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one word with additional vocal and bodily cues. This stage usually occurs between 12 and 18 months of age. Second, between 18 months to two years, there is the modification stage where children communicate concepts by modifying a topic word. The third stage, between two and three years old, involves the child using complete subject-predicate structures to communicate concepts. Fourth, children make changes on basic sentence structure that enables them to communicate more complex concepts. This stage occurs between the ages of two and a half years to four years. The fifth stage of categorization involves children aged three and a half to seven years refining their sentences with more purposeful word choice that reflects their complex system of categorizing word types. Finally, children use structures of language that involve more complicated syntactic relationships between the ages of five years old to ten years old.
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quickly during childhood, while logic, which is controlled by the middle and front portions of the frontal lobe, usually will not develop until late childhood or early adolescence. Opportunities to carry out movements help establish the abilities to flex (move toward the trunk) and extend body parts; both capacities are necessary for good motor ability. Skilled voluntary movements such as passing objects from hand to hand develop as a result of practice and learning. Mastery
Climates are autonomy-supportive climates that a teacher can adopt to as a suggested successful learning environment for children to promote and reinforce motor skills by their own motivation. This promotes participation and active learning in children, which
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and 3 years of age, the child is able to refer to themself as "me", combine nouns and verbs, use short sentences, use some simple plurals, answer "where" questions, and has a vocabulary of about 450 words. By age 4, children are able to use sentences of 4โ5 words and have a vocabulary of about 1000 words. Children between the ages of 4 and 5 years old are able to use past tense, have a vocabulary of about 1,500 words, and ask questions like "why?" and "who?". By age 6, the child has a vocabulary of 2,600 words, is able to form sentences of 5โ6 words and use a variety of different types of sentences. By the age of 5 or 6 years old, the majority of children have mastered the basics of their native language.
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babbling consonant and vowel sounds together that may sound like "ma" or "da". At around 8 months of age, babbling increases to include repetition of sounds, such as "ma-ma" and "da-da". Around this age infants also learn the forms for words and which sounds are more likely to follow other sounds. At this stage, much of the child's communication is open to interpretation. For example, if a child says "bah" when they are in a toy room with their guardian, it is likely to be interpreted as "ball" because the toy is in sight. However, if you were to listen to the same 'word' on a recorded tape without knowing the context, one might not be able to figure out what the child was trying to say.
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characteristics. When developmental change is discontinuous, however, researchers may identify not only milestones of development, but related age periods often called stages. These stages are periods of time, often associated with known age ranges, during which a behavior or physical characteristic is qualitatively different from what it is at other ages. When an age period is referred to as a stage, the term implies not only this qualitative difference, but also a predictable sequence of developmental events, such that each stage is preceded and followed by specific other periods associated with characteristic behavioral or physical qualities.
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testing he began developing a profound interest in the way children's intellectualism works. As a result, he developed his own laboratory, where he spent years recording children's intellectual growth and attempting to find out how children develop through various stages of thinking. This led Piaget to develop four important stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2), preoperational stage (age 2 to 7), concrete-operational stage (ages 7 to 12), and formal-operational stage (ages 11 to 12, and thereafter). Piaget concluded that adaption to an environment (behaviour) is managed through
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Language, "the general hypothesis access to social interaction is a prerequisite to normal language acquisition". Principles of conversation include two or more people focusing on one topic. All questions in a conversation should be answered, comments should be understood or acknowledged and any directions should, in theory, be followed. In the case of young children these conversations are expected to be basic or redundant. The role of a guardians during developing stages is to convey that conversation is meant to have a purpose, as well as teaching children to recognize the other speaker's emotions.
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Another useful concept for developmentalists is the attractor state, a condition (such as teething or stranger anxiety) that helps to determine apparently unrelated behaviors as well as related ones. Dynamic systems theory has been applied extensively to the study of motor development; the theory also has strong associations with some of Bowlby's views about attachment systems. Dynamic systems theory also relates to the concept of the transactional process, a mutually interactive process in which children and parents simultaneously influence each other, producing developmental change in both over time.
329:. An imaginary audience is when an adolescent feels that the world is just as concerned and judgemental of anything the adolescent does as they themselves are; an adolescent may feel as if they are "on stage" and everyone is a critic and they are the ones being critiqued. A personal fable is when the adolescent feels that he or she is a unique person and everything they do is unique. They feel as if they are the only ones that have ever experienced what they are experiencing and that they are invincible and nothing bad will happen to them, bad things only happen to other people.
27:
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type of plasticity, experience-expectant plasticity, involves the strong effect of specific experiences during limited sensitive periods of development. For example, the coordinated use of two eyes, and the experience of a single three-dimensional image rather than the two-dimensional images created by each eye, depends on experiences with vision during the second half of the first year of life. Experience-expectant plasticity works to fine-tune aspects of development that cannot proceed to optimum outcomes as a result of genetic factors alone.
1657:, the production of words, moves rapidly after its beginning at about a year of age, with a "vocabulary explosion" of rapid word acquisition occurring in the middle of the second year. Grammatical rules and word combinations appear at about age two. Between 20 and 28 months, children move from understanding the difference between high and low, hot and cold and begin to change "no" to "wait a minute", "not now" and "why". Eventually, they are able to add pronouns to words and combine them to form short sentences. Mastery of vocabulary and
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parts, and the maturation of aspects of function such as vision and dietary needs. Because genes can be "turned off" and "turned on", the individual's initial genotype may change in function over time, giving rise to further developmental change. Environmental factors affecting development may include both diet and disease exposure, as well as social, emotional, and cognitive experiences. However, examination of environmental factors also shows that children can survive a fairly broad range of environmental experiences.
1778:(capacity to share oneself with others) to secondary intersubjectivity (capacity to share one's experience), which changes the infant from an unsociable to socially engaging creature. Around 12 months of age the use of communicative gestures begins, including communicative pointing where an infant points to request something, or to point to provide information. Another communicative gesture presents around the age of 10 and 11 months where infants start gaze-following, by looking where another person is looking. This
1758:, and to achieve communication competence, four components must be mastered. These components are: grammatical competence, including vocabulary knowledge, rules of word sentence formation, etc.; sociolinguistic competence, or the appropriate meanings and grammatical forms in different social contexts; discourse competence, which is having the knowledge required to combine forms and meanings; and strategic competence in the form of knowledge about verbal and nonverbal communication strategies. The attainment of
791:, which is the process of repeatedly showing a stimulus to an infant until they give no response. Then, when infants are presented with a novel stimulus, they show a response, which reveals patterns of cognition and perception. Using this study method, many different cognitive and perceptual ideas can be studied. Looking time, a common measure of habituation, is studied by recording how long an infant looks at a stimulus before they are habituated to it. Then, researchers record if an infant becomes
823:, as while it is important that children consent to participate in research, they cannot give legal consent; parents must give informed consent for their children. Children can informally consent though, and their continued agreement should be reliably checked for by both verbal and nonverbal cues throughout their participation. Also, due to the inherent power structure in most research settings, researchers must consider study designs that protect children from feeling coerced.
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occur. In passive genetic-environmental correlation, a child is likely to experience a particular environment because his or her parents' genetic make-up makes them likely to choose or create such an environment. In evocative genetic-environmental correlation, the child's genetically produced characteristics cause other people to respond in certain ways, providing a different environment than might occur for a genetically different child; for instance, a child with
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acquisition process. Usage-based theories define language as a set of formulas that emerge from the child's learning abilities in correlation with their social cognitive interpretation and their understanding of the speakers' intended meanings. Connectionist theory is a pattern-learning procedure that defines language as a system composed of smaller subsystems or patterns of sound or meaning. Behaviorist theories defined language as the establishment of
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individual's gender, including neonatal hormones, postnatal socialization, and genetic influences. Some believe that gender is malleable until late childhood, while others argue that gender is established early and gender-typed socialization patterns either reinforce or soften the individual's notion of gender. Since most people identify as the gender that is typically associated to their genitalia, studying the impact of these factors is difficult.
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they typically occur, have been established via study of when various developmental tasks are accomplished. However, there is considerable variation in when milestones are reached, even between children developing within the typical range. Some milestones are more variable than others; for example, receptive speech indicators do not show much variation among children with typical hearing, but expressive speech milestones can be quite variable.
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emotions before they can express them verbally. The child's nonverbal communication of how they are feeling is seen in babies 0 to 3 months who use wild, jerky movements of the body to show excitement or distress. This develops to more rhythmic movements of the entire body at 3 to 5 months to demonstrate the child's anger or delight. Between 9โ12 months of age, children view themselves as joining the communicative world.
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child's development being adversely affected by the levels of nurturance, but the carers' provision of nurturance is not always a good indicator of the level of nurturance received by the child. Neglect may be occurring at school, outside of parental care. The child may be receiving nurturance from siblings or through a boarding school education, which compensates for the lack of nurturance provided by the parents.
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2477:, and parental investment in their child's cognitive and educational success. Higher-income families are able to afford learning opportunities both inside and outside the classroom. Poverty-stricken children have fewer opportunities for stimulating recreational activities, often missing out on trips to libraries or museums, and are unable to access a tutor to help with problematic academic areas.
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Exactly how to ascertain what a particular child needs, without referring back to their level of development, is not something theory and policy on neglect is clear about. Furthermore, determining whether a child is getting the requisite level of nurturance needs to take into account not just the intensity of the nurturance, but also the duration and frequency of the nurturance.
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1969:, which accounts for more than 50 percent of language delays. Language delay is usually more severe than other developmental delays in intellectually disabled children, and it is usually the first obvious symptom of intellectual disability. Intellectual disability causes global language delay, including delayed auditory comprehension and delayed use of gestures.
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belly crawl and crawl sooner. Not all infants belly crawl, however; those who skip stage this are not as proficient in their ability to crawl on their hands and knees. After the infant period, individual differences are strongly affected by opportunities to practice, observe, and be instructed on specific movements. Atypical motor development such as persistent
2454:, though the quality of the child care must be considered. Low income children tend to be cared for by grandparents or extended family and therefore form strong bonds with family. High income children tend to be cared for in a child care setting or in home care such as with a nanny. If the mother is highly educated, this can be a disadvantage to the child.
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identifying neglect. If developmental levels are below normal, the identification of neglect then requires the professional to establish if this can be put down to the level of nurturance experienced by the child. Developmental delays caused by genetic conditions or disease need to be discounted, as they do not have their basis in a lack of nurturance.
194:. It specifies four types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems; they are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Each system contains roles, norms, and rules that can powerfully shape development. Since its publication in 1979, Bronfenbrenner's major statement of this theory,
1332:, children may struggle to complete work in a timely manner or understand certain tasks they are asked to do. If a delay is noticed screenings can possibly find the source of the issue; if there is no underlying issue it is important to help aid the child by reading with them, playing games with them, or reaching out to professionals that can help.
2462:, which has been proven to improve developmental results. Effects are felt more strongly when women resume full-time work within the first year of the child's life. These effects may be due in part to pre-existing differences between mothers who return to work and those who do not, such as differences in character or reason for returning to work.
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skipping school grade levels yet still cries over childish matters and/or still looks their age. Asynchronous development presents challenges for schools, parents, siblings, peers, and the children themselves, such as making it hard for the child to fit in or frustrating adults who have become accustomed to the child's advancement in other areas.
757:. When this is being measured, researchers will code a baseline sucking rate for each baby before exposing them to the item of interest. A common finding of HAS shows a relaxed, natural sucking rate when exposed to something the infant is familiar with, like their mother's voice, compared to an increased sucking rate around novel stimuli.
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15 years of age). Growth is not uniform in rate and timing across all parts of the body. At birth, head size is already relatively near that of an adult, but the lower parts of the body are much smaller than adult size. Thus during development, the head grows relatively little, while the torso and limbs undergo a great deal of growth.
2185:. Furthermore, the study indicates that maternal depression combined with a poor home environment is more likely to have an effect on cognitive development than maternal depression alone. However, the authors conclude that it may be that short term depression has no effect, but long term depression could cause more serious problems.
307:, which involves drawing conclusions from other observations in order to make a generalization. Unlike in the preoperational stage, children can now change and rearrange mental images and symbols to form a logical thought, an example of this is "reversibility," where the child now knows to reverse an action by doing the opposite.
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gender identity postnatally. It is well documented that children actively seek out information on how to properly interact with others based on their gender, but the extent to which these role models, which can include parents, friends, and TV characters, influence gender identity is less clear and no consensus has been reached.
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possibility is that the child is in a daycare with too few adults to administer individual attention. Perhaps the most obvious environmental cause would be a child that suffers from psychosocial deprivation such as poverty, malnutrition, poor housing, neglect, inadequate linguistic stimulation, or emotional stress.
2497:) are associated with nutritional deficiencies known to be a risk to child development. Intestinal parasitism is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the developed world, and harboring of this parasite could have several health implications in children that negatively affect childhood development and
96:. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence, yet has a unique course for every child. It does not always progress at the same rate and each stage is affected by the preceding developmental experiences. As genetic factors and events during prenatal life may strongly influence developmental changes,
2340:, and has an important effect on young children's weight and height. Children suffering malnutrition in Colombia weighed less than those living in upper class conditions at the age of 36 months (11.88 kg compared to 14 kg ), and were shorter (85.3 cm versus 94 cm ).
1224:, which are disabilities in any of the areas related to language, reading, and mathematics, with basic reading skills being the most common learning disability. The definition of a learning disability focuses on the difference between a child's academic achievement and their apparent capacity to learn.
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Children in families who experience persistent financial hardships and poverty have significantly impaired cognitive abilities compared to those in families who do not face these issues. Poverty can also cause a number of other factors shown to effect child development, such as poor academic success,
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exposure may have long-term emotional and behavioral consequences, as at ten-years-old children who had been exposed to the drug during pregnancy reported more depressive symptoms than unexposed peers. Some other effects include executive function impairment, reading difficulty, and delayed emotional
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during and after pregnancy. Children exposed to cocaine in utero weigh less than those not exposed at ages ranging from 6 to 30 months. Additionally, studies indicate that the head circumference of children exposed to cocaine is lower than those that of children without cocaine exposure. However, two
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Although there are a large number of studies regarding the effect of maternal depression and postnatal depression on various areas of infant development, they are yet to come to a consensus regarding the true effects. Numerous studies indicate impaired development, while many others find no effect of
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In addition to the course of development, previous literature has looked at how race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status has affected child development. Some studies seem to speak to the importance of adult supervision of adolescent youth. Literature suggested that
African American child development
1998:
is a developmental reading disorder that occurs when the brain does not properly recognize and process the graphic symbols that represent the sounds of speech. Children with dyslexia may encounter problems in rhyming and separating the sounds that compose words, which is essential in learning to read
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Conversation is asymmetrical when a child interacts with an adult because the adult is the one to create structure in the conversation, and to build upon the child's contributions. In accordance to the child's developing conversational skills, asymmetrical conversation between adult and child advance
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Another theory is the multi-route model which argues that context-bound words and referential words follow different routes; the first being mapped onto event representations and the latter onto mental representations. In this model, parental input has a critical role but the children ultimately rely
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Infants, up to 15 month-olds, are initially unable to understand familiar words in their native language pronounced using an unfamiliar accent. This means that a
Canadian-English speaking infant cannot recognize familiar words pronounced with an Australian-English accent. This skill develops close to
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of their language when they are able to join words together into sentences and understand multiple-word sentences said by other people. There appear to be six major stages in which a child's acquisition of syntax develops. First, is the use of sentence-like words in which the child communicates using
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Language serves the purpose of communication to express oneself through a systematic and conventional use of sounds, signs, or written symbols. There are four subcomponents a child must know to acquire language competence: phonology, lexicon, morphology and syntax, and pragmatics. These subcomponents
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Parenting practices have been shown to predict children's emotional intelligence. The amount of time mothers spent with their children and the quality of their interactions are important in terms of children's trait emotional intelligence, not only because those times of joint activity reflect a more
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There are typical individual differences in the ages at which specific cognitive abilities are achieved, but schooling for children in industrialized countries is based on the assumption that there are no large differences. Delays in cognitive development are problematic for children in cultures that
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Regardless of the culture a baby is born into, they are born with a few core domains of knowledge which allow them to make sense of their environment and learn upon previous experience by using motor skills such as grasping or crawling. There are some population differences in motor development, with
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showed that, for female babies, there was a significant difference between the left and right sides at 18 weeks and that the right side was usually dominant. Some factors are biological constraints that we cannot control, like male infants tending to have larger and longer arms, yet have an influence
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Genetic factors play a major role in determining the growth rate, particularly in the characteristic changes in proportions during early human development. However, genetic factors can produce maximum growth only if environmental conditions are adequate, as poor nutrition, frequent injury, or disease
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divided development, from infancy onward, into five stages. In accordance with his view that the sexual drive is a basic human motivation, each stage centered around the gratification of the libido within a particular area, or erogenous zone, of the body. He argued that as humans develop, they become
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Vygotsky was strongly focused on the role of culture in determining the child's pattern of development. He argued that "Every function in the child's cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then
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defines a child as now having the ability to "think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events". Some strengths during this time are that the child or adolescent begins forming their identity and begins understanding why people behave the way they behave. While
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If one starts by concluding that the levels of nurture received by the child are insufficient, one then needs to consider the developmental levels achieved by the child. Further challenges arise, however, as even when one has established developmental delay and exposure to low levels of nurture, one
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Children may experience varying and low levels of certain types of nurturance across a day and from time to time, however, the levels of nurturance should never cross thresholds of intensity, duration and frequency. For this reason, professionals must keep detailed histories of care provision, which
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An individual's genes are also thought to interact with the hormones during gestation and, in turn, affect gender identity, but the genes responsible for this and their effects have not been precisely documented and evidence is limited. It is unknown whether socialization plays a part in determining
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The ability to engage in extended discourse emerges over time from regular conversation with adults and peers. For this, a child needs to learn to combine their perspective with that of others and with outside events and learn to use linguistic indicators to show they are doing this. They also learn
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The speed of physical growth is rapid in the months after birth, then slows, so birth weight is doubled in the first four months, tripled by 1 year, but not quadrupled until 2 years. Growth then proceeds at a slow rate until a period of rapid growth occurs shortly before puberty (between about 9 and
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in 1961. In his experiments, he would show the infants in his study two different stimuli. If an infant looks at one image longer than the other, there are two things that can be inferred: the infant can see that they are two different images and that the infant is showing preference to one image in
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When conducting psychological research on infants and children, certain key aspects need to be considered. These include that infants cannot talk, have a limited behavioral repertoire, cannot follow instructions, have a short attention span, and that, due to how rapidly infants develop, methods need
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Asynchronous development occurs in cases when a child's cognitive, physical, and/or emotional development occur at different rates. This is common for gifted children when their cognitive development outpaces their physical and/or emotional maturity, such as when a child is academically advanced and
673:
In addition to plasticity, genetic-environmental correlations may function in several ways to determine the mature characteristics of the individual. Genetic-environmental correlations are circumstances in which genetic factors interact with the environment to make certain experiences more likely to
669:
One way the environment guides development is through experience-dependent plasticity, in which behavior is altered as a result of learning from the environment. Plasticity of this type can occur throughout the lifespan and involve many kinds of behavior, including some emotional reactions. A second
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as a framework for the consideration of development began in the early 1990s and has continued into the present. This theory stresses nonlinear connections (e.g., between earlier and later social assertiveness) and the capacity of a system to reorganize as a phase shift that is stage-like in nature.
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is significant, as many of life's milestones happen during this time period such as first words, learning to crawl, and learning to walk. Middle childhood/preadolescence or ages 6โ12 universally mark a distinctive period between major developmental transition points. Adolescence is the stage of life
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needs to rule out the possibility that the link between the two is coincidental. The developmental delay may be caused by a genetic disorder, disease or physical, sexual or emotional abuse. The developmental delay may be caused by a mixture of underexposure to nurture, abuse, genetics, and disease.
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A further factor in a child's educational attainment involves the school environment, more specifically teacher expectations and attitudes. If teachers perceive low-SES children as being less academically able then they may provide them with less attention and reinforcement. On the other hand, when
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and speech delay are usually correlated. Problems with verbal language is the most common sign of autism. Early diagnosis and treatment of autism can significantly help the child improve their speech skills. Autism is recognized as one of the five pervasive developmental disorders, distinguished by
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results in changes to their social cognitive skills between the ages of 9 and 15 months as their time is increasingly spent with others. Children's use of non-verbal communicative gestures predicts future language development. The use of non-verbal communication in the form of gestures indicate the
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Infants begin with cooing and soft vowel sounds. Shortly after birth, this system is developed as the infants begin to understand that their noises, or non-verbal communication, lead to a response from their caregiver. This will then progress into babbling around 5 months of age, with infants first
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There are few population differences in cognitive development: boys and girls show some differences in their skills and preferences, but there is a great deal of overlap between them. Some differences are seen in fluid reasoning and visual processing, as until about the age of four girls outperform
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performance as well as a measure of response speed also improved with age. Finally, WCST performance and response speed predicted temporal learning. Taken together, the results indicate that temporal learning continues to develop in pre-adolescents and that maturing executive function or processing
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of sounds with lips and tongue. Ethnic differences in reflex movements of newborn infants have been reported, suggesting that some biological factor is at work. Cultural differences may encourage learning of motor skills like using the left hand only for sanitary purposes and the right hand for all
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According to a study showing the relationship between coordination and limb growth in infants, genetic components have a huge impact on motor development. Intra-limb correlations, like the distance between hip and knee joints, were studied and proved to affect the way an infant will walk. There are
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Individual differences in height and weight during childhood can be considerable. Some of these differences are due to genetic or environmental factors, but individual differences in reproductive maturation strongly influence development at some points. For individuals falling outside these typical
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Although developmental change runs parallel with chronological age, age itself cannot cause development. The basic causes for developmental change are genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors are responsible for cellular changes like overall growth, changes in proportion of body and brain
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Stages of development may overlap or be associated with specific other aspects of development, such as speech or movement. Even within a particular developmental area, transition into a stage may not mean that the previous stage is completely finished. For example, in
Erikson's stages, he suggests
347:
Vygotsky, a
Russian theorist, proposed the sociocultural theory of child development. During the 1920sโ1930s, while Piaget was developing his own theory, Vygotsky was an active scholar and at that time his theory was said to be "recent" because it was translated out of Russian and began influencing
273:
During this stage, young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols, including words and images; the child will begin to apply these in their everyday lives as they come across different objects, events, and situations. However, Piaget's main focus on this stage, and the reason
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has had widespread influence on the way psychologists and others approach the study of human beings and their environments. As a result of this influential conceptualization of development, these environments โ from the family to economic and political structures โ have come to be viewed as part of
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Val
Danilov, Igor. (2022). Smartphone in Detecting Developmental Disability in Infancy: A Theoretical Approach to Shared Intentionality for Assessment Tool of Cognitive Decline and e-Learning. K. Arai (Ed.): Proceedings of the SAI 2022, LNNS 508, pp. 1โ11, 2022. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
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is a preventive programme working with parents of children under 6 years old who are at risk of significant harm through neglect. The programme is delivered in the home by trained practitioners, and is 18 to 20 sessions focused on 3 key areas: parent-infant/child interaction, home safety and child
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through which a "guider" helps a client to enhance communication within relationships. The client is guided to analyse and reflect on video clips of their own interactions. Video
Interaction Guidance has been used where concerns have been expressed over possible parental neglect in cases where the
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Besides routine pediatrician visits, another way of starting the process of identifying neglect is to determine if the child is experiencing a level of nurturance lower than that considered necessary to support normal development, which might be unique to the child's age, gender and other factors.
