330:(more commonly known as tooth decay or cavities) is the most common chronic childhood disease. The transition from breastfeeding or bottle feeding can be a challenging time for both parent and infant. Importantly, it represents a time where the risk for development of dental caries begins with the eruption of the first baby teeth. Transition from breastfeeding/bottle-feeding usually coincides with the introduction of solid foods that may contain substances (i.e. sugars & other carbohydrates) that can cause dental caries. The consumption of cow's milk and other non-breast milk beverages (i.e. juices) at 6 weeks to 12 months of age significantly contributes to dental caries at 5 years. There is a relationship between prolonged and inappropriate bottle use and increase in dental caries and as such, it is recommended that infants be encouraged to drink from a cup by their first birthday and be weaned from the bottle by 12–14 months of age. Breastfeeding cessation is dependent upon the infant and mother. Pacifier may be used as a means of soothing or distracting the infant. Due to the risk for dental caries, dipping pacifiers in sweetened liquids (i.e. sugar water, juice etc.) is discouraged.
248:(crib death) is an unexplained death occurring in an infant who is one year of age or younger. Most deaths occur when the infant is sleeping. Breastfeeding helps reduce the risk of SIDS when done exclusively for any length of time. It is recommended to breastfeed the infant from birth to 6 months exclusively to decrease the risk of SIDS by 50%. Diarrhea and upper respiratory illnesses, both linked to a higher risk of SIDS, occur less frequently for infants who are breastfed when compared to babies that are not breastfed, thus reducing the risk. Also, breast milk provides necessary nutrition for the infant's brain to develop. This allows the brain of the baby to mature quickly enough so that he or she will have the response to gasp for air when needed. Lastly, breastfed babies tend to sleep for shorter periods at a time and awaken more easily. Research has shown that babies who sleep shorter and awaken from their sleep easily tend to have a lower risk of SIDS. Conclusively, most incidences happen when the infant is asleep, so it is important to exclusively breastfeed in order to reduce the incidence of SIDS.
381:
Comparing the mortality and morbidity rates from Maasai and other places, Maasai has higher statistics for both. This could be the result of the lack of information on the WHO recommendations for infant and child feeding. However, another study was done in
Zimbabwe related to infant breastfeeding as well. This study has shown the factors that weigh against the idea of exclusive breastfeeding. Zimbabwe has fecal conduction due to bad living conditions such as poor water sanitation, and hydration. The Sanitation of Hygiene Nutrition Efficiency conducted two base trials in two districts to optimize the nutritional values of infants and to improve these conditions for child feeding. They observed household characteristics and social interactions which they then compared to how the child responds. These trials will help to hypothesize and explain the public health problems of the children. Overall, there has been a spark of interest and enthusiasm on the topic of infant nutrition, that will hopefully result in change. A change for more support towards infant nutrition and the nutritional will benefit children.
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41:, immunity, intelligence, and dental development. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusively feeding an infant breast milk for the first six months of life and continuing for one year or longer as desired by infant and mother, and states that formula is an "acceptable substitute". Historically, breastfeeding infants was the only option for nutrition otherwise the infant would perish. Breastfeeding is rarely contraindicated, but is not recommended for mothers being treated for cancer, those with active tuberculosis, HIV, substance abuse, or leukemia. Clinicians can be consulted to determine what the best source of infant nutrition is for each baby.
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breastfed infants. Early on, infants may not signal when they are hungry, so parents are taught to feed the infant every three hours during the day and every four hours during the night, even if waking the infant is required. The feedings will last 30–40 minutes in the beginning, or 15–20 minutes per breast if breastfeeding. As the infant matures, the feeding times shorten. Feeding often is important to promote normal growth and development, and maintain milk production in mothers who are breastfeeding.
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because the gastrointestinal tract has matured. Solids can be digested more easily, and allergic responses are less likely. The infant has begun teething by now, which will aid in chewing of solid food. Another milestone that the infant may have reached by now is properly supporting and turning their head. They may do this to express a dislike in certain foods. The infant has also developed enough to participate in feedings by grasping bottles and pieces of food to feed themselves.
