240:, interferometrically recorded spectra of outgoing longwave radiation show emission that has arisen from the cloud tops at a temperature of about 265 K and passed through the atmospheric window, and non-window emission that has arisen mainly from the troposphere at temperatures about 240 K. This means that, at the scarcely absorbed continuum of wavelengths (8 to 14 μm), the radiation emitted, by the Earth's surface into a dry atmosphere, and by the cloud tops, mostly passes unabsorbed through the atmosphere, and is emitted directly to space; there is also partial window transmission in far infrared spectral lines between about 16 and 28 μm. Clouds are excellent emitters of infrared radiation. Window radiation from cloud tops arises at altitudes where the air temperature is low, but as seen from those altitudes, the water vapor content of the air above is much lower than that of the air at the land-sea surface. Moreover, the water vapour continuum absorptivity, molecule for molecule, decreases with pressure decrease. Thus water vapour above the clouds, besides being less concentrated, is also less absorptive than water vapour at lower altitudes. Consequently, the effective window as seen from the cloud-top altitudes is more open, with the result that the cloud tops are effectively strong sources of window radiation; that is to say, in effect the clouds obstruct the window only to a small degree (see another opinion about this, proposed by Ahrens (2009) on page 43).
20:
2962:
2950:
2986:
2974:
72:
in 1928, based on G. Hettner's 1918 laboratory studies of the gap in the absorption spectrum of water vapor. In those days, computers were not available, and
Simpson notes that he used approximations; he writes about the need for this in order to calculate outgoing IR radiation: "There is no hope of
23:
As the main part of the 'window' spectrum, a clear electromagnetic spectral transmission 'window' can be seen between 8 and 14 μm. A fragmented part of the 'window' spectrum (one might say a louvred part of the 'window') can also be seen in the visible to mid-wavelength infrared between 0.2 and 5.5
233:, interferometrically recorded spectra of outgoing longwave radiation show emission that has arisen from the land surface at a temperature of about 320 K and passed through the atmospheric window, and non-window emission that has arisen mainly from the troposphere at temperatures about 260 K.
225:
in the middle of the window which is why it acts as such a strong greenhouse gas. Water vapor has a continuum absorption due to collisional broadening of absorption lines which extends through the window. Local very high humidity can completely block the infrared vibrational window.
36:
spectrum where there is relatively little absorption of terrestrial thermal radiation by atmospheric gases. The window plays an important role in the atmospheric greenhouse effect by maintaining the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing IR to space. In the
1150:
Kovács, Tamás; Feng, Wuhu; Totterdill, Anna; Plane, John M.C.; Dhomse, Sandip; Gómez-Martín, Juan Carlos; Stiller, Gabriele P.; Haenel, Florian J.; Smith, Christopher; Forster, Piers M.; García, Rolando R.; Marsh, Daniel R.; Chipperfield, Martyn P. (January 20, 2017).
330:
Moreover, the unreactive nature of such compounds that makes them so valuable for many industrial purposes means that they are not removable in the natural circulation of the Earth's lower atmosphere. Extremely small natural sources created by means of
187:(CFCs), halons and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC and HCFCs). As discussed below, a major reason that they are so effective as greenhouse gases is that they have strong vibrational bands that fall in the infrared atmospheric window. IR absorption by
1077:
Gann, Richard G.; Barnes, John D.; Davis, Sanford; Harris, Jonice S.; Harris Jr., Richard H.; Herron, John T.; Levin, Barbara C.; Mospik, Frederick I.; Notarianni, Kathy A.; Nyden, Marc R.; Paabo, Maya; Ricker, Richard E. (1990).
318:
are such that strong absorption in the atmospheric window will always be characteristic of compounds containing such bonds, although fluorides of nonmetals other than carbon, nitrogen or sulfur are short-lived due to
220:
at slightly longer wavelengths. The short wavelength boundary of the atmospheric IR window is set by absorption in the lowest frequency vibrational bands of water vapor. There is a strong band of ozone at 9.6
454:, with a lifetime of 2.9 years, has a 100 year global warming potential 231 times that of carbon dioxide. These compounds still remain highly problematic with an ongoing effort to find substitutes for them.
