337:
914:
394:, the reflexes may persist and even be more pronounced. As abnormal reflexes, both the tonic labyrinthine reflex and the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex can cause problems for the growing child. The TLR and ATNR both hinder functional activities such as rolling, bringing the hands together, or even bringing the hands to the mouth. Over time, both the TLR and ATNR can cause serious damage to the growing child's joints and bones, causing the head of the femur to partially slip out of the acetabulum (
368:
child's head is extended backward, contracting the back of the neck, the upper extremities will extend and the lower extremities will contract. This reflex is important to help a child push up onto their hands and knees but may inhibit actual forward creeping or crawling if it is not properly integrated. If this reflex is retained beyond 2–3 years, it may result, directly or indirectly, in a range of physical and neurological developmental delays.
505:
221:
429:. To best observe this reflex, on a bed where the child could safely fall onto a pillow, offer the infant two opposing little fingers (as index fingers are typically too large for the infant to grasp), and gradually lift. The grasp of it may be able to support the child's weight; they may also release their grip suddenly and without warning. The reverse motion can be induced by stroking the back or side of the hand.
417:
555:
has also been a high correlation found between ATNR persistence and decreased fine motor skills in children, which in many cases has led to a diagnosis of motor deficit disorders such as
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Lastly, a relationship has been found between ADHD symptoms and ATNR persistence and another between ADHD diagnosis and Moro and Galant reflex persistence.
158:). Other reflexes such as sucking and grabbing help establish gratifying interaction between parents and infants. They can encourage a parent to respond with love and affection, and to feed their child more competently. In addition, it helps parents to comfort their infant while allowing the baby to control distress and the amount of stimulation they receive.
206:. A newborn infant will turn its head toward anything that strokes its cheek or mouth, searching for the object by moving its head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found. After becoming familiar to responding in this way (if breastfed, approximately three weeks after birth), the infant will move directly to the object without searching.
473:, is present at birth and fades between the ages of four to six months. When the skin along the side of an infant's back is stroked, the infant will swing towards the side that was stroked. If the reflex persists past six months of age, it is a sign of pathology. The reflex is named after the Russian neurologist
599:
A 2011 cross-sectional study assessing primitive reflexes in 67 high-risk newborns, used a sample method to evaluate responses of the sucking, Babinski and Moro reflexes. The results of the study showed that the sucking reflex was performed normally most often (63.5%), followed by the
Babinski reflex
591:
refers to neonates with a significant chance of mortality or morbidity, especially within the first month of being born. High-risk newborns will often show abnormal responses of primitive reflexes, or lack a response entirely. Performance of primitive reflexes in high-risk newborns will often vary in
540:
This reflex occurs in slightly older infants (starts between 6 and 7 months and become fully mature by 1 year of age) when the child is held upright and the baby's body is rotated quickly to face forward (as in falling). The baby will extend their arms forward as if to break a fall, even though this
523:
The Babkin reflex occurs in newborn babies, and describes varying responses to the application of pressure to both palms. Infants may display head flexion, head rotation, opening of the mouth, or a combination of these responses. Smaller, premature infants are more susceptible to the reflex, with an
549:
Reflexes that are not suppressed in infancy are referred to as unintegrated or persistent reflexes. When they persist, they are related to academic struggles. For example, children with learning difficulties have been found to exhibit persistent primitive reflexes. In addition, a persistent ATNR has
382:
The tonic labyrinthine reflex is a primitive reflex found in newborn humans. With this reflex, tilting the head back while lying on the back causes the back to stiffen and even arch backwards, the legs to straighten, stiffen, and push together, the toes to point, the arms to bend at the elbows and
153:
Reflexes vary in utility. Some reflexes hold a survival value (e.g., the rooting reflex, which helps a breastfed infant find the mother's nipple). Babies display the rooting reflex only when they are hungry and touched by another person, not when they touch themselves. There are a few reflexes that
554:
more than children without reading problems. Upon monitoring pre-primary school children to see how reflexes develop as an infant gets older, the strongest association of all motor skills was found between static and dynamic balance and performance in academic activities such as mathematics. There
269:
around 2 months of age. It is likely to occur if the infant's head suddenly shifts position, the temperature changes abruptly, or they are startled by a sudden noise. The legs and head extend while the arms jerk up and out with the palms up and thumbs flexed. Shortly afterward the arms are brought
510:
509:
506:
491:
The swimming reflex involves placing an infant face down in a pool of water. The infant will begin to paddle and kick in a swimming motion. The reflex disappears between 4–6 months. Despite the infant displaying a normal response by paddling and kicking, placing them in water can be a very risky
344:
The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, also known as 'fencing posture', is present at one month of age and integrates at around four months. When the child's head is turned to the side, the arm on that side will straighten and the opposite arm will bend (sometimes the motion will be very subtle or
367:
The symmetric tonic neck reflex normally appears and develops around 6–9 months of age and should integrate by around 12 months. When the child's head flexes forward, extending the back of the neck, the upper extremities will contract and the lower extremities will extend. Conversely, when the
511:
226:
225:
222:
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is also sometimes present in such cases. In human evolutionary history, the Moro reflex may have helped infants cling to the mother while being carried around. If the infant lost its balance, the reflex caused the infant to embrace its mother and regain its hold on the mother's body.
227:
492:
procedure. Infants can swallow a large amount of water while performing this task; therefore, caregivers should proceed with caution. It is advisable to postpone swimming lessons for infants until they are at least three months old because infants submerged in water can die from
508:
455:. As these tracts develop to adult form, the flexion-reflex circuit is inhibited by the descending corticospinal inputs, and the normal plantar reflex develops. The Babinski reflex is a sign of neurological abnormality (e.g., upper motor neuron lesion) in adults.
224:
170:
and is present at birth. It is linked with the rooting reflex and breastfeeding. It causes the child to instinctively suck anything that touches the roof of their mouth and simulates the way a child naturally eats. There are two stages of the action:
447:) occurs when upper motor neuron control over the flexion reflex circuit is interrupted. This results in a dorsiflexion of the foot (foot angles towards the shin, big toe curls up). This also occurs in babies under c. 1 year, because of low
592:
response depending on the reflex (e.g., normal Moro reflex may be present, while the walking reflex is absent or abnormal). Normal performance of primitive reflexes in newborns can be linked to a greater likelihood of having higher
1483:
Ramirez
Gonzalez, S.; Ciuffreda, K.J.; Castillo Hernandez, L.; Bernal Escalante, J. (2008). "The correlation between primitive reflexes and saccadic eye movements in 5th grade children with teacher-reported reading problems".
424:
The palmar grasp reflex appears at birth and persists until five or six months of age. When an object is placed in the infant's hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a
201:
The rooting reflex is present at birth (gestational age of appearance 28 weeks) and disappears around four months of age, as it gradually comes under voluntary control. The rooting reflex assists in the act of
600:(58.7%), and the Moro reflex (42.9%). The study concluded that high-risk newborns presented more periodic abnormal and absent responses of primitive reflexes, and that each reflex varied in response.
507:
223:
231:
The Moro reflex in a four-day-old infant: 1) the reflex is initiated by pulling the infant up from the floor and then releasing him; 2) he spreads his arms 3) he pulls his arms in; 4) he cries (
942:
Odent M. The early expression of the rooting reflex. Proceedings of the 5th
International Congress of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rome 1977. London: Academic Press, 1977: 1117-19.
383:
wrists, and the hands to become fisted or the fingers to curl. The presence of this reflex beyond the newborn stage is also referred to as abnormal extension pattern or extensor tone.