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that are breastfed for six months versus infants who were only breast fed for one month have a higher intelligence score. Those children tend to have a higher intelligence score in the third and fifth grades. Their intelligence scores are also higher at the age of 15 years. Breastfeeding aids in the development of cognitive maturity which leads to a higher intelligence. However, this only correlated to those children who were exclusively breastfed by their mothers as infants.
50:
372:(UNICEF). In 1990, these organizations pushed to protect and promote "breast milk is the best food for infants". This value still holds true today. Factors leading to increased breastfeeding rates recently include facilities encouraging mothers to have skin-to-skin contact with the infant after birth, cultivating the initiation of breastfeeding; and facilities encouraging rooming-in, where the mother can watch for feeding cues with the infant staying in her room.
78:, it must be iron-enriched. An infant that receives exclusively breast milk for the first six months rarely needs additional vitamins or minerals. However, vitamins D and B12 may be needed if the breastfeeding mother does not have a proper intake of these vitamins. In fact, the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests all infants, breastfed or not, take a vitamin D supplement within the first days of life to prevent vitamin D deficiency or
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was made, it promoted the use of bottles, partly due to breasts receiving a sexual connotation during this time. With the promotion of formula, the long fight for breastfeeding took a dive. Organizations that took notice came together to promote breastfeeding once again, they included
Natural Childbirth Movement, Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative launched by WHO, and
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establish an emotional connection. The nutritional value was still not fully understood, but it was believed that through suckling, the infant gained not only energy, but also the characteristics and personality of whoever they fed from. It was suggested that infants be breastfed as long as possible, and many were until two to three years of age.
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an infant is exposed to a variety of flavors early on, they are less likely to be picky eaters later. Another study confirmed a decrease in obesity at ages two years and four years if the infant is exclusively breastfed for at least the first four months. Breast milk feeding is considered to have high nutritional value and a low risk of obesity.
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iron-enriched infant formula are not recommended. These substitutes, such as milk, juice, and water do not possess what the infant needs to grow and develop, cannot be digested correctly, and have a high risk of being contaminated. Water is acceptable only for mixing infant formula. Honey also must be avoided because there is a high risk of
294:
aiding the baby in passing their first stool, building a strong immune system, providing a great number of vitamins and protein, and prevents low blood sugar in babies. Overall, the sticky, thick, yellow liquid called colostrum has many benefits for a newborn baby which can be only provided to the baby through breastfeeding.
261:, a substance to help break down the fat to aid in digestion. This leads to infants passing softer stools, so constipation is rare in breastfed infants. Human milk also allows beneficial bacteria to grow in the infant's intestines, which protects the mucosal barrier of the infant's stomach. This prevents harmful
208:
Breastfed infants are at a lower risk for acquiring iron-deficiency anemia. Infants that only consume cow's milk become deficient in iron and are 50% more likely to lose blood in their stool. If the infant is allergic to cow's milk, it causes inflammation of the digestive system, resulting in chronic
182:
When beginning solids it is important that the infant starts consuming solids with iron. Infants store iron from the womb and by 6 months of age it has depleted from their body. Iron-fortified infant cereal has traditionally been the first solid introduced due to its high iron content. Cereals can be
178:
Solid foods should be introduced from six months onward. Salt, sugar, processed meat, juices, and canned foods should be avoided. Breast milk or infant formula continues to be the primary source of nutrition during these months, in addition to solid foods. Solid food can be introduced during this age
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Breast milk also contains much more protein than cow's milk. It contains 60% protein whereas cow's milk contains only 40% protein. Protein is very important for infants because they need more protein per pound than adults do. For the first few months of their life, this protein must come from breast
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is a great source of nutrition for a newborn baby, it is a thick yellow fluid that the mother produces first after birth. It has valuable nutrition that aids the baby with building immunity because it helps destroy disease-causing viruses. Other benefits of colostrum include: prevention of jaundice,
228:
When an infant is breastfed, they are exposed to a variety of flavors due to the mother's changing diet and breast milk. A study showed that later in life breastfed children are more likely to eat a variety of healthy foods; this happens because food preferences are ingrained early in life. So, when
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Parents generally want their child to be as smart as possible and to excel in school. Breastfeeding an infant can increase their intelligence throughout life. Mothers who exclusively breastfed their child have a higher chance of increasing their child's intelligence. Studies have shown that infants
