523:
205:
545:
534:
216:
411:
400:
386:
265:
139:
514:
505:
496:
484:
352:
340:
329:
318:
299:
194:
82:
277:
95:
598:
589:
578:
567:
556:
464:
455:
436:
227:
174:
1423:
423:
1451:
1437:
158:
616:
252:
124:
475:
363:
185:
107:
1068:, was to arrest those who had murdered al-Bayeh. It was known that they were hiding in Frangié's summer residence in Ehden, but apparently degenerated in the heat of the moment, Tony Frangieh, his wife Vera and his daughter Jihane as well as 35 people were killed during this surprise attack. against 10 FL fighters. This event is known as the
1063:
poisons relations with former allies, notably the Kataeb, who try to encroach on the areas held by the maradas, which will lead to the death of Joud al-Bayeh, assassinated by several maradas, and will lead to in June of that same year, 1978, a FL raid on
Zghorta and Ehden, strongholds of the Marada.
1172:
rebelled against the command of Abu Nader, apparently to return the
Lebanese Forces to their original path. Elie Hobeika then takes charge of the FL. However, relations with Samir Geagea became strained, Hobeika moved closer to the Syrians and ended up signing a tripartite agreement sponsored by
1212:
decided not to accept the tripartite agreement and Geagea's LF attacked
Hobeika's supporters, with the aim of carrying out an internal coup within the LF in favor. What they managed to do in January 1986 with the expulsion of Hobeika and the creation of the dissident formation of the
1106:'s Tiger Militia was forcibly integrated into the FL. This will also give rise to the Free Tigers, who do not accept integration within the LF. The Free Tigers repeatedly attacked American representations in Lebanon to discredit the LF and were protected by the
1196:, known as the Tripartite Agreement. One of the cornerstones of the agreement was the dismantling of Lebanese militias of all factions. He also planned to initiate political changes that would end sectarian domination over the Lebanese parliament and army.
1204:. In October 1985, while negotiations were underway, skirmishes took place between Geagea's supporters and Hobeika's supporters, where Hobeika's supporters attempted to bribe Geagea's supporters to betray Geagea.
1199:
Within the LF, there has been dispute over whether to maintain ties with Israel and how to respond to Syrian-sponsored negotiations to end the fighting. Hobeika was opposed to retaining existing ties with
1155:
Subsequently, the
Lebanese Phalanges were led by Fadi Frem then by Fouad Abou Nader between 1982 and 1985, the forces were generally unified, until the ousting of Abou Nader and the taking of office of
1083:. In retaliation, around a hundred Phalangists were massacred by the maradas in the following days and the others forced to flee or hide, another intervention led to the
649:
694:
1145:
900:
1324:
1121:(SSNP) was organized following the invasion of Lebanon by the Israeli troops via the south of the country. It is at this precise moment that the
718:
642:
1472:
997:
1020:. It involves Phoenicianist Christian forces against pro-Syrian right-wing Christian forces, secular and left-wing Christian forces.
468:
1214:
1140:, a pro-Syrian social-nationalist activist of the Maronite faith, detonated his homemade bomb located in his sister's apartment,
635:
198:
982:
839:
816:
281:
1099:
86:
1392:
1122:
940:
269:
930:
915:
861:
1141:
1118:
849:
1117:(composed of many Orthodox and Maronite Christians with a strong Shiite Muslim component) linked to the secular
1102:(FL) by abolishing the old militias. As a result, this policy led to inter-Christian massacres until 1980, when
947:
1075:
This massacre prompted the maradas and the
Frangieh family to ally themselves with the Lebanese enemies of the
844:
811:
866:
972:
759:
1181:
992:
771:
393:
1180:
In
December 1985, Hobeika signed on behalf of the LF an agreement with the Syrian government, the Druze
1126:
1080:
1016:
were sub-conflicts between
Christian or secular militias but heavily composed of Christians during the
855:
1343:
1408:
1487:
1482:
1477:
910:
876:
699:
682:
99:
1114:
209:
132:
117:
952:
935:
871:
724:
987:
886:
766:
688:
8:
1442:
1218:
881:
829:
1382:
1174:
1017:
967:
920:
705:
659:
276:
143:
30:
1388:
1363:
776:
738:
1355:
1169:
905:
834:
806:
796:
444:
371:
333:
307:
1359:
1137:
1088:
1033:
925:
753:
731:
712:
356:
582:
1428:
1185:
1130:
1095:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1029:
801:
791:
781:
620:
303:
178:
111:
602:
1466:
1456:
1367:
1209:
1189:
1045:
571:
549:
440:
404:
236:
220:
1205:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1103:
1084:
1076:
1032:
became strained between the
Lebanese Phalanges and its close allies in the
786:
677:
606:
538:
527:
488:
427:
379:
367:
344:
322:
1344:"The Ehden massacre of 1978 in Lebanon: The creation of a resistance myth"
1193:
1107:
560:
390:
232:
415:
977:
627:
128:
1144:. The motive for the attack was the open collaboration between the
1409:"Lebanon: Information on the Jaejae, Hobeika and al-Kataeb groups"
1436:
597:
588:
577:
566:
555:
463:
454:
435:
226:
173:
53:
1201:
1149:
1037:
1036:. This follows a decision by the Phalanges to try to ally with
422:
163:
1098:
tried to forcefully integrate the
Christian militias into the
1041:
615:
257:
16:
Sub-conflict within the final phase of the
Lebanese Civil War
1381:
Zeev Schiff; Ehud Ya'ari (1985). Simon and Schuster (ed.).
1380:
1087:, carried out by the Syrian armed forces on the orders of
1051:
It was then that regular clashes between the phalanges of
1418:
1464:
1142:killing Bachir Gemayel and 25 other Phalangists
643:
1411:. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.
1113:At the same time, the organization of the
1091:, with the aim of avenging Tony Frangieh.
1059:were reported. This separation within the
650:
636:
1348:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa
1325:"Lebanese Christians Are Slain by Gunmen"
1312:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis
1243:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis
1040:, which the Maradas, long-time allies of
1465:
657:
631:
1341:
1014:Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon
983:Civil Administration of the Mountain
840:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
282:Palestinian National Salvation Front
24:Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon
1215:Lebanese Forces – Executive Command
199:Lebanese Forces – Executive Command
13:
1123:Lebanese National Resistance Front
270:Lebanese National Resistance Front
14:
1499:
1473:Battles of the Lebanese Civil War
1129:, of which the SSNP and then the
916:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup
1449:
1435:
1421:
614:
596:
587:
576:
565:
554:
543:
532:
521:
512:
503:
494:
482:
473:
462:
453:
434:
421:
409:
398:
384:
361:
350:
338:
327:
316:
297:
275:
263:
250:
225:
214:
203:
192:
183:
172:
156:
137:
122:
105:
93:
80:
1401:
1119:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
850:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
1374:
1335:
1317:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1231:
1173:Syria and aimed at ending the
1028:In 1977, relations within the
921:Assassination of Rashid Karami
845:Multinational Force in Lebanon
1:
1360:10.1080/21520844.2016.1228041
1224:
1217:which allied itself with the
1064:The initial plan, ordered by
948:Assassination of René Moawad
7:
1267:Katz, Russel, and Volstad,
1182:Progressive Socialist Party
993:South Lebanon security belt
772:1978 South Lebanon conflict
10:
1504:
1127:Lebanese National Movement
1081:Lebanese National Movement
1023:
901:U.S. embassy annex bombing
856:Sabra and Shatila massacre
1269:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
973:People's Republic of Tyre
961:Cantons and puppet states
760:St George's Church attack
669:
289:
72:
36:
28:
23:
1342:Naor, Dan (2016-07-02).
1256:Lebanon: a country study
1094:During the same period,
1048:, categorically refuse.
911:1985 Beirut car bombings
719:1976 Syrian intervention
100:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
1136:The September 14, 1982
1115:Eagles of the Whirlwind
894:Fourth phase: 1984–1990
746:Second phase: 1977–1982
210:Eagles of the Whirlwind
133:Lebanese Youth Movement
118:Guardians of the Cedars
1387:. Simon and Schuster.
