752:, the largest Christian town in the East, confronted one of the biggest battles – both military and political – between the LF and the Syrian occupying forces. The LF were able to confront them and reverse the result of the battle of 1981 with the help of 92 Lebanese Army Maghawirs sent from Beirut as well as the towns inhabitants. Regardless of the very bad weather and heavy bombing, convoys were sent in the snow to Zahle. The battle of Zahle gave the Lebanese Cause a new perspective in the International Communities, and by some was regarded as military and diplomatic victory. It strengthened Bachir Gemayel's position because of his leadership and important role in this battle. The battle started on 2 April 1981, and finished with a cease fire and Lebanese
741:' in Lebanon in 1978, in which the Lebanese Forces successfully resisted the Syrian shelling and attacking of Eastern Beirut for about three months before an Arab-brokered agreement forced the Syrians to end the siege. Syrians took high buildings such as Burj Rizk Achrafieh and Burj El Murr using snipers and heavy weapons against civilians. The soldiers stayed for 90 days. Another major clash took place near the Sodeco area in Achrafieh where the LF fought ferociously and led the Syrian army out of the Rizk Building. This War led to the withdrawal of the Syrian troops from East Beirut and the free Christian Areas. At this time, Israel was the primary backer of the Lebanese Front's militia.
795:, Gemayel called for a meeting to decide on what to do about this situation. At first, the decision was to capture Tony Frangieh and force him to surrender the members of the Marada militia who killed the Phalangists. However, there was concern about the consequences of this move. So, the decision was changed after many talks between the Phalangists present at the meeting. It was decided that the goal of the operation would be to capture the members of the Marada militia who killed the Phalangists and it would be done on Tuesday to be sure that Tony Frangieh would have finished his weekend vacation and left Ehden. On 13 June 1978, Gemayel sent a squadron of his men led by
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936:. During the meeting, Begin demanded that Gemayel sign a peace treaty with Israel as soon as he took office in return of Israel's earlier support of Lebanese Forces; he also told Gemayel that the IDF would stay in South Lebanon if the Peace Treaty wasn't signed. Gemayel was furious at Begin and told him that the Lebanese Forces didn't fight for seven years and that they didn't sacrifice thousands of soldiers to free Lebanon from the Syrian Army and the PLO so that Israel could take their place. Gemayel also added that he would not sign the Peace Treaty without national consensus on the matter.
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she was out, he detonated the bomb from a few miles away using a remote detonator. When he came back to check on his sister, he was immediately arrested. Shartouni later confessed to the crime, saying he had done this because "Bachir had sold the country to Israel." He was imprisoned for 8 years until Syrian troops took over
Lebanon at the end of the war and freed him on 13 October 1990. Amine Gemayel did not condemn the actions taken by Habib Shartouni because of immense Syrian pressure. Many point fingers at the Syrian government and then-Syrian President
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1088:. Gemayel is criticized for the use of force against civilians and carrying out massacres against both Muslims and Christians, such as Karantina, Black Saturday and Ehden. He is also accused of racism against Palestinians, Syrians and Arabs. However, Gemayel is viewed positively among the majority of right-wing Christians. They consider him a patriot leader who fought for Christian rights and the autonomy of Lebanon.