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this involves in having the ability to separate out the sounds in words and be able to match them with letter and groups of letters. Difficulty connecting the sounds of language to the letters of words may result difficulty in understanding sentences. Confusion between similar letters, such as "b"
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By age 1, children are able to say 1โ2 words, respond to their name, imitate familiar sounds and follow simple instructions. Between 1โ2 years old, the child uses 5โ20 words, says 2-word sentences, expresses their wishes by saying words like "more" or "up", and understands the word "no". Between 2
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which is the attachment of meaning to words. This happens in three stages. First, each word means an entire sentence. For example, a young child may say "mama" but the child may mean "Here is Mama", "Where is Mama?", or "I see Mama." In the second stage, words have meaning but do not have complete
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is concerned with the sounds of language. It is the function, behavior, and organization of sounds as linguistic items. Phonology considers what the sounds of language are and what the rules are for combining sounds. Phonological acquisition in children can be measured by frequency and accuracy of
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and the understanding of social rules begin in the preschool period and continue to develop into adulthood. Middle childhood is characterized by friendships with age-mates, and adolescence by emotions connected with sexuality and the beginnings of romantic love. Anger seems most intense during the
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Individual differences in motor ability are common and depend in part on the child's weight and build. Infants with smaller, slimmer, and more mature builds (proportionally) tend to belly crawl and crawl earlier than infants with larger builds. Infants with more motor experience have been shown to
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to extremities) development, with movements at the head and in the more central areas coming under control before those of the lower part of the body or the hands and feet. Movement ability develops in stage-like sequences, for example: locomotion at 6โ8 months involves creeping on all fours, then
837:
Milestones are changes in specific physical and mental abilities (such as walking and understanding language) that mark the end of one developmental period and the beginning of another; for stage theories, milestones indicate a stage transition. These milestones, and the chronological age at which
544:
The "core knowledge perspective" is an evolutionary theory in child development that proposes "infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems referred to as core domains of thought". These five domains are each crucial for survival, and prepare us to develop key aspects of early
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owing to experiencing insufficient levels of nurturance. In practice, this means that when starting an assessment of neglect by identifying developmental delay one needs to then check the levels of nurturance received by the child. While some guidance on identifying neglect urges practitioners to
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This raises the question about what level of nurturance a carer or parent needs to fall under to provoke developmental delay, and how one goes about measuring that accurately. This definition, which focuses on the stimulation provided by the carer, can be subject to critique. Neglect is about the
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can be defined as the exchange and negotiation of information between two or more individuals through verbal and nonverbal symbols, oral and written (or visual) modes, and the production and comprehension processes of communication. According to First
International Congress for the Study of Child
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is innate and language experience activates that innate knowledge. Social interactionist theories define language as a social phenomenon where children acquire language because they want to communicate with others; this theory is heavily based on social-cognitive abilities that drive the language
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develops posterio-anteriorally (from back to front), which is significant in motor development because the hind portion of the frontal lobe is known to control motor functions. This form of development (known as "Proportional
Development") explains why motor functions typically develop relatively
737:, where groups of children of different ages are tested once and compared with each other; or there may be a combination of these approaches. Some child development studies that examine the effects of experience or heredity by comparing characteristics of different groups of children cannot use a
594:
approach. Hyperscanning research studies show inter-brain coordinated activity under conditions without communication in pairs while subjects are solving a shared cognitive task This increased inter-brain activity is observed in pairs, which differs from the result in the condition where subjects
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Some professionals identify neglect by measuring the developmental levels of a child, as if those levels are normal, one can, by definition, conclude that a child is not being neglected. Measured areas of development can include weight, height, stamina, social and emotional responses, speech and
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involves how a person perceives themselves as male, female, or a variation of the two. Children can identify themselves as belonging to a certain gender as early as two years old, but how gender identity is developed is a topic of scientific debate. Several factors are involved in determining an
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and body movements than words. Younger children depend on gestures for a direct statement of their message. As they begin to acquire more language, body movements take on a different role and begin to complement the verbal message. These nonverbal bodily movements allow children to express their
1688:
systems. By five years of age the child's use of language is very similar to that of an adult. From the age of about three children can indicate fantasy or make-believe linguistics, produce coherent personal stories and fictional narratives with beginnings and endings. It is argued that children
1367:
Newborn infants do not seem to experience fear or have preferences for contact with any specific people. In the first few months they only experience happiness, sadness, and anger. A baby's first smile usually occurs between 6 and 10 weeks, as this usually occurs during social interactions it is
845:
of age-specific developmental milestones. Preventing, and intervening early, in developmental delays is a significant topic in the study of child development. Developmental delays are characterized by comparison with age variability of a milestone, not with respect to average age at achievement.
589:
hypothesis argues that nervous system synchronization provides non-local neuronal coupling in a mother-child pair, contributing to the proper development of the child's nervous system from the embryo onward. From the cognitive development perspective, this non-local neuronal coupling enables the
678:
may be protected more and challenged less than a child without Down syndrome. Finally, an active genetic-environmental correlation is one in which the child chooses experiences that in turn have their effect, for instance, a muscular, active child may choose after-school sports experiences that
259:
In the first stage in Piaget's theory, infants have the following basic senses: vision, hearing, and motor skills. In this stage, knowledge of the world is limited but is constantly developing due to the child's experiences and interactions. According to Piaget, when an infant reaches about 7โ9
2204:
A similar effect has been found at 11 years: male children of depressed mothers score an average of 19.4 points lower on an IQ test than peers with healthy mothers, while this difference is less pronounced in girls. Three month olds with depressed mothers show significantly lower scores on the
2196:
This trend is continued in a study of children up to 2 years old, which revealed a significant difference on cognitive development between genders, with girls having a higher score; however girls scored higher regardless of the mother's history of depression. Infants with chronically depressed
1802:
Another function of communicating through language is related to pragmatic development. Pragmatic development includes the child's intentions of communication before they knows how to express these intentions, and throughout the first few years of life both language and communicative functions
1672:
Vocabulary typically grows from about 20 words at 18 months to around 200 words at 21 months. Starting around 18 months the child begins to combine words into two-word sentences, which the adult typically expands to clarify its meaning. By 24โ27 months the child is producing three or four-word
553:
The most influential theories emphasize social interaction's essential contribution to child development from birth (e.g., the theories of
Bronfenbrenner, Piaget, Vygotsky). It means that organisms with simple reflexes begin to cognize the environment in collaboration with caregivers. However,
226:
branches off from philosophy and deals with the origin of knowledge, which Piaget believed came from Psychology. After travelling to Paris, he began working on the first "standardized intelligence test" at Alfred Binet laboratories, which influenced his career greatly. During this intelligence
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Assessing and identifying neglect pose a number of challenges for practitioners. Given that neglect is a dynamic between the child's development and levels of nurturance, the question in identifying neglect, becomes one of where do you start, with the child's development or with the levels of
2056:
in the womb directly codes the brain for either male or female-typical development. This includes both the physical structure of the brain and the characteristics the person expresses because of it. People exposed to high levels of testosterone during gestation typically develop a male gender
1956:
There are many environmental causes that are linked to language delays, including situations where the child has their full attention on another skill, such as walking. The child may have a twin or a sibling close to their own age and may not be receiving the parent's full attention. Another
166:
The optimal development of children is considered vital to society and it is important to understand the social, cognitive, emotional, and educational development of children. Increased research and interest in this field has resulted in new theories and strategies, especially with regard to
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Common guidance suggests professionals should focus on the levels of nurturance provided by the carers of the child, as neglect is understood as an issue of the parents' behaviour towards the child. Some authors feel that establishing the failure of parents and caregivers to provide care is
1928:
Simple speech delays are usually temporary. Most cases are solved on their own or with a little extra attention from the family. It is the parent's duty to encourage their baby to talk to them with gestures or sounds and for them to spend a great amount of time playing with, reading to, and
1432:
Population differences may occur in older children, if, for example, they have learned that it is appropriate for boys to express emotion or behave differently than girls, or if customs learned by children of one ethnic group are different than those learned by another. Social and emotional
608:
Although the identification of developmental milestones is of interest to researchers and caregivers, many aspects of development are continuous and do not display noticeable milestones. Continuous changes, like growth in stature, involve fairly gradual and predictable progress toward adult
2717:
measure developmental levels, other guidance focuses on how developmental levels can be attributed to parental behaviour. However, the narrow focus on parental behaviour can be criticised for unnecessarily ruling out the possible effect of institutionalised neglect, e.g. neglect at school.
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for well-baby check-ups. The physician initiates a more complete evaluation when the infant's development and functioning are found to be delayed. Then social work staff could consult medical notes to establish if the baby or child is failing to thrive, as a first step in a pathway towards
807:(EEG). MRI can be used to track brain activity, growth, and connectivity in children, and can track brain development from when a child is a fetus. EEG can be used to diagnose seizures and encephalopathy, but the conceptual age of the infant must be considered when analyzing the results.
1701:
Although the role of adult speech is important in facilitating the child's learning, there is considerable disagreement among theorists about the extent to which it influences children's early meanings and expressive words. Findings about the initial mapping of new words, the ability to
966:, to the adult's relatively small head and long torso and limbs. In a book directed toward pediatricians it says a child's pattern of growth is in a head-to-toe direction, or cephalocaudal, and in an inward to outward pattern (center of the body to the peripheral) called proximodistal.
1491:. Morphemes act as minimal meaning-bearing elements or building blocks of something in language that makes sense. For example, in the word "cat", the component "cat" makes sense as does "at", but "at" does not mean the same thing as "cat". In this example, "ca" does not mean anything.
516:, to observe the behavior of animals in a controlled situation and proved that behaviors are influenced by the environment. Furthermore, he used reinforcement and punishment to shape the desired behavior. Children's behavior can strongly depend on their psychological development.
264:, meaning the child now has the ability to understand that objects keep existing even when they cannot be seen. An example of this would be hiding the child's favorite toy under a blanket, and although the child cannot physically see it they still know to look under the blanket.
1765:
Language development is viewed as a motive to communication, and the communicative function of language in-turn provides the motive for language development. Jean Piaget uses the term "acted conversations" to explain a child's style of communication that relies more heavily on
2457:
Even with quality of care controlled for, studies still found that full-time work within the first year was correlated with negative effects on child development. Children whose mothers work are also less likely to receive regular well-baby doctor visits and less likely to be
2445:
On the other hand, maternal employment is associated with slightly lower test scores, regardless of socioeconomic status. Counterintuitively, maternal employment results in more disadvantages the higher the socioeconomic status, as these children are being removed from a more
1403:
Some aspects of social-emotional development, like empathy, develop gradually, but others, like fearfulness, seem to involve a rather sudden reorganization of the child's experiences of emotion. Sexual and romantic emotions develop in connection with physical maturation.
158:
Parents play a large role in a child's activities, socialization, and development; having multiple parents can add stability to a child's life and therefore encourage healthy development. Another influential factor in children's development is the quality of their care.
1097:
The speed of motor development is rapid in early life, as many of the reflexes of the newborn alter or disappear within the first year, and slows later. Like physical growth, motor development shows predictable patterns of cephalocaudal (head to foot) and proximodistal
599:
enables social cooperation to be achieved in the unaware condition (unconsciously), it constitutes society. While this social interaction modality facilitates child development, it also contributes to grasping social norms and shaping individual values in children.
1314:. The degree of integrative learning was measured as the slowing in performance that resulted when phase-shifting the sequences. Learning was similar for the children and adults on average but increased with age for the children. Executive function measured by
2205:
Griffiths Mental Development Scale, which covers a range of developmental areas including cognitive, motor and social development. Furthermore, interactions between depressed mothers and their children may affect social and cognitive abilities in later life.
1791:. According to this theory children view words as a means of social connection, in that words are used to connect the communicative intentions of the speaker to new words. Hence, the competence of verbal communication through language is achieved by gains in
1309:
depends upon a process of integrating timing patterns with action sequences. Children ages 6โ13 and young adults performed a serial response time task in which a response and a timing sequence were presented repeatedly in a phase-matched manner, allowing for
2772:
is a positive parenting program. It is a multilevel parenting and family support strategy. The idea behind it is that if parents are educated on proper parenting and given the appropriate resources, it could help decrease the number of child neglect cases.
1693:
to adjust their language depending on who they are speaking to. Typically by the age of about 9 a child can recount other narratives in addition to their own experiences, from the perspectives of the author, the characters in the story and their own views.
286:, meaning the child is not able to see someone else's point of view, and they feel as if every other person is experiencing the same events and feelings that they are. However, at about 7, thought processes of children are no longer egocentric and are more
352:) could help children learn new tasks. This technique, called "scaffolding," builds new knowledge onto the knowledge children already have to help the child learn. An example of this might be when a parent "helps" an infant clap or roll their hands to the
4976:
282:, pretending to be people they are not, for example teachers or superheroes; they sometimes use different props to make this pretend play more real. Some weaknesses in this stage are that children who are about 3โ4 years old often display what is called
2747:
Early intervention programs and treatments include individual counselling, family and group counselling, social support services, behavioural skills training programs to eliminate problematic behaviour and teach parents appropriate parenting behaviour.
1786:
Language acquisition and development contribute to the verbal form of communication. Children originate with a linguistic system where the words they learn are the words used for functional meaning. This instigation of speech has been termed pragmatic
7005:
1121:
The mechanisms involved in motor development involve some genetic components that determine aspects of muscle and bone strength, as well as the physical size of body parts at a given age. The main areas of the brain involved in motor skills are the
2262:, with exposed children achieving lower scores on measures of psychomotor and mental development. Again though, there is conflicting evidence, and a number of studies indicate no effect of maternal cocaine use on a child's cognitive development.
348:
Western thinking. He posited that children learn through hands-on experience, as Piaget suggested. However, unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive intervention by adults when a child is on the edge of learning a new task (called the
1504:
is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and speakers of the language, it also incorporates how speech is used to serve different functions. Pragmatics can be defined as the ability to communicate one's feelings and desires to
10972:
Ajjampur SS, Koshy B, Venkataramani M, Sarkar R, Joseph AA, Jacob KS, et al. (2011). "Effect of cryptosporidial and giardial diarrhoea on social maturity, intelligence and physical growth in children in a semi-urban slum in south India".
1821:
Within the first two years of life, a child's language ability progresses and conversational skills, such as the mechanics of verbal interaction, develop. Mechanics of verbal interaction include taking turns, initiating topics, repairing
650:, or the extent to which the direction of development is guided by environmental factors as well as initiated by genetic factors. When an aspect of development is strongly affected by early experience, it is said to show a high degree of
1669:
their second birthday. However, this can be overcome when a highly familiar story is read in the new accent prior to the test, suggesting the essential functions of underlying spoken language is in place earlier than previously thought.
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on cognitive processing to establish subsequent use of words. However, naturalistic research on language development has indicated that preschoolers' vocabularies are strongly associated with the number of words said to them by adults.
2700:
sufficient to conclude that neglect is occurring. One definition is that, "a child experiences neglect when the adults who look after them fail to meet their needs", which clearly defines neglect as a matter of parental performance.
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sentences using a logical, if not strictly correct, syntax. The theory is that children apply a basic set of rules such as adding 's' for plurals or inventing simpler words out of words too complicated to repeat like "choskit" for
122:
There are various definitions of the periods in a child's development, since each period is a continuum with individual differences regarding starting and ending. Some age-related development periods with defined intervals include:
8704:
Cornish AM, McMahon CA, Ungerer JA, Barnett B, Kowalenko N, Tennant C (2005). "Postnatal depression and infant cognitive and motor development in the second postnatal year: The impact of depression chronicity and infant gender".
4530:
Szymanski C, Pesquita A, Brennan AA, Perdikis D, Enns JT, Brick TR, et al. (May 2017). "Teams on the same wavelength perform better: Inter-brain phase synchronization constitutes a neural substrate for social facilitation".
2355:(rather than just access to food) play a critical role in preventing undernutrition, malnutrition and stunting and ensuring normal early childhood development. Malnutrition has been indicated as a negative influence on childhood
1713:
There is no single accepted theory of language acquisition. Instead, there are current theories that help to explain theories of language, theories of cognition, and theories of development. They include the generativist theory,
10795:
Brooks-Gunn J, Han WJ, Waldfogel J (July 2002). "Maternal employment and child cognitive outcomes in the first three years of life: the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development".
10432:
Brody DJ, Pirkle JL, Kramer RA, Flegal KM, Matte TD, Gunter EW, Paschal DC (July 1994). "Blood lead levels in the US population. Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991)".
1112:
of the brain (working memory, timed inhibition and switching), which are generally considered essential to motor skills, though some argue the reverse dependenceโthat motor skills are actually precursors to executive function.
2320:, though the evidence is even more inconsistent than with parental cocaine exposure. There are also some unexpected negative consequences on a child, such as: less rhythmic swallowing, strabismus, and feelings of rejection.
2223:(mental illness) can independently influence infants' and toddlers' subsequent social-emotional development through effects on regulatory processes within the child-parent attachment. Maternal interpersonal violence-related
679:
increase athletic skills, but may forgo music lessons. In all of these cases, it becomes difficult to know whether the child's characteristics were shaped by genetic factors, by experiences, or by a combination of the two.
302:
In this stage, children between the age of 7 and 11 use appropriate logic to develop cognitive operations and begin applying this new way of thinking to different events they encounter. Children in this stage incorporate
221:
in the 1920s. Interested in the ways animals adapt to their environments, his first scientific article was published when he was 10 years old, and he pursued a Ph.D. in zoology, where he became interested in epistemology.
723:
in naturalistic conditions may be needed to develop a narrative describing and defining an aspect of developmental change, such as changes in reflex reactions in the first year. Observational research may be followed by
9350:
Graham K, Feigenbaum A, Pastuszak A, Nulman I, Weksberg R, Einarson T, et al. (August 1992). "Pregnancy outcome and infant development following gestational cocaine use by social cocaine users in Toronto, Canada".
728:
studies, which collect information about chronological age and some type of development, such as increasing vocabulary; such studies examine the characteristics of children at different ages. Other methods may include
401:. Bowlby's observations led him to believe that close emotional bonds or "attachments" between an infant and their primary caregiver were an important requirement for forming "normal social and emotional development".
360:
inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals."
775:
is a straightforward way of looking at infants' preferences. Using an eye tracking software, it is possible to see if infants understand commonly used nouns by tracking their eyes after they are cued with the target
5015:
2441:
is associated with better cognitive achievement. Those whose mothers' job entails problem-solving are more likely to be given stimulating tasks and games, and are likely to achieve more advanced verbal competency.
2212:, and tend to use unstructured vocal behaviours. Furthermore, compared to when interacting with healthy mothers, infants interacting with depressed mothers show signs of stress, such as increased pulse and raised
8630:
Parsons, C. E.; Young, K. S.; Rochat, T. J.; Kringelbach, M. L.; Stein, A. (1 March 2012). "Postnatal depression and its effects on child development: a review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries".
1107:
while holding an adult's hand, and finally walking independently. By middle childhood and adolescence, new motor skills are acquired by instruction or observation rather than in a predictable sequence. There are
1076:
Physical abilities change through childhood from the largely reflexive (unlearned, involuntary) movement young infants to the highly skilled voluntary movements characteristic of later childhood and adolescence.
1497:
is the study of words and how they are formed. Morphology is also the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure and how they are formed. It is also the mental system involved in word
795:
to a novel stimulus. This method can be used to measure preferences infants, including preferences for colors, and other discriminatory tasks, such as auditory discrimination between different musical excerpts.
9775:
Ivanovic DM, Leiva BP, Pรฉrez HT, Olivares MG, Dรญaz NS, Urrutia MS, et al. (2004). "Head size and intelligence, learning, nutritional status and brain development. Head, IQ, learning, nutrition and brain".
2192:
spanning 7 years found no effect of maternal depression on cognitive development as a whole, however it found that boys are more susceptible to cognitive developmental issues when their mothers had depression.
2425:
due to lead paint found on the walls of some houses; child blood levels of lead increase as income decreases. Income based poverty is associated with a 6โ13 point reduction in IQ for those earning half of the
11119:
Calderรณn J, Navarro ME, Jimenez-Capdeville ME, Santos-Diaz MA, Golden A, Rodriguez-Leyva I, et al. (February 2001). "Exposure to arsenic and lead and neuropsychological development in Mexican children".
2277:
The use of cocaine by pregnant women is not the only drug that can have a negative effect on the fetus. Tobacco, marijuana, and opiates can also affect an unborn child's cognitive and behavioral development.
1481:
production of various vowels and consonants, the acquisition of phonemic contrasts and distinctive features, or by viewing development in regular stages and to characterizing systematic strategies they adopt.
1347:
where girls tend to outscore boys, but again, as they age the gap lessens. Differences in cognitive achievement between different ethnic groups appears to result from cultural or other environmental factors.
5107:
Rubenstein LD, Schelling N, Wilczynski SM, Hooks EN (October 2015). "Lived experiences of parents of gifted students with autism spectrum disorder: The struggle to find appropriate educational experiences".
590:
mother to indicate the relevant sensory stimulus of an actual cognitive problem to the child, helping the child to grasp the perception of the object. A growing body of evidence in neuroscience supports the
119:, or environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two. Development may also occur as a result of human nature and of human ability to learn from the environment.
9723:
Ngure FM, Reid BM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Pelto G, Stoltzfus RJ (January 2014). "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: making the links".
7009:
617:, described situations in which children could solve one type of problem using mature thinking skills, but could not accomplish this for less familiar problems, a phenomenon he called horizontal decalage.
561:
Recent advances in neuroscience and wisdom from physiology and physics studies reconsider the knowledge gap on how social interaction provides cognition in newborns and infants. Developmental psychologist
1238:
other uses, producing a population difference. Cultural factors are play a role in practiced voluntary movements, such as the use of the foot to dribble a soccer ball or the hand to dribble a basketball.
2070:
was sometimes differentiated between cultural socialization and racial socialization. Further, a different study found that most immigrant youth choose majors focusing on the fields of science and math.
2465:
Low-income families are less likely to provide a stimulating home learning environment to their children due to time constraints and financial stress. Compared to two-parent households, children with a
10260:
Smith JR, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov P (1997). "The consequences of living in poverty for young children's cognitive and verbal ability and early school achievement.". In Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J (eds.).
1328:
demand advanced cognitive skills for work and for independent living. Everyday cognitive skills include problem-solving, reasoning, and abstract thinking among many others. In the absence of these
11313:
Low JA, Handley-Derry MH, Burke SO, Peters RD, Pater EA, Killen HL, Derrick EJ (December 1992). "Association of intrauterine fetal growth retardation and learning deficits at age 9 to 11 years".