114:
The frequency of breastfeeding varies amongst each mother-infant pair. Contributing factors are the age, weight, maturity, stomach capacity, and gastric emptying of the infant; as well as the storage capacity the mother has of breast milk. Typically, feedings occur eight to twelve times per day for
367:
Continuing on into the 19th century, scientists were relating high rates of mortality and undernourishment to the lack of infants being breastfed. At last, breastfeeding was seen as the best and only option for infant nutrition before six months. However, in 1847, when the first commercial formula
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and introducing solid food before the baby turned six months were now opposed, and mortality rates decreased once accepting the value of breastfeeding. Those that continued to feed their infants substitutes like cereals, cow's milk, and broths too early, led to the infant's development of scurvy,
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from harming the infant's intestinal lining. The infant's digestive mucosa is unable to produce antibodies until they are about four to six months old, which makes the infant susceptible to many infections. However, breast milk provides the antibodies needed for the infant to stay protected until
132:
Newborns typically consume half an ounce for the first 2 days after birth but will gradually increase to 1 or 3 ounces until 2 weeks after birth. They will begin to drink 2 to 3 ounces. You should expect to feed the baby every 8 to 12 times per day in a 24 hours span. Newborns will need to be fed
101:
It is important to know that some foods are restricted for infants. For example, whether breast- or bottle-fed, infants do not need additional fluids during the first four months of life. Excessive intake of extra fluids or supplements can have harmful effects. Fluids besides human breast milk or
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There are different beliefs and misconceptions pertaining to infant nutrition specifically the topic of breastfeeding among young people and different tribal groups. Studies have been done to inform people with more factual evidence related to the pros and cons of infant nutrition. For instance,
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Breastfeeding, prehistorically, was the only way infants were nourished. There was no acceptable substitute for human milk for a long time. In 1 AD, philosophers were discovering the importance of breast milk versus any substitute. It was concluded that breastfeeding helped the mother and infant
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from the mother to the infant. This means that antibodies for common childhood diseases like diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, and rubella are passed onto the infant naturally, if the mother was immunized for these diseases in her lifetime. The infant is then protected for about 3 months, just
199:
Each year in the U.S. roughly 27% of infants and children are affected by disease. Breastfeeding can lower the risk of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other potentially life-threatening diseases. It offers protection against obesity and diabetes later in life, too. Breast milk is proven to be
225:. Diabetes is a serious health problem where the body does not use insulin correctly. This diagnosis can cause many complications of the skin, eyes, feet, nervous system, heart, and kidneys. Therefore, it is important to prevent diabetes when possible, because it goes hand-in-hand with obesity.
57:
Proper infant nutrition demands providing essential substances that support normal growth, functioning, development, and resistance to infections and diseases. Optimal nutrition can be achieved by the expectant mother making the decision to breastfeed or bottle-feed the infant before birth and
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with children ranging in age from newborn to six months believe a mixture of both breast milk and other semi-solid supplements can be a more beneficial, nutritious meal for the child. A deeper study was further conducted proving the above statement to not be in the best interest of the child.
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Solid foods should not be introduced until four to six months of age. This is delayed because the infant is not able to digest solid foods properly. Infants are born with a reflex to suck milk in, they do not have the ability to push food away. So, if solids are given, it is considered forced
200:
chemically different for each mother and infant pair. For example, a premature infant's mother will have different milk than a mature infant's mother. Breast milk can also change if an infection is detected in the infant. This natural prevention is tailored toward each infant.
302:, meaning it prevents the growth of harmful bacteria. Without this protein, the baby cannot produce the immunity that its body desperately needs, resulting in a higher risk of disease and malnutrition. Breast milk provides the best source of protein for an infant.
1322:
The
Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial Team; Humphrey, J. H.; Jones, A. D.; Manges, A.; Mangwadu, G.; Maluccio, J. A.; Mbuya, M. N.; Moulton, L. H.; Ntozini, R.; Prendergast, A. J.; Stoltzfus, R. J.; Tielsch, J. M. (2015-11-24).
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Breast milk is important for the infant's digestive system. It is the best substance to give, especially over cow's milk. Infants cannot properly digest fats, which cow's milk is full of. Breast milk contains a lot of fat, too, but it also contains
183:
made of rice, barley, or oatmeal. However, there is increasing suggestion that iron-rich whole foods, such as meat and legumes, might be a better choice than iron-fortified processed foods such as manufactured rice cereals.