1308:Lebanon's Militia Wars
1239:Lebanon's Militia Wars
1188:and the Shiite Muslim
936:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
823:Third phase: 1982–1984
725:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar
672:First phase: 1975–1977
290:Commanders and leaders
1160:. On March 12, 1985,
988:State of Free Lebanon
817:Iraqi Embassy bombing
469:Suleiman Franjieh. JR
1384:Israel's Lebanon War
1295:Civil War in Lebanon
887:1984 Sohmor massacre
862:U.S. embassy bombing
812:1981 Israeli bombing
689:Battle of the Hotels
1443:Christianity portal
1219:Syrian armed forces
882:February 6 Intifada
830:1982 Beirut bombing
700:Black Saturday
683:Black Thursday
1329:The New York Times
1175:Lebanese civil war
1146:Lebanese Phalanges
1077:Lebanese Phalanges
1018:Lebanese Civil War
968:East Beirut canton
941:War of Elimination
706:Karantina massacre
661:Lebanese Civil War
509:Maroun Machahalani
479:Elias el-Hannouche
144:South Lebanon Army
31:Lebanese Civil War
1008:
1007:
931:War of Liberation
877:Battle of Tripoli
872:Mountain War
867:Barracks bombings
777:Battle of Kaukaba
767:Hundred Days' War
739:Aishiyeh massacre
626:
625:
68:
67:
1495:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1321:
1315:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1235:
1170:Karim Pakradouni
1133:will integrate.
906:War of the Camps
858:
835:1982 Lebanon War
807:Battle of Zahleh
797:At Tiri incident
756:
741:
734:
727:
715:
708:
695:ASALA insurgency
691:
664:
662:
652:
645:
638:
629:
628:
619:
618:
601:
600:
592:
591:
581:
580:
570:
569:
559:
558:
548:
547:
546:
537:
536:
535:
526:
525:
524:
517:
516:
515:
508:
507:
506:
499:
498:
497:
487:
486:
485:
478:
477:
476:
467:
466:
458:
457:
449:
439:
438:
426:
425:
414:
413:
412:
403:
402:
401:
389:
388:
387:
376:
366:
365:
364:
355:
354:
353:
343:
342:
341:
334:Karim Pakradouni
332:
331:
330:
321:
320:
319:
312:
302:
301:
300:
280:
279:
268:
267:
266:
256:
254:
253:
230:
229:
219:
218:
217:
208:
207:
206:
197:
196:
195:
188:
187:
186:
177:
176:
162:
160:
159:
142:
141:
140:
127:
126:
125:
110:
109:
108:
98:
97:
96:
85:
84:
83:
38:
37:
21:
20:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1488:1990s conflicts
1483:1980s conflicts
1478:1970s conflicts
1463:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1340:
1336:
1331:. 29 June 1978.
1323:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1258:(1989), p. 240.
1253:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1138:Habib Shartouni
1100:Lebanese Forces
1089:Rifaat el-Assad
1034:Marada Movement
1026:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
963:
958:
955:
953:Battle of Sidon
926:War of Brothers
896:
889:
854:
825:
754:Chouf massacres
752:
748:
737:
732:Chekka massacre
730:
723:
713:Damour massacre
711:
704:
687:
674:
665:
660:
658:
656:
613:
612:
595:
594:
586:
585:
575:
574:
564:
563:
553:
552:
544:
542:
541:
533:
531:
530:
522:
520:
519:
513:
511:
510:
504:
502:
501:
495:
493:
492:
483:
481:
480:
474:
472:
471:
461:
460:
459:Robert Franjieh
452:
451:
445:
433:
420:
419:
410:
408:
407:
399:
397:
396:
385:
383:
382:
378:
372:
362:
360:
359:
357:Boutros Khawand
351:
349:
348:
339:
337:
336:
328:
326:
325:
317:
315:
314:
308:
298:
296:
274:
264:
262:
251:
249:
241:
235:Faction of the
224:
223:
215:
213:
212:
204:
202:
201:
193:
191:
190:
184:
182:
181:
171:
157:
155:
147:
138:
136:
135:
131:
123:
121:
120:
106:
104:
94:
92:
87:Lebanese Forces
81:
79:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1461:
1460:
1446:
1432:
1429:Lebanon portal
1415:
1414:
1400:
1394:978-0671479916
1393:
1373:
1354:(3): 321–337.
1334:
1316:
1314:(2009), p. 41.
1299:
1297:(1998), p. 79.
1286:
1284:(1988), p. 55.