314:
The walking or stepping reflex is present at birth, though infants this young cannot support their own weight. When the soles of their feet touch a flat surface they will attempt to
92:. An individual with cerebral palsy and typical intelligence can learn to suppress these reflexes, but the reflex might resurface under certain conditions (i.e., during extreme
96:). Reflexes may also be limited to those areas affected by the atypical neurology, (i.e., individuals with cerebral palsy that only affects their legs retaining the
443:
A plantar reflex is a normal reflex that involves plantar flexion of the foot, which moves toes away from the shin and curls them down. An abnormal plantar reflex (
345:
slight). If the infant is unable to move out of this position or the reflex continues to be triggered past six months of age, the child may have a disorder of the
390:(ATNR) beyond the first six months of life may indicate that the child has developmental delays and/or neurological abnormalities. For example, in people with
474:
1426:
80:) may retain these reflexes and primitive reflexes may reappear in adults. Reappearance may be attributed to certain neurological conditions including
182:
is placed between a child's lips and touches their palate. They will instinctively press it between their tongue and palate to draw out the milk.
138:. They may reappear in adults or children with loss of function of the pyramidal system due to a variety of reasons. However, with the advent of
869:
Leroux, BG; N'guyen The Tich, S; Branger, B; Gascoin, G; Rouger, V; Berlie, I; Montcho, Y; Ancel, PY; Rozé, JC; Flamant, C (22 February 2013).
607:, as predictor of neurological sequelae in high-risk neonates and infants, the importance of assessment of primitive reflexes is decreasing.
140:
1282:
Pedroso, Fleming S.; Rotta, Newra T. (2004). "Babkin Reflex and Other Motor
Responses to Appendicular Compression Stimulus of the Newborn".
350:
1047:
1553:
Konicarova, J.; Bob, P. (2013). "Asymmetric tonic neck reflex and symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children".
819:"Amiel-Tison Neurological Assessment at term age: clinical application, correlation with other methods, and outcome at 12 to 15 months"
353:, the tonic neck reflex is a precursor to the hand/eye coordination of the infant. It also prepares the infant for voluntary reaching.
340:
The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) in a two-week-old female, with extension of the left extremities and flexion of the right.
1508:"The association between learning disorders, motor function, and primitive reflexes in pre-school children: A systematic review"
1440:
McPhillips, M. (2007). "Primary reflex persistence in children with reading difficulties (dyslexia): A cross-sectional study".
563:
As mentioned in the introduction, when primitive reflexes are not being suppressed properly they are generally referred to as
1089:
999:
804:
Amiel-Tison C, Grenier A. Neurological
Assessment during first year of life. New York. Oxford University Press, 1986; 46-94.
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been found to be associated with lower reading and spelling scores, and children with reading problems tend to display the
963:
871:"Neurological assessment of preterm infants for predicting neuromotor status at 2 years: results from the LIFT cohort"
1738:
17:
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for the purpose of assessing frontal lobe functioning. If they are not being suppressed properly they are called
1902:
387:
331:
2054:
1703:
362:
278:
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567:(although this may be a misnomer). In addition to the reflexes previously mentioned, they include the
515:
An infant demonstrating the Babkin reflex: he opens his mouth when pressure is applied to both palms (
1994:
1949:
1689:
1081:
551:
377:
913:
596:, higher birth weight, shorter hospitalization time after birth, and a better overall mental state.
254:, startle response, startle reflex or embrace reflex, most researchers see it as distinct from the
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2047:
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1385:
1135:
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1822:
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282:
240:
112:
38:
1243:
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1386:"Role of early-childhood reflexes in the psychomotor development of a child, and in learning"
564:
127:
116:
108:
46:
1507:
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986:
The
American Academy of Pediatrics (1998). Shelov, Stephen P.; Hannemann, Robert E. (eds.).
2032:
1791:
1768:
1731:
1704:"Medri Vodcast: Neonatology - Movies of the neurological examination of the newborn infant"
1482:
1453:
756:
745:"Eshkol-Wachman movement notation in diagnosis: the early detection of Asperger's syndrome"
145:, the importance of assessment of such reflexes in the pediatric population has come down.
743:
Teitelbaum, O.; Benton, T.; Shah, P. K.; Prince, A.; Kelly, J. L.; Teitelbaum, P. (2004).
8:
2080:
2027:
1969:
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119:. Atypical primitive reflexes are also being researched as potential early indicators of
760:
1984:
1979:
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346:
1177:"The Grasp Reflex and Moro Reflex in Infants: Hierarchy of Primitive Reflex Responses"
994:. Illustrations by Wendy Wray and Alex Gray (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Bantam.