788:. Environmental System Science Data Infrastructure for a Virtual Ecosystem; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States).
856:
Hanel, R.A.; Conrath, B.J.; Kunde, V.G.; Prabhakara, C.; Revah, I.; Salomonson, V.V.; Wolford, G. (1972). "The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. 1. Calibrated thermal emission spectra".
426:
will, for example, cause as much warming as 26.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide over 100 years, and as much as 37.6 tonnes over 500 years. Perfluorocarbons are similar in this respect, and even
442:) has a global warming potential of 2310 compared to carbon dioxide. Quite short-lived halogenated compounds can still have fairly high global warming potentials: for instance
1265:
Hodnebrog, Øivind; Åmås, Borgar; Fuglestvedt, Jan; Marston, George; Myhre, Gunnar; Nielsen, Claus Jørgen; Sandstad, Marit; Shine, Keith P.; Wallington, Tim J. (July 9, 2020).
415:), originating from commercial production of anesthetics, refrigerants, and polymers can stay in the atmosphere for between two thousand six hundred and fifty thousand years.
2686:
41:
this window is roughly the region between 8 and 14 μm although it can be narrowed or closed at times and places of high humidity because of the strong absorption in the
73:
getting an exact solution; but by making suitable simplifying assumptions ... ." Nowadays, accurate line-by-line computations are possible, and careful studies of the
2862:
2530:
1987:
1322:
Hodnebrog, Øivind; Etminan, Maryam; Fuglestvedt, Jan; Marston, George; Myhre, Gunnar; Nielsen, Claus Jørgen; Shine, Keith P.; Wallington, Tim J. (April 24, 2013).
279:
In recent decades, the existence of the infrared atmospheric window has become threatened by the development of highly unreactive gases containing bonds between
2703:
1409:
2139:
1955:
2134:
2002:
248:
Without the infrared atmospheric window, the Earth would become much too warm to support life, and possibly so warm that it would lose its water, as
1982:
1929:
1235:
Midgeley, P.M.; McCulloch, A. (9 April 1999). "Properties and
Applications of Industrial Halocarbons". In Fabian, Peter; Singh, Onkar N. (eds.).
1638:
727:
267:(PDRC) surfaces use the infrared window to send heat back into outer space with the aim of reversing rising temperature increases caused by
1871:
1755:
1369:
2024:
1972:
752:
45:
or because of blocking by clouds. It covers a substantial part of the spectrum from surface thermal emission which starts at roughly 5
2903:
2019:
1594:
2234:
1945:
1663:
1440:
2590:
2379:
1537:
2239:
2202:
2056:
2041:
1950:
1599:
1543:
1153:"Determination of the atmospheric lifetime and global warming potential of sulfur hexafluoride using a three-dimensional model"
50:
2898:
2036:
900:
810:
Daniel, J.S.; Solomon, S.; Kjaergaard, H.G.; Schofield, D.P. (2004). "Atmospheric water vapour complexes and the continuum".
626:
2920:
1866:
1861:
2401:
2179:
1997:
1919:
1909:
1892:
1799:
1606:
778:
1924:
205:
sets the long wavelength limit of the infrared atmospheric window together with absorption by rotational transitions of
2830:
2691:
2648:
2144:
327:
of the fluorine atom. Bonds to chlorine and bromine also absorb in the atmospheric window, though much less strongly.
3022:
2757:
2633:
2450:
1643:
1379:
1024:
Bera, Partha P.; Francisco, Joseph S.; Lee, Timothy J. (2009). "Identifying the
Molecular Origin of Global Warming".