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It was not until 16 centuries later that the importance of breast milk was truly understood. In 1748, in the book "An Essay upon
Nursing, and the Management of Children, from Their Birth to Three Years of Age" by Cadogan,
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Breastfed infants tend to have lower incidence of obesity later in life. Breast milk leads to a slower weight gain in early infancy, and is protective against child obesity and development of
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that is a first line of defense to protect the digestive tract of the infant. This immunoglobulin is much higher in infants that are breastfed than in infants that were infant formula-fed.
865:
Moss, Brian G.; Yeaton, William H. (2013-09-22). "Early
Childhood Healthy and Obese Weight Status: Potentially Protective Benefits of Breastfeeding and Delaying Solid Foods".
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Foremilk (left) has a higher water content and a lower fat content to satisfy thirst. Hindmilk (right) has a lower water content and a higher fat content to satisfy hunger.
359:, and prevention of illnesses of mothers and children. Also, it was believed that a bond was established if the mother breastfed her child from the hour it was born.
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blood loss and decreased absorption of iron. This is why infant formula must be iron-enriched if breastfeeding is not possible. Breast milk naturally contains
213:, an iron binding protein that allows better iron absorption and digestion. Allowing the baby to absorb more iron leads to a better gut health of the infant.
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82:. Exclusively breastfed infants will also require an iron supplement after four months, because the iron is not enough at this point from the breast milk.
1279:
Edwards, Roger A.; Philipp, Barbara L. (2010). "Using
Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) Survey Results as a Catalyst for Change".
1398:
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Boutwell, Brian B.; Young, Jacob T. N.; Meldrum, Ryan C. (August 2018). "On the positive relationship between breastfeeding & intelligence".
686:
2018:
917:
800:"Duration of exclusive breastfeeding may be related to eating behaviour and dietary intake in obesity prone normal weight young children"
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Lowdermilk, Deitra
Leonard; Perry, Shannon E.; Cashion, Mary Catherine; Alden, Kathryn Rhodes; Olshansky, Ellen Frances (2015-01-14).
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milk or infant formula, it cannot come from cow's milk. One specific protein that breast milk has is lactoferrin, which is
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Nainar, S. M. Hashim; Mohummed, Shamsia (2004). "Role of Infant
Feeding Practices on the Dental Health of Children".
482:
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Vennemann, M.M.; Bajanowski, T.; Brinkmann, B.; Jorch, G.; Yucesan, K.; Sauerland, C.; Mitchell, E.A. (2009-03-01).
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Infant and Young Child
Feeding: Model Chapter for Textbooks for Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals
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currently recommend feeding infants only breast milk for the first six months of life. If the baby is being fed
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Specht, Ina Olmer; Rohde, Jeanett Friis; Olsen, Nanna Julie; Heitmann, Berit
Lilienthal (2018-07-11).
2003:
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2013:
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1230:"Maternal perceptions of breastfeeding and infant nutrition among a select group of Maasai women"
1325:"The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial: Rationale, Design, and Methods"
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Infant formula may be used instead of or in addition to breast milk due to lifestyle choices,
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Another immunoglobulin breast milk provides to the infant is known as IgG. IgG provides
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enough time to protect them until they receive their first immunizations at 2 months.
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aids in preventing anemia, obesity, and sudden infant death syndrome; and it promotes
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31:. Infants are usually introduced to solid foods at around four to six months of age.
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Babies at 2 months of age will begin to drink 4 to 5 ounces every 3 to 4 hours.
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throughout the night until their stomach can hold in more liquid and nutrition.
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they are able to produce their own antibodies. Breast milk also stimulates a
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Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Digestive Endoscopy
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967:"Does Breastfeeding Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?"
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Dietrich Leurer, Marie; Petrucka, Pammla; Msafiri, Manjale (2019).
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was recognized as a substance responsible for the elimination of
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98:, they may turn to soy based formulas or lactose-free formulas.
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Louis-Roland Trinquesse Young woman breastfeeding her child 1777
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1021:"What is SIDS and how can breastfeeding reduce my baby's risk?"
