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1078:. Bypassing typical themes of tenderness or nostalgia, this work documents in extensive detail the challenges, complexities and day-to-day realities of the mother-child relationship. Other artists have addressed similar aspects of motherhood that fall outside dominant ideals, including maternal ambivalence, desire, and the pursuit of self-fulfillment. While the ideal of maternal self-sacrifice and the 'good mother' forms an important part of many works of art relating to the
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665:. Historically, this stigma not only applied to the mother, but also to her child. This continues to be the case in many parts of the developing world today, but in many Western countries the situation has changed radically, with single motherhood being much more socially acceptable now. For more details on these subjects, see
1724:
The modern
English word is from Middle English moder, from Old English mōdor, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr (cf. East Frisian muur, Dutch moeder, German Mutter), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (cf. Irish máthair, Tocharian A mācar, B mācer, Lithuanian mótė). Other cognates include Latin māter, Greek
798:
can be a dangerous process in the absence of effective measures to reduce death. When none of these measure are taken, the maternal death rate has been estimated as being within the order of magnitude of 1,500 deaths per 100,000 births. Modern medicine has greatly alleviated the risk of childbirth.
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The social role and experience of motherhood varies greatly depending upon location. Mothers are more likely than fathers to encourage assimilative and communion-enhancing patterns in their children. Mothers are more likely than fathers to acknowledge their children's contributions in conversation.
613:
too. Social views on these arrangements vary significantly by culture: in Europe for instance, in German-speaking countries there is a strong tradition of mothers exiting the workforce and being homemakers. Mothers have historically fulfilled the primary role in raising children, but since the late
641:
has made pregnancy possible at ages well beyond "natural" limits, generating ethical controversy and forcing significant changes in the social meaning of motherhood. This is, however, a position highly biased by
Western world locality: outside the Western world, in-vitro fertilization has far less
573:
The social roles associated with motherhood are variable across time, culture, and social class. Historically, the role of women was confined to some extent to being a mother and wife, with women being expected to dedicate most of their energy to these roles, and to spend most of their time taking
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institution and motherhood as complexly and variously lived experience". The vast majority of works depicting motherhood in western art history have been created by artists who are men, with very few having been created by women or mothers themselves, and these often focus on the "institution of
459:
A surrogate mother is a woman who bears a child that came from another woman's fertilized ovum on behalf of a couple unable to give birth to children. Thus the surrogate mother carries and gives birth to a child that she is not the biological mother of. Surrogate motherhood became possible with
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self-portrait photographs, including of herself nursing, reference the existing Virgin Mary archetype while subverting its norms around sexuality by centering her identity as a lesbian. Rather than attempting to make her experience of motherhood fit into existing norms, Opie's photographs are
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as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes".
366:, and commonly the sole source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to eat and digest other foods; older infants and toddlers may continue to be breastfed, in combination with other foods, which should be introduced from approximately six months of age.
239:
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originated with women who were in heterosexual relationships who later identified as lesbian or bisexual, as changing attitudes provided more acceptance for non-heterosexual relationships. Other ways for such women to become mothers is through adopting,
240:
1082:, other women's Holocaust and post-Holocaust art has engaged more deeply with mothers' trauma, taboos, and the experiences of second and third-generation Holocaust survivors. For example, works by first-generation survivors of the Holocaust such as
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3043:. Antwerp, ITG Press, 2001 (Studies in Health Services Organisation and Policy, 17:7–33). "Where nothing effective is done to avert maternal death, "natural" mortality is probably of the order of magnitude of 1,500/100,000."
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The proverbial "first word" of an infant often sounds like "ma" or "mama". This strong association of that sound with "mother" has persisted in nearly every language on earth, countering the natural localization of language.
519:
may have biological children with a partner by utilizing their sperm to fertilize an egg and form an embryo. For transgender women, there is currently no accessible way to carry a child. However, research is being done on
471:
Not all women who become pregnant via in vitro fertilization are surrogate mothers. Surrogacy involves both a genetic mother, who provides the ovum, and a gestational (or surrogate) mother, who carries the child to term.
338:) is sufficiently developed to be born. In humans, gestation is often around 9 months in duration, after which the woman experiences labor and gives birth. This is not always the case, however, as some babies are born
756:
countries are the safest places to give birth, whereas countries in sub-Saharan Africa are the least safe to give birth. This study argues a mother in the bottom ten ranked countries is over 750 times more likely to
142:. A biological mother may have legal obligations to a child not raised by her, such as an obligation of monetary support. An adoptive mother is a female who has become the child's parent through the legal process of
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is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view (compared to other
Western countries). In 2001, with over 127,000 adoptions, the US accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide.