656:
596:
566:
536:
347:
for all perfluorocarbons and 0.01 ppt for sulfur hexafluoride, but the only natural ceiling is via photolysis in the
264:
2990:
2628:
2608:
2555:
2507:
1559:
1324:"Global warming potentials and radiative efficiencies of halocarbons and related compounds: A comprehensive review"
1267:"Updated Global Warming Potentials and Radiative Efficiencies of Halocarbons and Other Weak Atmospheric Absorbers"
2747:
2698:
2124:
2086:
2031:
1491:
1406:
183:(by volume). Other gases which contribute to the greenhouse effect are present at ppt levels. These include the
3017:
3012:
2815:
2099:
1846:
1244:
69:
2925:
2460:
1992:
2908:
2580:
2109:
2104:
2009:
1876:
1433:
2119:
1962:
2978:
2742:
2545:
2502:
2275:
2197:
2051:
2847:
2522:
2497:
2470:
2432:
2349:
2167:
2014:
1967:
1717:
1486:
1481:
1476:
65:
2362:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2783:
2623:
2129:
2094:
1977:
1904:
1745:
1574:
1510:
1471:
419:
731:
3032:
2966:
2888:
2798:
2540:
2512:
2192:
1841:
1819:
1426:
1323:
1005:
Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; 'Greenhouse Effect Due to
Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications';
296:
2565:
2385:
2327:
2244:
2229:
2114:
1750:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
257:
586:
295:. The impact of these compounds was first discovered by Indian–American atmospheric scientist
2954:
2600:
2477:
2285:
1735:
1658:
1385:
646:
38:
3027:
2793:
2671:
2332:
1897:
1824:
1338:
1278:
1164:
1114:
1033:
970:
865:
819:
688:
427:
315:
323:. This absorption is strengthened because these bonds are highly polar due to the extreme
8:
3037:
2810:
2585:
1809:
1804:
423:
308:
300:
42:
1342:
1282:
1168:
1118:
1037:
974:
869:
823:
692:
237:
2638:
2570:
2487:
2337:
2302:
2259:
2254:
2249:
1814:
1299:
1266:
1182:
1132:
1080:
Preliminary screening procedures and criteria for replacements for Halons 1211 and 1301
988:
939:
835:
473:
357:
256:
history. Thus, the existence of an atmospheric window is critical to Earth remaining a
184:
180:
2872:
2535:
2280:
2046:
1829:
1792:
1579:
1533:
1375:
1304:
1240:
1217:
1136:
1059:
1007:
992:
943:
918:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications"
896:
746:
652:
622:
592:
562:
532:
463:
394:
344:
324:
1186:
839:
501:
2915:
2482:
2465:
2406:
2297:
2061:
1775:
1648:
1584:
1346:
1294:
1286:
1209:
1172:
1122:
1049:
1041:
978:
929:
873:
827:
789:
704:
696:
371:
2867:
2788:
2752:
2681:
2655:
2643:
2560:
2492:
2367:
2224:
1836:
1787:
1765:
1413:
616:
556:
526:
508:
483:
352:
230:
983:
958:
2820:
2676:
2618:
2613:
2455:
2344:
2076:
2071:
2066:
1914:
1851:
1589:
1569:
1528:
1449:
478:
468:
307:'s much-more-celebrated paper on the ability of chlorofluorocarbons to destroy
268:
189:
106:
86:
54:
3006:
2893:
2825:
2550:
2372:
2357:
2292:
2187:
709:
700:
332:
166:
151:
147:
1177:
1152:
1054:
877:
793:
446:, with a lifetime of 0.5 years, still has a global warming potential of 22;
57:
plays an important role in setting the boundary at the long wavelength end.
2778:
2575:
2219:
2209:
1856:
1740:
1653:
1308:
1221:
1063:
488:
304:
253:
74:
2805:
2322:
2314:
1564:
1290:
831:
19:
916:
Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022).
450:, with a lifetime of only one year, has a GWP of 47 over 100 years, and
2837:
2214:
934:
917:
451:
443:
348:
339:
and subsequent reaction with sulfate or carbonate minerals produce via
320:
314:
The "stretching frequencies" of bonds between fluorine and other light
222:
202:
46:
1350:
1213:
1127:
1094:
1045:
1782:
447:
340:
64:
The importance of the infrared atmospheric window in the atmospheric
676:
770:
336:
292:
280:
33:
1321:
1200:
Lemal DM (January 2004). "Perspective on fluorocarbon chemistry".
758:
Simpson, G.C. (1928). "Further
Studies in Terrestrial Radiation".
