20:
300:(the king had two votes in this Court's judgements, as in all decisions by the council in the Age of Liberty). The Privy Council did not however function so much as a political institution as in the Age of Liberty, and in these matters the king could put it aside and listen to other advisors and councillors as the king also often did.
358:, the 1772 Instrument of Government had a peculiar status. While the Russian emperors, reigning in Finland as grand dukes, never gave any indication that they considered their autocratic powers limited by any constitution, a theory was developed in Finland that the old Instrument of Government remained in force,
174:
Gustav III was therefore able to attract considerable support for his scheme to overthrow the government and replace the 1720 Instrument of
Government with a new constitution. On 19 August 1772 the king rallied the Stockholm garrison and arrested the Council of the Realm, along with several prominent
253:, and although it invoked ideas like the separation of powers, it provided few practical checks upon the king's power. Moreover, in 1789 Gustav removed many of the few limits which did exist upon his power by compelling the Riksdag to pass the
183:
The
Instrument of Government was a somewhat curious mix of different influences. In part it was based on earlier Swedish political traditions, harking back above all to the reign of the revered
175:
members of the Cap party. Two days later he convened a session of the
Riksdag and compelled it to accept a new constitution which he had drawn up, the 1772 Instrument of Government.
273:
The king governed the civil service and
Parliaments were assembled only at the king's will when the king had to raise taxes and legislate (legislation was regulated in
374:) were an important political faction in Finland at this time, and their legacy of constitutional legalism has had a significant effect on later Finnish politics.
366:. This theory was, however, never put forward officially and never accepted in St. Petersburg. It did gain considerable popular currency in Finland, so that
303:
The king however, had to listen to the advice of the Privy
Council in cases concerning treaties about peace, armistice and alliances with foreign powers and
171:(1757–1762). Indeed, some historians argue that by the early 1770s the situation had deteriorated to the extent that Sweden was on the brink of anarchy.
682:
370:
measures instituted from the 1890s onwards were commonly decried as an "unconstitutional" assault on the country's autonomy. The "Constitutionals" (
577:
385:, as successor to the old Estates of the Realm, moved to assume sovereign power in Finland, based on the old Swedish provisions in case of a
211:
801:
307:
to other countries. In these cases the council also could veto the king, if all members of the
Council shared this view unanimously.
816:
831:
796:
851:
675:
846:
249:
of the
Instrument of Government was rather vague, in part due to its having been written in haste in the aftermath of the
398:
377:
The matter remained officially uncontested and arguably unresolved for more than a century, but after the abdication of
338:
and army officers. The king was forced to abdicate and sent into exile, and a new constitution was then drawn up, the
841:
592:
734:
836:
747:
668:
127:. Under this system, the king played a relatively minor role in the government, which was instead dominated by the
826:
806:
729:
712:
707:
702:
339:
124:
120:
94:
62:
811:
390:
188:
151:
of political and artistic freedom, but it was also characterised by factional struggles between the so-called "
164:
89:, which further strengthened royal power at the expense of the Riksdag. It remained in force throughout the
282:
278:
274:
196:
192:
609:
791:
755:
585:
437:
367:
781:
776:
427:
405:
242:
136:
116:
78:
69:(1719-72). Although in theory the 1772 Instrument merely readjusted the balance of power between
722:
691:
422:
351:
254:
230:
132:
128:
86:
74:
382:
378:
786:
417:
234:
203:
58:
23:
8:
856:
821:
559:
523:
238:
632:
491:
466:
394:
250:
110:
50:
229:
concepts like the separation of powers in theory, in practice he tended to rule as an
588:
82:
46:
652:
327:
218:, drawn up four years later, and indeed Gustav was an avowed admirer of the nascent
289:
160:
140:
34:
522:(in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. pp. 283–284.
581:
355:
331:
215:
184:
442:
432:
363:
269:
Significant provisions of the
Instrument of Government included the following:
168:
66:
202:
On the other hand, large parts of the
Instrument were also inspired by recent
770:
297:
258:
226:
219:
90:
404:
The
Instrument of Government was finally superseded when Finland adopted a
317:
304:
156:
152:
98:
42:
660:
386:
323:
246:
207:
558:(in Swedish) (4th ed.). Stockholm: AV Carlsons. pp. 412–413.