150:
is a non-biological female parent married to a child's preexisting parent, and may form a family unit but generally does not have the legal rights and responsibilities of a parent in relation to the child.
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Throughout history, mothers have been depicted in a variety of art works, including paintings, sculptures and written texts, that have helped define the cultural meaning of 'mother', as well as ideals and
614:
20th century, the role of the father in child care has been given greater prominence and social acceptance in some
Western countries. The 20th century also saw more and more women entering paid work.
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The institution of motherhood in western art is often depicted through "the myth of the all-loving, all-forgiving and all-sacrificing mother" and related ideals. Examples include works featuring the
953:
are slightly more likely to commit filicide. Mothers are more likely to commit filicide than fathers when the child is 8 years old or younger. Matricide is most frequently committed by adult sons.
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Adoption, in various forms, has been practiced throughout history, even predating human civilization. Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive
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prominence, importance or currency compared to primary, basic healthcare, women's basic health, reducing infant mortality and the prevention of life-threatening diseases such as
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This
Congolese figure was used to protect women who had lost successive children to miscarriages or infant death and is considered one of the great masterpieces of African Art.
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The total fertility rate (TFR), that is, the number of children born per woman, differs greatly from country to country. The TFR in 2013 was estimated to be highest in
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care of the home. In many cultures, women received significant help in performing these tasks from older female relatives, such as mothers in law or their own mothers.
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528:. Other types of motherhood include adoption or foster parenting. However, adoption agencies often refuse to work with transgender parents or are reluctant to do so.
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In modern cultures, matricide (the killing of one's mother) and filicide (the killing of one's son or daughter) have been studied but remain poorly understood.
3867:
423:" or "other mother" is also used in some contexts for women who provide care for a child not biologically their own in addition to the child's primary mother.
376:, which occurs by choice, or may be involuntary due to health problems or social circumstances. Motherhood is usually voluntary, but may also be the result of
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can often apply to a woman other than the biological parent, especially if she fulfills the main social role in raising the child. This is commonly either an
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Rahmath, Ayshath Shamah, Raihanah Mohd Mydin, and Ruzy Suliza Hashim. "Archetypal
Motherhood and the National Agenda: The Case of the Indian Muslim Women."
3740:
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Cowling, Camillia, et al. "Mothering slaves: comparative perspectives on motherhood, childlessness, and the care of children in
Atlantic slave societies."
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Friedman, SH; Horwitz, SM; Resnick, PJ (Sep 2005). "Child murder by mothers: a critical analysis of the current state of knowledge and a research agenda".
3069:
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691:, the TFR was estimated for 2013 at 2.06 births per woman. In 2011, the average age at first birth was 25.6 and 40.7% of births were to unmarried women.
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2006:
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1030:. In the 18th century, these works embodied the Enlightenment's preoccupation with strong family bonds and the relation between mothers and children.
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Healy-Clancy, Meghan. "The Family
Politics of the Federation of South African Women: A History of Public Motherhood in Women's Antiracist Activism"
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In the United States in 2012, there were 130 matricides (0.4 per million people) and 383 filicides (1.2 per million), or 1.4 incidents per day.
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motherhood" rather than diverse lived experiences. At the same time, art concerning motherhood has been historically marginalized within the
634:) is better suited to support very young children in their efforts to understand speech (in context of the reference English) than fathers.
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in the US, the latter of which is often characterized by the "extreme passivity and devalued love" typically associated with motherhood.
181:"to mother" means to procreate or to sire a child, or to provide care for a child, from which also derives the noun "mothering". Related
8806:
2651:"Gendered differences in parents' encouragement of sibling interaction: implications for the construction of a personal premise system"
1071:
These ideals of motherhood have been challenged by artists with lived experience as mothers. An example in western contemporary art is
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Vasyagina, Nataliya N., and Aidar M. Kalimullin. "Retrospective analysis of social and cultural meanings of motherhood in Russia."
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explored the meaning of joy for Black mothers to challenge the lack of images in mainstream media that represent Black motherhood.
761:, compared to a mother in the top ten ranked countries, and a mother in the bottom ten ranked countries is 28 times more likely to
2929:
2752:
Leaper, C.; Anderson, K.; Sanders, P. (1998). "Moderators of gender effects on parents' talk to their children: A meta-analysis".