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and their allied
Christian militias to besiege the Palestinian camps embedded in Christian East Beirut one at a time and bring them down. On January 18, 1976, Gemayel led the invasion of the heavily fortified Karantina camp that was located near the strategic Beirut Harbor: About 1,000 PLO fighters and civilians were killed. The Palestinian PLO and
694:, Gemayel played an important role in the last stages of the battle: he sent a group of his forces that moved through the sewers and they blew up the ammunition storage in the camp. This incident was considered to be the lethal blow that led the fall of the camp. The Christian militias also fought against the PLO and LNM militias at the
807:; what Gemayel did not know was that Tony Frangieh hadn't left Ehden, as his car wasn't running. As soon as the squadron arrived, bullets were flying all over their heads, so they retaliated and this led to the killing of Tony Frangieh and his family, in addition to tens of members of the Marada militia. The incident is known as
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Various atrocities, including the murder of
Christians in the Biqa', the 'Black Saturday' targeting of Muslims in East Beirut, the massacre of 1,500 Palestinians, Shi'is, and others in Karantina and Maslakh, and the revenge killings of hundreds of Christians in Damur, increasingly subverted sectarian
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Israel invaded and the PLO were expelled from
Lebanon in August 1982. During the invasion, the Israelis wanted the Lebanese Forces to assist the Israeli Army militarily by fighting the PLO and allied groups in West Beirut; however, Gemayel refused, stating that his forces would not assist an invading
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This move faced opposition from his brother Amine. He opposed merging his forces into the LF, but Pierre
Gemayel intervened and ordered them to hand over heavy arms to the LF. While many National Liberals surrendered, some members decided to confront Gemayel. On 10 November, two car bombs exploded in
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and others. They were fierce fighters, and they were known for their violent performance in the field. This group was out of the direct control of the party. He had his own views and principles, and he wanted to run for the Vice
Presidency of the party, but his men said to him that they wanted him as
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Party in 1936 (also known as Kataeb) upon his return to
Lebanon, modelling the party after the Spanish and Italian Fascist parties he had observed there. It swelled to 40,000 members. Although he became a Lebanese minister, and was targeted in at least two assassination attempts, Pierre Gemayel never
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Begin was reportedly angry at
Gemayel for his public denial of Israel's support. Gemayel refused signing a peace treaty arguing that time is needed to reach consensus with Lebanese Muslims and the Arab nations. This angered the Israelis because they knew that it is almost impossible for the Lebanese
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Gemayel and his militia also faced competition from the Tigers, another
Christian militia in the Lebanese Front. Multiple clashes occurred between the two sides, mainly caused by the dispute over the distribution of war taxes and military equipment provided by Israel. The Tigers claimed that Gemayel
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in central Beirut. Gemayel led the battle for the
Holiday Inn that had an important strategic location. The battle was a success for Gemayel's troops, and they were able to move the PLO out of the hotel. After ensuring the safety of the rear lines and their effectiveness (necessary for the safety of
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to Lebanon to put an end to the war, but Gemayel refused to accept this, being strongly against the Syrian intervention because he believed that Syria wanted to annex Lebanon. He came to this conclusion because the Syrian officials repeatedly stated that Lebanon was part of Syria and that the Syrian
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and also a Maronite Christian, was later arrested for the assassination. His sister was living in the apartment above the room Gemayel was staying in. He had visited her the previous day and planted the bomb in her apartment. The next day, he called her and told her to get out of the building. Once
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His body was finally identified five and a half hours after the explosion by a Mossad agent in a church close to the site of the explosion where the dead were being collected. The face on the body was unrecognizable; he was identified by the white-gold wedding ring he was wearing and two letters he
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Christian East Beirut was ringed by heavily fortified Palestinian camps from which kidnappings and sniping against Lebanese civilians became a daily routine. Christian East Beirut were besieged by the PLO camps, with severe shortages of food and fuel. This unbearable situation led the Kataeb Forces
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about 20 miles south of Beirut on the coast, during the Damour massacre in which 1,000 Christian civilians were killed and 5,000 were sent fleeing north by boat, since all roads were blocked off. The Maronites retaliated with the invasion of the Tel al-Zaatar camp that same year, which was placed
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for the last time as their leader and for the last time as commander of the Lebanese Forces. At 4:10 PM, a bomb was detonated, killing Gemayel and 26 other Phalange politicians. The first testimonies stated that Gemayel had left the premises on foot or in an ambulance (bearing the number 90). A
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the leader of the "Lebanese Forces" and not the VP of a party. In addition, many members of the party did not want him as the VP because he was the son of Pierre Gemayel, the founder and president of the party. The elections were cancelled and did not take place until after his assassination.
528:'s youth section when he was 12 years old. He realized the dangers that surrounded Lebanon in 1958, and spent a lot of time with the organized political wing of the Kataeb Party. He attended the meetings organized by the Kataeb Student Section, and was the president of the Kataeb Circle in
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would soon enter the Palestinian Camps to disarm any remaining fighters. They also agreed that the Lebanese Army would attack the Syrian Army's positions in Lebanon assisted by the Israeli Army. Sharon further tried to convince Gemayel to sign a peace treaty, which he refused to do.
862:. After two days of fighting, the National Liberals were defeated, and the LF took control the whole area. Gemayel considered the "Unification of the Christian Rifle" to be completed, and ordered all his forces to wear the LF badge instead of their former militias ones.
1077:: "Once he was elected, I was sure that he won't get to take over the presidency and he will be assassinated. Many sides were trying to kill him and I was one of them. I didn't succeed while someone else did. He was a solution in the wrong place and the wrong time".
882:(IDF) were planning an invasion to uproot the PLO threat to Israel and to move them out of Lebanon. While Gemayel did not control Israel's actions in Lebanon, the support Israel gave the Lebanese Forces, militarily and politically, angered many Lebanese leftists.