1661:
continue gradually through the preschool and school years, with adolescents having smaller vocabularies than adults and experiencing more difficulty with constructions such as the passive voice.
585:. It explains the onset of childhood development, describing this cooperative interaction at different levels of bio-system complexity, from interpersonal dynamics to neuronal interactions. The
11828:
2645:
When a child is unable to meet their developmental goals because they have not been provided with the correct amount of care, stimulation or nutrition this situation is commonly referred to as
2437:
is the most significant socioeconomic factor in predicting the child's cognitive abilities, as those with a mother with a high IQ are likely to have higher IQs themselves. Similarly, maternal
11045:
2347:
of a child's life can cause irreversible physical and mental stunting. Infections and parasites related to poor sanitation and hygiene can impact absorption of nutrients in the gut. Adequate
10151:"Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group"
1681:, and imaginative play frequently includes conversations. Children's recorded monologues give insight into the development of the process of organizing information into meaningful units.
9980:
Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG (June 2001). "Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States".
9953:
Arija V, Esparรณ G, Fernรกndez-Ballart J, Murphy MM, Biarnรฉs E, Canals J (2006). "Nutritional status and performance in test of verbal and non-verbal intelligence in 6 year old children".
2430:
compared to those earning twice the poverty threshold, and children coming from households featuring continual or temporary poverty perform lower than children in middle-class families.
10468:
DeGarmo DS, Forgatch MS, Martinez CR (2003). "Parenting of divorced mothers as a link between social status and boys' academic outcomes: unpacking the effects of socioeconomic status".
6196:
Ferrandez, A.M; Hugueville, L; Lehรฉricy, S; Poline, J.B; Marsault, C; Pouthas, V (August 2003). "Basal ganglia and supplementary motor area subtend duration perception: an fMRI study".
2563:
is associated with learning deficits in childhood, and as such, is related to lower IQ. Cognitive development can also be harmed by childhood exposure to violence and trauma, including
496:. He also helped bring a natural science perspective to child psychology by introducing objective research methods based on observable and measurable behavior. Following Watson's lead,
4584:
Astolfi L, Toppi J, De Vico Fallani F, Vecchiato G, Salinari S, Mattia D, et al. (September 2010). "Neuroelectrical hyperscanning measures simultaneous brain activity in humans".
2409:
is measured primarily based on income, educational attainment and occupation. Investigations into the role of socioeconomic factors on child development repeatedly show that continual
2011:
and "d" can occur. In general the symptoms of dyslexia are: difficulty in determining the meaning of a simple sentence, learning to recognize written words, and difficulty in rhyming.
484:, and he believed that all individual differences in behavior were due to different learning experiences. He wrote extensively on child development and conducted research, such as the
11592:
1925:
is three to four times more common in boys than in girls. Some children also display behavioral problems due to their frustration of not being able to express what they want or need.
646:
Rather than acting as independent mechanisms, genetic and environmental factors often interact to cause developmental change. Some aspects of child development are notable for their
2216:, and make more use of avoidance behaviours, for example looking away. Mother-infant interaction at 2 months has been shown to affect the child's cognitive performance at 5 years.
1774:
Before 9โ12 months, babies interact with objects and interact with people, but they do not interact with people about objects. This developmental change is the change from primary
1487:
is similar to vocabulary as they both describe the complex dictionary of words used in speech production and comprehension. The lexicon of a language also includes that language's
9172:
Kilbride H, Castor C, Hoffman E, Fuger KL (February 2000). "Thirty-six-month outcome of prenatal cocaine exposure for term or near-term infants: impact of early case management".
6035:
Fathirezaie, Zahra; Matos, Sรฉrgio; Khodadadeh, Elham; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Badicu, Georgian; Silva, Ana Filipa; Zamani Sani, Seyed Hojjat; Nahravani, Samaneh (25 March 2022).
3042:
Brundavani V, Murthy SR, Kurpad AV (May 2006). "Estimation of deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue (DAAT) accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men and women".
2018:
problems with language, speech, communication and social skills that present in early childhood. Some common types of language disorders are having limited to no verbal speech,
6437:
144:
10876:
Bradley RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo HP, Coll CG (November 2001). "The home environments of children in the United States part I: variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status".
8405:
Mora JO, Herrera MG, Suescun J, de Navarro L, Wagner M (September 1981). "The effects of nutritional supplementation on physical growth of children at risk of malnutrition".
2621:
2208:
Maternal depression has been shown to influence the mothers' interaction with her child. When communicating with their child, depressed mothers fail to make changes to their
769:
some capacity. Depending on the experiment, infants may prefer to look at the novel and more interesting stimulus or they may look at the more comforting and familiar image.
8832:
Reck C, Hunt A, Fuchs T, Weiss R, Noon A, Moehler E, et al. (2004). "Interactive regulation of affect in postpartum depressed mothers and their infants: an overview".
1289:, the responsiveness of parents, love, daily experiences, and physical activity can influence early brain development of children. However, although it is assumed that the
84:, with markers such as menarche and spermarche, typically occurring at 12โ13 years of age. It has been defined as ages 10 to 24 years old by the World Happiness Report WHR.
946:
and weight occurs for 15โ20 years following birth, as the individual changes from the average weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) and length of 50 cm (20 in) at
11795:
2653:, accounting for 78% of all child abuse cases in the United States in 2010 alone. Scientific studies show that child neglect can have lifelong consequences for children.
2613:
753:
High-amplitude sucking technique (HAS) is a common way to explore infants' preferences, and is appropriate from birth to four months since it takes advantage of infants'
11796:
Child neglect and Video Interaction Guidance: key findings and executive summary of an NSPCC service offered to parents where initial concerns of neglect have been noted
8296:"Racial Socialization, Racial Identity, and Academic Attitudes Among African American Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Influence of ParentโAdolescent Communication"
528:
fixated on different and specific objects throughout their stages of development. Each stage contains conflict which requires resolution to enable the child to develop.
2078:
Risk factors in child development include: malnutrition, maternal depression, maternal substance use and pain in infancy; though many more factors have been studied.
426:
stages of human development. Spanning from birth to death, they focus on "tasks" at each stage that must be accomplished to successfully navigate life's challenges.
6938:
Vilhjalmsson R, Kristjansdottir G (January 2003). "Gender differences in physical activity in older children and adolescents: the central role of organized sport".
13150:
8918:
Murray L, Kempton C, Woolgar M, Hooper R (October 1993). "Depressed mothers' speech to their infants and its relation to infant gender and cognitive development".
8732:
Hay DF, Pawlby S, Sharp D, Asten P, Mills A, Kumar R (October 2001). "Intellectual problems shown by 11-year-old children whose mothers had postnatal depression".
9396:
Fetters L, Tronick EZ (November 1996). "Neuromotor development of cocaine-exposed and control infants from birth through 15 months: poor and poorer performance".
1514:
definitions. This stage occurs around age two or three. Third, around age seven or eight, words have adult-like definitions and their meanings are more complete.
8805:
Field T, Healy B, Goldstein S, Guthertz M (1990). "Behaviour-state matching and synchrony in mother-infant interactions of nondepressed versus depressed dyads".
7437:
Barrett M, Harris M, Chasin J (February 1991). "Early lexical development and maternal speech: a comparison of children's initial and subsequent uses of words".
1972:
Impaired hearing is another of the most common causes of language delay. A child who can not hear or process speech in a clear and consistent manner will have a
6881:
1297:
are also related to experience and learning, especially for higher-level abilities like abstraction, which depend to a considerable extent on formal education.
1089:
can be divided into two categories: basic skills necessary for everyday life and recreational skills, including skills for employment or interest based skills.
9376:
2293:, and intrauterine death. After birth it can disturb maternal-infant interactions, reduce IQ, increase the risk of ADHD, and lead to tobacco use in the child.
7601:"Effects of Communication Expectancies, Actual Communication, and Expectancy Disconfirmation on Evaluations of Communicators and Their Communication Behavior"
1917:
Delays in language skills are the most frequent type of developmental delay. According to demographics 1 out of 6 children have a significant language delay;
1138:
is responsible for strategic processing, the parietal cortex is important in controlling perceptual-motor integration and the basal ganglia and supplementary
363:
Vygotsky felt that development was a process, and saw that during periods of crisis there was a qualitative transformation in the child's mental functioning.
9627:
1146:
also genetic factors like the tendency to use the left or right side of the body more (which allows for early prediction of the dominant hand early). Sample
5827:
1154:
Nutrition and exercise also determine strength, flexibility, and the ease and accuracy with which a body part can be moved. It has also been shown that the
9439:
Swanson MW, Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, Olson HC (October 1999). "Prenatal cocaine and neuromotor outcome at four months: effect of duration of exposure".
8196:
6762:
Mendes DM, Seidl-de-Moura ML (November 2014). "Different kinds of infants' smiles in the first six months and contingency to maternal affective behavior".
5800:
1372:. By around 6โ36 months, infants begin to prefer familiar people and show anxiety and distress when separated from them, and when approached by strangers.
3014:
654:; when the genetic make-up is the primary cause of development, plasticity is said to be low. Plasticity may involve guidance by endogenous factors like
613:
that a lifetime is spent in reworking issues that were originally characteristic of a childhood stage. Similarly, the theorist of cognitive development,
11556:
8536:
5545:"Child psychiatry branch of the National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging study of human brain development"
2398:
has also been shown to slow childhood growth and development. Zinc supplementation appears to be beneficial for growth in infants under six months old.
2057:
identity, while those not exposed to testosterone, or who lack the receptors necessary to interact with it, typically develop a female gender identity.
10070:
8767:
Galler JR, Harrison RH, Ramsey F, Forde V, Butler SC (September 2000). "Maternal depressive symptoms affect infant cognitive development in Barbados".
8247:"The Impact of African American Parents' Racial Discrimination Experiences and Perceived Neighborhood Cohesion on their Racial Socialization Practices"
6086:
Cameron, Claire E.; Brock, Laura L.; Murrah, William M.; Bell, Lindsay H.; Worzalla, Samantha L.; Grissmer, David; Morrison, Frederick J. (July 2012).
2470:
households have greater economic vulnerability and less parental involvement, leading to worse social, behavioral, educational, or cognitive outcomes.
741:; while other studies use randomized designs to compare outcomes for groups of children who receive different interventions or educational treatments.
11839:
10916:"The impact of poverty and low socioeconomic status on the socioemotional functioning of African-American children and adolescents: Mediating effects"
10369:
8245:
Saleem, Farzana T.; English, Devin; Busby, Danielle R.; Lambert, Sharon F.; Harrison, Aubrey; Stock, Michelle L.; Gibbons, Frederick X. (July 2016).
5631:. Second International Symposium on Qualitative Research (ISQR 2017). Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 621. pp. 91โ100.
1019:
can reduce the individual's adult stature; though even the best environment cannot cause growth to a greater stature than is determined by heredity.
11053:
2332:, and by the age of two or three can be associated with cognitive deficits, poor school achievement, and, later in life, poor social relationships.
1783:
child's interest in communication development, and the meanings they choose to convey that are soon revealed through the verbalization of language.
11657:
6805:
2371:
on cognitive development and IQ has yet to reach consensus. Some evidence suggests that even well-nourished children with lower levels of iron and
558:
and the primary data entry problem - challenge the ability of children in this stage of development to meaningfully interact with the environment.
10110:"Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
8534:
2359:(IQ). Although it has also been suggested that this effect is nullified when parental IQ is considered, implying that this difference is genetic.
167:
practices that promote development within the school systems. Some theories seek to describe a sequence of states that compose child development.
9099:
Azuma SD, Chasnoff IJ (September 1993). "Outcome of children prenatally exposed to cocaine and other drugs: a path analysis of three-year data".
7148:
What is the matter with communicative competence? : an analysis to encourage teachers of English to assess the very basis of their teaching
2732:
is a practice tool which gives an objective measure of the quality of care in terms of a parent/carer's commitment. It was developed in the UK.
1293:
causes cognition, it is not yet possible to measure specific brain changes and show the cognitive changes they cause. Developmental advances in
9056:
Hurt H, Brodsky NL, Betancourt L, Braitman LE, Malmud E, Giannetta J (February 1995). "Cocaine-exposed children: follow-up through 30 months".
1984:
can considerably affect language development. Generally the more the severe the impairment, the more serious the language delay. Nonetheless,
11412:
477:
11603:
4093:"Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception"
2915:
Center on the Developing Child (2007). The Science of Early Childhood Development (InBrief). Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu.
14594:
3253:
3677:
3574:
1465:. Currently, there is no single accepted theory of language acquisition but various explanations of language development have been given.
12434:
11397:
Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). "The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children". In Zeanah CH (ed.).
10722:
Baum II CL (April 2003). "Does Early Maternal Employment Harm Child Development? An Analysis of the Potential Benefits of Leave Taking".
6274:
6238:
Piek JP, Gasson N, Barrett N, Case I (December 2002). "Limb and gender differences in the development of coordination in early infancy".
3706:
2617:
2121:
1160:
614:
317:
212:
8445:
Kurstjens S, Wolke D (July 2001). "Effects of maternal depression on cognitive development of children over the first 7 years of life".
13622:
13578:
12681:
10239:
9307:
Coles CD, Bard KA, Platzman KA, Lynch ME (1999). "Attentional response at eight weeks in prenatally drug-exposed and preterm infants".
6833:"The development of stranger fear in infancy and toddlerhood: normative development, individual differences, antecedents, and outcomes"
5875:
5688:"Brief Report: Ages of Language Milestones as Predictors of Developmental Trajectories in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder"
5664:
4438:
Hu Y, Pan Y, Shi X, Cai Q, Li X, Cheng X (March 2018). "Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making".
2386:
Other nutrients have been strongly implicated in brain development, including iodine and zinc. Iodine is required for the formation of
1706:
hypothesis, refers to the child's ability to infer meaning from cues by using grammatical information from the structure of sentences.
6903:
Alegre A (2012). "The Relation Between the Time Mothers and Children Spent Together and the Children's Trait Emotional Intelligence".
2533:
due to levels in drinking water is also associated with a reduced IQ of 6.2 points between the highest and lowest level of poisoning.
581:
Igor Val Danilov developed the idea of Michael Tomasello by introducing a hypothesis of neurophysiological processes occurring during
10760:, Waldfogel J, Brooks-Gunn J, Han WJ (November 2005). "Maternal employment and child development: a fresh look using newer methods".
6445:
1936:
It is important to take into consideration that sometimes delays can be a warning sign of more serious conditions that could include
1838:
in communication. Ordinarily, the development of communicative competence and the development of language are linked to one another.
1412:
Genetic factors appear to regulate some of the social-emotional developments that occur at predictable ages, such as fearfulness and
4309:"Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems"
2739:
is a tool that can be used by a practitioner to explore whether neglect is taking place across a range of family functioning areas.
1151:
on measures like when an infant's reach. Overall, there are both sociological and genetic factors that influence motor development.
13437:
13054:
12867:
8669:
Piteo AM, Yelland LN, Makrides M (August 2012). "Does maternal depression predict developmental outcome in 18 month old infants?".
7576:
Child language, an international perspective: selected papers from the First International Congress for the Study of Child Language
9650:
8535:
American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on Fetus and Newborn and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (1 February 2016).
2421:
less family involvement, iron deficiency, infections, a lack of stimulation, and malnutrition. Poverty also increases the risk of
712:
Are there population differences in this aspect of development (for example, differences in the development of boys and of girls)?
12847:
3822:
Aslin RN (1993). "Commentary : the strange attractiveness of dynamic systems to development". In Thelen E, Smith LC (eds.).
5897:
5627:
Barbosa B, Brito PQ (2018). "Ethical Challenges in Researching with Children: An Application Adopting a Mixed Method Approach".
4279:
Shteynberg G, Galinsky AD (November 2011). "Implicit coordination: Sharing goals with similar others intensifies goal pursuit".
2255:
more recent studies found no significant differences in either measure between those exposed to cocaine and those who were not.
14685:
14382:
13173:
12598:
2736:
1684:
By age three the child begins to use complex sentences, including relative clauses, although they are still perfecting various
464:
12054:"Maturation of social attribution skills in typically developing children: an investigation using the social attribution task"
9217:"Increased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and developmental delay in cocaine-exposed, very low birth weight infants"
7367:
van Heugten M, Johnson EK (February 2014). "Learning to contend with accents in infancy: benefits of brief speaker exposure".
1424:
positive parenting, but because they are likely to promote modeling, reinforcement, shared attention, and social cooperation.
274:
why he named it "preoperational," is that children at this point are not able to apply specific cognitive operations, such as
12180:
12153:
10956:
10927:
10269:
10085:
9532:
Chilton M, Chyatte M, Breaux J (October 2007). "The negative effects of poverty & food insecurity on child development".
7916:"Deaf Children of Hearing Parents Have Age-Level Vocabulary Growth When Exposed to American Sign Language by 6 Months of Age"
7583:
7537:
7489:
7308:
7266:
7180:
7115:
7090:
7065:
7040:
6720:
6542:
5810:
5644:
5304:"Infants prefer the faces of strangers or mothers to morphed faces: an uncanny valley between social novelty and familiarity"
5245:
5198:
5056:
4959:
4842:
4786:
4746:
4717:
4684:
3968:
3885:
3831:
3798:
3765:
3652:
3584:
3447:
3414:
3381:
3348:
3315:
3192:
3132:
3094:
2868:
2022:
or repeating words out of context, problems responding to verbal instruction and ignoring people who speak to them directly.
11069:"The Impact of Intestinal Parasitic Infections on the Nutritional Status of Rural and Urban School-Aged Children in Nigeria"
5267:
Butler SC, O'Sullivan LP, Shah BL, Berthier NE (November 2014). "Preference for infant-directed speech in preterm infants".
1677:. Following this there is a rapid appearance of grammatical rules and ordering of sentences. There is often an interest in
1689:
devise narrative as a way of understanding their own experience and as a medium for communicating their meaning to others.
11016:
3731:
2312:, in utero decreases birth weight, birth length, and head circumference. Parental opiate exposure may impact the infant's
1319:
speed may play an important role in acquiring temporal patterns in sequenced actions and the development of this ability.
13951:
13634:
12782:
11734:
9382:
9126:
Richardson GA, Conroy ML, Day NL (1996). "Prenatal cocaine exposure: effects on the development of school-age children".
3209:
2198:
1205:
10687:, Waldfogel J (February 2005). "Maternity leave, early maternal employment and child health and development in the US".
9004:"Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations on the MacArthur Story Stem Battery"
6609:
1254:
is primarily concerned with ways in which young children acquire, develop, and use internal mental capabilities such as
488:, which showed that a phobia could be created by classical conditioning. Watson was instrumental in the modification of
14751:
12884:
12859:
12694:
10290:
Schoon I, Jones E, Cheng H, Maughan B (August 2012). "Family hardship, family instability, and cognitive development".
9264:
Chasnoff IJ, Griffith DR, Freier C, Murray J (February 1992). "Cocaine/polydrug use in pregnancy: two-year follow-up".
7155:
6636:
5905:
5783:
5143:
5091:
1873:
574:. Other researchers developed the notion, by observing this collaborative interaction in psychophysiological research.
10192:"Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age"
6736:
4950:
Buchwald J (1987). "A comparison of plasticity in sensory and cognitive processing systems". In Gunzenhauser N (ed.).
4483:"Putting our heads together: interpersonal neural synchronization as a biological mechanism for shared intentionality"
2513:. Reducing the prevalence of these parasites can be a benefit in child growth, development, and educational outcome.
2251:
14777:
14721:
13670:
13490:
13388:
6889:
5879:
2883:
1899:
11573:
10831:
Bowman B, Ray A (2012). "Low-Income Families and Young Children's Development and School Success". In Falk B (ed.).
8054:
Steensma TD, Kreukels BP, de Vries AL, Cohen-Kettenis PT (July 2013). "Gender identity development in adolescence".
1881:
1810:), children also gain knowledge about how to participate in conversations and how to relay past experiences/events (
1052:, and can be evaluated either by a low weight for the child's age, or by a low rate of weight gain. A similar term,
14435:
13762:
12999:
12970:
12911:
9821:"Malnutrition at age 3 years and lower cognitive ability at age 11 years: independence from psychosocial adversity"
4342:"Shared intentionality modulates interpersonal neural synchronization at the establishment of communication system"
11829:"Descriptions of NICHD career development projects related to child abuse, child maltreatment, and child violence"
9635:
7649:"Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review"
4232:"The language of cooperation: shared intentionality drives variation in helping as a function of group membership"
3878:
Minimizing high-risk parenting: a review of what is known and consideration of appropriate preventive intervention
14579:
14425:
13004:
12799:
12724:
12427:
12334:
11635:
10636:"Maternal Education, Changing Family Circumstances, and Children's Skill Development in the United States and UK"
5592:
Britton JW, Frey LC, Hopp JL, Korb P, Koubeissi MZ, Lievens WE, et al. (2016). St Louis EK, Frey LC (eds.).
2947:
2625:
2560:
12381:
8224:
5493:
Flom R, Pick AD (December 2012). "Dynamics of infant habituation: infants' discrimination of musical excerpts".
5223:
2250:
Research has provided conflicting evidence regarding the severity of effects on children's development posed by
2181:
while the children were 6 weeks and/or 6 months old found that maternal depression had no effect on the child's
1929:
communicating with their baby. In certain circumstances, parents will have to seek professional help, such as a
1433:
differences between boys and girls of the same age may also be associated with the differences in the timing of
1305:
The ability to learn temporal patterns in sequenced actions was investigated in elementary-school-age children.
14746:
14736:
13657:
13442:
13413:
12674:
8485:"Growth, development, and behavior in early childhood following prenatal cocaine exposure: a systematic review"
3025:
2675:, a professional looking to start an assessment of neglect might start with information collected by a doctor.
2224:
2153:
1945:
1877:
1209:
342:
6662:"Sex Similarities and Differences in Intelligence in Children Aged Two to Eight: Analysis of SON-R 2-8 Scores"
1343:
boys in tests of these skills, but by about six or seven boys and girls score similarly. This is also true of
14741:
14466:
14282:
14103:
13183:
12901:
12877:
12443:
12358:
11266:"Seven-year neurodevelopmental scores and prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, a common agricultural pesticide"
2858:
951:
10408:
10091:
1192:. Lower motor coordination results in difficulties with speed accuracy and with trade-off in complex tasks.
706:
What are the mechanisms of development โ what aspects of experience and heredity cause developmental change?
570:. He posed ideas about unaware processes during social learning after birth to explain processes in shaping
14660:
14506:
14402:
14377:
14148:
13846:
13383:
12916:
12761:
12477:
10861:
Solomon LD (2014). "Economic Immobility and Income and Wealth Inequalities: Realities and Casual Factors".
8014:
Halim ML (2016-03-29). "Princesses and Superheroes: Social-Cognitive Influences on Early Gender Rigidity".
6348:"Mastery Motivational Climates in Early Childhood Physical Education: What Have We Learned over the Years?"
