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classes". The resolution called for the replacement of standing armies by the democratic organization of "the armed people" — which, it was claimed, "would prove an effective means for making aggressive wars impossible". In the event of imminent war, the working class was mildly beseeched to "do all they can to prevent the breaking out of this war, using for the purpose the means which appear to them most efficacious". Should war nevertheless follow, the socialists were "bound to intervene for its being brought to a speedy end" and to make use of the economic and political crises created by the war "to hasten the breakdown of the predominance of the capitalist class".
261:— a gathering held simultaneously in the same building. The Socialist Congress seconded the suffrage demands of the Socialist Women's Conference, with its resolution declaring it "the duty of Socialist Parties of all countries to agitate most energetically for the introduction of universal women's suffrage". While the resolution acknowledged that the International had no authority to dictate the launch of a suffrage campaign in any country, it nevertheless emphatically emphasized that whenever such a campaign was launched, socialists should proceed on the "general Social Democratic lines of universal adult suffrage without distinction, and nothing else".
270:
go far in catering to such a demand, however, condemning the importation from abroad of strikebreakers or those previously entering into restrictive employment contracts, but insisting that unions not only admit immigrant workmen but do so on the basis of reasonable initiation fees and dues structures. This position proved acceptable to the radical foes of conservative craft unions and their "narrow, petty-bourgeois" agenda, such as
Russian delegate
217:, while at the same time recognizing the inevitability of the opening of undeveloped nations for economic development and, by extension, exploitation. Unsatisfied by this attempt to simultaneously reject colonialism in principle while acknowledging its inevitability in practice, deep divisions emerged among the delegations of the major colonial powers, including Great Britain, Germany, France, and Italy. A left wing, which included
17:
245:
the achievement of socialism would make possible "peaceful cultural development" and the prospect of developing "the world's mineral resources in the interests of the whole of humanity". Whatever fundamental differences in perspective existed among the delegates were thus papered over with utopian prose; the new colonial resolution was adopted unanimously.
116:. Bebel's keynote address dealt with a country-by-country report on the progress of the international socialist movement. Following Bebel's speech, a report on the work of the International Socialist Bureau — the permanent executive structure of the Second International — was delivered by the International Secretary,
269:
With respect to immigration, the
Socialist International felt pressure from the trade union movement to opine in favor of tight immigration restrictions which would reduce the ability of employers to make use of low cost newcomers in place of established union workers. The ultimate resolution did not
133:
244:
After protracted debate on the floor of the
Congress the majority resolution out of committee was set aside in favor of a new resolution which declared that "capitalist colonial policies" must inevitably "give rise to servitude, forced labour, and the extermination of the native peoples," while only
140:
The main agenda item of the 1907 Congress was the construction of a unified policy to deal with what was seen as the growing menace of "militarism and international conflicts". Debate on the matter was held for five consecutive days in the commission named to decide the question, with a sixth day of
304:
In addition to its major statements on militarism, immigration, the relationship of the socialist and trade union movements, colonialism, and women's suffrage, the 1907 Stuttgart
Congress passed a handful of more specialized resolutions. The delegates approved declarations disapproving the invasion
144:
In the
Militarism Commission there were three competing resolutions presented, including two by the French delegation and one by the German. The majority French draft noted the right of the working class to defend its national sovereignty in the event of invasion and proclaimed that war would cease
208:
around the world. A protracted period of discussion had followed and when the regularly scheduled August 1907 International
Socialist Congress was convened in Stuttgart, Germany during the third week of August 1907, it was met with lengthy reports on the colonial policies of Great Britain, France,
182:
as a "thieves' supper" during the course of debate in
Stuttgart. The government had taken offense to the insulting reference and had instructed Quelch to withdraw his statement or exit Germany within 8 hours. Faced with the choice, Quelch refused to accede to government pressure and he returned to
295:
brokered a compromise resolution in which the parties and the unions "had an equally important task to perform in the struggle for proletarian emancipation," with the domain of each logically separated and independent of the other. Expressing the belief that only a combined economic and political
123:
The actual work of the
Congress was conducted in five select committees: Militarism, Colonialism, Woman Suffrage, Immigration, and the Relation of Trade Unions and Political Parties. Each country had the right to seat four of its members on each committee. This resulted in a set of large groups,
108:
about a mile from the center of the city. For two hours prior to the start of the meeting a mass of humanity streamed into this military drill grounds, with the total crowd reaching between 50,000 and 100,000 people. The gathering was addressed by a series of leading orators of the international
77:
The 1907 Congress of the Second
International was convened on Sunday, 18 August 1907 at the Liederhalle of Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total of 886 delegates in attendance, representing the socialist parties of more than 25 nations, making it the largest such gathering in the history of the
186:
After protracted debate suitable language was agreed upon for passage of a resolution by the
Congress. War was declared to be the end product of the competition of capitalist nations in the world market, bolstered by "national prejudices systematically cultivated in the interests of the ruling
196:
203:
The 1904 Amsterdam Congress instructed the various national socialist parties with which it was affiliated to form study groups in an effort to resolve the International's position towards the increasingly dynamic struggle of the various nations for control of
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likened by American delegate A.M. Simons to "miniature Congresses," and made for a slow and methodical pace of work. Each speech was delivered in three languages, German, French, and English — the original plus two translations.