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was carrying addressed to Bachir Gemayel. It was concluded that he had been one of the first people moved to the church after the explosion. Rumors persisted that Gemayel had survived, until it was confirmed the following morning by the Lebanese Prime Minister
539:(RKF), the party's military wing formed in 1961. In the early 1970s, he formed the "Bikfaya Squad" within the RKF, where he became acquainted with the basics of military combat. In 1968, he participated in a student colloquium organized by the newspaper
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He quickly arranged a meeting with leaders of the Phalanges and the National Liberal Party, including Camille Chamoun. He proposed merging the two militias into Lebanese Forces, with him as a commander. This was called the "Operation of
722:(LF). A military coalition of several Christian militias which not only opposed the PLO but also the Syrian Army presence, who had entered Lebanon at first to assist in defeating Palestinian militants, before turning into occupiers.
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with whom he had three children. His eldest daughter, Maya, was murdered on 23 February 1980 at 18 months of age by a car bomb intended for him. His second daughter, Youmna, born in 1980, received her degree in political science in
453:(Université Saint-Joseph – USJ) in Beirut. After teaching for three years at the Lebanese Modern Institute, he graduated in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in law and another in political sciences in 1973. In 1971, Gemayel studied at
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620:. He was a revolutionary in the party. He became close with Jean Nader, the leader of Achrafieh at that time, and became the vice president of that Lebanese Capital district, a position that he held from 1971 until 1975.
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intelligence agency also contributed to his presidency. On 23 August 1982, being the only one to declare candidacy, Gemayel was elected president, as he prevailed over the National Movement.
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Gemayel had planned to use the IDF to push the Syrian Army out of Lebanon and then use his relations with the Americans to pressure the Israelis into withdrawing from Lebanese territory.
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He founded and later became the supreme commander of the Lebanese Forces, uniting major Christian militias by force under the slogan of "Uniting the Christian Rifle". Gemayel allied with
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to oversee the withdrawal of the PLO from Lebanon. Gemayel had requested that they stay longer to keep Lebanon stable until he could reunite it, but his request was denied. Israel's
889:(representative of the PLO) and told him that Israel would enter and wipe them out. He told the PLO to leave Lebanon peacefully before it was too late. Hassan left without replying.
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In 1969, Gemayel was briefly kidnapped by Palestinian militants in Lebanon and taken to the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp, where he was beaten. He was released eight hours later, after
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was trespassing on their share, while the Palangists accused them of selling arms to pro-Palestinians. In February 1980, both Gemayel and Chamoun were called up to Jerusalem by
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Gemayel was believed to be an extreme option for the presidency. Muslims and leftist leaders preferred a moderate one, like his brother, Amine, or former president Chamoun.
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However, Gemayel wanted to be the only Christian option for Israel, while the tension escalated again by the end of June 1980. On 7 July, he sent his troops to the town of
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Gemayel became the head of the "BG Squad" after its members found him as a leader more close to their views. This group was formed of 12 specially trained members such as
410:, where he is seen as a "martyr" and an "icon". Conversely, he has been criticized for committing alleged war crimes and accused of treason for his relations with Israel.
714:, killed by a sniper during the battle of Tall Al-Zaatar, Gemayel became head of the Kataeb Regulatory Forces militia. Later that year, he became a leading member of the
823:. He threatened to stop the Israeli aid and asked them to unite. On 22 February, they were back again in Jerusalem, and presented a secret plan to the Israeli officers.
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was not long after elected president, serving from 1982 to 1988. Rather different in temperament, Amine Gemayel was widely regarded as more moderate than his brother.
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Between 762 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites, were massacred by members of the Phalange in retaliation for the assassination of Gemayel.
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reported that Bachir Gemayel had been taken to a hospital in Haifa by helicopter. The search and rescue teams on the field were unable to find him or his body.<
669:, Gemayel admitted to him that while being in an emotional state over the killing of four Phalangists earlier that day, he ordered his militiamen into the streets.
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Army doesn't need anyone's permission to enter Lebanon. Moreover, at that time, the Syrian educational system was teaching that Lebanon was a Syrian district.
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Gemayel submitted his resignation from the party in 1976, but it was rejected. This was because the Kataeb Party was forced to approve the entrance of the
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said in a parliamentary session that Gemayel had reached the presidency "on the back of an Israeli tank", and Professor Christo El Morr compared him to
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students supporting the Palestinians in Lebanon on one side, and Christian Lebanese nationalist students (whom Gemayel represented) on the other.
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1113:, who was born a few months before Gemayel's assassination, was a law student and political activist, and was elected as a member of the
1029:. Reagan had been one of Gemayel's staunchest supporters, saying "this promising young leader had brought the light of hope to Lebanon."