4391:"Joint control of visually guided actions involves concordant increases in behavioural and neural coupling"
2769:
2729:
1981:
1937:
1715:
1375:
Separation anxiety is a typical stage of development to an extent. Kicking, screaming, and throwing temper
1368:
called a "social smile". By about 8โ12 months, they go through a fairly rapid change and become fearful of
1357:
349:
11350:"Interpersonal trauma exposure and cognitive development in children to age 8 years: a longitudinal study"
8581:
Slomian, Justine; Honvo, Germain; Emonts, Patrick; Reginster, Jean-Yves; Bruyรจre, Olivier (January 2019).
4481:
Fishburn FA, Murty VP, Hlutkowsky CO, MacGillivray CE, Bemis LM, Murphy ME, et al. (September 2018).
2481:
schools make an effort to increase family and school involvement, children perform better on state tests.
14599:
14322:
13091:
12889:
12508:
12348:
2888:
2853:
2755:
2093:
1788:
1384:
1315:
1208:
are late to reach major motor skills milestones like sucking, grasping, rolling, sitting up and walking,
819:
that exist in studies with adults also exist in studying children, with some notable differences. Namely
738:
493:
152:
76:
42:
20:
13904:
11764:
11668:
5802:
Fast Facts Handbook for Pediatric Primary Care: A Guide for Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants
1029:
148:
14772:
14521:
14352:
14347:
13841:
12756:
12420:
12163:
Poulin-Dubois D, Brooker I, Chow V (2009). "The developmental origins of naรฏve psychology in infancy".
6037:"The Relationship between Executive Functions and Gross Motor Skills in Rural Children Aged 8โ10 Years"
2893:
2751:
2713:
1702:
decontextualize words, and refine meaning of words are diverse. One hypothesis, known as the syntactic
1177:
842:
800:
566:
contributed to knowledge about the origins of social cognition in children by developing the notion of
398:
4308:
4092:
4037:
1619:
Irregular past: went, modal and verb: can/will; 28 to 436-word vocabulary; 93โ265 utterances per hour
163:
programs may be beneficial for childhood development such as learning capabilities and social skills.
14731:
14690:
14526:
14246:
14078:
13851:
13820:
13198:
13081:
12667:
9676:"Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications"
8583:"Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes"
6347:
3685:
2863:
2545:
2506:
2245:
2129:
1992:
develop infant babble and use a fully expressive sign language at the same pace as hearing children.
1930:
1814:), as well as learning how to use language appropriately for their social situation or social group (
181:
11493:
Recognizing and Helping the Neglected Child: Evidence-Based Practice for Assessment and Intervention
4038:"Theoretical Grounds of Shared Intentionality for Neuroscience in Developing Bioengineering Systems"
1085:"Motor learning refers to the increasing spatial and temporal accuracy of movements with practice".
14098:
13899:
13815:
13810:
13507:
13470:
13462:
13280:
13249:
12990:
12975:
12503:
12401:
9499:
7647:
Sansavini A, Favilla ME, Guasti MT, Marini A, Millepiedi S, Di Martino MV, et al. (May 2021).
4858:
Plomin R, Asbury K (2005). "Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behavior".
4183:
2848:
2823:
2671:
motor development. As all these features go into making a medical assessment of whether a child is
2447:
2317:
2209:
1862:
1759:
1494:
1311:
1234:
832:
720:
577:
This concept has been expanded to the intrauterine period. Research professor in bioengineering at
537:
485:
423:
414:
321:
some weaknesses include the child or adolescent developing some egocentric thoughts, including the
248:
105:
85:
11420:
8875:
Bettes BA (August 1988). "Maternal depression and motherese: temporal and intonational features".
5934:
1135:
14554:
13944:
13836:
13343:
13193:
13188:
13145:
12962:
10071:"Chapter 19: A meta-analysis of research on iodine and its relationship to cognitive development"
9483:"Prenatal tobacco, marijuana, stimulant, and opiate exposure: outcomes and practice implications"
6298:"Systems in development: motor skill acquisition facilitates three-dimensional object completion"
1966:
1866:
1755:
1282:
11163:
Bouchard MF, Sauvรฉ S, Barbeau B, Legrand M, Brodeur Mร, Bouffard T, et al. (January 2011).
8197:"Race, ethnicity, and culture in child development: contemporary research and future directions"
5048:
5040:
2269:
to impair motor development, while others showed no effect of cocaine use on motor development.
14387:
14226:
13714:
13353:
13244:
13203:
13178:
13086:
11575:
Neglect matters: a multi-agency guide for professionals working together on behalf of teenagers
9494:
9002:
Schechter DS, Zygmunt A, Coates SW, Davies M, Trabka K, McCaw J, et al. (September 2007).
4126:"A New Perspective on Assessing Cognition in Children through Estimating Shared Intentionality"
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Manning ML (September 1988). "Erikson's Psychosocial Theories Help Explain Early Adolescence".
3234:
2762:
2434:
2313:
2266:
2105:
1732:
804:
481:
6282:
14716:
14277:
14201:
14128:
14093:
13909:
13642:
13522:
13429:
13408:
12011:"Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: what have we learned and where are we going?"
11215:
Bouchard MF, Chevrier J, Harley KG, Kogut K, Vedar M, Calderon N, et al. (August 2011).
10944:
10915:
2828:
2759:
focus child is aged 2โ12, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan.
2526:
2509:, other intestinal infections, and parasites during early childhood can lead to irreversible
2438:
2414:
2356:
2259:
2182:
2168:
1344:
1274:
1251:
1221:
734:
637:
596:
591:
586:
582:
567:
218:
116:
57:. It isโparticularly from birth to five yearsโ a foundation for a prosperous and sustainable
10503:
Honzik MP (June 1957). "Developmental studies of parent-child resemblance in intelligence".
10243:
10078:
The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency: Cognitive, Behavioral, Neuromotor, Educative Aspects
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Brooker RJ, Buss KA, Lemery-Chalfant K, Aksan N, Davidson RJ, Goldsmith HH (November 2013).
5883:
3235:"Cognitive Development - stages, meaning, average, Definition, Description, Common problems"
1416:
to familiar people. Experience plays a role in determining which people are familiar, which
991:
979:
422:, a follower of Freud, synthesized his theories with Freud's to create what is known as the
14574:
14501:
14450:
14211:
14186:
14176:
13734:
13647:
13403:
13223:
12824:
12804:
12457:
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Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Gore S, Hidayat A, et al. (December 1999).
9914:"A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children"
9789:
9733:
9316:
9135:
8356:
5364:
2838:
2502:
2406:
2125:
1751:
1446:
761:
501:
140:
101:
8195:
Quintana SM, Aboud FE, Chao RK, Contreras-Grau J, Cross WE, Hudley C, et al. (2006).
5543:
Giedd JN, Raznahan A, Alexander-Bloch A, Schmitt E, Gogtay N, Rapoport JL (January 2015).
4626:"David E. Rumelhart Prize". CognitiveScienceSociety.org. Cognitive Science Society. 2022.
4553:
1611:
Single-word stage and a few sentences; 2โ3 word combinations; Articles: a/the; Plural: -s
733:, in which a group of children is re-examined on a number of occasions as they get older;
26:
8:
14589:
14516:
14440:
14261:
14241:
14196:
14133:
14016:
13968:
13784:
13766:
13729:
13719:
13573:
13475:
13452:
13300:
13292:
13071:
13049:
12777:
11165:"Intellectual impairment in school-age children exposed to manganese from drinking water"
5660:
4199:"Empirical Evidence of Shared Intentionality: Towards Bioengineering Systems Development"
2290:
2178:
1835:
1654:
1383:. The level of intensity of these symptoms can help determine whether or not a child has
1147:
1109:
304:
191:
115:
Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically controlled processes, known as
12353:
11973:
11920:
11133:
9737:
9320:
9139:
8360:
5368:
4366:
4341:
3880:. Radnor, Pa: Johnson & Johnson Baby Products Company pediatric round table series.
3506:
Watson JB (1926). "What the nursery has to say about instincts.". In Murchison E (ed.).
1044:
for age and gender, which corresponds to the shortest 2.3% of individuals. In contrast,
14782:
14635:
14372:
14108:
13937:
13447:
13044:
12896:
12310:
12285:
12267:
12242:
12224:
12199:
12125:
12098:
12080:
12053:
12035:
12010:
11992:
11957:
11939:
11904:
11886:
11861:
11711:
11687:"Identifying Effective Components of Child Maltreatment Interventions: A Meta-analysis"
11686:
11532:
11507:
11465:
11438:
11437:
McTavish JR, Gonzalez A, Santesso N, MacGregor JC, McKee C, MacMillan HL (March 2020).
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11349:
11290:
11265:
11241:
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2594:
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2189:
1977:
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1635:
Third-person singular: -s; 896 to 1,507-word vocabulary; 1,500 to 1,700 words per hour
1380:
1037:
730:
716:
322:
275:
12172:
11264:
Rauh V, Arunajadai S, Horton M, Perera F, Hoepner L, Barr DB, Whyatt R (August 2011).
10167:
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Bryan J, Osendarp S, Hughes D, Calvaresi E, Baghurst K, van Klinken JW (August 2004).
9328:
9232:
9147:
6951:
6251:
6209:
6088:"Fine Motor Skills and Executive Function Both Contribute to Kindergarten Achievement"
4010:
3993:
1965:
Language delay can be caused by a substantial number of underlying disorders, such as
1806:
When children acquire language and learn to use language for communicative functions (
1387:, which is when a child constantly and intensely refuses to separate from the parent.
14726:
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12176:
12149:
12143:
12130:
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11997:
11944:
11905:"Auditory development between 7 and 11 years: an event-related potential (ERP) study"
11891:
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2000:
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563:
545:
cognition, they are: physical, numerical, linguistic, psychological, and biological.
372:
261:
12659:
11958:"Maturation of the language network: from inter- to intrahemispheric connectivities"
11558:
Child Neglect: Current Definitions and Models. A Review of the Literature, 1993-1998
10708:
10319:
9761:
9425:
9201:
8861:
8345:"Early patterns of skill acquisition and immigrants' specialization in STEM careers"
8083:
7466:
6967:
6791:
6595:
6145:
Hertrich, Ingo; Dietrich, Susanne; Blum, Corinna; Ackermann, Hermann (17 May 2021).
4887:
4467:
4451:
3629:
2696:
demonstrate the duration of subnormal exposure to care, stimulation, and nutrition.
2197:
mothers showed significantly lower scores on the motor and mental scales within the
719:
that attempts to answer these questions may follow a number of patterns. Initially,
700:
What develops? What relevant aspects of the individual change over a period of time?
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9805:
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9687:
9598:
9590:
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9448:
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9273:
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9143:
9065:
9023:
9015:
8974:
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8927:
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8841:
8814:
8776:
8741:
8714:
8678:
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8504:
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8307:
8266:
8258:
8208:
8167:
8159:
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8023:
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7976:
7935:
7927:
7886:
7878:
7837:
7829:
7788:
7778:
7670:
7660:
7612:
7574:
Dale PS, Ingram D, Snow CE (1981). "Social Interaction and Language Acquisition.".
7446:
7411:
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6947:
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6575:
6489:
6479:
6403:
6360:
6317:
6309:
6247:
6205:
6168:
6158:
6147:"The Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Speech and Language Processing"
6117:
6107:
6099:
6058:
6048:
5999:
5968:
5707:
5699:
5632:
5564:
5556:
5502:
5457:
5449:
5438:"Infants look longer at colours that adults like when colours are highly saturated"
5390:
5372:
5323:
5315:
5276:
5233:
5117:
4991:
4922:
4914:
4867:
4613:
4593:
4570:
4548:
4540:
4502:
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4447:
4410:
4402:
4361:
4353:
4325:
4320:
4288:
4251:
4243:
4215:
4210:
4198:
4147:
4137:
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4104:
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4049:
4005:
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3918:
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Lemma A (2002). "Psychodynamic Therapy: The Freudian Approach". In Dryden W (ed.).
3609:
3550:
3542:
3530:
3511:
3480:
3051:
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2978:
2474:
2387:
2286:
2145:
2052:, male sex hormones produced in the womb during gestation, play an important role.
1823:
1815:
1458:
1173:
820:
290:, meaning they now think about the way something looks, though they do not yet use
13692:
12284:
Vannest J, Karunanayaka PR, Schmithorst VJ, Szaflarski JP, Holland SK (May 2009).
10889:
9085:
6549:
6517:
6364:
5913:
5851:
4142:
3015:"Parents Can Play Vital Role in Encouraging Children's Active, Healthy Lifestyles"
14640:
14559:
14396:
14357:
14256:
14006:
13739:
13697:
13568:
13555:
13502:
13497:
13480:
13360:
13155:
13127:
12928:
12751:
12690:
12648:
12564:
12026:
11982:
11929:
9966:
8718:
6678:
5506:
5280:
2878:
2843:
2598:
2473:
A child's academic achievement is influenced by parents' educational attainment,
2395:
2379:) have a lower IQ than those with higher levels of iron and folate. Furthermore,
2368:
2344:
2297:
2220:
2041:
2036:
1834:
of conversation. This shift in balance of conversation suggests a development of
1779:
1255:
1127:
765:
651:
647:
555:
509:
505:
68:
13789:
12412:
11877:
10920:
Social and Emotional Adjustment and Family Relations in Ethnic Minority Families
8067:
7931:
6579:
5736:
5636:
5593:
3994:"Solutions to the binding problem: progress through controversy and convergence"
2929:
595:
solve a similar task alone. The significance of this knowledge is that although
228:
14700:
14680:
14675:
14665:
14625:
14302:
14231:
14021:
13724:
13665:
13589:
13398:
13365:
13348:
13338:
12588:
11523:
11217:"Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and IQ in 7-year-old children"
11027:
10773:
9836:
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8113:
7783:
7085:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press. pp. 42โ43.
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Participatory research: Working with vulnerable groups in research and practice
5453:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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4357:
4292:
4070:
3484:
2982:
2804:
2549:
2510:
2422:
2329:
2109:
2101:
2087:
2007:
1973:
1922:
1306:
1259:
1185:
1123:
1053:
959:
816:
792:
754:
709:
Are there typical individual differences in the relevant developmental changes?
571:
469:
397:
theory that provides a descriptive and explanatory framework for understanding
382:
326:
72:
12389:
12215:
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7035:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press. pp. 7โ16.
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Thelen E (2005-04-15). "Dynamic Systems Theory and the Complexity of Change".
3510:. Clark University, Worcester, MA, US: Clark University Press. pp. 1โ35.
2521:
High levels of lead in the blood is associated with attention deficits, while
799:
Another way of studying children is through brain imaging technology, such as
14766:
14695:
14604:
14549:
14544:
14486:
14317:
14153:
14138:
14123:
14036:
13996:
13758:
13709:
13027:
12115:
11365:
10757:
10684:
10651:
10303:
10126:
10109:
9364:
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8598:
8500:
8418:
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8035:
7665:
6566:
Shin JC (June 2011). "The development of temporal coordination in children".
6484:
6372:
5121:
4871:
4756:
4694:
3978:
3930:
3621:
3457:
3424:
3391:
3358:
3142:
2833:
2646:
2564:
2467:
2228:
2097:
1989:
1743:
1723:
1703:
1201:
1189:
1131:
1033:
675:
524:
489:
386:
187:
104:
usually form a part of the study of child development. Related terms include
46:
11684:
11118:
10809:
10481:
10333:
Bradley RH, Corwyn RF (2002). "Socioeconomic status and child development".
9993:
9930:
9913:
9889:
9872:
9594:
8955:"Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood"
8780:
8745:
8458:
8369:
7867:"Hearing impairment and language delay in infants: Diagnostics and genetics"
7482:
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
7175:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press. p. 229.
6003:
5972:
5377:
5193:(Sixth ed.). New York, New York: Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.
5066:
3841:
3808:
3775:
3662:
1948:, developmental delay in other areas, or an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
972:
Development from childhood to the end of puberty, from The Adolescent Period
75:). Early childhood typically ranges from infancy to the age of 6 years old.
14645:
14496:
14481:
14337:
14327:
14113:
13612:
13393:
12945:
12319:
12276:
12233:
12190:
12134:
12089:
12070:
12044:
12001:
11948:
11895:
11720:
11541:
11474:
11383:
11299:
11250:
11198:
11149:
11141:
11102:
10994:
10897:
10817:
10781:
10669:
10575:
10532:
10489:
10446:
10354:
10311:
10225:
10176:
10135:
10042:
10001:
9939:
9898:
9873:"Parental IQ and cognitive development of malnourished Indonesian children"
9854:
9797:
9753:
9709:
9612:
9545:
9518:
9460:
9336:
9193:
9037:
8988:
8853:
8788:
8753:
8690:
8652:
8616:
8560:
8552:
8518:
8466:
8388:
8329:
8280:
8220:
8181:
8075:
8000:
7949:
7900:
7851:
7802:
7751:
7715:
7684:
7388:
6959:
6866:
6783:
6697:
6587:
6503:
6331:
6259:
6217:
6182:
6131:
6072:
5868:
5746:
5721:
5578:
5514:
5471:
5404:
5337:
5319:
5302:
Matsuda YT, Okamoto Y, Ida M, Okanoya K, Myowa-Yamakoshi M (October 2012).
5288:
5188:
4936:
4605:
4562:
4516:
4459:
4424:
4375:
4265:
4247:
4161:
4019:
3895:
3325:
3104:
3071:
3000:
2679:
2568:
2541:
2394:
may reduce IQ by an average of 13.5 points compared to healthy individual.
2333:
2141:
2053:
1941:
1918:
1417:
1213:
1155:
1139:
1086:
1057:
943:
772:
497:
419:
410:
338:
279:
223:
11685:
van der Put CE, Assink M, Gubbels J, Boekhout van Solinge NF (June 2018).
11439:"Identifying children exposed to maltreatment: a systematic review update"
11334:
10454:
10404:
9417:
9409:
9372:
9285:
9277:
9250:
9155:
9112:
9077:
8939:
8904:
8426:
7458:
6423:
5237:
5011:
4498:
1281:
and other biological mechanisms, as is seen in the many genetic causes of
14655:
14630:
14476:
14312:
14297:
14083:
14011:
14001:
13597:
13328:
13059:
12809:
12643:
12610:
12593:
12258:
10945:"Low-Income Families and Young Children's Development and School Success"
8644:
6518:"Cognitive Development Domain - Child Development (CA Dept of Education)"
6112:
5560:
4918:
2818:
2650:
2133:
2117:
1831:
1329:
788:
725:
513:
473:
378:
291:
283:
208:
136:
54:
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12283:
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11232:
11180:
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Opara KN, Udoidung NI, Opara DC, Okon OE, Edosomwan EU, Udoh AJ (2012).
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8537:"Prevention and Management of Procedural Pain in the Neonate: An Update"
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6468:"Hand preference, performance abilities, and hand selection in children"
5386:
4879:
4340:
Liu J, Zhang R, Xie E, Lin Y, Chen D, Liu Y, et al. (August 2023).
4230:
McClung JS, Placรฌ S, Bangerter A, Clรฉment F, Bshary R (September 2017).
2383:
children perform worse on cognitive measures than non-anaemic children.
1103:
proceeds to pulling to stand, "cruising" while holding on to an object,
14670:
14564:
14367:
14292:
14236:
14206:
14143:
14041:
13914:
13607:
13512:
13213:
12938:
12933:
12729:
12615:
12530:
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11956:
Friederici AD, Brauer J, Lohmann G (2011). Rodriguez-Fornells A (ed.).
10620:
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10524:
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BabyWASH and the 1,000 Days: A Practical Package for Stunting Reduction
8896:
8027:
6848:
6415:
5003:
4031:
4029:
3063:
2490:
2451:
2348:
1807:
1685:
1501:
925:
910:
353:
160:
109:
53:
changes that occur in human beings between birth and the conclusion of
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9691:
8845:
8163:
8053:
7882:
6394:
Adolph KE, Vereijken B, Denny MA (October 1998). "Learning to crawl".
3707:"Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective | Introduction to Psychology"
3515:
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19:
This article is about the developmental process. For the journal, see
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14332:
14307:
14191:
14046:
13960:
13867:
13799:
13617:
13076:
12814:
12739:
12569:
12286:"Language networks in children: evidence from functional MRI studies"
11801:(Report). National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
11348:
Enlow MB, Egeland B, Blood EA, Wright RO, Wright RJ (November 2012).
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Children and communication: verbal and nonverbal language development
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Kover, Sara T.; Edmunds, Sarah R.; Ellis Weismer, Susan (July 2016).
5353:"At 6-9 months, human infants know the meanings of many common nouns"
3613:
3546:
2537:
2530:
2498:
2494:
2459:
2137:
2019:
1811:
1510:
1477:
1294:
1286:
1217:
947:
879:
779:
390:
287:
12369:
11814:
SafeCare: evidence from a home based parenting programme for neglect
11084:
10612:
10559:
10516:
10388:
8888:
7767:"Speech and language delay in children: Prevalence and risk factors"
6407:
5906:"Failure to Thrive: Miscellaneous Disorders in Infants and Children"
5828:"Physical Growth of Infants and Children - Children's Health Issues"
5798:
4995:
4583:
4026:
3055:
1851:
1220:, or undeveloped muscle mass. Children can also be diagnosed with a
14650:
14584:
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13602:
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13239:
13165:
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Solomon LD (2014). "Family Structure Trends and Child Well-Being".
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Developmental Change. The Social World of Children Learning to Talk
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4480:
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2798:
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2213:
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
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Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes
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The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design
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14287:
14251:
12620:
12559:
12513:
11436:
9979:
6195:
3647:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2934:
Development During Middle Childhood: The Years From Six to Twelve
2410:
2380:
2352:
2282:
2113:
1796:
1767:
1658:
1484:
1434:
1391:
1376:
1104:
950:
birth to their final adult size. As stature and weight increase,
864:
For North American, Indo-Iranian (India, Iran), and European ...
655:
625:
190:" theory, ecological systems theory was originally formulated by
132:
124:
81:
58:
50:
11401:(3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197โ214.
10971:
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Lassi ZS, Kurji J, Oliveira CS, Moin A, Bhutta ZA (April 2020).
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Vogindroukas I, Stankova M, Chelas EN, Proedrou A (2022-10-14).
7871:
GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
6626:
5595:
The Developmental EEG: Premature, Neonatal, Infant, and Children
5266:
4529:
1068:
1056:, generally refers to reduced growth rate as a manifestation of
14511:
14430:
14026:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13320:
13135:
12554:
12525:
12467:
12462:
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Thomason ME (2017). Hopkins B, Geangu E, Linkenauger S (eds.).
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girls showing some advantages in small muscle usage, including
1181:
1049:
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270:(begins about the time the child starts to talk, around age 2)
128:
9438:
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Gleitman LR (1990). "The structural sources of verb meaning".
4860:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Culture, communication, and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives
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beyond 4โ6 months, or delayed walking may be an indication of
13757:
13098:
12627:
12605:
12583:
12574:
12535:
12472:
12099:"Training the developing brain: a neurocognitive perspective"
11772:
11491:
Scott J, Daniel B, Taylor J, Derbyshire D, Neilson D (2011).
10017:"Nutrients for cognitive development in school-aged children"
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Buczyลowska D, Ronniger P, Melzer J, Petermann F (May 2019).
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5532:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 121โ128.
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
1735:, but are now regarded as only being of historical interest.