779:
744:
84:(especially in a rare set of diseases called frontotemporal degenerations), traumatic
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399:
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The Moro reflex is present at birth, peaks in the first month of life, and begins to
54:
1582:
1412:
1311:
852:
524:
observed occurrence in a child of 26 weeks gestation. It is named after the
Russian
154:
likely assisted in the survival of babies during human evolutionary past (e.g., the
2037:
2012:
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1907:
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around 2 months as infants start attempting to walk after this reflex disappears.
2017:
1954:
1892:
1837:
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486:
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1959:
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691:
464:
444:
203:
34:
769:
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The Moro reflex is an important indicator for evaluating integration of the
130:
functions, many of which are already present at birth. They are lost as the
1672:
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1350:
1303:
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50:
1342:
1193:
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1882:
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448:
395:
215:
155:
868:
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The presence of the TLR as well as other primitive reflexes such as the
1974:
1614:
1597:
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together and the hands clench into fists, and the infant cries loudly.
247:
101:
1654:
302:
277:
by three to four months of age, though it may last up to six months.
192:
to nipple, coaxing milk from the mother to be swallowed by the child.
73:
2022:
875:
616:
81:
985:
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However, with the advent of simple and effective methods like the
45:, but not neurologically intact adults, in response to particular
816:
621:
42:
1009:
817:
Paro-Panjan, D; Neubauer, D; Kodric, J; Bratanic, B (Jan 2005).
104:, the reflex may be seen in the foot on the affected side only.
1747:
189:
179:
167:
135:
120:
89:
85:
416:
281:
absence of the reflex may be linked to damage to the infant's
1175:
Futagi, Yasuyuki; Toribe, Yasuhisa; Suzuki, Yasuhiro (2012).
558:
1716:
1116:. Pediatric Neuropsychology Diagnostic and Treatment Center
582:
315:
259:
933:
Berk, Laura E.. Child
Development. 8th. US: Pearson, 2009.
742:
49:. These reflexes are suppressed by the development of the
285:, while a unilateral absence could mean an injury due to
1506:
McWhirter, Kylie; Steel, Amie; Adams, Jon (2022-07-13).
1071:
325:
1690:"PediNeuroLogic Exam - Movies of infant reflex testing"
318:
by placing one foot in front of the other. This reflex
107:
Primitive reflexes are primarily tested with suspected
1327:"The Hand-Mouth Reflex of Babkin in Premature Infants"
100:
but having normal speech); for those individuals with
990:
Caring for Your Baby and Young Child: Birth to Age 5
1505:
1598:"Retained primitive reflexes and ADHD in children"
1174:
987:
1425:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1318:
1233:Khwaja, JIACM 2005; 6(3): 193-7: "Plantar Reflex"
1072:Siegler, R.; Deloache, J.; Eisenberg, N. (2006).
2067:
356:
250:. Although this is sometimes referred to as the
1028:"MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Moro Reflex"
958:. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. p. 472.
1639:"Assessment of Primitive Reflexes in Newborns"
864:
862:
812:
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258:, and it is believed to be the only unlearned
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1595:
1552:
1098:
800:
798:
605:Amiel Tison method of neurological assessment
148:
1630:
1281:
689:
398:) or completely move out of the acetabulum (
371:
1275:
859:
807:
541:reflex appears long before the baby walks.
57:. These primitive reflexes are also called
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823:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
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834:
778:
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719:
559:Other primitive reflexes tested in adults
1324:
1107:"The Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)"
1048:"Keeping Kids Healthy: Newborn Reflexes"
1021:
1019:
951:
696:"The grasp and other primitive reflexes"
583:Primitive reflexes in high-risk newborns
544:
503:
415:
335:
219:
72:Older children and adults with atypical
1325:Parmelee, Arthur H. Jr. (May 5, 1963).
14:
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1454:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.005
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1080:. New York: Worth Publishers. p.