1760:
1418:
134:
809:
2773:
1264:
288:
284:
651:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 50, 208.
2687:
Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1770:
249:
207:
120:
91:
58:
855:
677:"Über das ultrarote Absorptionsspektrum des Wasserdampfes"
2863:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
1149:
561:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 201–4.
61:
partly blocks transmission in the middle of the window.
1237:
Reactive
Halogen Compounds in the Atmosphere, Volume 4
509:"American Meteorological Society Meteorology Glossary"
263:
As a proposed management strategy for global warming,
2704:
United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1367:
1076:
959:"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling"
77:of infrared atmospheric gases have been published.
1092:
528:Radiative Processes in Meteorology and Climatology
164:. The concentration of the least common of these,
1234:
1011:, vol. 190, no. 4209 (October 3, 1975), pp. 50–52
3004:
2904:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1023:
418:This means that such compounds possess enormous
915:
640:
638:
1019:
1017:
805:
803:
722:
720:
670:
668:
550:
548:
524:
520:
518:
1639:History of climate change policy and politics
1434:
851:
849:
351:and upper stratosphere. It is estimated that
89:in order of their importance are water vapor
1093:Harnisch, Jochen; Eisenhauer, Anton (1998).
635:
610:
608:
531:. Elsevier. pp. 139–140, 144–7, 161–4.
1756:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1014:
884:
800:
760:Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society
717:
665:
580:
578:
545:
515:
2985:
2973:
2430:
1441:
1427:
1260:
1258:
1256:
846:
2725:
2531:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1664:United Nations Climate Change conferences
1315:
1298:
1176:
1126:
1053:
982:
933:
708:
618:Meteorology, for Scientists and Engineers
605:
554:
2235:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1368:Mihalas, D.; Weibel-Mihalas, B. (1984).
1199:
644:
621:. Delmont CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 402.
588:An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation
575:
558:Atmospheric Radiation. Theoretical Basis
18:
2591:National Adaptation Programme of Action
2380:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
1253:
776:
757:
687:(6): 476–497 including foldout figure.
674:
591:(2nd ed.). Academic. p. 119.
525:Paltridge, G.W.; Platt, C.M.R. (1976).
343:atmospheric concentrations of about 40
49:. Principally it is a large gap in the
3005:
2240:Economics of climate change mitigation
2203:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1716:
1544:Scientific consensus on climate change
1371:Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics
956:
890:
751:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
243:
2899:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2724:
2429:
2165:
1715:
1627:
1508:
1460:
1422:
1193:
614:
2921:Representative Concentration Pathway
1862:Tipping points in the climate system
1538:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
786:Recent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
584:
2692:Nationally determined contributions
2402:Individual action on climate change
1607:World energy supply and consumption
909:
13:
2831:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
1448:
950:
14:
3049:
2758:Satellite temperature measurement
2363:forestry for carbon sequestration
1644:History of climate change science
1400:
1157:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
265:passive daytime radiative cooling
2984:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2948:
2609:Climate Change Performance Index
1988:Destruction of cultural heritage
1082:(Technical report). p. 135.
555:Goody, R.M.; Yung, Y.L. (1989).
2748:Instrumental temperature record
2699:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1228:
1143:
1086:
1070:
999:
858:Journal of Geophysical Research
2816:Climate variability and change
2166:
1847:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1:
2926:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
2461:Climate emergency declaration
1026:Journal of Physical Chemistry
494:
80:
2909:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2135:Middle East and North Africa
1461:
1107:Geophysical Research Letters
812:Geophysical Research Letters
7:
1983:Depopulation of settlements
1628:
1374:. Oxford University Press.
984:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010
895:. Belmont CA: Brooks/Cole.
779:"54 Environmental Sciences"
457:
30:infrared atmospheric window
10:
3054:
2743:Global surface temperature
2634:Popular culture depictions
2546:Ecosystem-based adaptation
2276:Carbon capture and storage
2198:Carbon offsets and credits
1509:
648:The Physics of Atmospheres
274:
32:refers to a region of the
2955:Climate change portal
2942:
2881:
2848:Extreme event attribution
2766:
2735:
2731:
2720:
2664:
2599:
2521:
2471:School Strike for Climate
2443:
2439:
2425:
2394:
2350:Climate-smart agriculture
2311:
2268:
2178:
2174:
2161:
2085:
1938:
1885:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1634:
1623:
1552:
1521:
1517:
1504:
1487:Climate change adaptation
1482:Climate change mitigation
1477:Effects of climate change
1467:
1456:
1239:. Springer. p. 134.