1678:
1290:
1212:. Children with Down syndrome sometimes have heart problems,
1099:
955:
89:
64:
13929:
11052:. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Archived from
10014:
9263:
9214:
9001:
8703:
8404:
7646:
4229:
3758:
Psychoanalytic theories of development : an integration
3118:
3116:
3114:
1440:
1395:
toddler and early preschool period, and during adolescence.
30:
A child using fingers to make a small, circular hole in the
14118:
13271:
11490:
11312:
11214:
11162:
11017:"Prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infections"
10949:
Defending Childhood: Keeping the Promise of Early Education
10833:
Defending Childhood: Keeping the Promise of Early Education
10756:
9576:
8804:
8580:
7578:. Baltimore, Md.: University Park Press. pp. 195โ214.
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Daum MM (2017). Hopkins B, Geangu E, Linkenauger S (eds.).
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Mastering the World of Psychology, Books a la Carte Edition
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to be updated for different ages and developmental stages.
629:
480:. Watson explained human psychology through the process of
112:, the branch of medicine relating to the care of children.
31:
11263:
9774:
9577:
Budge S, Parker AH, Hutchings PT, Garbutt C (April 2019).
9171:
8917:
7700:"Evaluation and management of the child with speech delay"
4389:
Painter DR, Kim JJ, Renton AI, Mattingley JB (June 2021).
4388:
3407:
The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky. 5, Child psychology
3288:
2678:
Infants are often weighed and measured when seen by their
1826:, and responding to lengthen or sustain the conversation.
787:
Another unique way to study infants' cognition is through
578:
356:
rhyme, until they can clap and roll their hands themself.
14392:
8959:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
8766:
8244:
7822:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
5996:
Individual and Family Development, Health, and Well-being
5685:
3111:
2227:(PTSD), for example, has been associated with subsequent
2136:
pathways are active and functional as early as 25 weeksโ
217:
Jean Piaget was a Swiss scholar who began his studies in
12405:
12162:
11581:. London: Department for Children, Schools and Families.
10259:
8148:"Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation"
7110:(1st ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 150.
5301:
2122:
altered brain development, and abnormal neurodevelopment
278:. In addition to symbolism, children start to engage in
13544:
11955:
11859:
11347:
10875:
10794:
10633:
10467:
10431:
10289:
10148:
10107:
8482:
4837:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2003:
skills rely heavily on word recognition. When using an
11066:
10189:
10108:
Brown KH, Peerson JM, Rivera J, Allen LH (June 2002).
9818:
9722:
9579:"Environmental enteric dysfunction and child stunting"
9306:
7170:
7080:
7030:
6085:
3824:
A Dynamic systems approach to development applications
3442:(4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall.
3431:
3332:
3041:
2603:
a particular aspect rather than the subject as a whole
1022:
954:
also change, from the relatively large head and small
12689:
11902:
10594:"Parental Employment and Child Cognitive Development"
9651:"Sanitation and hygiene: undernutrition's blind spot"
7913:
7105:
6353:
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
6237:
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Kristine M. Ruggiero; Michael Ruggiero (2020-09-14).
5038:
4974:
3404:
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U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2525:
has a negative effect on both verbal IQ and on total
1473:
The four components of language development include:
12165:
Advances in Child Development and Behavior Volume 37
11486:
11484:
11043:
10242:. American Psychological Association. Archived from
9911:
9531:
8668:
7261:. Baltimore, Md.: P.H. Brookes Pub. pp. 53โ72.
7060:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
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6393:
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Khan I, Leventhal BL (2023). "Developmental Delay".
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February 2016 Policy Statement, reaffirmed July 2020
108:, referring to development from birth to death, and
11622:
Scottish Parliament Education and Culture Committee
11341:
10682:
10634:Jackson M, Kiernan K, McLanahan S (November 2017).
9125:
8731:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7436:
7252:
7250:
7248:
6548:. Fargo, ND: NDSU Extension Service. Archived from
6543:"Understanding Brain Development in Young Children"
5591:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
3254:"7.2 Infancy and Childhood: Exploring and Learning"
2417:, and cognitive abilities than short-term poverty.
1525:
313:(around early adolescence to mid/late adolescence)
260:months of age they begin to develop what he called
67:is divided into three stages of life which include
12707:
9441:Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
9174:Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
9058:Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
8831:
7366:
7058:Phonology : an introduction to basic concepts
6806:"Emotional and Social Development: 8 to 12 Months"
6346:
6295:
4734:
4672:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4278:
3956:
3871:
3568:
3566:
3303:
2964:
2948:"Child Development: Young Teens (12-14 years old)"
2323:
2265:Continuing the trend, some studies found maternal
2106:exposure to repeated painful stimuli early in life
2094:The prevention and alleviation of pain in neonates
849:
199:the life course from childhood through adulthood.
12442:
12394:Harvard University Center on the Developing Child
11561:. Family Violence Prevention Unit, Health Canada.
11481:
11432:
11430:
11396:
11210:
11208:
11114:
11112:
10367:
10361:
9673:
8952:
8293:
8049:
8047:
8045:
7764:
7569:
7567:
6715:(2nd ed.). Hoboken (N.J.): Wiley-Blackwell.
5350:
4173:
4171:
2712:Neglect is a process whereby children experience
2258:Maternal cocaine use may also affect the child's
1722:), connectionist theory, and behaviorist theory (
1509:Children's development of language also includes
1030:American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
429:Erikson's eight stages consist of the following:
14764:
13116:
9825:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
9480:
8141:
8139:
8095:
8093:
7722:
7551:
7549:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7245:
7241:. Baltimore, Md.: P.H. Brookes Pub. p. 271.
6296:Soska KC, Adolph KE, Johnson SP (January 2010).
5607:
5605:
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4075:
3572:
3122:
1163:says is extremely important in early childhood.
658:as well as by exogenous factors like infection.
492:' stream of consciousness approach to construct
80:that typically starts around the major onset of
12374:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
11793:
11505:
10285:
10283:
10281:
8530:
8528:
8102:International Journal of Behavioral Development
7965:"Language and Speech Characteristics in Autism"
7818:"Intellectual Disability and Language Disorder"
7598:
7555:
6998:
6610:"default - Stanford Medicine Children's Health"
6344:
6022:Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
5952:
5435:
5425:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 277โ287.
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5180:
5178:
4633:
3963:. Boston: Pearson Education/Allyn & Bacon.
3678:"Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development"
3563:
3338:
3022:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2375:(although not at such a level to be considered
2219:Studies have begun to show that other forms of
2025:
603:
13889:
12197:
12051:
11820:
11805:
11593:"Child Neglect: The Scandal That Never Breaks"
11427:
11205:
11109:
10068:
9870:
9572:
9570:
9395:
8664:
8662:
8444:
8042:
7573:
7564:
7195:
7130:
6465:
6015:
6013:
5912:. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Archived from
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4968:
4339:
4168:
3600:Skinner BF (August 1963). "Operant behavior".
3398:
3251:
3084:
2965:Toga AW, Thompson PM, Sowell ER (March 2006).
2923:
2921:
2665:
2493:is associated with lower IQ. Parasitic worms (
1762:is an essential part of actual communication.
897:(first menstrual bleeding) 12.5y (10.5yโ14.5y)
691:
451:Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
377:Attachment theory, originating in the work of
13945:
12675:
12428:
12008:
11315:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
10461:
10332:
9812:
9098:
8697:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8136:
8090:
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7546:
7523:
7521:
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7298:
7275:
7259:The Social World of Children Learning to Talk
5734:
5692:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
5602:
5032:
4726:
3873:"Factors in predicting successful parenting."
3642:
3376:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3365:
3301:
2231:of emotion and aggression by ages 4โ7 years.
1195:
12402:"World Association for Infant Mental Health"
12052:Hu Z, Chan RC, McAlonan GM (February 2010).
11354:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
10587:
10585:
10539:
10292:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
10278:
9912:Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C (February 2001).
9167:
9165:
8868:
8760:
8525:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7342:
7340:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7106:Plag I, Braun M, Lappe S, Schramm M (2007).
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6387:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6227:
5626:
5416:
5414:
5175:
4857:
4577:
4523:
4474:
4431:
4382:
4333:
4223:
4071:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10467-1_19
3985:
3950:
3948:
3576:An Introduction to the History of Psychology
3528:
3437:
2656:
2328:Poor nutrition early in life contributes to
2285:increases pregnancy complications including
1627:Regular past: -ed; Auxiliary "be": -'m, -'s
1457:combine to form the components of language:
997:Development of a girl from 4 to 16 years old
985:Development of a boy from 10 to 17 years old
12240:
12096:
11735:"What is Video Interaction Guidance? (VIG)"
11691:Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
10196:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9567:
8659:
7771:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
7369:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
7362:
7360:
7358:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7189:
7145:
6010:
5961:Current Directions in Psychological Science
5616:. Bristol University Press. pp. 31โ64.
4900:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4712:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
4487:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
4437:
4306:
4090:
4035:
3782:
3405:Carton AS, Vygotskiฤญ LS, Rieber RW (1987).
3207:
2918:
2177:A study of 18-month-olds whose mothers had
1988:children that are born to families who use
1912:
1880:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1427:
1337:
1322:
1285:. Environmental factors including food and
1242:Mental and emotional aspects of development
913:(testicular enlargement) 11.5y (9.5yโ13.5y)
703:What are the rate and speed of development?
682:
442:Industry vs. inferiority (young adolescent)
13952:
13938:
13579:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
12846:
12682:
12668:
12435:
12421:
12382:"child development activities for parents"
11571:
11506:Zeanah CH, Humphreys KL (September 2018).
11419:. Harvard University. 2015. Archived from
10951:. Teachers College Press. pp. 63โ85.
10909:
10907:
10114:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
9871:Webb KE, Horton NJ, Katz DL (April 2005).
9726:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
9476:
9474:
9472:
9470:
8825:
8433:
8407:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
7815:
7733:
7479:
7236:
6559:
6540:
6289:
5958:
5876:"FDA Approves Humatrope for Short Stature"
5778:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
5665:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5169:Research in psychology: Methods and design
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
3755:
3210:"Piaget's theory of cognitive development"
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
2686:
2544:has also been linked to reduced IQ score.
1587:Expressive jargon, intonational sentences
744:
12309:
12266:
12223:
12124:
12114:
12079:
12069:
12034:
11991:
11981:
11938:
11928:
11885:
11811:
11710:
11531:
11464:
11454:
11373:
11306:
11289:
11240:
11188:
11092:
10942:
10835:. Teachers College Press. pp. 63โ85.
10830:
10659:
10582:
10255:
10253:
10215:
10166:
10125:
10032:
9929:
9924:(2Sโ2): 649Sโ666S, discussion 666Sโ668S.
9888:
9844:
9699:
9602:
9558:
9508:
9498:
9487:Addiction Science & Clinical Practice
9240:
9162:
9027:
8978:
8800:
8798:
8725:
8606:
8508:
8478:
8476:
8378:
8368:
8342:
8319:
8270:
8171:
7990:
7980:
7939:
7890:
7864:
7841:
7792:
7782:
7674:
7664:
7631:
7616:
7498:
7395:
7204:
7008:. The Learning House, Inc. Archived from
6974:
6856:
6687:
6677:
6493:
6483:
6321:
6224:
6172:
6162:
6121:
6111:
6062:
6052:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5711:
5568:
5461:
5411:
5394:
5376:
5351:Bergelson E, Swingley D (February 2012).
5327:
4926:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4670:
4552:
4506:
4414:
4365:
4324:
4281:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
4255:
4214:
4197:Val Danilov I, Mihailova S (April 2023).
4177:
4151:
4141:
4124:Val Danilov I, Mihailova S (March 2022).
4108:
4053:
4009:
3945:
3554:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
2990:
2707:
2489:Diarrhea caused by the parasitic disease
1900:Learn how and when to remove this message
1563:Babble: canonical/reduplicated syllables
1441:Development of language and communication
1246:
1227:
1166:
841:A common concern in child development is
810:
554:different viewpoints on this issue - the
548:
299:(about first grade to early adolescence)
186:Also called "development in context" or "
92:progresses from dependency to increasing
13842:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
13438:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
12009:Giedd JN, Rapoport JL (September 2010).
11554:
10545:
9866:
9864:
9648:
9481:Minnes S, Lang A, Singer L (July 2011).
9051:
9049:
9047:
8400:
8398:
7697:
7473:
7430:
7401:
7355:
7317:
7226:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
6879:
6710:
5611:
5527:
5492:
5436:Skelton AE, Franklin A (February 2020).
5039:Greenough W, Black J, Wallace C (1993).
4949:
4943:
4894:
4679:. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
3991:
3869:
3760:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2958:
2742:
2548:have been specifically linked to poorer
1420:are obeyed, and how anger is expressed.
1161:Piaget's theory of cognitive development
1067:
778:
660:
624:
448:Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
445:Identity vs. role confusion (adolescent)
213:Piaget's theory of cognitive development
71:, middle childhood, and late childhood (
25:
12198:Stiles J, Jernigan TL (December 2010).
11636:"What is the Graded Care Profile Tool?"
10904:
10860:
10845:
10721:
9632:Blog on Sanitation Learning Hub Website
9625:
9467:
8145:
8099:
7736:"Speech and language delay in children"
7171:de Villiers JG, de Villiers PA (1979).
7081:de Villiers JG, de Villiers PA (1979).
7031:de Villiers JG, de Villiers PA (1979).
5998:. Iowa State University Digital Press.
5629:Computer Supported Qualitative Research
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4832:
4795:
4732:
3876:. In Hoekelman RA, Sasserath V (eds.).
3675:
3599:
3470:
3371:
3310:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3182:
3089:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2927:
2620:any relevant information, and removing
2401:
2201:, contrasting with many older studies.
2162:
1951:
1013:
928:(first ejaculation) 13.5y (11.5yโ15.5y)
14765:
12290:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
12243:"Normal development of brain circuits"
12141:
11495:. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
10913:
10502:
10347:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233
10250:
9877:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
9790:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.11.022
9534:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
8953:Schechter DS, Willheim E (July 2009).
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8795:
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7969:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
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7135:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
6902:
6737:"Infant Emotion: Lifespan Development"
6444:. Princeton University. Archived from
6345:Rudisill ME, Johnson JL (2018-07-24).
6019:
5773:
5760:
4954:. Skillman NJ: Johnson & Johnson.
4903:"Normal development of brain circuits"
4774:
4763:
3908:
3854:
3573:Hergenhahn BR, Henley T (2013-03-01).
3505:
3187:(6th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth.
3149:
3044:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2737:North Carolina Family Assessment Scale
2108:is known to have short- and long-term
2100:, is important not only because it is
1960:
1531:Sequential skills in learning to talk
1398:
1300:
1092:
465:Behavior analysis of child development
13933:
13888:
13756:
13691:
13543:
13270:
13115:
13025:
12845:
12706:
12663:
12416:
11826:
11073:International Journal of MCH and AIDS
10865:. Transaction Publishers. p. 27.
10850:. Transaction Publishers. p. 58.
10264:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
9861:
9044:
8395:
8013:
7765:Sunderajan T, Kanhere SV (May 2019).
6466:Scharoun SM, Bryden PJ (2014-02-18).
4707:
4701:
3821:
3788:
3682:Introductory Guide to Critical Theory
3529:Watson JB, Rayner R (February 1920).
2869:Evolutionary developmental psychology
2593:This section may primarily relate to
2362:
1142:are responsible for motor sequences.
900:Wisdom tooth eruption 15.5y (14y-17y)
500:further extended this model to cover
175:
16:Stages in the development of children
13026:
12241:Tau GZ, Peterson BS (January 2010).
11665:National Family Preservation Network
11624:(Report). 15 January 2013. Col 1774.
10591:
10370:"The effects of poverty on children"
9674:Cumming O, Cairncross S (May 2016).
9628:"Nutrition Puzzles: The Shit Factor"
7527:
7256:
7221:
7055:
6565:
6272:
5993:
5423:Cognitive development during infancy
5420:
5229:Encyclopedia of Language Development
5079:
5073:
4901:Tau GZ, Peterson BS (January 2010).
4628:"2022 Recipient โ Michael Tomasello"
4180:Becoming human: A theory of ontogeny
3954:
3125:Understanding Children's Development
3123:Blades M, Smith PK, Cowie H (2011).
2911:
2909:
2649:. It is the most widespread form of
2578:
2234:
2132:, which can persist into childhood.
1878:adding citations to reliable sources
1845:
1547:Vocal play: cry, coo, gurgle, grunt
1004:
903:Adult height reached 15.5y (14yโ17y)
13545:Physiological and physical behavior
11640:Luton Safeguarding Children's Board
11044:Chambers R, von Medeazza G (2014).
9353:Clinical and Investigative Medicine
7346:
7108:Introduction to English linguistics
5903:
5653:
4630:section. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
3729:
3684:. Purdue University. Archived from
3252:Stangor C, Walinga J (2014-10-17).
2199:Bayley Scales of Infant Development
1841:
1351:
1206:developmental coordination disorder
1023:Individual variation versus disease
931:Wisdom tooth eruption 17y (15y-19y)
882:(breast development) 10.5y (8yโ13y)
476:theory forms the foundation of the
454:Ego integrity vs. despair (old age)
13:
14752:Parents Against Child Exploitation
13491:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
12885:Emotional and behavioral disorders
11852:
11765:"Video Interaction Guidance (VIG)"
11741:. 17 December 2012. Archived from
10034:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00055.x
9008:Attachment & Human Development
8932:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01775.x
7636:. Boulder, CO, US: Westview Press.
7618:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00316.x
5825:
5224:"High-Amplitude Sucking Procedure"
5083:Infants, Children, and Adolescents
5041:"Experience and brain development"
4977:"Experience and brain development"
4781:. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
3535:Journal of Experimental Psychology
3343:. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.
3260:(1st Canadian ed.). BCcampus.
3217:Educational Psychology Interactive
3185:Social and personality development
2724:
1726:). Generativist theories say that
1316:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
934:Completion of growth 17y (15yโ19y)
854:
439:Initiative vs. guilt (preschooler)
14:
14794:
14722:Mothers Apart from Their Children
13671:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
12328:
12200:"The basics of brain development"
12167:. Vol. 37. pp. 55โ104.
11270:Environmental Health Perspectives
11221:Environmental Health Perspectives
11169:Environmental Health Perspectives
10368:Brooks-Gunn J, Duncan GJ (1997).
8343:Rangel MA, Shi Y (January 2019).
7200:. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
7150:. Mรผnster: Lit-Verl. p. 24.
6764:The Spanish Journal of Psychology
6637:"Developmental Delay in Children"
5880:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
5495:Infant Behavior & Development
5442:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
5269:Infant Behavior & Development
4182:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA:
3579:. Cengage Learning. p. 398.
3531:"Conditioned emotional reactions"
3438:Boyd D, Wood SH, Wood EM (2010).
3239:Encyclopedia of Children's Health
2906:
2884:Psychoanalytic infant observation
2516:
2390:necessary for brain development.
196:The Ecology of Human Development,
12971:X-linked intellectual disability
12390:"The science of early childhood"
11787:
11757:
11727:
11678:
11650:
11628:
11613:
11585:
11565:
11548:
11499:
11405:
11399:Handbook of Infant Mental Health
11390:
11257:
11156:
11060:
11037:
11009:
10965:
10936:
10918:. In Taylor RD, Wang MC (eds.).
10869:
10854:
10839:
10824:
10788:
10750:
10715:
10701:10.1111/j.0013-0133.2005.00971.x
10676:
10627:
10496:
10425:
10326:
10232:
10183:
10142:
10101:
10062:
10059:Melbourne: Bookman Media Pty Ltd
10049:
10008:
9973:
9946:
9905:
9768:
9716:
9667:
9642:
9619:
9563:. London: Action Against Hunger.
9552:
9525:
9453:10.1097/00004703-199910000-00007
9432:
9389:
9343:
9300:
9257:
9208:
9186:10.1097/00004703-200002000-00004
9119:
9092:
9070:10.1097/00004703-199502000-00005
8995:
8946:
8911:
8683:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.01.013
8623:
8574:
8336:
8300:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
8287:
8251:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
8238:
8213:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00951.x
8188:
8007:
7956:
7907:
7858:
7809:
7758:
7691:
7640:
7625:
7599:Burgoon KJ, Le Poire AB (1993).
7592:
7301:Child and adolescent development
7230:
7164:
7139:
7124:
7099:
7074:
7049:
7024:
6931:
6896:
6882:"Separation Anxiety in Children"
6873:
6824:
6798:
6755:
6729:
6704:
6653:
6602:
6534:
6510:
6459:
6430:
6104:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01768.x
5530:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4835:Development across the life span
4545:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.013
4236:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
4036:Val Danilov, Igor (2023-02-17).
2936:. National Academies Press (US).
2797:
2783:
2583:
2540:including organophosphates, and
2140:and may elicit a generalized or
1850:
1738:
1555:Babble: undifferentiated sounds
1526:Sequential skills and milestones
990:
978:
436:Autonomy vs. shame (toddlerhood)
14580:Management of domestic violence
14426:Corporal punishment in the home
12800:Intermittent explosive disorder
12725:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
12103:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
11572:Hicks L, Stein M (March 2010).
10863:Building an Opportunity Society
10848:Building an Opportunity Society
10262:Consequences of growing up poor
8707:Infant Behavior and Development
7634:Essays in Developmental Science
6338:
6266:
6189:
6151:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
6138:
6079:
6028:
5987:
5927:
5844:
5819:
5805:. Springer Publishing Company.
5792:
5728:
5679:
5620:
5585:
5536:
5521:
5486:
5429:
5344:
5295:
5260:
5215:
5160:
5136:
5100:
5045:Brain Development and Cognition
4851:
4620:
4452:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.12.005
4300:
4272:
4190:
4117:
4062:
3902:
3863:
3848:
3815:
3749:
3723:
3699:
3669:
3645:Personality and personal growth
3636:
3593:
3522:
3499:
3464:
3339:Kozulin A, Vygotsky LS (2012).
3264:
3245:
3227:
3208:Huitt W, Hummel J (July 2003).
3201:
2561:Intrauterine growth restriction
2503:faecally-transmitted infections
2324:Malnutrition and Undernutrition
2073:
1750:Communicative language is both
1649:, the understanding of others'
1451:
1407:
1269:
1116:
1063:
1048:is usually defined in terms of
891:Growth spurt 11.25y (10yโ12.5y)
850:Physical aspects of development
478:behavioral model of development
404:
77:During this period, development
14737:National Fatherhood Initiative
13443:Dissociative identity disorder
12708:Adult personality and behavior
12058:Behavioral and Brain Functions
11794:Whalley P, Williams M (2015).
11771:. 18 July 2016. Archived from
11658:"Overview of Assessment Tools"
11602:. London. 2014. Archived from
11417:Center on the Developing Child
10987:10.1179/1465328111Y.0000000003
10975:Annals of Tropical Paediatrics
10601:The Journal of Human Resources
10208:10.1002/14651858.CD010205.pub2
10069:Bleichrodt N, Born MP (1994).