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395:. He was elected president on 23 August 1982, but he was assassinated before taking office on 14 September, via a bomb explosion by
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Despite its increasing success in its battles against the PLO and the Syrian troops two factors led to the eventual demise of the
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In the late 1960s, he underwent paramilitary training in Bikfaya, and he was appointed squad leader of a militia unit of the
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Achrafieh, leaving 10 killed and 92 wounded. Ten days later, he ordered his elite troops to invade their stronghold in
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516:(in 2000 and 2005) who also served as the Minister of Industry from 2005 until his assassination on 21 November 2006.
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Words from Bashir: Understanding the Mind of Lebanese Forces Founder Bashir Gemayel from His Speeches: Rani Geha
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Interviews with Elie Karameh, Edmond Rizk, Louis Karam, Naji Boutrous and Salim Reaidi conducted in March 1995
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were vacationing. The Tigers under the control of Elias el Hannache were exterminated in what was later named
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was elected president in 1982, remaining in office until the end of his constitutional second term in 1988.
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Muslims to agree on a Peace Treaty. They realized that Gemayel was starting to distance himself from them.
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Gemayel is described as the most controversial figure in the history of Lebanon. He remains popular among
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Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'État de Bachir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens
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Following the killing of many Phalangist members, in addition to a senior Phalangist by members of the
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2435:"Beirut Bomb Kills 8; Christian Militia Chief Believed to Be Target; Fought Palestinians and Leftists"
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The Secrets of the Lebanese War: From Bachir Gémayel's coup to the massacres in the Palestinian camps
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report from a hospital came to say he had just arrived. Then the commander of military intelligence
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558:(PLO), Gemayel gathered a group of Christian students, and started training them in the Kataeb-run
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of Lebanon and is one of the most influential Christian families in the country. He attended the
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in the United States. Qualifying in 1972, he joined the bar association and opened an office in
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had a secret meeting with Gemayel in Bikfaya. During the meeting, Gemayel told Sharon that the
1105:. She was working towards her Masters in Management at ESA (École supérieure des affaires) in
854:", with which Gemayel became the sole leader of the Christian military side in the civil war.
543:, following events which occurred across Lebanese universities between the Muslim and leftist
2382:"موسم العنصرية ضد السوريين في لبنان: استحضار أقوال لبشير الجميل وأغنية تسخر من آلام اللاجئين"
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Many of Bachir Gemayel's followers were dissatisfied with Amine, which eventually led to the
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and the Institution Moderne du Liban (IML) – Fanar. He completed his university education at
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rose to the prominence of his sons, yet remained a powerful figure until his death in 1984.
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364:; 10 November 1947 – 14 September 1982) was a Lebanese militia commander who led the
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On 14 September 1982, Gemayel was addressing fellow Phalangists at their headquarters in
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gendarmes were sent to Zahle. The 92 commandos returned to Beirut on 1 July 1981. (See:
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army. By then, Gemayel had announced his candidacy for president. He was backed by the
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for having knowledge of the assassination attempt and for covertly backing Shartouni.
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on 10 November 1947, the youngest of six children. The Gemayel family originated from
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Hudson, Michael C. (1997). "Trying Again: Power-Sharing in Post-Civil War Lebanon".
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On 12 September 1982, in an attempt to fix the relations between Begin and Gemayel,
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under siege for 52 days by the Tigers, the National Liberal Party militia led by
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2113:] (in Arabic). Byblos: Byblos Center for Studies and Research. p. 271.
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2258:"Statement on the Assassination of President-elect Bashir Gemayel of Lebanon"
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1955:(3). University of Chicago; Middle Eastern Studies Student Association: 29–38
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Christian East Beirut), Gemayel and his troops decided to abandon the hotel.
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2305:""ولعت" بين الموسوي ونديم الجميّل: "حجمكم دبابة إسرائيلية يخرقها الكورنيت!""
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massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims. According to Phalange member
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From Israel to Damascus: The Painful Road of Blood, Betrayal, and Deception
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forces retaliated by attacking the isolated defenseless Christian town of
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Many of Gemayel's other family members would go on to be elected into the
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Lebanon in Kissinger's Strategy: A Political and Geostrategic Comparison
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Lubnán fí strátíjiyyat kísinjar: muqáriba siyásiyya wa-jiyyú-strátíjiyya
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Avon, Dominique; Khatchadourian, Anaïs-Trissa; Todd, Jane Marie (2012).