166:
may be referred to as expectant mothers or mothers-to-be. The process of becoming a mother has been referred to as "matrescence".
3265:
Greenfeld, Lawrence A., Snell, Tracy L. (1999-02-12, updated 2000-03-10). "Women
Offenders". NCJ 175688. US Department of Justice
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of mothers who served in substantial religious events. There are many examples of religious law relating to mothers and women.
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onwards. Mothers depicted in dominant art works are also primarily white, heterosexual, middle class and young or attractive.
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7642:
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Barnett, Erin (2012). "Lesbian, Pervert, Mother: Catherine Opie's
Photographic Transgressions". In Epp Buller, Rachel (ed.).
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is the state of not having children. Childlessness may have personal, social or political significance. Childlessness may be
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Mannle, S.; Tomasello, M. (1987). "Fathers, siblings, and the bridge hypothesis". In Nelson, K. E.; vanKleeck, A. (eds.).
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Heide, KM (Mar 2013). "Matricide and stepmatricide victims and offenders: an empirical analysis of U.S. arrest data".
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2358:"Working With What We've Got: Perceptions of Barriers and Supports Among Small-Metropolitan Same-Sex Adopting Couples"
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Liss, Andrea (2012). "Making the Black Maternal Visible: Renee Cox's Family Portraits". In Epp Buller, Rachel (ed.).
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Njoku, C. O., and A. N. Njoku. "Obstetric Fistula: The Agony of Unsafe Motherhood. A Review of Nigeria Experience."
3544:"The Expansion and Destruction of the Symbol of the Victimized and Self-Sacrificing Mother in Women's Holocaust Art"
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This section is about transgender women who are parents. For pregnancy in transgender men and nonbinary people, see
146:. A putative mother is a female whose biological relationship to a child is alleged but has not been established. A
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or "ummi", or variations thereof. Many times, these terms denote affection or a maternal role in a child's life.
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Griffin, Emma. "The Value of Motherhood: Understanding Motherhood from Maternal Absence in Victorian Britain."
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Du, Yue. "Concubinage and Motherhood in Qing China (1644–1911) Ritual, Law, and Custodial Rights of Property."
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and role of mothers in non-human species is most similar in species most closely related to humans. This means
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Hladik, E.; Edwards, H. (1984). "A comparison of mother-father speech in the naturalistic home environment".
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1725:μήτηρ, Common Slavic *mati (thence Russian мать (mat')), Persian مادر (madar), and Sanskrit मातृ (mātṛ).
51:
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The Ideal Muslimah: The True Islâmic Personality of the Muslim Woman as Defined in the Qur'ân and Sunnah
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series of nude self-portraits challenge historical representations of both the black female body and of
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In modern Western countries the current maternal mortality rate is around 10 deaths per 100,000 births.
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have depicted mothers abandoning and suffocating their children in an effort to stay alive themselves.
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The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929
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to become mothers has increased over the past few decades due to technological developments. Modern
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Maternal mortality map, given as the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births in 2012
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Chernick, Myrel; Klein, Jennie (2011). "Introduction". In Chernick, Myrel; Klein, Jennie (eds.).
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Varma, Mahima. "Adoptive Motherhood in India: State Intervention for Empowerment and Equality."
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2415:"Attitudes Toward Same-Gender Adoption and Parenting: An Analysis of Surveys from 16 Countries"
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Of blind alleys and things that have worked: history's lessons on reducing maternal mortality.
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Increasingly diverse representations of motherhood can be found in contemporary works of art.
524:, which could potentially allow transgender women to carry and give birth to children through
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Arendell, Terry (2000). "Conceiving and Investigating Motherhood: The Decade's Scholarship".
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A biological mother is the female genetic contributor to the creation of the infant, through
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Knight, R. J. "Mistresses, motherhood, and maternal exploitation in the Antebellum South."
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History records many conflicts between mothers and their children. Some even resulted in
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Traditionally, and still in most parts of the world today, a mother was expected to be a
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Takševa, Tatjana. "Motherhood Studies and Feminist Theory: Elisions and Intersections."