9680:Maternal & Child Nutrition
9309:Neurotoxicology and Teratology
9128:Neurotoxicology and Teratology
8016:Child Development Perspectives
7816:Marrus N, Hall L (July 2017).
7698:Leung AK, Kao CP (June 1999).
7532:. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
7196:Hopper R, Naremore RC (1973).
5832:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
5086:. Boston: Allyn & Bacons.
5047:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp.
4554:11858/00-001M-0000-002D-059A-1
4326:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304185
4216:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2302167
4110:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192
4055:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301156
3826:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
3793:. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.
3791:Handbook of individual therapy
3736:Introduction to Psychoanalysis
3302:Cole M, Vygotskiฤญ LS (1978) .
3078:
3035:
3007:
2940:
2225:post-traumatic stress disorder
2154:American Academy of Pediatrics
1946:developmental verbal dyspraxia
783:Typical pattern of habituation
762:preferential-looking technique
343:Cultural-historical psychology
318:Piaget's cognitive development
1:
14742:National Parents Organization
14467:Adverse childhood experiences
13959:
12444:Development of the human body
12173:10.1016/S0065-2407(09)03702-1
11836:National Institutes of Health
10890:10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00382
10168:10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70086-7
9329:10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00023-9
9233:10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81372-1
9148:10.1016/S0892-0362(96)00121-3
8152:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
7560:. USA: Longman Group Limited.
7299:Woolfolk A, Perry NE (2012).
7131:Aronoff M, Fudeman K (2011).
6952:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00042-4
6940:Social Science & Medicine
6365:10.1080/07303084.2018.1476940
6252:10.1016/s0167-9457(02)00172-0
6210:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00159-9
4143:10.3390/jintelligence10020021
4011:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80826-0
3992:Treisman A (September 1999).
3276:www.socialresearchmethods.net
2900:
2859:Developmental psychopathology
2536:Prenatal exposure to various
1938:auditory processing disorders
1696:
1468:
1080:
888:(pubic hair) 11y (8.5yโ13.5y)
826:
620:
458:
366:
14507:Effects of domestic violence
14149:Social emotional development
13847:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
13384:Generalized anxiety disorder
13117:Neurological and symptomatic
12762:Sexual relationship disorder
12359:Resources in other libraries
12097:Jolles DD, Crone EA (2012).
12027:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.040
11983:10.1371/journal.pone.0020726
11930:10.1371/journal.pone.0018993
11327:10.1016/0002-9378(92)91727-R
10922:. Routledge. pp. 7โ34.
9967:10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.001
8719:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.03.004
7605:Human Communication Research
6905:Child & Youth Care Forum
6679:10.3390/jintelligence7020011
6541:Brotherson SE (April 2005).
5882:. 2003-07-25. Archived from
5598:. American Epilepsy Society.
5507:10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.07.022
5281:10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.06.007
3643:Frager R, Fadiman J (2005).
2770:Triple P (Parenting Program)
2730:The Graded Care Profile Tool
2626:Knowledge's inclusion policy
2484:
2148:in immature newborn infants.
2026:Other aspects of development
1976:, and even the most minimum
1716:social interactionist theory
1437:seen between the two sexes.
1358:Social emotional development
696:Research questions include:
604:Continuity and discontinuity
350:zone of proximal development
231:and adaption occurs through
86:In the course of development
7:
14323:Identification (psychology)
13623:REM sleep behavior disorder
13092:Seasonal affective disorder
12890:Separation anxiety disorder
11878:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.06.002
10335:Annual Review of Psychology
8068:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.020
7932:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.029
7006:"The Four Language Systems"
6580:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.02.011
5637:10.1007/978-3-319-61121-1_8
4737:Identity: youth, and crisis
3857:Chaos: Making a New Science
3272:"Deduction & Induction"
2889:Child development in Africa
2854:Developmental psychobiology
2776:
2756:video feedback intervention
2666:Development focused methods
2608:Specifically, see talk page
2174:depression on development.
1982:auditory processing deficit
1385:separation anxiety disorder
1136:dorsolateral frontal cortex
764:was a breakthrough made by
692:Research issues and methods
433:Trust vs. mistrust (infant)
399:interpersonal relationships
332:
170:
21:Child Development (journal)
10:
14799:
14747:Parentโteacher association
14522:Parental abuse by children
14403:Positive Parenting Program
14353:Parent management training
14348:Normative social influence
13890:Symptoms and uncategorized
12991:developmental disabilities
12757:Sexual maturation disorder
11769:North East Autism =Society
11524:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.007
10774:10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.833
10724:Journal of Labor Economics
9837:10.1001/archpedi.157.6.593
8114:10.1080/016502500750037946
7865:Lang-Roth R (2014-12-01).
7784:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_162_19
7734:McLaughlin MR (May 2011).
7558:Language and Communication
7480:Hart B, Risley TR (1995).
7351:. Delhi: Prerna Parkashan.
7237:Hart B, Risley TR (1999).
6054:10.3390/healthcare10040616
5454:10.3758/s13423-019-01688-5
4407:10.1038/s42003-021-02319-3
4358:10.1038/s42003-023-05197-z
4293:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.012
3756:Tyson P, Tyson RL (1990).
3485:10.1177/019263658807250914
3409:. New York: Plenum Press.
3258:Introduction to Psychology
2983:10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.007
2967:"Mapping brain maturation"
2894:Child development in India
2752:Video interaction guidance
2574:
2555:
2272:
2243:
2239:
2166:
2085:
2034:
1444:
1362:
1355:
1196:Children with disabilities
922:Growth spurt 13y (11yโ15y)
919:(pubic hair) 12y (10yโ14y)
830:
801:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
665:Child playing with bubbles
635:
462:
408:
370:
336:
246:
206:
179:
18:
14732:National Childbirth Trust
14709:
14618:
14535:
14527:Stress in early childhood
14459:
14411:
14270:
14247:Taking children seriously
14167:
14079:Applied behavior analysis
14062:
13967:
13895:
13884:
13860:
13852:Simple-type schizophrenia
13829:
13821:Schizophreniform disorder
13798:
13777:
13773:
13752:
13705:
13687:
13656:
13633:
13587:
13554:
13550:
13539:
13461:
13428:
13376:
13319:
13310:
13291:
13287:
13266:
13232:
13199:Mild cognitive impairment
13184:CreutzfeldtโJakob disease
13164:
13126:
13122:
13111:
13082:Major depressive disorder
13035:
13021:
12987:Psychological development
12986:
12961:
12858:
12854:
12841:
12770:
12717:
12713:
12702:
12636:
12544:
12486:
12450:
12354:Resources in your library
12216:10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4
11703:10.1007/s10567-017-0250-5
11508:"Child Abuse and Neglect"
11456:10.1186/s12887-020-2015-4
11024:World Health Organisation
10155:The Journal of Pediatrics
9649:Chambers R (2 May 2012).
9221:The Journal of Pediatrics
9020:10.1080/14616730701453762
8971:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001
8312:10.1007/s10964-015-0351-8
8263:10.1007/s10964-016-0499-x
7920:The Journal of Pediatrics
7834:10.1016/j.chc.2017.03.001
7740:American Family Physician
7704:American Family Physician
7632:Ninio A, Snow EC (1996).
7451:10.1017/S0305000900013271
7439:Journal of Child Language
7416:10.1207/s15327817la0101_2
6917:10.1007/s10566-012-9180-z
6713:Structural Bioinformatics
6614:www.stanfordchildrens.org
6164:10.3389/fnhum.2021.645209
5994:Lang D (August 1, 2022).
5910:Merck Manual Professional
5741:. StatPearls Publishing.
5704:10.1007/s10803-016-2756-y
5222:Byers-Heinlein K (2014).
4741:. New York: W.W. Norton.
4598:10.1007/s10548-010-0147-9
3923:10.1080/10481881509348831
3711:courses.lumenlearning.com
3556:21.11116/0000-0001-9171-B
3085:Bronfenbrenner U (1979).
2864:Early childhood education
2657:Assessing and identifying
2507:environmental enteropathy
2501:. Prolonged exposure to
2246:Prenatal cocaine exposure
2030:
1816:sociolinguistic knowledge
863:
242:
202:
182:Ecological systems theory
14778:Developmental psychology
14388:The talk (sex education)
14099:Developmental psychology
13900:Impulse-control disorder
13816:Schizoaffective disorder
13811:Brief reactive psychosis
13508:Mass psychogenic illness
13471:Body dysmorphic disorder
13250:Post-concussion syndrome
12860:Emotional and behavioral
12116:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00076
11366:10.1136/jech-2011-200727
10943:Bowman B, Ray A (2012).
10762:Developmental Psychology
10652:10.1177/0002716217729471
10304:10.1136/jech.2010.121228
10076:. In Stanbury JB (ed.).
9918:The Journal of Nutrition
8819:10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.7
8807:Developmental Psychology
8633:British Medical Bulletin
8599:10.1177/1745506519844044
8501:10.1001/jama.285.12.1613
8146:Roselli CE (July 2018).
7666:10.3390/brainsci11050654
6711:Gu J, Bourne PE (2009).
6485:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00082
6438:"The Future of Children"
6302:Developmental Psychology
5935:"Stunting in a nutshell"
5667:(CDC). February 15, 2017
5122:10.1177/0016986215592193
4872:10.1177/0002716205277184
4710:Introducing Erik Erikson
4184:Harvard University Press
3911:Psychoanalytic Dialogues
3676:Felluga D (2012-12-11).
2928:Collins WA, ed. (1984).
2849:Developmental psychology
2824:Child development stages
2567:between the parents and
2343:Malnutrition during the
2318:autonomic nervous system
1760:communicative competence
1072:A child learning to walk
833:Child development stages
683:Asynchronous development
538:dynamical systems theory
531:
519:
486:Little Albert experiment
415:Psychosocial development
249:Child development stages
219:intellectual development
106:developmental psychology
14595:Parental responsibility
14555:Cost of raising a child
13837:Childhood schizophrenia
13189:Frontotemporal dementia
13146:High-functioning autism
12963:Intellectual disability
12247:Neuropsychopharmacology
10810:10.1111/1467-8624.00457
10482:10.1111/1467-8624.00089
9994:10.1542/peds.107.6.1381
9890:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602103
9655:Sanitation Learning Hub
8781:10.1111/1469-7610.00662
8746:10.1111/1469-7610.00784
8671:Early Human Development
8459:10.1111/1469-7610.00758
8370:10.1073/pnas.1812041116
6741:Open Education Resource
6666:Journal of Intelligence
6472:Frontiers in Psychology
6273:Bell S (14 June 2011).
6004:10.31274/isudp.2022.122
5973:10.1111/1467-8721.00042
5549:Neuropsychopharmacology
5378:10.1073/pnas.1113380109
4907:Neuropsychopharmacology
4130:Journal of Intelligence
2971:Trends in Neurosciences
2687:Starting the assessment
2130:stress response systems
2118:physiologic instability
2081:
2064:
2048:Evidence suggests that
1967:intellectual disability
1379:are normal symptoms of
1283:intellectual disability
1214:frequent ear infections
745:Infant research methods
735:cross-sectional studies
632:playing in a playground
256:(birth to about age 2)
13354:Specific social phobia
13245:Organic brain syndrome
13087:Melancholic depression
12848:Childhood and learning
12204:Neuropsychology Review
12071:10.1186/1744-9081-6-10
11783:– via vimeo.com.
11667:. 2015. Archived from
11642:. 2015. Archived from
11142:10.1006/enrs.2000.4106
11122:Environmental Research
11026:. 1987. Archived from
10447:10.1001/jama.272.4.277
10377:The Future of Children
10240:"Socioeconomic Status"
10127:10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1062
8553:10.1542/peds.2015-4271
8419:10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1885
7146:Peterwagner R (2005).
6240:Human Movement Science
6024:. Harcourt Assessment.
5320:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0346
5110:Gifted Child Quarterly
5043:. In Johnson M (ed.).
4395:Communications Biology
4346:Communications Biology
4307:Val Danilov I (2023).
4248:10.1098/rspb.2017.1682
4091:Val Danilov I (2023).
3732:"Definition: Fixation"
2763:The SafeCare programme
2708:Linking to stimulation
2435:educational attainment
2336:is a large problem in
2314:central nervous system
2252:maternal substance use
2158:
2150:
1996:Developmental Dyslexia
1913:Individual differences
1733:positive reinforcement
1718:, usage-based theory (
1428:Population differences
1338:Population differences
1323:Individual differences
1247:Cognitive/intellectual
1228:Population differences
1180:or conditions such as
1167:Individual differences
1073:
1036:as height more than 2
811:Ethical considerations
805:electroencephalography
784:
721:observational research
666:
633:
549:Beginning of cognition
482:classical conditioning
155:(ages 18 - 25 years).
151:(ages 10 - 25 years);
147:(ages 13 โ 19 years);
131:(ages 3 โ 11 months);
35:
14717:Families Need Fathers
14278:After-school activity
14202:Concerted cultivation
14197:Buddha-like parenting
14129:Nature versus nurture
14094:Cognitive development
13910:Psychomotor agitation
13700:and substance-related
13643:Postpartum depression
13523:Somatization disorder
13409:Acute stress reaction
13174:AIDS dementia complex
11423:on 12 September 2018.
11050:IDS Working Paper 450
9931:10.1093/jn/131.2.649S
9595:10.1093/nutrit/nuy068
9559:Dominguez EI (2017).
9410:10.1542/peds.98.5.938
9278:10.1542/peds.89.2.284
8056:Hormones and Behavior
6837:Developmental Science
5238:10.4135/9781483346441
4440:Biological Psychology
4004:(1): 105โ10, 111โ25.
3602:American Psychologist
2829:Child life specialist
2743:Intervention programs
2527:intelligence quotient
2448:enriching environment
2357:intelligence quotient
2260:cognitive development
2183:cognitive development
2169:Postpartum depression
2151:
2091:
1275:Cognitive development
1252:Cognitive development
1071:
782:
664:
638:Nature versus nurture
628:
597:Shared intentionality
592:Shared intentionality
587:Shared intentionality
583:Shared intentionality
568:Shared intentionality
143:(ages 5 โ 12 years);
127:(ages 0 โ 2 months);
29:
14575:Right to family life
14502:Dysfunctional family
14212:Free-range parenting
14187:Attachment parenting
14177:Achievement ideology
13905:KlรผverโBucy syndrome
13735:Substance dependence
13648:Postpartum psychosis
13194:Huntington's disease
12976:LujanโFryns syndrome
12825:Personality disorder
12259:10.1038/npp.2009.115
11812:Churchill G (2015).
11674:on 20 November 2015.
11646:on 21 November 2015.
11609:on 20 November 2015.
11056:on 13 December 2021.
11033:on 26 February 2015.
10689:The Economic Journal
7710:(11): 3121โ8, 3135.
7530:Language development
7404:Language Acquisition
7349:Education Psychology
7173:Language acquisition
7083:Language acquisition
7033:Language acquisition
6555:on 14 November 2014.
6442:futureofchildren.org
5886:on February 14, 2005
5561:10.1038/npp.2014.236
5190:How children develop
4919:10.1038/npp.2009.115
4671:Patterson C (2008).
4178:Tomasello M (2019).
3508:Psychologies of 1925
3341:Thought and Language
2954:. 23 September 2021.
2839:Clinical social work
2624:that may be against
2407:Socioeconomic status
2402:Socioeconomic status
2163:Postnatal depression
2142:exaggerated response
1952:Environmental causes
1874:improve this section
1447:Language development
1312:integrative learning
1178:developmental delays
1060:in early childhood.
1014:Mechanisms of change
731:longitudinal studies
502:operant conditioning
139:(ages 3 โ 4 years);
135:(ages 1 โ 2 years);
102:prenatal development
14590:Parental alienation
14517:Narcissistic parent
14441:Positive discipline
14262:Work at home parent
14242:Strict father model
14227:Nurturant parenting
14134:Parental investment
13969:Kinship terminology
13785:Delusional disorder
13730:Stimulant psychosis
13720:Physical dependence
13574:Rumination syndrome
13476:Conversion disorder
13453:Psychogenic amnesia
13303:with depressed mood
13301:Adjustment disorder
13204:Parkinson's disease
13179:Alzheimer's disease
13072:Atypical depression
12908:Social functioning
12783:Munchausen syndrome
12778:Factitious disorder
12408:on 30 January 2009.
12376:. 15 February 2022.
12370:"Child development"
12302:10.2214/AJR.08.2246
11974:2011PLoSO...620726F
11921:2011PLoSO...618993B
11845:on 10 October 2021.
11600:Action for Children
11555:Sullivan S (2000).
11282:10.1289/ehp.1003160
11233:10.1289/ehp.1003185
11181:10.1289/ehp.1002321
11134:2001ER.....85...69C
10947:. In Falk B (ed.).
10246:on 31 January 2019.
10097:on 30 January 2019.
10055:Reavley N. (1998).
9738:2014NYASA1308..118N
9686:(Suppl 1): 91โ105.
9321:1999NTxT...21..527C
9227:(5 Pt 1): 765โ771.
9140:1996NTxT...18..627R
8593:: 174550651984404.
8361:2019PNAS..116..484R
7982:10.2147/NDT.S331987
7012:on 13 December 2012
6892:on 6 November 2012.
6880:Robinson L (2012).
6810:HealthyChildren.org
6776:10.1017/sjp.2014.86
6568:Brain and Cognition
6275:"Flexibility diets"
5661:"Child Development"
5612:Aldridge J (2015).
5369:2012PNAS..109.3253B
5167:Goodwin CJ (2009).
5148:HealthyChildren.org
4833:Feldman RS (2011).
4733:Erikson EH (1968).
4499:10.1093/scan/nsy060
3870:Sameroff A (1983).
3738:. Purdue University
3372:Wertsch JV (1985).
3183:Shaffer DR (2009).
3127:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2714:developmental delay
2595:a different subject
2531:Manganese poisoning
2413:is more harmful on
2291:placental abruption
2179:depressive symptoms
1961:Neurological causes
1836:narrative discourse
1812:discourse knowledge
1655:expressive language
1603:50-word vocabulary
1595:10-word vocabulary
1536:Child Age in Months
1532:
1517:A child learns the
1222:learning disability
1110:executive functions
1038:standard deviations
942:Physical growth in
843:delayed development
508:. Skinner used the
316:The final stage of
305:inductive reasoning
192:Urie Bronfenbrenner
14636:T. Berry Brazelton
14373:Social integration
14109:Identity formation
13804:schizophrenia-like
13448:Dissociative fugue
12897:Movement disorders
12599:Emerging adulthood
12142:Mooney CG (2000).
11866:Brain and Language
10914:McLoyd VC (2013).
9746:10.1111/nyas.12330
9626:Scoones I (2015).
8645:10.1093/bmb/ldr047
8028:10.1111/cdep.12176
7133:What is Morphology
6849:10.1111/desc.12058
5774:Tanner JM (1990).
5144:"Newborn Reflexes"
4952:Infant Stimulation
4242:(1863): 20171682.
2363:Specific nutrients
2338:developing nations
2190:longitudinal study
2050:neonatal androgens
1978:hearing impairment
1647:receptive language
1530:
1381:separation anxiety
1174:primitive reflexes
1074:
817:ethical challenges
785:
717:Empirical research
667:
634:
579:Liepaja University
323:imaginary audience
311:Formal operations:
292:rational thinking.
176:Ecological systems
36:
14773:Child development
14760:
14759:
14570:Family disruption
14492:Cinderella effect
14472:Child abandonment
14446:Tactical ignoring
14343:Moral development
14222:Helicopter parent
14217:Gatekeeper parent
14182:Atlas personality
14159:Social psychology
14104:Human development
14089:Child development
14074:Attachment theory
13927:
13926:
13923:
13922:
13880:
13879:
13876:
13875:
13748:
13747:
13683:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13424:
13423:
13262:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13219:Vascular dementia
13141:Asperger syndrome
13107:
13106:
13017:
13016:
13013:
13012:
12951:Tourette syndrome
12837:
12836:
12833:
12832:
12657:
12656:
12521:Adult development
12499:Child development
12340:Child development
12335:Library resources
12182:978-0-12-374470-8
12155:978-1-884834-85-1
12148:. Redleaf Press.
11827:Slack KS (2006).
11775:on 22 August 2016
11620:Official Report.
11360:(11): 1005โ1010.
10958:978-0-8077-5310-1
10929:978-1-135-45262-9
10878:Child Development
10798:Child Development
10505:Child Development
10470:Child Development
10271:978-0-87154-143-7
10087:978-1-882345-03-8
10021:Nutrition Reviews
9692:10.1111/mcn.12258
9583:Nutrition Reviews
8877:Child Development
8846:10.1159/000081983
8495:(12): 1613โ1625.
8201:Child Development
8164:10.1111/jne.12562
7883:10.3205/cto000108
7746:(10): 1183โ1188.
7585:978-0-8391-1608-0
7539:978-0-495-50820-5
7491:978-1-55766-197-5
7310:978-1-292-04106-3
7268:978-1-55766-420-4
7198:Children's Speech
7182:978-0-674-50931-3
7117:978-3-11-018969-8
7092:978-0-674-50931-3
7067:978-0-521-28183-6
7042:978-0-674-50931-3
6722:978-0-470-18105-8
6396:Child Development
6092:Child Development
6020:Bayley N (2005).
5812:978-0-8261-5184-1
5646:978-3-319-61120-4
5247:978-1-4522-5876-8
5200:978-1-319-18456-8
5058:978-0-631-18222-1
4984:Child Development
4961:978-0-931562-15-0
4844:978-0-205-80591-4
4788:978-0-534-33977-7
4775:Mercer J (1998).
4748:978-0-393-31144-0
4719:978-0-8191-5788-1
4686:978-0-07-234795-1
4675:Child development
3970:978-0-205-61559-9
3959:Child development
3887:978-0-931562-07-5
3855:Gleick J (1987).
3833:978-0-585-03867-4
3800:978-0-7619-6943-3
3767:978-0-300-04578-9
3654:978-0-13-144451-5
3586:978-1-133-95809-3
3516:10.1037/11020-001
3449:978-0-205-00505-5
3416:978-0-306-45707-4
3383:978-0-521-33830-1
3350:978-0-262-51771-3
3317:978-0-674-57628-5
3194:978-0-495-60038-1
3134:978-1-4051-7601-9
3096:978-0-674-22456-8
2814:Attachment theory
2791:Psychology portal
2643:
2642:
2523:arsenic poisoning
2428:poverty threshold
2392:Iodine deficiency
2235:Maternal drug use
2104:but also because
1910:
1909:
1902:
1776:intersubjectivity
1728:universal grammar
1675:chocolate biscuit
1639:
1638:
1399:Speed and pattern
1390:The capacity for
1370:perceived threats
1307:Temporal learning
1301:Speed and pattern
1093:Speed and pattern
1046:failure to thrive
1005:Speed and pattern
940:
939:
739:randomized design
564:Michael Tomasello
381:and developed by
373:Attachment theory
262:object permanence
141:school-aged child
88:, the individual
39:Child development
14790:
14610:Shared parenting
14421:Blanket training
14413:Child discipline
14053:In loco parentis
14032:Shared parenting
13954:
13947:
13940:
13931:
13930:
13886:
13885:
13775:
13774:
13754:
13753:
13689:
13688:
13564:Anorexia nervosa
13552:
13551:
13541:
13540:
13518:Psychogenic pain
13486:Globus pharyngis
13334:Childhood phobia
13317:
13316:
13289:
13288:
13268:
13267:
13124:
13123:
13113:
13112:
13023:
13022:
12922:Selective mutism
12873:Conduct disorder
12856:
12855:
12843:
12842:
12820:Trichotillomania
12795:Gender dysphoria
12790:Fear of intimacy
12747:Sexual anhedonia
12715:
12714:
12704:
12703:
12691:Mental disorders
12684:
12677:
12670:
12661:
12660:
12637:Social and legal
12437:
12430:
12423:
12414:
12413:
12409:
12404:. Archived from
12397:
12385:
12377:
12323:
12313:
12296:(5): 1190โ1196.