212:
A lengthy and divisive debate on the colonial question followed, occupying three full days of the Congress's time. One day of debate in commission produced a majority resolution which offered a carefully measured rejection of
141:
debate taking place on the floor of the Congress. This was the most hotly contested topic of discussion, called by one observer "a royal battle, into which the European countries sent their best representatives".
296:
effort would be sufficient for the liberation of the working class, pious wishes for close cooperation were made in the resolution, echoing the declarations of previous International Socialist Congresses.
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had moved a resolution in which he argued that there should be parity of status between party and unions. He said they should share a commitment to the socialist education of the working class. However
282:
The Congress attempted to address the sometimes uneasy tension between the political and economic arms of the workers movement by defining the relationship between the Socialist Parties and the
145:
only with the elimination of capitalism and its inherent need for the expansion of markets and the construction of military machine to bolster the territorial designs of the various nations.
199:
British delegate Harry Quelch, expelled by the German government for making unflattering reference to the 1907 Hague Peace Conference as a "thieves' dinner."
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French delegate Jean Jaurès, co-author of a radical minority draft resolution which called for general strike and armed uprising in the event of war.
644:
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and the armed uprising" — brazen language deemed "impossible and undiscussible" in German conditions by representatives of the recently legalized
234:
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The formal work of the Congress began the morning of 19 August following another significant address, this delivered by veteran German socialist
40:
from 18 to 24 August 1907 and was attended by nearly 900 delegates from around the globe. The work of the congress dealt largely with matters of
911:
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international socialist movement. The Congress was the seventh international conclave held by the Second International and the first since the
156:, which called for the working class to fight war through "every means available, from parliamentary intervention and public agitation to the
1076:(Proposals and Draft Resolutions with Explanatory Reports to the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart). Brussels, D. Brismée, 1907.
1036:
Report to the Socialist Labor Party of the United States of America to the International Congress Held in Stuttgart, August 18-25, 1907,"
313:, and formally condemned the "unlawful methods" employed by American mineowners in an effort to legally hang radical union leader
274:, who asserted in no uncertain terms that the resolution adopted "fully meets the demands of revolutionary Social-Democracy".
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229:(Karski), argued that a socialist colonial policy was a contradiction of terms and that the moderate resolution touted by
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Anträge und Beschlussentwürfe nebst Begründungen an den Internationalen Sozialistischen Kongress zu Stuttgart
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by German authorities during the course of the Congress. Quelch, editor of the London socialist newspaper
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the Netherlands, and Belgium, each written by the respective socialist parties of these countries.
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by French and Spanish forces, expressed sympathy with the defeated revolutionary movement in the
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This tense domestic situation faced by the SPD was accented by the expulsion of British delegate
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In contrast the majority French and German draft resolutions stood a third perspective held by
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Resolution on Militarism adopted at the Seventh International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart
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Image of the old Stuttgart Liederhalle, site of the 1907 International Socialist Congress.
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A matter of little controversy was the International Socialist Congress's endorsement of
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London, where he was met at the train station with an ovation for his refusal to yield.