362:, with Finland's position as part of the Empire having the nature of a
335:
148:
627:
486:
461:
70:
54:
563:
19:
527:
214:. This concept would also be one of the main principles behind the
354:, created in 1809 from the eastern third of Sweden as part of the
520:
Historia för gymnasiet: allmän och nordisk historia efter år 1000
610:
Articles 6 and 7 of the Instrument (Instrument of Government or
115:
During the Age of Liberty (1719–1772), Sweden was governed as a
257:, which revised the Instrument of Government in a more nakedly
554:
Borg, Ivan; Nordell, Erik; Rodhe, Sten; Nordell, Erik (1967).
77:(Swedish Parliament), without changing Sweden's status as a
277:). An offensive war also had to be approved by Parliament (
49:
from 1772 to 1809. It was promulgated in the wake of the
553:
330:
was mounted against Gustav's son and successor, King
81:, in practice it is generally seen as instituting an
393:, as well as within Finland, culminating, after the
199:but had fallen out of use in the previous century.
147:). The Age of Liberty is generally remembered as a
85:, especially after its modification in 1789 by the
163:in the Riksdag and by military humiliation in the
768:
135:functions of government being discharged by the
676:
690:
683:
669:
65:, which had been in force for most of the
653:Text of the 1772 Instrument of Government
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
752:Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression
605:
603:
601:
406:new, republican instrument of government
389:. This led to a power struggle with the
345:
342:, which superseded the 1772 Instrument.
288:The Privy Council's justice department (
18:
517:
225:However, while Gustav may have admired
187:; for example, it revived the posts of
769:
534:
296:), functioned as a fairly independent
664:
598:
580:18 October 1776 published in 1992 by
482:
480:
478:
476:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
399:Finnish declaration of independence
123:and later under the near-identical
13:
14:
868:
646:
556:Historia för gymnasiet. Årskurs 1
473:
233:, akin to contemporaries such as
802:1809 disestablishments in Sweden
498:
391:Provisional Government of Russia
322:After the Swedish defeat in the
195:, which had once been among the
817:Sweden during the Gustavian era
340:Instrument of Government (1809)
311:
125:Instrument of Government (1720)
121:Instrument of Government (1719)
832:Early modern history of Sweden
621:
570:
455:
178:
1:
797:1772 establishments in Sweden
518:Bäcklin, Martin, ed. (1965).
448:
241:of Prussia, rather than as a
104:
95:1809 Instrument of Government
63:1720 Instrument of Government
31:1772 Instrument of Government
852:Political history of Finland
7:
847:Political history of Sweden
411:
10:
873:
315:
264:
197:Great Offices of the Realm
108:
743:
698:
281:) and also new taxation (
842:Legal history of Finland
748:Freedom of the Press Act
438:Russification of Finland
93:, until replaced by the
837:Legal history of Sweden
692:Constitutions of Sweden
428:Constitution of Finland
117:constitutional monarchy
79:constitutional monarchy
827:Grand Duchy of Finland
807:Constitution of Sweden
723:Union and Security Act
423:Constitution of Sweden
352:Grand Duchy of Finland
293:
255:Union and Security Act
243:constitutional monarch
144:
129:Riksdag of the Estates
119:, initially under the
87:Union and Security Act
75:Riksdag of the Estates
38:
26:
812:Defunct constitutions
586:Gunnar von Proschwitz
578:Countess de Boufflers
387:vacancy on the throne
383:Parliament of Finland
346:In Finland after 1809
206:ideas, in particular
22:
235:Joseph II of Austria
212:separation of powers
189:Lord High Chancellor
185:King Gustav II Adolf
167:(1741–1743) and the
137:Council of the Realm
24:Gustav III of Sweden
16:Swedish constitution
495:(1909), pp. 672–673
239:Frederick the Great
131:, with most of the
97:as a result of the
61:, and replaced the
633:Nordisk Familjebok
492:Nordisk Familjebok
467:Nordisk Familjebok
395:October Revolution
294:Justitierevisionen
231:enlightened despot