12280:
12270:
12237:
12227:
12194:
12159:
12138:
12128:
12118:
12093:
12083:
12073:
12048:
12038:
12005:
11995:
11985:
11952:
11942:
11932:
11899:
11889:
11847:
11846:
11844:
11838:. Archived from
11833:
11824:
11818:
11817:
11809:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11761:
11755:
11754:
11752:
11750:
11731:
11725:
11724:
11714:
11682:
11676:
11675:
11673:
11662:
11654:
11648:
11647:
11632:
11626:
11625:
11617:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11597:
11589:
11583:
11582:
11580:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11552:
11546:
11545:
11535:
11503:
11497:
11496:
11488:
11479:
11478:
11468:
11458:
11434:
11425:
11424:
11409:
11403:
11402:
11394:
11388:
11387:
11377:
11345:
11339:
11338:
11321:(6): 1499โ1505.
11310:
11304:
11303:
11293:
11276:(8): 1196โ1201.
11261:
11255:
11254:
11244:
11227:(8): 1189โ1195.
11212:
11203:
11202:
11192:
11160:
11154:
11153:
11116:
11107:
11106:
11096:
11064:
11058:
11057:
11041:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11021:
11013:
11007:
11006:
10969:
10963:
10962:
10940:
10934:
10933:
10911:
10902:
10901:
10884:(6): 1844โ1867.
10873:
10867:
10866:
10858:
10852:
10851:
10843:
10837:
10836:
10828:
10822:
10821:
10804:(4): 1052โ1072.
10792:
10786:
10785:
10754:
10748:
10747:
10719:
10713:
10712:
10680:
10674:
10673:
10663:
10631:
10625:
10624:
10598:
10592:Ruhm CJ (2004).
10589:
10580:
10579:
10543:
10537:
10536:
10500:
10494:
10493:
10476:(5): 1231โ1245.
10465:
10459:
10458:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10420:
10419:
10413:
10407:. Archived from
10374:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10287:
10276:
10275:
10257:
10248:
10247:
10236:
10230:
10229:
10219:
10187:
10181:
10180:
10170:
10146:
10140:
10139:
10129:
10120:(6): 1062โ1071.
10105:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10090:. Archived from
10075:
10066:
10060:
10053:
10047:
10046:
10036:
10012:
10006:
10005:
9988:(6): 1381โ1386.
9977:
9971:
9970:
9950:
9944:
9943:
9933:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9892:
9868:
9859:
9858:
9848:
9816:
9810:
9809:
9784:(8): 1118โ1131.
9778:Neuropsychologia
9772:
9766:
9765:
9720:
9714:
9713:
9703:
9671:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9634:. Archived from
9623:
9617:
9616:
9606:
9574:
9565:
9564:
9556:
9550:
9549:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9512:
9502:
9478:
9465:
9464:
9436:
9430:
9429:
9393:
9387:
9386:
9381:
9347:
9341:
9340:
9304:
9298:
9297:
9261:
9255:
9254:
9244:
9212:
9206:
9205:
9169:
9160:
9159:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9096:
9090:
9089:
9053:
9042:
9041:
9031:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8982:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8926:(7): 1083โ1101.
8915:
8909:
8908:
8883:(4): 1089โ1096.
8872:
8866:
8865:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8802:
8793:
8792:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8666:
8657:
8656:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8610:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8547:(2): e20154271.
8532:
8523:
8522:
8512:
8480:
8471:
8470:
8442:
8431:
8430:
8413:(9): 1885โ1892.
8402:
8393:
8392:
8382:
8372:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8323:
8306:(6): 1141โ1155.
8291:
8285:
8284:
8274:
8257:(7): 1338โ1349.
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8223:. Archived from
8207:(5): 1129โ1141.
8192:
8186:
8185:
8175:
8143:
8134:
8133:
8097:
8088:
8087:
8051:
8040:
8039:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7994:
7984:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7943:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7894:
7862:
7856:
7855:
7845:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7796:
7786:
7777:(5): 1642โ1646.
7762:
7756:
7755:
7731:
7720:
7719:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7678:
7668:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7571:
7562:
7561:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7525:
7496:
7495:
7484:. P.H. Brookes.
7477:
7471:
7470:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7381:10.1037/a0032192
7364:
7353:
7352:
7344:
7315:
7314:
7296:
7273:
7272:
7254:
7243:
7242:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7222:Wood BS (1976).
7219:
7202:
7201:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6972:
6971:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6888:. Archived from
6877:
6871:
6870:
6860:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6743:. Lumen Learning
6733:
6727:
6726:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6641:Cleveland Clinic
6633:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6547:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6487:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6350:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6325:
6314:10.1037/a0014618
6293:
6287:
6286:
6285:on 28 June 2018.
6281:. Archived from
6270:
6264:
6263:
6235:
6222:
6221:
6204:(4): 1532โ1544.
6193:
6187:
6186:
6176:
6166:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6125:
6115:
6098:(4): 1229โ1244.
6083:
6077:
6076:
6066:
6056:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6017:
6008:
6007:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5771:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5715:
5698:(7): 2501โ2507.
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5609:
5600:
5599:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5465:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5418:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5380:
5363:(9): 3253โ3258.
5348:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5184:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5014:. Archived from
4981:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4930:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4830:
4793:
4792:
4772:
4761:
4760:
4740:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4708:Gross J (1987).
4705:
4699:
4698:
4678:
4668:
4631:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4586:Brain Topography
4581:
4575:
4574:
4556:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4313:OBM Neurobiology
4304:
4298:
4296:
4287:(6): 1291โ1294.
4276:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4203:OBM Neurobiology
4194:
4188:
4187:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4145:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4097:OBM Neurobiology
4088:
4073:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4042:OBM Neurobiology
4033:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3962:
3955:Berk LE (2009).
3952:
3943:
3942:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3859:. Penguin Books.
3852:
3846:
3845:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3614:10.1037/h0045185
3597:
3591:
3590:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3547:10.1037/h0069608
3526:
3520:
3519:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3309:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3180:
3147:
3146:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3031:on 20 June 2017.
3030:
3024:. Archived from
3019:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2916:
2913:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2622:excessive detail
2587:
2586:
2579:
2546:Organophosphates
2388:thyroid hormones
2287:low birth weight
2210:vocal intonation
2110:adverse sequelae
1931:speech therapist
1905:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1854:
1846:
1842:Causes of delays
1824:miscommunication
1533:
1529:
1459:sociolinguistics
1352:Social-emotional
1028:variations, the
994:
982:
861:
860:
821:informed consent
14798:
14797:
14793:
14792:
14791:
14789:
14788:
14787:
14763:
14762:
14761:
14756:
14705:
14686:Matthew Sanders
14641:Rudolf Dreikurs
14614:
14600:Parents' rights
14560:Deadbeat parent
14537:
14531:
14455:
14407:
14383:The talk (race)
14266:
14257:Tiger parenting
14163:
14058:
14007:Extended family
13963:
13958:
13928:
13919:
13891:
13872:
13856:
13825:
13803:
13794:
13769:
13744:
13701:
13698:substance abuse
13675:
13652:
13629:
13583:
13569:Bulimia nervosa
13546:
13527:
13503:Hypochondriasis
13498:False pregnancy
13481:Ganser syndrome
13463:Somatic symptom
13457:
13420:
13372:
13361:Specific phobia
13306:
13283:
13254:
13228:
13160:
13156:Savant syndrome
13128:Autism spectrum
13118:
13103:
13031:
13009:
12988:
12982:
12957:
12850:
12829:
12805:Dermatillomania
12766:
12752:Sexual anorexia
12709:
12698:
12688:
12658:
12653:
12649:Age of majority
12632:
12565:Early childhood
12540:
12487:Birth and after
12482:
12478:Gestational age
12446:
12441:
12400:
12388:
12380:
12368:
12365:
12364:
12363:
12343:
12342:
12338:
12331:
12326:
12183:
12156:
11855:
11853:Further reading
11850:
11842:
11831:
11825:
11821:
11810:
11806:
11798:
11792:
11788:
11778:
11776:
11763:
11762:
11758:
11748:
11746:
11733:
11732:
11728:
11683:
11679:
11671:
11660:
11656:
11655:
11651:
11634:
11633:
11629:
11619:
11618:
11614:
11606:
11595:
11591:
11590:
11586:
11578:
11570:
11566:
11553:
11549:
11504:
11500:
11489:
11482:
11435:
11428:
11411:
11410:
11406:
11395:
11391:
11346:
11342:
11311:
11307:
11262:
11258:
11213:
11206:
11161:
11157:
11117:
11110:
11085:10.21106/ijma.8
11065:
11061:
11042:
11038:
11030:
11019:
11015:
11014:
11010:
10970:
10966:
10959:
10941:
10937:
10930:
10912:
10905:
10874:
10870:
10859:
10855:
10844:
10840:
10829:
10825:
10793:
10789:
10755:
10751:
10720:
10716:
10681:
10677:
10632:
10628:
10613:10.2307/3559009
10596:
10590:
10583:
10560:10.2307/2786675
10544:
10540:
10517:10.2307/1125882
10501:
10497:
10466:
10462:
10430:
10426:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10389:10.2307/1602387
10372:
10366:
10362:
10331:
10327:
10288:
10279:
10272:
10258:
10251:
10238:
10237:
10233:
10202:(4): CD010205.
10188:
10184:
10147:
10143:
10106:
10102:
10094:
10088:
10073:
10067:
10063:
10054:
10050:
10013:
10009:
9978:
9974:
9951:
9947:
9910:
9906:
9869:
9862:
9817:
9813:
9773:
9769:
9721:
9717:
9672:
9668:
9659:
9657:
9647:
9643:
9624:
9620:
9575:
9568:
9557:
9553:
9530:
9526:
9479:
9468:
9437:
9433:
9394:
9390:
9379:
9348:
9344:
9305:
9301:
9262:
9258:
9213:
9209:
9170:
9163:
9124:
9120:
9097:
9093:
9054:
9045:
9000:
8996:
8951:
8947:
8916:
8912:
8889:10.2307/1130275
8873:
8869:
8834:Psychopathology
8830:
8826:
8803:
8796:
8765:
8761:
8730:
8726:
8702:
8698:
8667:
8660:
8628:
8624:
8579:
8575:
8565:
8563:
8533:
8526:
8481:
8474:
8443:
8434:
8403:
8396:
8341:
8337:
8292:
8288:
8243:
8239:
8230:
8228:
8193:
8189:
8144:
8137:
8098:
8091:
8052:
8043:
8012:
8008:
7961:
7957:
7912:
7908:
7863:
7859:
7814:
7810:
7763:
7759:
7732:
7723:
7696:
7692:
7645:
7641:
7630:
7626:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7572:
7565:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7528:Hoff E (2009).
7526:
7499:
7492:
7478:
7474:
7435:
7431:
7400:
7396:
7365:
7356:
7347:Pal BK (2011).
7345:
7318:
7311:
7297:
7276:
7269:
7257:Hart B (1999).
7255:
7246:
7235:
7231:
7220:
7205:
7194:
7190:
7183:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7144:
7140:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7056:Lass R (1984).
7054:
7050:
7043:
7029:
7025:
7015:
7013:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6975:
6936:
6932:
6901:
6897:
6878:
6874:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6760:
6756:
6746:
6744:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6709:
6705:
6658:
6654:
6645:
6643:
6635:
6634:
6627:
6618:
6616:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6564:
6560:
6552:
6545:
6539:
6535:
6526:
6524:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6464:
6460:
6451:
6449:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6408:10.2307/1132267
6402:(5): 1299โ312.
6392:
6388:
6343:
6339:
6294:
6290:
6271:
6267:
6246:(5โ6): 621โ39.
6236:
6225:
6194:
6190:
6143:
6139:
6084:
6080:
6033:
6029:
6018:
6011:
5992:
5988:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5919:
5917:
5902:
5898:
5889:
5887:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5860:
5858:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5836:
5834:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5772:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5733:
5729:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5625:
5621:
5610:
5603:
5590:
5586:
5541:
5537:
5526:
5522:
5491:
5487:
5434:
5430:
5419:
5412:
5349:
5345:
5308:Biology Letters
5300:
5296:
5265:
5261:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5220:
5216:
5201:
5185:
5176:
5165:
5161:
5152:
5150:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5080:Berk L (2005).
5078:
5074:
5059:
5037:
5033:
5024:
5022:
5018:
4996:10.2307/1130197
4979:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4948:
4944:
4899:
4895:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4831:
4796:
4789:
4773:
4764:
4749:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4706:
4702:
4687:
4669:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4582:
4578:
4528:
4524:
4479:
4475:
4436:
4432:
4387:
4383:
4338:
4334:
4305:
4301:
4277:
4273:
4228:
4224:
4195:
4191:
4176:
4169:
4122:
4118:
4089:
4076:
4067:
4063:
4034:
4027:
3990:
3986:
3971:
3953:
3946:
3907:
3903:
3888:
3868:
3864:
3853:
3849:
3834:
3820:
3816:
3801:
3787:
3783:
3768:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3739:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3670:
3655:
3641:
3637:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3571:
3564:
3527:
3523:
3504:
3500:
3479:(509): 95โ100.
3469:
3465:
3450:
3436:
3432:
3417:
3403:
3399:
3384:
3370:
3366:
3351:
3337:
3333:
3318:
3300:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3250:
3246:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3181:
3150:
3135:
3121:
3112:
3097:
3083:
3079:
3056:10.2307/1602366
3040:
3036:
3028:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2963:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2844:Critical period
2803:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2745:
2727:
2725:Measuring tools
2710:
2689:
2668:
2659:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2612:Please help by
2611:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2558:
2519:
2487:
2475:parenting style
2404:
2396:Zinc deficiency
2369:low iron levels
2365:
2345:first 1000 days
2326:
2289:, prematurity,
2275:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2221:psychopathology
2214:cortisol levels
2171:
2165:
2146:noxious stimuli
2098:preterm infants
2096:, particularly
2090:
2084:
2076:
2067:
2042:Gender identity
2039:
2037:Gender identity
2033:
2028:
1963:
1954:
1915:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1871:
1855:
1844:
1780:joint attention
1741:
1699:
1539:Language Skill
1528:
1471:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1430:
1410:
1401:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1340:
1325:
1303:
1272:
1256:problem-solving
1249:
1244:
1230:
1198:
1169:
1128:parietal cortex
1119:
1095:
1083:
1066:
1025:
1016:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
987:
986:
983:
974:
973:
857:
855:Physical growth
852:
835:
829:
813:
766:Robert L. Fantz
747:
694:
685:
640:
623:
606:
556:binding problem
551:
534:
522:
510:operant chamber
506:verbal behavior
494:behavior theory
467:
461:
417:
409:Main articles:
407:
375:
369:
345:
337:Main articles:
335:
268:Preoperational:
251:
245:
215:
207:Main articles:
205:
184:
178:
173:
69:early childhood
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14796:
14786:
14785:
14780:
14775:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14727:Mothers' Union
14724:
14719:
14713:
14711:
14707:
14706:
14704:
14703:
14701:Benjamin Spock
14698:
14693:
14688:
14683:
14681:Penelope Leach
14678:
14676:Annette Lareau
14673:
14668:
14666:Alan E. Kazdin
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14626:Mary Ainsworth
14622:
14620:
14616:
14615:
14613:
14612:
14607:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14552:
14547:
14541:
14539:
14538:social aspects
14533:
14532:
14530:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14514:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14484:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14463:
14461:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14417:
14415:
14409:
14408:
14406:
14405:
14400:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14303:Dishabituation
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14274:
14272:
14268:
14267:
14265:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14232:Slow parenting
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14173:
14171:
14165:
14164:
14162:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14070:
14068:
14063:Theories
14060:
14059:
14057:
14056:
14049:
14044:
14042:Blended family
14039:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14022:Nuclear family
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13973:
13971:
13965:
13964:
13957:
13956:
13949:
13942:
13934:
13925:
13924:
13921:
13920:
13918:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13896:
13893:
13892:
13882:
13881:
13878:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13870:
13864:
13862:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13833:
13831:
13827:
13826:
13824:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13807:
13805:
13796:
13795:
13793:
13792:
13787:
13781:
13779:
13771:
13770:
13750:
13749:
13746:
13745:
13743:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13725:Rebound effect
13722:
13717:
13712:
13706:
13703:
13702:
13685:
13684:
13681:
13680:
13677:
13676:
13674:
13673:
13668:
13666:Hypersexuality
13662:
13660:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13650:
13645:
13639:
13637:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13627:
13626:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13605:
13600:
13594:
13592:
13585:
13584:
13582:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13560:
13558:
13548:
13547:
13537:
13536:
13533:
13532:
13529:
13528:
13526:
13525:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13494:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13473:
13467:
13465:
13459:
13458:
13456:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13434:
13432:
13426:
13425:
13422:
13421:
13419:
13418:
13417:
13416:
13411:
13401:
13399:Panic disorder
13396:
13391:
13386:
13380:
13378:
13374:
13373:
13371:
13370:
13369:
13368:
13366:Claustrophobia
13358:
13357:
13356:
13351:
13349:Anthropophobia
13341:
13339:Social anxiety
13336:
13331:
13325:
13323:
13314:
13308:
13307:
13305:
13304:
13297:
13295:
13285:
13284:
13264:
13263:
13260:
13259:
13256:
13255:
13253:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13236:
13234:
13230:
13229:
13227:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13209:Pick's disease
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13170:
13168:
13162:
13161:
13159:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13132:
13130:
13120:
13119:
13109:
13108:
13105:
13104:
13102:
13101:
13096:
13095:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13074:
13064:
13063:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13036:
13033:
13032:
13019:
13018:
13015:
13014:
13011:
13010:
13008:
13007:
13002:
12996:
12994:
12984:
12983:
12981:
12980:
12979:
12978:
12967:
12965:
12959:
12958:
12956:
12955:
12954:
12953:
12943:
12942:
12941:
12936:
12926:
12925:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12906:
12905:
12904:
12894:
12893:
12892:
12882:
12881:
12880:
12870:
12864:
12862:
12852:
12851:
12839:
12838:
12835:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12786:
12785:
12774:
12772:
12768:
12767:
12765:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12743:
12742:
12737:
12727:
12721:
12719:
12711:
12710:
12700:
12699:
12695:Classification
12687:
12686:
12679:
12672:
12664:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12651:
12646:
12640:
12638:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12630:
12625:
12624:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12603:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12589:Preadolescence
12581:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12577:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12548:
12546:
12542:
12541:
12539:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12517:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12496:
12490:
12488:
12484:
12483:
12481:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12454:
12452:
12448:
12447:
12440:
12439:
12432:
12425:
12417:
12411:
12410:
12398:
12386:
12384:. 3 June 2024.
12378:
12362:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12345:
12344:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12329:External links
12327:
12325:
12324:
12281:
12253:(1): 147โ168.
12238:
12210:(4): 327โ348.
12195:
12181:
12160:
12154:
12139:
12094:
12049:
12021:(5): 728โ734.
12006:
11953:
11900:
11872:(2): 115โ125.
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11848:
11819:
11804:
11786:
11756:
11745:on 3 June 2016
11726:
11697:(2): 171โ202.
11677:
11649:
11627:
11612:
11584:
11564:
11547:
11518:(9): 637โ644.
11498:
11480:
11443:BMC Pediatrics
11426:
11404:
11389:
11340:
11305:
11256:
11204:
11175:(1): 138โ143.
11155:
11108:
11059:
11036:
11008:
10981:(3): 205โ212.
10964:
10957:
10935:
10928:
10903:
10868:
10853:
10838:
10823:
10787:
10768:(6): 833โ850.
10749:
10736:10.1086/345563
10730:(2): 409โ448.
10714:
10695:(501): 29โ47.
10675:
10626:
10607:(1): 155โ192.
10581:
10538:
10511:(2): 215โ228.
10495:
10460:
10441:(4): 277โ283.
10424:
10360:
10325:
10298:(8): 716โ722.
10277:
10270:
10249:
10231:
10182:
10161:(6): 689โ697.
10141:
10100:
10086:
10061:
10057:Vitamins, etc.
10048:
10027:(8): 295โ306.
10007:
9972:
9961:(2): 141โ149.
9945:
9904:
9883:(4): 618โ620.
9860:
9831:(6): 593โ600.
9811:
9767:
9732:(1): 118โ128.
9715:
9666:
9641:
9638:on 2021-12-13.
9618:
9589:(4): 240โ253.
9566:
9551:
9540:(4): 262โ272.
9524:
9500:10.1.1.290.287
9466:
9447:(5): 325โ334.
9431:
9404:(5): 938โ943.
9388:
9359:(4): 384โ394.
9342:
9315:(5): 527โ537.
9299:
9272:(2): 284โ289.
9256:
9207:
9161:
9134:(6): 627โ634.
9118:
9107:(3): 396โ402.
9091:
9043:
9014:(3): 187โ205.
8994:
8965:(3): 665โ686.
8945:
8910:
8867:
8840:(6): 272โ280.
8824:
8794:
8775:(6): 747โ757.
8759:
8740:(7): 871โ889.
8724:
8713:(4): 407โ417.
8696:
8677:(8): 651โ655.
8658:
8622:
8587:Women's Health
8573:
8524:
8472:
8453:(5): 623โ636.
8432:
8394:
8355:(2): 484โ489.
8335:
8286:
8237:
8187:
8135:
8108:(4): 398โ406.
8089:
8062:(2): 288โ297.
8041:
8022:(3): 155โ160.
8006:
7955:
7906:
7857:
7828:(3): 539โ554.
7808:
7757:
7721:
7690:
7653:Brain Sciences
7639:
7624:
7591:
7584:
7563:
7545:
7538:
7497:
7490:
7472:
7429:
7394:
7375:(1): 340โ350.
7354:
7316:
7309:
7274:
7267:
7244:
7229:
7203:
7188:
7181:
7163:
7157:978-3825884871
7156:
7138:
7123:
7116:
7098:
7091:
7073:
7066:
7048:
7041:
7023:
6997:
6973:
6946:(2): 363โ374.
6930:
6911:(5): 493โ508.
6895:
6872:
6843:(6): 864โ878.
6823:
6797:
6754:
6728:
6721:
6703:
6652:
6625:
6601:
6574:(1): 106โ114.