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Sunday night was occupied with a mass propaganda meeting, held at the Stuttgart
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Delegates to the 1907 International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart, Germany
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Internationaler Sozialisten-Kongress zu Stuttgart, 18. bis 24. August 1907.
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effectively endorsed external rule by force of colonial peoples.
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317:. The delegates also condemned the actions of the government of
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89:, who after welcoming the delegates turned the floor over to
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online, no. 2065, 25 August 2007, www.socialistworker.co.uk/
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Klein, Nicholas (1907). "International Socialist Congress".
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1093:"The Socialist International and the British Trade Unions,"
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in using lethal violence in an effort to stamp out a
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which served as the formal opening of the gathering.
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1057:"The International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart"
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109:socialist movement and was held without incident.
1119:"Stuttgart 1907: Debating Reform and Revolution,"
1098:vol. 11, no. 9 (15 Sept. 1907), pp. 521–528.
1022:"The International Congress and Colonial Policy,"
942:History of the International: Volume 1: 1863-1914
259:First International Conference of Socialist Women
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26:International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907
1048:vol. 15, no. 8 (Oct. 1907), pp. 489–491.
104:a large open area located on the banks of the
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93:of the International Socialist Bureau for a
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1044:J. C. Kennedy, "The Stuttgart Congress,"
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286:of the various nations of the world.
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1109:International Congress in Stuttgart
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944:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
278:Socialist Parties and Trade Unions
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972:Lenin, V. I. (20 October 1907a).
82:, which met three years earlier.
1079:International Socialist Bureau,
1072:International Socialist Bureau,
28:was the Seventh Congress of the
940:Braunthal, Julius, ed. (1967).
1055:Lenin, V. I. (October 1907b).
1000:International Socialist Review
249:Resolution on Women's Suffrage
162:German Social-Democratic Party
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56:of the world on these issues.
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1046:Journal of Political Economy,
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315:William D. "Big Bill" Haywood
32:. The gathering was held in
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991:Simons, A. M., ed. (1908).
518:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
180:1907 Hague Peace Conference
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311:Russian Revolution of 1905
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1027:14 September 1907, pg. 3.
265:Resolution on Immigration
191:Resolution on Colonialism
993:"The Stuttgart Congress"
128:Resolution on Militarism
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1143:Second International
1138:History of socialism
581:Alecu Constantinescu
206:colonial possessions
178:had referred to the
30:Second International
1061:Kalendar Dlya Vsekh
961:Wilshire's Magazine
873:, pp. 318–319.
823:, pp. 334–335.
799:, pp. 131–132.
770:, pp. 129–130.
608:Anatoly Lunacharsky
496:George Bernard Shaw
337:Prominent delegates
323:mass peasant revolt
591:Christian Rakovsky
380:Louis de Brouckère
288:Louis de Brouckère
227:Julian Marchlewski
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80:Amsterdam Congress
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716:, pp. 8, 10.
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530:Amilcare Cipriani
375:Emile Vandervelde
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300:Other resolutions
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768:Simons 1908
756:Simons 1908
603:V. I. Lenin
586:N. D. Cocea
541:Netherlands
464:Paul Singer
402:Jean Jaurès
272:V. I. Lenin
215:colonialism
150:Jean Jaurès
87:Paul Singer
73:Convocation
46:colonialism
1132:Categories
838:Klein 1907
714:Klein 1907
674:References
630:Frank Bohn
439:Hugo Haase
42:militarism
996:(digital)
979:Proletary
921:1 January
331:Wallachia
34:Stuttgart
1050:In JSTOR
1025:Justice,
916:Academia
327:Moldavia
934:Sources
575:Romania
418:Germany
369:Belgium
347:Austria
319:Romania
307:Morocco
174:Justice
164:(SPD).
60:History
38:Germany
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665:
386:France
237:, and
225:, and
48:, and
967:(10).
524:Italy
507:India
946:ISBN
923:2021
329:and
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624:USA
325:in
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878:^
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828:^
775:^
744:^
721:^
682:^
333:.
233:,
221:,
44:,
36:,
1063:.
1004:8
986:.
954:.
925:.
900:.
176:,
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