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94:, or other issues that prevent breastfeeding. If a child has a
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551:"Infant formulas - overview: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
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A 4 month old baby should drink 4-6 ounces every 4 hours.
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Formula (left bottle) and pumped breastmilk (right bottle)
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rickets, gastrointestinal problems, and kidney stones.
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A 6 month old should drink 6-8 ounces every 4–5 hours.
370:
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
1179:
Baker, Susan; Cochran, William; Greer, Frank (2001).
1071:"The Importance of Protein in Infants & Toddlers"
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270:, which results in the production of IgA. IgA is an
1181:"The use and misuse of fruit juice in pediatrics"
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477:(10th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
286:From Colostrum to Breastmilk. (Days after birth)
44:
740:
473:Hockenberry, Marilyn J.; Wilson, David (2015).
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606:"How Often and How Much Should Your Baby Eat?"
233:Preventing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
1902:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
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27:provides the best nutrition when compared to
1046:"Colostrum: Superfood for Your Newborn Baby"
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174:Baby girl getting her first spoonful of rice
704:"Chronic Illness and our Children's Health"
475:Wong's nursing care of infants and children
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922:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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575:"The physiological basis of breastfeeding"
419:(11th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
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741:Hegar, Badriul; Vandenplas, Yvan (2018).
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743:"Breastfeeding for Gut Infant Health"
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519:"Breastfeeding through the centuries"
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581:, World Health Organization, 2009
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58:preparing for chosen decision.
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187:Health benefits of breast milk
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1:
1447:Breastfeeding and medications
779:American Diabetes Association
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45:Infant nutrition requirements
2009:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
1630:Infant cognitive development
1527:Neonatal intensive care unit
1329:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1234:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
825:10.1371/journal.pone.0200388
710:. 2015-07-17. Archived from
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1933:Supplemental nursing system
687:"Infant Feeding Guidelines"
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152:
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19:is the practice of feeding
10:
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1685:Prenatal development table
1625:Irritant diaper dermatitis
1281:Journal of Human Lactation
1142:10.1177/000992280404300202
641:(4): 333–334. April 2007.
252:Promoting digestive health
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2004:Prenatal cocaine exposure
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1792:Infant care and equipment
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1709:Socialization and Culture
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1620:Infant visual development
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1487:Infant and toddler safety
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1247:10.1186/s12884-018-2165-7
918:"Diet and Micronutrients"
879:10.1007/s10995-013-1357-z
517:Milankov, Olgica (2018).
68:World Health Organization
2014:Parental child abduction
1537:Oral rehydration therapy
1293:10.1177/0890334410371212
1100:Developmental Psychology
334:History of breastfeeding
2019:Parental responsibility
1532:Newborn care and safety
1198:10.1542/peds.107.5.1210
1763:Grandparent visitation
1335:(suppl 7): S685–S702.
983:10.1542/peds.2008-2145
376:mothers surveyed from
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314:Promoting intelligence
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1522:Infant sleep training
760:10.24871/191201842-46
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323:Promoting oral health
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1680:Prenatal development
1580:Attachment parenting
1554:Shaken baby syndrome
647:10.1093/pch/12.4.333
536:10.2298/mpns1806151m
161:Six to twelve months
1994:Infant ear piercing
1130:Clinical Pediatrics
816:2018PLoSO..1300388S
610:HealthyChildren.org
96:lactose intolerance
62:Birth to six months
1502:Infant food safety
1341:10.1093/cid/civ844
1112:10.1037/dev0000537
916:CDC (2023-04-04).
763:– via EBSCO.
523:Medicinski Pregled
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278:Promoting immunity
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217:Preventing obesity
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2057:Nutrition by type
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1655:Object permanence
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1191:(5): 1210–1213.
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1106:(8): 1426–1433.
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1073:. Archived from
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873:(5): 1224–1232.
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547:
541:
540:
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529:(5–6): 151–156.
514:
497:
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470:
439:
438:
412:
307:passive immunity
39:digestive health
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:Paternity fraud
1984:Closed adoption
1957:
1913:Infant clothing
1888:Haberman Feeder
1858:Car seat safety
1787:
1768:Infant swimming
1746:UN Child rights
1704:
1615:Gestational age
1568:
1411:
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810:(7): e0200388.