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574:. At this stage, he was a junior militia commander under the orders of
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2331:"الصفات التمثيليّة الدينية للقيادات السياسيّة: بشير الجميّل وغيره"
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811:. Gemayel was angered by this incident, but he stood by his men.
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militia, which was led by a fellow member of the Lebanese Front,
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838:. Dany's life was spared and he sought refuge in West Beirut.
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Condemnations poured in from around the world, including the
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mountains. This was the start of what would later become the
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2268:– via Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum.
2135:. Translated by Ina Friedman. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1578:"Phalangists Identify Bomber of Gemayel As Lebanese Leftist"
928:
On 1 September 1982, Gemayel met the Israeli Prime minister
2280:"حرب لبنان.. منظمة التحرير تنهي وجودها من بيروت ج9 | جبلة"
1746:. Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 162.
1772:"Historical Fact: The Massacre and Destruction of Damour"
2188:"U.S. Links Men in Bomb Case To Lebanon Terrorist Group"
1916:] (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. pp. 48–51.
878:, met with Gemayel months earlier, telling him that the
2357:"العنف في الحروب الاهلية: القنّاص والمنتقم | بِدَايَات"
2004:
The Story of the Maronites in the War: An Autobiography
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that he had indeed been killed in the attack. The U.S.
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Celebrations in Sassine Square after Gemayel's election
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2233:"Wars of Lebanon | People | Bashir Gemayel, 1947-1982"
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Elected officials who died without taking their seats
2084:. La Mesa, Calif.: Pride International Publications.
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27:
Lebanese politician and militia commander (1947–1982)
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National presidents assassinated in the 20th century
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Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
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2157:
2128:
1942:"Israeli Domestic Politics and the War in Lebanon"
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866:Israeli invasion of Lebanon and Gemayel's election
1820:"Lebanon: Beirut's Agony Under the Guns of March"
612:Gemayel became a member of the "BG Squad" of the
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2503:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
1967:
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481:studied pharmacology in Europe and founded the
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908:, who played an important role in his election
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1866:"Historical Fact: The Battle of Zahle – 1981"
1719:"The War Of Lebanon - Episode 03 - Explosion"
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455:The Center for American and International Law
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158:18 January 1976 – 14 September 1982
2934:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1980s
2217:. Bachir Gemayel Foundation. Archived from
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1991:
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1670:. Bachir Gemayel Foundation. Archived from
489:A month after Gemayel's death, his brother
103:23 August 1982 – 14 September 1982
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2057:Hezbollah: A History of the "Party of God"
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1976:The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs
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1463:List of assassinated Lebanese politicians
706:Gemayel attending Mass at a training camp
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830:, where Dany Chamoun and members of his
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737:Gemayel led his troops in the infamous '
724:
701:
671:
652:
588:
580:
417:
1585:. Reuters. 3 October 1982. p. 19.
1569:
14:
2916:
2454:
2016:
1997:
1764:
1737:
1699:
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1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
550:After the 1968–69 clashes between the
426:Bachir Pierre Gemayel was born in the
2581:
2499:Jumayyil, Bashīr; Geha, Rani (2010).
2184:
2079:
1939:
1703:
1389:Lebanese Forces (Lebanese Resistance)
1047:and forming its own political party.
2974:Collège Notre Dame de Jamhour alumni
2408:"بشير الجميل: جدليّة الوطني والعميل"
2127:Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1984).
1660:
1640:
657:In 1975, Gemayel was accused by the
520:Early activities in the Kataeb Party
1790:
1678:
1128:This article is part of a series on
1025:as well as from American President
661:(LNM) of being responsible for the
647:
578:, the founder and head of the KRF.
352:
24:
2483:
1798:"The Battle of Tel el Zaatar 1976"
764:Tensions within the Lebanese Front
25:
3060:
2954:20th-century Lebanese politicians
2949:Assassinated Lebanese politicians
2518:
2000:قصة الموارنة في الحرب: سيرة ذاتية
1868:. Lebanese Forces. Archived from
1774:. Lebanese Forces. Archived from
1706:History in a Man – Bachir Gemayel
556:Palestine Liberation Organization
472:
389:Palestine Liberation Organization
3034:People of the Lebanese Civil War
2959:Politicians assassinated in 1982
2442:. 24 February 1980. p. 10.
2164:. London: William Collins Sons.