6558:
6533:
6522:www.cde.ca.gov
6509:
6458:
6429:
6386:
6337:
6308:(1): 129โ138.
6288:
6279:livestrong.com
6265:
6223:
6188:
6137:
6078:
6027:
6009:
5986:
5967:(6): 178โ182.
5951:
5926:
5896:
5867:
5843:
5818:
5811:
5791:
5785:978-0674306929
5784:
5776:Fetus into Man
5759:
5727:
5678:
5652:
5645:
5619:
5601:
5584:
5535:
5520:
5501:(4): 697โ704.
5485:
5428:
5410:
5343:
5314:(5): 725โ728.
5294:
5275:(4): 505โ511.
5259:
5246:
5214:
5199:
5174:
5159:
5135:
5116:(4): 283โ298.
5099:
5093:978-0205511389
5092:
5072:
5057:
5031:
4990:(3): 539โ559.
4967:
4960:
4942:
4913:(1): 147โ168.
4893:
4850:
4843:
4794:
4787:
4762:
4747:
4725:
4718:
4700:
4685:
4632:
4619:
4592:(3): 243โ256.
4576:
4522:
4493:(8): 841โ849.
4473:
4430:
4381:
4332:
4299:
4271:
4222:
4189:
4167:
4116:
4074:
4061:
4025:
3984:
3969:
3944:
3917:(2): 255โ283.
3901:
3886:
3862:
3847:
3832:
3814:
3799:
3781:
3766:
3748:
3722:
3698:
3668:
3653:
3635:
3608:(8): 503โ515.
3592:
3585:
3562:
3521:
3498:
3473:NASSP Bulletin
3463:
3448:
3430:
3415:
3397:
3382:
3364:
3349:
3331:
3316:
3287:
3263:
3244:
3226:
3200:
3193:
3148:
3133:
3110:
3095:
3077:
3050:(5): 658โ666.
3034:
3006:
2977:(3): 148โ159.
2957:
2939:
2930:"Introduction"
2917:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:Biology portal
2794:
2778:
2775:
2744:
2741:
2726:
2723:
2709:
2706:
2688:
2685:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2641:
2640:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2557:
2554:
2550:working memory
2518:
2517:Toxin exposure
2515:
2486:
2483:
2423:lead poisoning
2403:
2400:
2367:The effect of
2364:
2361:
2325:
2322:
2308:drug, such as
2274:
2271:
2244:Main article:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2167:Main article:
2164:
2161:
2088:Pain in babies
2086:Main article:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2035:Main article:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2008:writing system
1974:language delay
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1923:language delay
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1740:
1737:
1698:
1695:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1482:
1470:
1467:
1453:
1450:
1445:Main article:
1442:
1439:
1429:
1426:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1364:
1361:
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1324:
1321:
1302:
1299:
1271:
1268:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1229:
1226:
1200:Children with
1197:
1194:
1186:cerebral palsy
1168:
1165:
1124:frontal cortex
1118:
1115:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1065:
1062:
1054:stunted growth
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
996:
989:
988:
984:
977:
976:
975:
971:
970:
969:
968:
938:
937:
936:
935:
932:
929:
923:
920:
914:
906:
905:
904:
901:
898:
892:
889:
883:
874:
873:
870:
866:
865:
856:
853:
851:
848:
828:
825:
812:
809:
755:sucking reflex
746:
743:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
693:
690:
684:
681:
622:
619:
605:
602:
572:Intentionality
550:
547:
533:
530:
521:
518:
470:John B. Watson
463:Main article:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
424:"psychosocial"
406:
403:
383:Mary Ainsworth
371:Main article:
368:
365:
334:
331:
327:personal fable
254:Sensory Motor:
247:Main article:
244:
241:
204:
201:
180:Main article:
177:
174:
172:
169:
73:preadolescence
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14795:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14770:
14768:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14714:
14712:
14710:Organizations
14708:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14696:B. F. Skinner
14694:
14692:
14691:William Sears
14689:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14661:Thomas Gordon
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14617:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14550:Child support
14548:
14546:
14545:Child custody
14543:
14542:
14540:
14534:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14487:Child neglect
14485:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14468:
14465:
14464:
14462:
14458:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14418:
14416:
14414:
14410:
14404:
14401:
14398:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14363:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14318:Homeschooling
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14275:
14273:
14269:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14174:
14172:
14170:
14166:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14154:Socialization
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14139:Paternal bond
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14124:Maternal bond
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14061:
14055:
14054:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14037:Single parent
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13997:Alloparenting
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13974:
13972:
13970:
13966:
13962:
13955:
13950:
13948:
13943:
13941:
13936:
13935:
13932:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13897:
13894:
13887:
13883:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13863:
13859:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13834:
13832:
13830:Schizophrenia
13828:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13808:
13806:
13801:
13797:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13782:
13780:
13776:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13760:
13759:Schizophrenia
13755:
13751:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13710:Drug overdose
13708:
13707:
13704:
13699:
13695:
13690:
13686:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13663:
13661:
13659:
13658:Sexual desire
13655:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13636:
13632:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13610:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13586:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13561:
13559:
13557:
13553:
13549:
13542:
13538:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
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13344:Social phobia
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11968:(6): e20726.
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8264:
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8252:
8248:
8241:
8227:on 2022-03-08
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7975:: 2367โ2377.
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6886:helpguide.org
6883:
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6812:. August 2009
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6119:
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5955:
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5916:on 2012-11-29
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3733:
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3708:
3702:
3688:on 2012-12-11
3687:
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3016:
3010:
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2847:
2845:
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2837:
2835:
2834:Child prodigy
2832:
2830:
2827:
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2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2795:
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2722:
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2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:child neglect
2637:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:spousal abuse
2562:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2468:single-parent
2463:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2450:to be put in
2449:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2431:
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2424:
2418:
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2408:
2399:
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2299:
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2288:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2232:
2230:
2229:dysregulation
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:somatosensory
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:sign language
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1904:
1901:
1893:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1859:This section
1857:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:bootstrapping
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1744:Communication
1739:Communication
1736:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:bootstrapping
1694:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
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1590:
1586:
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1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1359:
1349:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1239:
1236:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Down syndrome
1193:
1191:
1190:down syndrome
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:basal ganglia
1129:
1125:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:short stature
1031:
1020:
1011:
993:
981:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
908:
907:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
876:
875:
871:
868:
867:
862:
859:
847:
844:
839:
834:
824:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
797:
794:
793:dishabituated
790:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
758:
756:
751:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
726:correlational
722:
718:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
697:
689:
680:
677:
676:Down syndrome
671:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
639:
631:
627:
618:
616:
610:
601:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
559:
557:
546:
542:
539:
529:
526:
525:Sigmund Freud
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:William James
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
425:
421:
416:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:psychological
384:
380:
374:
364:
361:
357:
355:
351:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
319:
314:
312:
308:
306:
300:
298:
294:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
271:
269:
265:
263:
257:
255:
250:
240:
238:
237:accommodation
234:
230:
225:
220:
214:
210:
200:
197:
193:
189:
188:human ecology
183:
168:
164:
162:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:psychological
44:
41:involves the
40:
33:
28:
22:
14646:David Elkind
14497:Codependency
14482:Child labour
14338:Latchkey kid
14328:Introjection
14114:Introjection
14088:
14064:
14051:
14017:Noncustodial
13790:Folie ร deux
13715:Intoxication
13696:substances,
13694:Psychoactive
13613:Night terror
13430:Dissociative
13394:Panic attack
12946:Tic disorder
12616:Middle adult
12551:Early years
12498:
12451:Before birth
12406:the original
12393:
12373:
12349:Online books
12339:
12293:
12289:
12250:
12246:
12207:
12203:
12164:
12144:
12106:
12102:
12061:
12057:
12018:
12014:
11965:
11961:
11912:
11908:
11869:
11865:
11840:the original
11835:
11822:
11807:
11789:
11777:. Retrieved
11773:the original
11768:
11759:
11747:. Retrieved
11743:the original
11738:
11729:
11694:
11690:
11680:
11669:the original
11664:
11652:
11644:the original
11639:
11630:
11621:
11615:
11604:the original
11599:
11587:
11574:
11567:
11557:
11550:
11515:
11511:
11501:
11492:
11446:
11442:
11421:the original
11416:
11407:
11398:
11392:
11357:
11353:
11343:
11318:
11314:
11308:
11273:
11269:
11259:
11224:
11220:
11172:
11168:
11158:
11128:(2): 69โ76.
11125:
11121:
11079:(1): 73โ82.
11076:
11072:
11062:
11054:the original
11049:
11039:
11028:the original
11023:
11011:
10978:
10974:
10967:
10948:
10938:
10919:
10881:
10877:
10871:
10862:
10856:
10847:
10841:
10832:
10826:
10801:
10797:
10790:
10765:
10761:
10752:
10727:
10723:
10717:
10692:
10688:
10678:
10646:(1): 59โ84.
10643:
10639:
10629:
10604:
10600:
10551:
10548:JAMA Surgery
10547:
10541:
10508:
10504:
10498:
10473:
10469:
10463:
10438:
10434:
10427:
10416:. Retrieved
10409:the original
10383:(2): 55โ71.
10380:
10376:
10363:
10338:
10334:
10328:
10295:
10291:
10261:
10244:the original
10234:
10199:
10195:
10185:
10158:
10154:
10144:
10117:
10113:
10103:
10092:the original
10077:
10064:
10056:
10051:
10024:
10020:
10010:
9985:
9981:
9975:
9958:
9955:Intelligence
9954:
9948:
9921:
9917:
9907:
9880:
9876:
9828:
9824:
9814:
9781:
9777:
9770:
9729:
9725:
9718:
9683:
9679:
9669:
9658:. Retrieved
9654:
9644:
9636:the original
9631:
9621:
9586:
9582:
9560:
9554:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9493:(1): 57โ70.
9490:
9486:
9444:
9440:
9434:
9401:
9397:
9391:
9356:
9352:
9345:
9312:
9308:
9302:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9224:
9220:
9210:
9180:(1): 19โ26.
9177:
9173:
9131:
9127:
9121:
9104:
9100:
9094:
9064:(1): 29โ35.
9061:
9057:
9011:
9007:
8997:
8962:
8958:
8948:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8837:
8833:
8827:
8810:
8806:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8737:
8733:
8727:
8710:
8706:
8699:
8674:
8670:
8639:(1): 57โ79.
8636:
8632:
8625:
8590:
8586:
8576:
8564:. Retrieved
8544:
8540:
8492:
8488:
8450:
8446:
8410:
8406:
8352:
8348:
8338:
8303:
8299:
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6826:
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6814:. Retrieved
6809:
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5938:
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5914:the original
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5904:Palumbo EJ.
5899:
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5884:the original
5870:
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5835:. Retrieved
5831:
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5669:. Retrieved
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3686:the original
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3021:
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2680:pediatrician
2677:
2669:
2662:nurturance?
2660:
2644:
2631:
2614:spinning off
2607:
2599:undue weight
2592:
2569:sexual abuse
2559:
2542:chlorpyrifos
2535:
2520:
2505:, including
2488:
2479:
2472:
2464:
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2444:
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2334:Malnutrition
2327:
2303:
2301:regulation.
2295:
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2257:
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2207:
2203:
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2187:
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2172:
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2092:
2077:
2074:Risk factors
2068:
2059:
2054:Testosterone
2047:
2040:
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1994:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1942:hearing loss
1935:
1927:
1916:
1896:
1887:
1872:Please help
1860:
1830:to an equal
1828:
1820:
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1773:
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1663:
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1640:
1579:First words
1516:
1508:
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1455:
1431:
1422:
1418:social rules
1411:
1402:
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1374:
1366:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1304:
1273:
1250:
1235:articulation
1231:
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1170:
1156:frontal lobe
1153:
1144:
1140:motor cortex
1120:
1096:
1087:Motor skills
1084:
1075:
1064:Motor skills
1058:malnutrition
1026:
1017:
1008:
941:
858:
840:
836:
815:Most of the
814:
798:
786:
773:Eye tracking
771:
759:
752:
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695:
686:
672:
668:
645:
641:
611:
607:
576:
560:
552:
543:
535:
523:
498:B.F. Skinner
468:
428:
418:
411:Erik Erikson
405:Erik Erikson
391:evolutionary
376:
362:
358:
346:
339:Lev Vygotsky
315:
310:
309:
301:
296:
295:
280:pretend play
272:
267:
266:
258:
253:
252:
236:
233:assimilation
232:
224:Epistemology
216:
195:
185:
165:
157:
121:
114:
63:
38:
37:
14656:Haim Ginott
14631:John Bowlby
14477:Child abuse
14397:educational
14313:Habituation
14298:Co-sleeping
14084:Behaviorism
14012:Foster care
14002:Coparenting
13763:schizotypal
13598:Hypersomnia
13588:Nonorganic
13329:Agoraphobia
13060:Cyclothymia
13055:Bipolar NOS
13030:(affective)
12902:Stereotypic
12810:Kleptomania
12621:Elder adult
12611:Young adult
12594:Adolescence
12458:Development
10683:Berger LM,
10341:: 371โ399.
8813:(1): 7โ14.
8566:8 September
7926:: 229โ236.
7410:(1): 3โ55.
5939:www.who.int
5856:MedicineNet
5826:Graber EG.
4539:: 425โ436.
4319:(4): 1โ17.
4209:(2): 1โ20.
4103:(4): 1โ17.
3730:Felluga D.
3541:(1): 1โ14.
2819:Birth order
2651:child abuse
2597:, or place
2267:cocaine use
2134:Nociceptive
1832:temperament
1330:life skills
952:proportions
789:habituation
536:The use of
514:Skinner box
474:behaviorism
395:ethological
379:John Bowlby
284:egocentrism
276:mental math
209:Jean Piaget
153:college age
149:adolescence
137:preschooler
55:adolescence
14767:Categories
14671:Truby King
14565:Disownment
14378:Television
14368:Role model
14293:Child care
14271:Techniques
14237:Soccer mom
14207:Enmeshment
14144:Pediatrics
13915:Stereotypy
13778:Delusional
13767:delusional
13740:Withdrawal
13608:Parasomnia
13513:Nosophobia
13293:Adjustment
13281:somatoform
13214:Sundowning
13067:Depression
13050:Bipolar II
12939:Stuttering
12934:Cluttering
12730:Paraphilia
12531:Senescence
11779:31 October
11749:31 October
11449:(1): 113.
10554:(2): 119.
10418:2012-12-06
9982:Pediatrics
9660:2021-12-13
9398:Pediatrics
9266:Pediatrics
9101:Pediatrics
8541:Pediatrics
8231:2020-10-18
7659:(5): 654.
6646:2023-04-13
6619:2023-04-13
6527:2024-01-09
6452:2016-05-05
6198:NeuroImage
6047:(4): 616.
6041:Healthcare
5920:2010-03-23
5890:2009-01-13
5861:2020-11-14
5837:2020-11-14
5738:StatPearls
5253:2022-05-08
5209:1137233012
5153:2017-01-24
5025:2012-08-04
4533:NeuroImage
4401:(1): 816.
4352:(1): 832.
4048:(1): 156.
3742:2020-12-08
3716:2020-12-08
3692:2020-12-08
3281:2017-01-24
2901:References
2618:relocating
2538:pesticides
2491:Giardiasis
2452:child care
2439:occupation
2349:sanitation
1808:pragmatics
1686:linguistic
1645:A child's
1571:Imitation
1502:Pragmatics
1498:formation.
1495:Morphology
1469:Components
1452:Mechanisms
1414:attachment
1408:Mechanisms
1270:Mechanisms
1117:Mechanisms
1081:Definition
1040:below the
926:Spermarche
911:Gonadarche
831:See also:
827:Milestones
652:plasticity
648:plasticity
636:See also:
621:Mechanisms
459:Behavioral
367:Attachment
354:pat-a-cake
161:Child-care
117:maturation
110:pediatrics
43:biological
14783:Childhood
14605:Paternity
14536:Legal and
14436:Grounding
14333:Kommune 1
14308:Education
14283:Allowance
14192:Baby talk
14047:Surrogacy
13961:Parenting
13868:Catatonia
13800:Psychosis
13635:Postnatal
13618:Nightmare
13224:Wandering
13077:Dysthymia
13045:Bipolar I
13000:Pervasive
12815:Pyromania
12740:Voyeurism
12735:Fetishism
12606:Adulthood
12570:Childhood
11816:(Report).
11413:"Neglect"
10744:222330144
9495:CiteSeerX
9365:121200190
9294:245214695
8130:143918530
8122:0165-0254
8036:1750-8592
7877:: Doc05.
7611:: 67โ96.
7424:144713838
6925:144031333
6747:3 October
6672:(2): 11.
6381:150213725
6373:0730-3084
5981:143942008
5480:209407243
5130:146380252
4866:: 86โ98.
4757:750885788
4695:179102376
4446:: 54โ62.
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3979:232605723
3931:1048-1885
3622:1935-990X
3493:144082864
3458:660087952
3425:312913751
3392:715955821
3359:768728899
3223:(2): 1โ5.
3143:620124946
2634:July 2023
2499:morbidity
2495:helminths
2485:Parasites
2460:breastfed
2433:Parental
2377:deficient
2298:marijuana
2296:Prenatal
2138:gestation
2020:echolalia
1999:as early
1890:July 2023
1861:does not
1803:develop.
1756:nonverbal
1720:Tomasello
1511:semantics
1489:morphemes
1478:Phonology
1295:cognition
1287:nutrition
1218:hypotonia
948:full term
880:Thelarche
297:Concrete:
288:intuitive
65:Childhood
51:emotional
14651:Jo Frost
14585:Marriage
14451:Time-out
14027:Orphaned
13992:Adoptive
13603:Insomnia
13273:Neurotic
13240:Delirium
13166:Dementia
13005:Specific
12320:19380541
12277:19794405
12234:21042938
12191:19673160
12135:22509161
12090:20181076
12045:20826305
12002:21695183
11962:PLOS ONE
11949:21573058
11909:PLOS ONE
11896:20656105
11721:29204796
11542:30196867
11475:32145740
11384:22493459
11300:21507777
11251:21507776
11199:20855239
11150:11161656
11103:27621960
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10818:12146733
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10709:80026676
10670:29563643
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10533:13427072
10490:10546342
10355:11752490
10320:24683428
10312:21507894
10226:32266964
10177:10586170
10136:12036814
10043:15478684
10002:11389261
9940:11160596
9899:15688080
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9710:27187910
9613:30753710
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9519:22003423
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9426:34639176
9337:10492387
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9194:10706345
9038:18007959
8989:19486844
8862:21040790
8854:15539778
8789:11039687
8754:11693583
8691:22361258
8653:22130907
8617:31035856
8561:26810788
8519:11268270
8467:11464967
8389:30598440
8330:26369349
8281:27189721
8221:16999787
8182:29211317
8084:23056757
8076:23998673
8001:36268264
7950:33482219
7901:25587365
7852:28577608
7803:31198730
7752:21568252
7716:10392594
7685:34067874
7467:35724493
7389:23506084
6968:30233756
6960:12473321
6867:24118713
6792:39470102
6784:26055068
6698:31162390
6596:20708124
6588:21463915
6504:24600414
6332:20053012
6260:12620715
6218:12948709
6183:34079444
6132:22537276
6073:35455794
5747:32965902
5722:26936159
5579:25195638
5515:22982268
5472:31848908
5405:22331874
5387:41506937
5338:22696289
5289:25009957
5171:. Wiley.
5067:25874371
4937:19794405
4888:20315503
4880:25046112
4606:20480221
4563:28284802
4517:30060130
4468:46859640
4460:29292232
4425:34188170
4376:37563301
4367:10415255
4266:28931743
4162:35466234
4020:10677031
3842:42854628
3809:50279223
3776:21197269
3663:57168823
3630:51796099
3072:16391572
3001:16472876
2874:Pedagogy
2777:See also
2766:health.
2673:thriving
2511:stunting
2330:stunting
2281:Smoking
2116:include
2114:sequelae
2112:. These
2005:alphabet
1768:gestures
1697:Theories
1463:literacy
1377:tantrums
1345:IQ tests
1264:language
1032:defines
917:Pubarche
895:Menarche
886:Pubarche
656:hormones
333:Vygotsky
325:and the
171:Theories
98:genetics
94:autonomy
14619:Experts
14395: (
14360: (
14288:Bedtime
14252:Theybie
13312:Anxiety
13151:PDD-NOS
13040:Bipolar
12693: (
12560:Toddler
12514:Puberty
12311:2791163
12268:3055433
12225:2989000
12126:3321411
12081:2830993
12036:3285464
11993:3113799
11970:Bibcode
11940:3090390
11917:Bibcode
11887:2962416
11739:YouTube
11712:5899109
11533:6615750
11466:7060650
11375:3731065
11335:1471654
11291:3237355
11242:3237357
11190:3018493
11130:Bibcode
11094:4948163
11003:4667351
10758:Hill JL
10661:5857959
10621:3559009
10568:2786675
10525:1125882
10455:8028140
10405:9299837
10397:1602387
10217:7140593
9846:3975917
9806:2114185
9734:Bibcode
9701:5084825
9604:6394759
9510:3188826
9418:8909489
9383:5556914
9373:1516296
9317:Bibcode
9286:1370867
9251:7513757
9242:4181569
9156:8947939
9136:Bibcode
9113:7689727
9078:7730454
9029:2078523
8980:2690512
8940:8245134
8905:3168616
8897:1130275
8608:6492376
8510:2504866
8427:7282613
8380:6329961
8357:Bibcode
8321:5407464
8272:5192560
8173:6677266
7992:9578461
7941:8085057
7892:4273166
7843:5801738
7794:6559061
7676:8156743
7459:2010501
7016:5 March
6858:4129944
6770:: E80.
6689:6630280
6495:3927078
6424:9839417
6416:1132267
6323:2805173
6174:8165195
6123:3399936
6064:9026807
5713:4903886
5570:4262916
5463:7000485
5396:3295309
5365:Bibcode
5329:3440980
5049:319โ322
5012:3038480
5004:1130197
4928:3055433
4614:3488268
4571:3807834
4508:6123517
4416:8242020
4257:5627217
4153:9036231
3939:1327081
3896:8689673
3326:3517053
3105:4515541
3064:1602366
2992:3113697
2575:Neglect
2411:poverty
2381:anaemic
2353:hygiene
2283:tobacco
2240:Cocaine
2102:ethical
2001:reading
1882:removed
1867:sources
1797:grammar
1724:Skinner
1659:grammar
1505:others.
1485:Lexicon
1435:puberty
1392:empathy
1363:Factors
1279:genetic
1210:talking
1148:t-tests
1105:walking
964:neonate
962:of the
944:stature
803:(MRI),
420:Erikson
385:, is a
229:schemas
133:toddler
125:newborn
82:puberty
59:society
14512:Incest
14431:Curfew
14169:Styles
13987:Father
13982:Mother
13977:Parent
13556:Eating
13404:Stress
13321:Phobia
13277:stress
13136:Autism
12929:Speech
12718:Sexual
12555:Infant
12545:Phases
12526:Ageing
12504:Stages
12468:Embryo
12463:Zygote
12337:about
12318:
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