111:Revolution of 1772
51:Revolution of 1772
27:
764:
763:
756:Act of Succession
372:perustuslailliset
334:, by disgruntled
210:'s notion of the
193:Lord High Steward
83:absolute monarchy
47:Kingdom of Sweden
864:
792:1772 in politics
685:
678:
671:
662:
661:
657:
640:
639:
625:
619:
618:
607:
596:
574:
568:
567:
551:
532:
531:
515:
496:
484:
471:
459:
360:mutatis mutandis
872:
871:
867:
866:
865:
863:
862:
861:
767:
766:
765:
760:
739:
694:
689:
655:
649:
644:
643:
637:
628:Regeringsformen
626:
622:
616:
608:
599:
582:Swedish Academy
575:
571:
552:
535:
516:
499:
485:
474:
462:Regeringsformen
460:
456:
451:
414:
348:
332:Gustav IV Adolf
320:
314:
267:
216:US Constitution
181:
113:
107:
59:King Gustav III
17:
12:
11:
5:
870:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
782:1772 in Sweden
779:
777:1772 documents
762:
761:
759:
758:
753:
750:
744:
741:
740:
738:
737:
735:Current (1974)
732:
727:
726:
725:
715:
710:
705:
699:
696:
695:
688:
687:
680:
673:
665:
659:
658:
648:
647:External links
645:
642:
641:
620:
597:
569:
533:
497:
472:
453:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
443:Walhalla-orden
440:
435:
433:Diet of Porvoo
430:
425:
420:
413:
410:
364:personal union
356:Russian Empire
347:
344:
316:Main article:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:(state) visits
301:
286:
283:articles 45-46
275:articles 40-43
266:
263:
180:
177:
169:Pomeranian War
109:Main article:
106:
103:
67:Age of Liberty
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
869:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
772:
757:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
742:
736:
733:
731:
728:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:
693:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
666:
663:
654:
651:
650:
635:
634:
629:
624:
615:
613:
612:Regeringsform
606:
604:
602:
594:
593:91-7119-079-1
590:
587:
583:
579:
573:
565:
561:
557:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
529:
525:
521:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
494:
493:
488:
483:
481:
479:
477:
469:
468:
463:
458:
454:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
409:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:in 1917, the
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:Russification
365:
361:
357:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
319:
306:
302:
299:
298:Supreme Court
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
270:
262:
260:
259:authoritarian
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
220:United States
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:Enlightenment
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
176:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
112:
102:
100:
96:
92:
91:Gustavian era
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:regeringsform
36:
32:
25:
21:
717:
656:(in Swedish)
638:(in Swedish)
631:
623:
617:(in Swedish)
611:
572:
555:
519:
490:
465:
457:
403:
376:
371:
359:
349:
321:
318:Coup of 1809
312:Coup of 1809
268:
224:
201:
182:
173:
114:
99:Coup of 1809
43:constitution
30:
28:
787:1772 in law
379:Nicholas II
328:coup d'état
324:Finnish War
261:direction.
247:phraseology
208:Montesquieu
179:Description
57:mounted by
857:Self-coups
822:Gustav III
771:Categories
576:Letter to
487:Gustaf III
449:References
418:Gustav III
279:article 48
227:republican
149:golden age
105:Background
41:) was the
408:in 1919.
397:, in the
165:Hats' War
133:executive
71:the Crown
55:self-coup
564:10259755
412:See also
336:liberals
73:and the
636:(1915)
528:1610850
350:In the
290:Swedish
265:Details
161:parties
155:" and "
145:riksråd
141:Swedish
45:of the
35:Swedish
595:p. 149
591:
584:Prof.
562:
560:SELIBR
526:
524:SELIBR
470:(1915)
245:. The
730:1809
718:1772
713:1720
708:1719
703:1634
589:ISBN
326:, a
251:coup
237:and
191:and
53:, a
29:The
157:Hat
153:Cap
773::
630:,
614:).
600:^
536:^
500:^
489:,
475:^
464:,
401:.
292::
285:).
222:.
159:"
143::
101:.
37::
684:e
677:t
670:v
566:.
530:.
139:(
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