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775:"Complications"
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223:type 2 diabetes
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166:Starting solids
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92:low milk supply
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2024:Parenting plan
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1512:Infant massage
1509:
1507:Infant formula
1504:
1499:
1497:Infant feeding
1494:
1492:Infant bathing
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
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1457:Bottle feeding
1454:
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1434:
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1412:
1410:and their care
1404:
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1396:
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1373:
1372:
1314:
1287:(4): 399–404.
1271:
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1117:
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1025:Lactation Link
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946:kidshealth.org
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76:infant formula
70:(WHO) and the
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29:infant formula
17:Infant feeding
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2:
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1650:Nursery rhyme
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Kangaroo care
1638:
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1635:Infant crying
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35:Breastfeeding
32:
30:
26:
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1962:Other topics
1901:
1868:Cradle board
1863:Cloth diaper
1823:Baby shampoo
1809:Baby monitor
1799:Baby bouncer
1753:Circumcision
1600:Birth defect
1496:
1482:Immunization
1432:Birth weight
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1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1052:. 2015-09-11
1049:
1040:
1029:. Retrieved
1027:. 2017-05-29
1024:
1015:
974:
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945:
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925:. Retrieved
921:
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782:. Retrieved
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707:
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609:
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558:. Retrieved
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2072:Breast milk
1974:Babywearing
1969:Baby shower
1943:Swim diaper
1833:Baby walker
1818:Baby powder
1758:Foster care
1726:Child abuse
1721:Babysitting
1573:Development
1559:Soy formula
1437:Breast pump
211:lactoferrin
119:Solid foods
25:Breast milk
2062:Pediatrics
2051:Categories
1953:Travel cot
1898:Infant bed
1893:High chair
1883:Baby wipes
1878:Diaper bag
1843:Baby swing
1731:Child care
1716:Attachment
1605:Childbirth
1467:Cradle cap
1418:Pediatrics
1185:Pediatrics
1081:2018-11-15
1056:2018-11-15
1031:2018-11-15
971:Pediatrics
951:2018-11-15
927:2023-10-25
784:2018-11-17
718:2018-11-14
616:2020-02-26
585:2023-11-08
560:2020-02-26
397:References
361:Wet-nurses
268:microbiota
124:feeding.
2029:Paternity
1938:Swaddling
1804:Baby gate
1783:Wet nurse
1773:Milk bank
1665:Parenting
1590:Baby talk
1542:Pedialyte
1472:Esotropia
1427:Baby food
1349:1058-4838
1207:1098-4275
1150:0009-9228
991:0031-4005
887:1092-7875
834:1932-6203
753:: 42–46.
655:1205-7088
493:844724099
435:896806709
353:colostrum
291:Colostrum
263:pathogens
1989:Cry room
1928:Stroller
1918:Pacifier
1853:Bassinet
1828:Baby toy
1690:Teething
1670:Peekaboo
1610:Crawling
1595:Babbling
1416:Health (
1367:26602296
1309:40620574
1301:20876345
1266:30616549
1240:(1): 8.
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1166:29405361
1158:15024436
1007:14792631
999:19254976
903:19203449
895:24057991
852:29995949
804:PLOS ONE
673:19030384
385:See also
357:meconium
153:6 months
145:4 months
137:2 months
104:botulism
2067:Infancy
1948:Teether
1923:Playpen
1700:Weaning
1695:Walking
1408:Infants
1358:4657589
1257:6323693
843:6040730
812:Bibcode
664:2528681
128:Newborn
80:rickets
21:infants
1873:Diaper
1660:Parent
1645:Mother
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259:lipase
1778:Nanny
1462:Colic
1305:S2CID
1162:S2CID
1003:S2CID
899:S2CID
690:(PDF)
1675:Play
1564:SIDS
1363:PMID
1345:ISSN
1297:PMID
1262:PMID
1211:PMID
1203:ISSN
1154:PMID
1146:ISSN
995:PMID
987:ISSN
891:PMID
883:ISSN
848:PMID
830:ISSN
669:PMID
651:ISSN
489:OCLC
479:ISBN
431:OCLC
421:ISBN
246:SIDS
66:The
1838:Bib
1353:PMC
1337:doi
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1252:PMC
1242:doi
1193:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
