures in the Production of Australian Feature Films and Television Programs." Canadian Journal of Communication 24(1)"
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DCITA (Department of
Communications, Information Technology and the Arts) in collaboration with the AFC (Australian Film Commission). 2001. Review of the Australian Official Coproduction Program.
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DCITA (Department of
Communications, Information Technology and the Arts) in collaboration with the AFC (Australian Film Commission). 2001. Review of the Australian Official Coproduction Program.
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the United States. The relatively low production costs and high box office return of these films often led to direct
Hollywood investment to the non-US studios and producers such as
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out of
European countries. As a result, several film companies started studios and production companies in nations such as the United Kingdom and Italy to use their "frozen funds".
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companies. Here, the term “international co-production” is used to highlight the fact that these US companies have worked with foreign companies as a way to address specific needs.
95:, "Presented in collaboration between the CBC of Canada, NBC of the U.S.A., and the BBC, and broadcast simultaneously in all three countries", was first broadcast in December 1940.
474:
Baltruschat, D. 2013. “Co-productions, Global Markets and New Media Ecologies.” In Transnational Cinema in Europe, edited by M. Palacio, and J. Türschmann, 11–23. Vienna: LIT.
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Baltruschat introduces the concepts, “official” and “non-official” co-productions which can be distinguished by whether or not there is a formal inter-government agreement.
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The first European nations to sign a film co-production agreement were France and Italy in 1949. Between 1949 and 1964 711 films were co-produced between the two nations.
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International film co-production was very common in the 50s, 60s and 70s between Italian, Spanish and French production companies, as exemplified by most of the
74:, and so on. In the case of an international co-production, production companies from different countries (typically two to three) are working together.
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At the same time, US citizens working outside the country for 510 days during a period of 18 months would not be taxed on their earnings by the
272:, some have suggested that a narrow definition of 'local content' has restricted Australia's ability to engage with international partners.
17:
521:
O'Regan, Tom and Susan Ward. 2006. "Experimenting with the Local and Transnational: Television Drama Production on the Gold Coast."
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O'Regan, Tom and Susan Ward. 2006. “Experimenting with the Local and Transnational: Television Drama Production on the Gold Coast."
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culture has been 'antagonistic to the collaborative nature of film production, and in particular international co-production'.
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identifies the first use of the term, in the context of radio production, in 1941, although the programme to which he refers,
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Trade in National Cinema: Australian film policy implementation on French-Australian official co-productions 1986-2006
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Tales from the Cult Film Trenches: Interviews with 36 Actors from Horror, Science Fiction and Exploitation Cinema
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As a response to internationalisation, co-production offers both benefits and drawbacks. A 1996 survey of
325:"A commie witch-hunt, a live abdication and a military invasion of sport: 100 years of the BBC, part two"
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recalled that in order to bring in American dollars and British pounds many countries behind the former
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Co-production also refers to the way services are produced by their users, in some parts or entirely.
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Renaud, J.L. and Litman, B.R. 1985. “Changing Dynamics of the Overseas Marketplace for TV Programm
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International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-productions in the 1960s
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Hammett-Jamart, Julia (March 2004). "Context for International Co-production".
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is set in France and stars French actors, but many scenes were shot in a
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Following the Second World War, US film companies were forbidden by the
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international and domestic joint ventures identified the benefits as:
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So You Want to Make Movies: My Life as an Independent Film Producer
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Government bodies are keenly aware of these concerns. A review of
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Due to the expense of filmmaking, many films made outside the
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to this issue and argues that a literal-minded definition of
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access to the partner government's incentives and subsidies;
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access to a particular project initiated by the partner;
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access to the partner's market, or to a third market;
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access to a desired location; or to cheaper inputs;
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523:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
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165:are international co-productions. For example,
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276:reflects on the different approaches taken by
430:Jean-Pierre Jeunet, director's commentary on
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246:the opportunity to learn from the partner.
102:to take their film profits in the form of
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34:A train car used in the production of
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27:Film and video terminology
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119:Internal Revenue Service
352:"Children Calling Home"
262:Queensland's Gold Coast
417:p. 55 Bergfelder, Tim
243:cultural benefits; and
72:video game development
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408:McFarland, 06/09/2007
392:Pineapple Press; 1989
323:(27 September 2022).
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68:television production
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403:Mel Welles Interview
274:Julia Hammett-Jamart
175:film studio and the
81:History and benefits
60:production companies
452:p.283 Knox, Mickey
62:for the purpose of
401:p.274 Paul, Louis
376:2010-05-14 at the
187:Dialogue director
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650:Cultural exchange
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126:Spaghetti-western
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301:Australian
286:Australian
152:Mel Welles
282:Australia
270:Australia
258:Australia
112:Eady Levy
374:Archived
293:Canadian
222:Canadian
564:(140).
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432:Amelie
278:France
173:German
168:Amélie
308:Notes
54:is a
434:DVD.
338:2022
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268:In
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