53:spectrum of water vapor.
3023:Electromagnetic spectrum
2858:Global warming potential
2665:International agreements
2312:Preserving and enhancing
1746:Arctic methane emissions
1668:Years in climate change
1575:Greenhouse gas emissions
1472:Causes of climate change
1361:
701:10.1002/andp.19183600603
420:global warming potential
299:in 1975, one year after
2889:Climate change scenario
2541:Disaster risk reduction
2193:Carbon emission trading
2003:U.S. insurance industry
1973:Civilizational collapse
1820:sea surface temperature
1178:10.5194/acp-17-883-2017
957:Munday, Jeremy (2019).
878:10.1029/JC077i015p02629
645:Houghton, J.T. (2002).
297:Veerabhadran Ramanathan
2882:Research and modelling
2566:Nature-based solutions
2386:Nature-based solutions
2328:Carbon dioxide removal
2245:Fossil fuel divestment
2230:Climate risk insurance
2140:Small island countries
1751:Arctic sea ice decline
777:Blasing, T.J. (2009).
85:The principal natural
25:
3018:Satellite meteorology
3013:Atmospheric radiation
2843:Earth's energy budget
2726:Background and theory
2614:Climate crisis (term)
2286:Fossil fuel phase-out
2180:Economics and finance
2145:by individual country
2087:By country and region
2062:Security and conflict
2057:Psychological impacts
1736:Abrupt climate change
1659:Charles David Keeling
1492:By country and region
1407:IR Atmospheric Window
1331:Reviews of Geophysics
1271:Reviews of Geophysics
891:Ahrens, C.D. (2009).
794:10.3334/CDIAC/atg.032
43:water vapor continuum
22:
2672:Glasgow Climate Pact
2333:Carbon sequestration
1898:Mass mortality event
1291:10.1029/2019RG000691
1277:(3): e2019RG000691.
832:10.1029/2003GL018914
675:Hettner, G. (1918).
428:carbon tetrachloride
2811:Climate sensitivity
2586:The Adaptation Fund
2042:Infectious diseases
1939:Social and economic
1343:2013RvGeo..51..300H
1283:2020RvGeo..5800691H
1169:2017ACP....17..883K
1119:1998GeoRL..25.2401H
1038:2009JPCA..11312694B
1032:(45): 12694–12699.
975:2019Joule...3.2057M
870:1972JGR....77.2629H
824:2004GeoRL..31.6118D
693:1918AnP...360..476H
585:Liou, K.N. (2002).
424:sulfur hexafluoride
309:stratospheric ozone
244:Importance for life
185:chlorofluorocarbons
2382:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2354:Forest management
2338:Direct air capture
2303:Sustainable energy
2260:Net zero emissions
2255:Low-carbon economy
2250:Green Climate Fund
2037:Indigenous peoples
1930:Plant biodiversity
1718:Effects and issues
1412:2018-10-11 at the
935:10.1002/eom2.12153
681:Annalen der Physik
615:Stull, R. (2000).
474:Infrared astronomy
422:. One kilogram of
68:was discovered by
39:Earth's atmosphere
26:
16:Atmospheric window
3000:
2999:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2873:Radiative forcing
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2536:Adaptive capacity
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2281:Energy transition
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
1867:Tropical cyclones
1793:Urban heat island
1707:
1706:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1580:Carbon accounting
1534:Greenhouse effect
1500:
1499:
1351:10.1002/rog.20013
1214:10.1021/jo0302556
1128:10.1029/98GL01779
1113:(13): 2401–2404.