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53:as a child transitions normally into
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1643:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
1555:International Journal of Neuroscience
1501:
1499:
1025:
1016:
662:
326:Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
1162:Caring for your baby and young child
166:The sucking reflex is common to all
134:gain functionality with progressive
1637:Sohn, M.; Ahn, L.; Lee, S. (2011).
1181:International Journal of Pediatrics
920:
665:"Infantile reflexes on MedLinePlus"
641:"Primitive & Postural Reflexes"
535:
126:Primitive reflexes are mediated by
24:
1496:
1486:Optometry & Vision Development
836:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01035.x
480:
420:Grasp reflex of a 5 month old baby
25:
2092:
1682:
1164:. American Academy Of Pediatrics.
955:Physical Diagnosis in Neonatology
469:The Galant reflex, also known as
432:
196:
161:
143:method of neurological assessment
1596:Konicarova, J.; Bob, P. (2012).
912:
700:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
499:
458:
1589:
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1433:
1377:
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1236:
1227:
1168:
1153:
1136:"Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex"
1128:
1065:
1040:
979:
945:
936:
736:
683:
656:
633:
388:asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
332:Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
243:, named after its discoverer,
209:
13:
1:
2055:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
627:
363:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
357:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
41:that are exhibited by normal
1746:
1567:10.3109/00207454.2013.801471
1512:Journal of Child Health Care
1050:. 2001-10-14. Archived from
1026:Rauch, Daniel (2006-10-05).
749:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
663:Rauch, Daniel (2006-10-05).
7:
952:Fletcher, Mary Ann (1998).
889:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002431
610:
121:autistic spectrum disorders
10:
2097:
1602:Activitas Nervosa Superior
1296:10.1177/088307380401900805
1284:Journal of Child Neurology
484:
462:
436:
409:
375:
360:
329:
213:
149:Adaptive value of reflexes
111:or some dementias such as
2005:
1937:
1916:
1858:
1805:
1754:
1524:10.1177/13674935221114187
552:tonic labyrinthine reflex
471:Galant's infantile reflex
378:Tonic labyrinthine reflex
372:Tonic labyrinthine reflex
27:Reflex actions in infants
1405:10.5604/17307503.1213000
188:: The tongue moves from
2048:Crossed extensor reflex
1797:Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
1788:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
1407:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1160:Shelov, Steven (2009).
770:10.1073/pnas.0403919101
310:Walking/stepping reflex
1823:Brachioradialis reflex
1764:Pupillary light reflex
1393:Acta Neuropsychologica
1384:Grzywniak, C. (2016).
1140:Vision Therapy at Home
520:
421:
341:
301:or some other form of
283:central nervous system
241:central nervous system
236:
39:central nervous system
1995:Churchill–Cope reflex
1950:Bezold–Jarisch reflex
1343:10.1542/peds.31.5.734
712:10.1136/jnnp.74.5.558
565:frontal release signs
545:Unintegrated reflexes
514:
419:
339:
230:
178:: activated when the
117:frontal release signs
1917:Superficial reflexes
1792:Oculocephalic reflex
1769:Accommodation reflex
1076:How Children Develop
475:Johann Susman Galant
453:corticospinal tracts
273:The reflex normally
2028:Golgi tendon reflex
1970:Oculocardiac reflex
1784:Caloric reflex test
1269:"The Galant Reflex"
1244:"Babinski's reflex"
1194:10.1155/2012/191562
761:2004PNAS..10111909T
412:Palmar grasp reflex
406:Palmar grasp reflex
347:upper motor neurons
262:in human newborns.
113:Parkinson's disease
76:(e.g., people with
37:originating in the
1985:Reflex tachycardia
1980:Reflex bradycardia
1929:Cremasteric reflex
1860:Primitive reflexes
1615:10.1007/BF03379591
589:high-risk newborns
569:palmomental reflex
521:
494:water intoxication
422:
342:
291:fractured clavicle
237:
31:Primitive reflexes
2063:
2062:
2043:Withdrawal reflex
1945:Bainbridge reflex
1843:Ankle jerk reflex
1655:10.4021/jocmr706w
1091:978-0-7167-9527-8
1001:978-0-553-37962-4
579:or "tap" reflex.