1618:. 5 January 2017. Archived from
1419:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1091:
958:
508:(in 2009 and 2018), his nephews
2964:Assassinated presidents in Asia
2944:20th-century presidents in Asia
2530:The Lebanese Phalanges - Kataeb
2492:Tareekh fi Rajol (تاريخ في رجل)
2489:Dameer wa Tareekh (ضمير وتاريخ)
2400:
2374:
2349:
2323:
2297:
2272:
2250:
2225:
2207:
1884:
1843:
1834:
1812:
1073:revealed in a documentary with
1032:Bachir Gemayel's older brother
1019:United Nations Security Council
1002:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
992:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
988:Federal Bureau of Investigation
965:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
874:. Defense Minister of Israel,
585:Gemayel with his father Pierre.
524:Gemayel became a member of the
401:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
266:
3049:Saint Joseph University alumni
2414:(in Arabic). 16 September 2014
2185:Lewis, Neil A. (18 May 1988).
1826:. 5 April 1976. Archived from
1634:
1604:
1517:
1505:
1043:becoming independent from the
13:
1:
2462:"Syrian chronicles 1973–1990"
2080:Hatem, Robert Maroun (1999).
1537:
447:Collège Notre Dame de Jamhour
413:
2535:Bachir Gemayel Squad Website
2215:"Who is Habib El-Shartouni?"
2156:Friedman, Thomas L. (1990).
2059:. Harvard University Press.
1998:Khalil, Joseph Abou (1990).
1668:"Bashir Gemayel (1947–1982)"
1612:"بشير الجميل.. الحلم الضائع"
1012:
729:Gemayel giving a speech at "
562:training camp, located near
7:
3009:Lebanese Forces politicians
2495:Rajol el Nahda (رجل النهضة)
1940:Bsisu, Naji (Spring 2012).
1738:Harris, William W. (1996).
1643:"Bachir Gemayel The Series"
1120:
845:Flag of the Lebanese Forces
710:In 1976, with the death of
368:, the military wing of the
10:
3065:
3029:People murdered in Lebanon
1468:List of attacks in Lebanon
1057:Sabra and Shatila Massacre
1054:
1051:Sabra and Shatila Massacre
962:
659:Lebanese National Movement
422:Bachir Gemayel as a child.
387:and his forces fought the
361:[baˈʃiːrʒɪˈmajjɪl]
227:Achrafieh, Beirut, Lebanon
91:President-elect of Lebanon
29:
2969:Assassinations in Lebanon
2901:
2798:
2680:
2622:
2566:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2525:Bachir Gemayel Foundation
2031:10.1163/15718069720847889
2019:International Negotiation
1949:Lights: The MESSA Journal
1908:Menargues, Alain (2012).
1064:
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232:Manner of death
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143:
131:
119:
107:
96:
89:
85:
73:
64:
57:
3004:Lebanese anti-communists
2999:Kataeb Party politicians
2655:Pierre-Georges Arlabosse
2464:. Tayyar. Archived from
2160:From Beirut to Jerusalem
2105:Khalifeh, Nabil (2008).
1555:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1498:
1493:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
1394:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
754:Internal Security Forces
614:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
595:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
537:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
65:
3039:Politicians from Beirut
2639:Privat-Antoine Aubouard
1895:29 October 2008 at the
1704:Hayek, Georges (2010).
1641:Rami (31 August 2016).
1409:Guardians of the Cedars
1371:Free Patriotic Movement
1096:Gemayel was married to
994:(SSNP) for the attack.
872:invaded Lebanon in 1982
532:between 1965 and 1971.
512:(in 2009 and 2018) and
323:Saint Joseph University
909:
897:
846:
777:
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707:
677:
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586:
423:
3044:Presidents of Lebanon
3019:Lebanese nationalists
2984:Falangist politicians
2609:Presidents of Lebanon
903:
895:
880:Israeli Defense Force
844:
771:
728:
705:
676:Gemayel in the street
675:
653:Conflict with the PLO
592:
584:
530:St. Joseph University
451:St. Joseph University
421:
345:Bachir Pierre Gemayel
3024:Maronite politicians
2558:President of Lebanon
2221:on 25 February 2012.
2131:Israel's Lebanon war
1979:(video). BBC. 1998.
1725:22 June 2011 at the
1514:before taking office
696:Battle of the Hotels
514:Pierre Amine Gemayel
378:President of Lebanon
2645:Habib Pacha Es-Saad
2468:on 19 December 2011
2260:. 14 September 1982
1674:on 28 October 2014.
1622:on 31 December 2020
1351:Constitutional Bloc
1115:Lebanese Parliament
919:peacekeeping troops
504:(in 2005), his son
498:Lebanese parliament
408:Maronite Christians
3014:Lebanese Maronites
2543:Political offices
2440:The New York Times
2193:The New York Times
2006:] (in Arabic).
1830:on 3 January 2010.