1046:10.1021/jp905097g
902:978-0-495-55573-5
893:Meteorology Today
710:2027/uc1.b2596204
628:978-0-534-37214-9
464:Greenhouse effect
325:electronegativity
104:, carbon dioxide
3045:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2916:Paleoclimatology
2733:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2483:Ecological grief
2466:Climate movement
2441:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2407:Plant-based diet
2298:Renewable energy
2176:
2175:
2163:
2162:
1998:Economic impacts
1920:Invasive species
1776:Coastal flooding
1726:
1725:
1713:
1712:
1649:Svante Arrhenius
1625:
1624:
1595:from agriculture
1585:Carbon footprint
1570:Greenhouse gases
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1384:. Archived from
1355:
1354:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1055:2060/20110023746
1021:
1012:
1003:
997:
996:
986:
969:(9): 2057–2060.
954:
948:
947:
937:
913:
907:
906:
888:
882:
881:
853:
844:
843:
807:
798:
797:
783:
774:
768:
767:
756:
750:
742:
740:
739:
730:. Archived from
724:
715:
714:
712:
672:
663:
662:
642:
633:
632:
612:
603:
602:
582:
573:
572:
552:
543:
542:
522:
513:
512:
505:
441:
440:
439:
414:
412:
411:
403:
402:
391:
389:
388:
380:
379:
368:
366:
365:
353:perfluorocarbons
258:habitable planet
219:
216:
215:
200:
198:
197:
178:
175:
174:
163:
160:
159:
145:
143:
142:
131:
129:
128:
117:
115:
114:
103:
100:
99:
87:greenhouse gases
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2949:
2947:
2930:
2877:
2868:Orbital forcing
2762:
2727:
2708:
2682:Paris Agreement
2660:
2656:Warming stripes
2595:
2561:Managed retreat
2556:Loss and damage
2517:
2451:Business action
2435:
2413:
2390:
2313:
2307:
2264:
2225:Climate finance
2170:
2149:
2081:
1934:
1910:Extinction risk
1886:Flora and fauna
1881:
1842:Permafrost thaw
1837:Ozone depletion
1766:Extreme weather
1720:
1703:
1630:
1611:
1548:
1513:
1496:
1463:
1452:
1447:
1414:Wayback Machine
1403:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1263:
1254:
1247:
1233:
1229:
1198:
1194:
1148:
1144:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1075:
1071:
1022:
1015:
1004:
1000:
955:
951:
914:
910:
903:
889:
885:
864:(15): 2629–41.
854:
847:
808:
801:
781:
775:
771:
744:
743:
737:
735:
728:"Archived copy"
726:
725:
718:
673:
666:
659:
643:
636:
629:
613:
606:
599:
583:
576:
569:
553:
546:
539:
523:
516:
507:
506:
502:
497:
484:Ozone depletion
460:
438:
435:
434:
433:
431:
410:
407:
406:
405:
401:
398:
397:
396:
393:
387:
384:
383:
382:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
277:
246:
231:Atlas Mountains
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
179:, is about 400
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:Climate change
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2821:Cloud feedback
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2677:Kyoto Protocol
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2629:Media coverage
2626:
2621:
2619:Climate spiral
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:Public opinion
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2456:Climate action
2453:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2368:REDD and REDD+
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2345:Carbon farming
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2077:Water security
2074:
2072:Water scarcity
2069:
2067:Urban flooding
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Forest dieback
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:Sea level rise
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1825:stratification
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Carbon leakage
1587:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1529:Climate system
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1450:Climate change
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1402:
1401:External links
1399:
1398:
1397:
1380:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1337:(2): 300–378.
1314:
1252:
1245:
1227:
1192:
1163:(2): 883–898.
1142:
1100:
1096:
1085:
1069:
1013:
998:
949:
908:
901:
883:
845:
799:
769:
716:
664:
657:
634:
627:
604:
597:
574:
567:
544:
537:
514:
499:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
479:Optical window
476:
471:
469:Greenhouse gas
466:
459:
456:
436:
408:
399:
385:
376:
362:
276:
273:
269:climate change
245:
242:
212:
194:
171:
156:
139:
125:
111:
96:
82:
79:
70:George Simpson
66:energy balance
55:Carbon dioxide
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Climate model
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:Cloud forcing
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2601:Communication
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Vulnerability
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Flood control
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:reforestation
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:afforestation
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Nuclear power
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Carbon budget
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:Mental health
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:United States
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:deoxygenation
1808:
1806:
1805:acidification
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:from wetlands
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Deforestation
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1388:on 2011-10-08
1387:
1383:
1381:0-19-503437-6
1377:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
904:
898:
894:
887:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
850:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:(6): L06118.