512:
293:or injury to the
228:
55:child development
16:(Redirected from
2088:
2038:Startle response
2013:List of reflexes
1924:Abdominal reflex
1807:Stretch reflexes
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1699:
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1628:
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1608:(3–4): 135–138.
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1493:
1480:
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1473:
1442:Neuropsychologia
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755:(32): 11909–14.
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734:
733:
723:
687:
681:
680:
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677:
660:
654:
653:
651:
650:
645:
637:
577:glabellar reflex
536:Parachute reflex
513:
252:startle reaction
229:
132:pyramidal tracts
94:startle reaction
67:newborn reflexes
21:
18:Infantile reflex
2096:
2095:
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2090:
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2018:Acoustic reflex
2001:
1955:Coronary reflex
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459:Galant reflex
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1991:Respiratory
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1693:. Retrieved
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1052:the original
1042:
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989:
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829:(1): 19–26.
826:
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690:Schott, JM;
685:
674:. Retrieved
668:
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647:. Retrieved
635:
604:
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598:
594:Apgar scores
588:
586:
573:snout reflex
562:
548:
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530:Boris Babkin
526:physiologist
522:
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427:palmar grasp
423:
385:
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287:birth trauma
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245:pediatrician
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109:brain injury
106:
71:
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30:
29:
2033:Optokinetic
1873:Gastrocolic
1372:casemed.edu
1248:MedlinePlus
670:MedlinePlus
449:myelination
400:dislocation
396:subluxation
299:Erb's palsy
216:Moro reflex
210:Moro reflex
156:Moro reflex
141:Amiel Tison
136:myelination
2081:Pediatrics
2070:Categories
1975:Baroreflex
1903:Tonic neck
1709:2008-05-02
1695:2007-10-11
1331:Pediatrics
1253:11 January
1187:: 191562.
1058:2007-10-11
1033:2007-10-11
971:7 February
692:Rossor, MN
676:2007-10-11
649:2008-10-23
628:References
485:See also:
351:Laura Berk
320:integrates
275:integrates
248:Ernst Moro
233:10 seconds
176:Expression
102:hemiplegia
1908:Parachute
1624:145739721
1532:1367-4935
1359:245075486
1203:1687-9740
587:The term
517:8 seconds
303:paralysis
289:(e.g., a
279:Bilateral
267:integrate
74:neurology
59:infantile
2076:Reflexes
2023:H-reflex
1893:Stepping
1748:Reflexes
1673:22393339
1583:16007573
1575:23659315
1540:35830652
1462:17030045
1413:14945575
1351:13941546
1312:22525789
1304:15605468
1221:22778756
1010:90-47015
907:23435797
876:BMJ Open
853:20486547
845:15686285
789:15282371
730:12700289
694:(2003).
617:Instinct
611:See also
82:dementia
1898:Sucking
1888:Rooting
1664:3279472
1212:3384944
1145:9 March
1120:9 March
898:3586154
757:Bibcode
721:1738455
622:Emotion
451:of the
186:Milking
168:mammals
90:strokes
86:lesions
47:stimuli
43:infants
1868:Galant
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190:areola
180:nipple
88:, and
63:infant
2006:Other
1878:Grasp
1620:S2CID
1579:S2CID
1470:79446
1466:S2CID
1409:S2CID
1389:(PDF)
1355:S2CID
1308:S2CID
1110:(PDF)
849:S2CID
644:(php)
1883:Moro
1834:Leg
1814:Arm
1669:PMID
1571:PMID
1536:PMID
1528:ISSN
1458:PMID
1427:link
1347:PMID
1300:PMID
1255:2010
1217:PMID
1199:ISSN
1185:2012
1147:2017
1122:2017
1086:ISBN
1006:LCCN
996:ISBN
973:2013
960:ISBN
903:PMID
841:PMID
785:PMID
726:PMID
316:walk
260:fear
33:are
1659:PMC
1651:doi
1610:doi
1563:doi
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1520:doi
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1339:doi
1292:doi
1207:PMC
1189:doi
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893:PMC
885:doi
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775:PMC
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753:101
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65:or
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