1583:The New York Times
1557:. 13 November 2019
1478:Lebanese Civil War
1000:, a member of the
910:
898:
847:
809:the Ehden massacre
778:
760:for more details)
735:
708:
678:
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424:
399:, a member of the
374:Lebanese Civil War
168:Office established
2911:
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2906:
2728:Suleiman Frangieh
2702:Bechara El Khoury
2692:Bechara El Khoury
2682:Lebanese Republic
2576:
2575:
2567:Succeeded by
2171:978-0-00-215096-5
2142:978-0-671-47991-6
2091:978-0-9644304-3-3
1923:978-2-226-23524-4
1459:
1458:
1260:Suleiman Frangieh
1245:Bechara El Khoury
1135:Maronite politics
1109:. Gemayel's son,
1082:Nawaf al-Moussawi
885:Gemayel met with
750:Beqaa Governorate
739:Hundred Days' War
568:Keserwan District
477:Gemayel's father
353:بشير بيار الجميّل
342:
341:
313:Geneviève Gemayel
294:
221:14 September 1982
144:Commander of the
16:(Redirected from
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1361:National Liberal
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758:Battle of Zahleh
667:Karim Pakradouni
648:Military command
625:Fouad Abou Nader
609:in this matter.
430:neighborhood of
376:and was elected
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2484:Further reading
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2388:. 26 April 2018
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1250:Alfred Naqqache
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1041:Lebanese Forces
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998:Habib Shartouni
967:
961:
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860:Ain El Remmaneh
819:on orders from
774:Camille Chamoun
766:
733:" training camp
720:Lebanese Forces
655:
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572:Lebanese Forces
522:
502:Solange Gemayel
475:
469:, West Beirut.
438:village in the
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397:Habib Shartouni
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2723:Charles Helou
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2571:
2570:Amine Gemayel
2562:
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2013:
2005:
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1994:
1986:
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1943:
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1753:1-55876-115-2
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1708:. p. 68.
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1473:Amine Gemayel
1471:
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1346:National Bloc
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1285:Gebran Bassil
1283:
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1275:Amine Gemayel
1273:
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1092:Personal life
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1030:
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1027:Ronald Reagan
1024:
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1008:
1003:
999:
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993:
989:
985:
984:Shafik Wazzan
979:
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959:Assassination
956:
953:
950:
949:Lebanese Army
946:
941:
937:
935:
931:
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920:
916:
915:United States
907:
904:Gemayel with
902:
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839:
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812:
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793:Tony Frangieh
790:
785:
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772:Gemayel with
770:
761:
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608:
607:Yasser Arafat
604:
596:
593:Gemayel with
591:
583:
579:
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569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Lebanese Army
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
517:
515:
511:
507:
506:Nadim Gemayel
503:
499:
494:
492:
491:Amine Gemayel
487:
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480:
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440:Matn District
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300:
299:Nadim Gemayel
291:Maya Gemayel
290:
286:
282:
281:Amine Gemayel
279:
275:
259:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
237:
236:Assassination
234:
230:
220:
216:
212:
208:
196:
192:
187:
183:
180:
177:
171:
167:
161:
155:
150:
147:
142:
139:
138:Amine Gemayel
136:
130:
127:
124:
118:
115:
114:Shafik Wazzan
112:
106:
100:
95:
92:
88:
84:
77:
72:
63:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42: and the
41:
37:
36:father's name
33:
32:Lebanese name
19:
2890:
2866:1989 (5 Nov)
2780:Émile Lahoud
2749:
2738:
2737:
2733:Élias Sarkis
2685:(since 1943)
2556:
2551:Élias Sarkis
2500:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2456:
2439:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2411:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:القدس العربي
2385:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2334:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2308:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2283:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:
2227:
2219:the original
2209:
2192:
2180:
2159:
2151:
2130:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2081:
2075:
2056:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1975:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1952:
1948:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1860:
1845:
1836:
1828:the original
1823:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1800:. Liberty 05
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1766:
1757:
1741:
1733:
1714:
1705:
1672:the original
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1615:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1582:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1528:
1519:
1512:Assassinated
1507:
1488:Kataeb Party
1269:
1235:Samir Geagea
1095:
1079:
1068:
1060:
1038:
1031:
1016:
996:
980:
968:
954:
945:Ariel Sharon
942:
938:
927:
911:
906:Philip Habib
884:
876:Ariel Sharon
869:
856:
848:
825:
813:
801:Elie Hobeika
797:Samir Geagea
786:
779:
743:
736:
712:William Hawi
709:
692:Dany Chamoun
679:
656:
638:
633:Elie Hobeika
622:
618:William Hawi
611:
600:
576:William Hawi
549:
540:
534:
526:Kataeb Party
523:
510:Sami Gemayel
500:: His widow
495:
488:
476:
467:Hamra Street
425:
405:
382:
370:Kataeb Party
344:
343:
246:Kataeb Party
223:(1982-09-14)
174:Succeeded by
153:
133:Succeeded by
126:Élias Sarkis
98:
67:بشير الجميّل
52:
47:
39:
2929:1982 deaths
2924:1947 births
2790:Michel Aoun
2775:Elias Hrawi
2764:René Moawad
2751:Michel Aoun
2718:Fuad Chehab
2707:Fuad Chehab
2666:Ayoub Tabet
2627:(1918–1943)
2337:(in Arabic)
2311:(in Arabic)
2242:30 December
2025:: 103–122.