817:
813:
806:
804:
795:
791:
787:
780:
773:
765:
761:
754:
748:
734:on 2008-04-22
733:
729:
723:
721:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
669:
660:
658:0-521-80456-6
654:
650:
649:
641:
639:
630:
624:
620:
619:
611:
609:
600:
598:0-12-451451-0
594:
590:
589:
581:
579:
570:
568:0-19-505134-3
564:
560:
559:
551:
549:
540:
538:0-444-41444-4
534:
530:
529:
521:
519:
510:
504:
500:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
455:
453:
449:
445:
429:
425:
421:
416:
413:
390:
367:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:oxidation of
334:
328:
326:
322:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
252:did early in
251:
241:
239:
238:Côte d'Ivoire
234:
232:
227:
224:
218:
204:
199:
186:
182:
177:
162:
149:
148:nitrous oxide
144:
130:
116:
102:
88:
78:
76:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
31:
21:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2946:
2779:Carbon cycle
2736:Measurements
2431:Society and
2315:carbon sinks
2220:Climate debt
2210:Carbon price
2032:Human rights
1857:Season creep
1815:heat content
1741:Anoxic event
1654:James Hansen
1390:. Retrieved
1386:the original
1370:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1274:
1270:
1236:
1230:
1205:
1202:J. Org. Chem
1201:
1195:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1110:
1106:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1029:
1025:
1006:
1001:
966:
962:
952:
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3028:Climatology
2806:Carbon sink
2784:atmospheric
2649:video games
2323:Blue carbon
1946:Agriculture
1925:Marine life
1872:Water cycle
1830:temperature
1565:Fossil fuel
1208:(1): 1–11.
1095:"Natural CF
766:(21): 1–26.
333:radioactive
3038:Atmosphere
3007:Categories
2838:Cryosphere
2799:permafrost
2571:Resilience
2523:Adaptation
2498:Litigation
2488:Governance
2433:adaptation
2215:Carbon tax
2168:Mitigation
2105:Antarctica
1993:Disability
1392:2009-10-17
1246:3540640908
738:2009-06-26
495:References
452:Halon 1202
444:chloroform
349:mesosphere
321:hydrolysis
132:, methane
81:Mechanisms
51:absorption
2853:Feedbacks
2624:Education
2125:Caribbean
2120:Australia
2047:Migration
2010:Fisheries
1951:Livestock
1877:Wildfires
1783:Heat wave
1137:129805049
1103:on Earth"
993:201590290
944:240331557
448:halothane
341:degassing
316:nonmetals
229:Over the
2979:Glossary
2967:Category
2789:biologic
2503:Politics
2395:Personal
2100:Americas
1963:Children
1729:Physical
1522:Overview
1462:Overview
1410:Archived
1309:33015672
1222:14703372
1187:54586431
1064:19694447
840:56320625
747:cite web
458:See also
337:fluorite
293:nitrogen
281:fluorine
201:at 14.7
118:, ozone
34:infrared
2794:oceanic
2644:fiction
2493:Justice
2444:Society
2052:Poverty
1761:Drought
1629:History
1553:Sources
1339:Bibcode
1300:7518032
1279:Bibcode
1165:Bibcode
1115:Bibcode
1034:Bibcode
1008:Science
971:Bibcode
866:Bibcode
820:Bibcode
689:Bibcode
275:Threats
2774:Albedo
2767:Theory
2478:Denial
2269:Energy
2130:Europe
2110:Arctic
2095:Africa
2020:Health
2015:Gender
1968:Cities
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1800:Oceans
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1771:Flood
1362:Books
1327:(PDF)
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940:S2CID
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1672:2019
1376:ISBN
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