1273:
1260:
1247:
1245:(2009), p. 41.
1229:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1208:and President
1186:Walid Jumblatt
1131:Marada Brigade
1096:Bachir Gemayel
1079:, notably the
1070:Ehden massacre
1066:Bashir Gemayel
1061:Lebanese Front
1057:Marada Brigade
1053:Bachir Gemayel
1030:Lebanese Front
1025:
1022:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:Administration
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
957:
956:
950:
945:
944:
943:
938:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
891:
890:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
802:Safra massacre
799:
794:
792:Battle of Qnat
789:
784:
782:Ehden massacre
779:
774:
769:
764:
763:
762:
743:
742:
735:
728:
721:
716:
709:
702:
697:
692:
685:
680:
670:
667:
666:
655:
654:
647:
640:
632:
624:
623:
621:Hafez al-Assad
430:
304:Bashir Gemayel
292:
291:
287:
286:
285:
284:
272:
260:
179:Marada Brigade
168:
167:
166:
115:
114:
112:Tigers Militia
102:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
52:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1500:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1457:Israel portal
1447:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1306:Tony Badran,
1303:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1271:(1985), p. 8.
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1237:Tony Badran,
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1210:Amine Gemayel
1207:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:Amal movement
1187:
1184:(PSP) led by
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:replaces the
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1046:anti-Zionists
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
962:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
897:
895:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
824:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
757:
755:
751:
750:
749:
747:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
673:
668:
663:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
633:
630:
622:
617:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
590:
584:
579:
573:
572:Salim al-Hoss
568:
562:
557:
551:
550:Elias Atallah
540:
529:
500:Georges Melko
490:
470:
465:
456:
450:
448:
442:
441:Tony Franjieh
437:
431:
429:
424:
418:
417:
406:
405:Antoine Lahad
395:
392:
381:
377:
375:
369:
358:
346:
335:
324:
313:
311:
305:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:
261:
259:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:Supported by:
240:
238:
237:Lebanese Army
234:
228:
222:
221:Popular Guard
211:
200:
180:
175:
169:
165:
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
145:
134:
130:
119:
113:
103:
101:
91:
90:
89:
88:
77:
76:
71:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
1403:
1383:
1376:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1293:O'Ballance,
1289:
1282:The Gemayels
1281:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1206:Samir Geagea
1198:
1179:
1166:Elie Hobeika
1162:Samir Geagea
1158:Elie Hobeika
1154:
1135:
1112:
1104:Dany Chamoun
1093:
1085:Qaa massacre
1074:
1050:
1027:
1013:
1012:
960:
959:
893:
892:
822:
821:
787:Qaa massacre
745:
744:
678:Bus massacre
671:
607:
583:Émile Lahoud
539:Georges Hawi
528:Asaad Hardan
518:Michel Zouen
489:Elie Hobeika
446:
432:
428:Ariel Sharon
380:Etienne Sakr
373:
368:Dany Chamoun
345:Elie Hobeika
323:Samir Geagea
309:
295:
243:
242:
239:(1989–1991)
170:
150:Supported by
149:
148:
116:
78:
73:Belligerents
64:Inconclusive
29:Part of the
1194:Nabih Berri
1108:Syrian army
603:René Moawad
561:Elias Hrawi
491:(1986-1991)
391:Saad Haddad
347:(1978-1985)
189:Free Tigers
1467:Categories
1225:References
593:Élie Hayek
416:Aql Hashem
1368:2152-0844
1254:Collelo,
978:Fatahland
129:Al-Tanzim
44:1978-1991
1280:Gordon,
1055:and the
49:Location
1192:led by
1024:History
447:†
374:†
310:†
54:Lebanon
1391:
1366:
1202:Israel
1150:Israel
1038:Israel
605:
443:
370:
306:
255:
164:Israel
161:
61:Result
1042:Syria
258:Syria
233:Hrawi
1389:ISBN
1364:ISSN
1168:and
1148:and
1044:and
231:Pro-
41:Date
1356:doi
1310:in
1241:in
1469::
1362:.
1350:.
1346:.
1327:.
1221:.
1177:.
1164:,
1152:.
1110:.
1072:.
1397:.
1370:.
1358::
1352:7
651:e
644:t
637:v
608:X
394:#
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