1759:coexistence
1280:Michel Aoun
1071:George Hawi
990:blamed the
917:, who sent
744:In 1981 at
641:Syrian Army
597:militiamen.
545:Pan-Arabist
393:Syrian Army
293:(1978–1980)
164:Preceded by
121:Preceded by
44:family name
2989:Falangists
2918:Categories
2861:1982 (Sep)
2856:1982 (Aug)
2769:Selim Hoss
2758:Selim Hoss
2697:Émile Eddé
2672:Petro Trad
2650:Émile Eddé
2418:8 February
2392:8 February
2366:8 February
2341:8 February
2315:8 February
2289:8 February
2284:jablah.net
1652:1 December
1626:1 December
1538:References
1240:Émile Eddé
1075:Al Jazeera
976:Jonny Abdu
616:formed by
414:Early life
357:pronounced
329:Occupation
200:1947-11-10
2892:2022–2024
2886:2014–2016
2799:Elections
2448:0362-4331
2309:Lebanon24
2201:0362-4331
2039:1382-340X
1985:900843337
1721:(video).
1591:0362-4331
1525:romanized
1404:Al-Tanzim
1117:in 2009.
1013:Aftermath
971:Achrafieh
731:Don Bosco
629:Fadi Frem
428:Achrafieh
380:in 1982.
372:, in the
319:Education
305:Parent(s)
283:(brother)
277:Relations
213:, Lebanon
207:Achrafieh
179:Fadi Frem
154:In office
2472:11 April
1893:Archived
1723:Archived
1616:Al-Afkar
1383:Militias
1308:Frangieh
1297:Families
1121:See also
1045:Phalange
934:Nahariya
852:Altalena
683:as-Saiqa
554:and the
483:Phalange
391:and the
288:Children
30:In this
2335:الأخبار
2264:22 July
1959:22 July
1854:YouTube
1596:22 July
1561:24 July
1335:Parties
1313:Gemayel
1303:Chamoun
1080:Deputy
870:Israel
748:in the
566:in the
564:Bsharri
560:Tabrieh
436:Bikfaya
271:
263:
99:In role
48:Gemayel
2905:Acting
2561:Elect
2507:
2446:
2412:جنوبية
2199:
2168:
2139:
2088:
2063:
2037:
1983:
1920:
1876:4 July
1804:4 July
1782:4 July
1750:
1589:
1399:Tigers
1356:Kataeb
1323:Moawad
1318:Khazen
1229:People
1107:Beirut
1065:Legacy
923:Mossad
817:Mossad
687:Damour
541:Orient
459:Dallas
444:Jesuit
432:Beirut
385:Israel
349:Arabic
333:Lawyer
252:Spouse
211:Beirut
40:Pierre
34:, the
2564:1982
2109:[
2002:[
1945:(PDF)
1912:[
1850:Video
1523:Also
1499:Notes
1111:Nadim
1103:Paris
828:Safra
805:Ehden
746:Zahlé
463:Texas
457:near
265:(
261:
2881:2008
2876:1998
2851:1976
2846:1970
2841:1964
2836:1958
2831:1952
2826:1948
2821:1943
2816:1936
2811:1929
2806:1926
2614:List
2505:ISBN
2474:2013
2444:ISSN
2420:2021
2394:2021
2368:2021
2343:2021
2317:2021
2291:2021
2266:2024
2244:2012
2197:ISSN
2166:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2035:ISSN
1981:OCLC
1961:2024
1918:ISBN
1878:2012
1824:Time
1806:2012
1784:2012
1748:ISBN
1654:2020
1647:+961
1628:2020
1598:2024
1587:ISSN
1563:2024
799:and
218:Died
194:Born
2027:doi
1852:on
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