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female gestates a fertilized ovum (the "egg"). A female can become pregnant through
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Single Mothers in Contemporary Japan: Motherhood, Class, and Reproductive Practice
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3720:
3672:
2963:
2612:
2559:
1971:
1956:
1674:
1669:
1625:
1506:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1428:
1005:
838:
619:
385:
308:
225:. A female role model that children can look up to is sometimes referred to as a
3893:
Motherhood in literature and culture: Interdisciplinary perspectives from Europe
3244:
2028:
1839:
993:
346:, do not survive gestation. Usually, once the baby is born, the mother produces
9002:
8886:
8826:
8490:
8485:
8475:
8470:
8435:
8291:
8130:
7582:
7431:
7251:
7202:
7052:
6936:
6509:
6489:
6484:
6474:
6434:
6111:
6040:
5830:
5661:
5576:
5282:
5230:
4928:
4595:
4543:
4510:
4505:
4427:
4367:
4277:
4247:
4083:
2107:
1966:
1941:
1714:
1656:
1536:
1493:
1467:
1424:
1370:
1333:
1275:
1228:
1094:
950:
623:
606:
493:
389:
4023:
2877:
9029:
9007:
8977:
8957:
8816:
8791:
8714:
8628:
8618:
8613:
8527:
8420:
7516:
7476:
7471:
7386:
7185:
7057:
6865:
6504:
6413:
6358:
6353:
6295:
6126:
5962:
5947:
5932:
5845:
5805:
5671:
5561:
5350:
5325:
5077:
4918:
4832:
4730:
4525:
4442:
4372:
4272:
3563:
3499:
3400:
3145:
2765:
2440:
2381:
1986:
1946:
1916:
1901:
1683:
1607:
1208:
1144:
1079:
1041:
946:
858:
831:
827:
688:
670:
662:
566:
498:
369:
363:
339:
124:
3999:
3543:
2299:"Study shows sperm production for transgender women could still be possible"
861:
and the multiple positive references to active womanhood as a mother in the
826:
Nearly all world religions define tasks or roles for mothers through either
8846:
8841:
8821:
8801:
8787:
8731:
8578:
8460:
8410:
7689:
7592:
7531:
7466:
7461:
7421:
7376:
7146:
7124:
6983:
6978:
6904:
6870:
6454:
6305:
6290:
6146:
6136:
5922:
5707:
5287:
5240:
5188:
5146:
4781:
4653:
4615:
4610:
4437:
4282:
3900:
Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement
3854:
Motherhood in Contemporary International Perspective: Continuity and Change
3555:
3358:
3341:
3296:
3252:
3217:
3161:
2399:
1891:
1351:
1216:
1034:
911:
598:
139:
2773:
557:
Percentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, 1980 and 2007
8952:
8947:
8921:
8811:
8796:
8777:
8736:
8704:
8699:
8537:
8415:
8355:
6973:
6882:
6464:
6439:
6285:
6121:
6106:
5892:
5820:
5810:
5697:
5292:
5250:
5168:
4535:
4490:
4334:
4228:
4183:
2648:
1976:
1688:
In many south Asian cultures and the Middle East, the mother is known as
1325:
1291:
1258:
1065:
949:
are common causes of both, and young, indigent mothers with a history of
781:
753:
594:
516:
431:
420:
355:
4018:
3425:
Epp Buller, Rachel (2012). "Introduction". In Epp Buller, Rachel (ed.).
3311:"Crime in the United States: Murder Circumstances by Relationship, 2012"
8931:
8876:
8871:
8861:
8856:
8709:
8583:
8445:
8440:
8396:
7617:
7381:
6479:
6373:
6176:
6101:
6045:
6015:
5952:
5850:
5702:
5220:
5142:
5021:
4816:
4735:
4680:
4553:
4515:
4377:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4304:
4292:
4232:
4188:
3144:
Bourget, Dominique; Gagné, Pierre; Labelle, Mary-Eve (September 2007).
3008:"Maternal mortality: how many women die in childbirth in your country?"
2730:
1800:
1224:
1177:
1124:
1045:
795:
777:
738:
408:
359:
343:
147:
116:
3788:
Mother nature: maternal instincts and how they shape the human species
3354:
Intimate Encounters: Love and Domesticity in Eighteenth-century France
1830:, a mother fills many similar biological functions as a human mother.
8916:
8782:
8761:
8643:
8568:
8520:
8450:
8405:
7612:
7217:
6170:
6141:
6116:
6000:
5855:
5769:
4812:
4745:
4452:
4329:
4078:
3970:
The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia
3479:
3288:
2108:"Early Life Circumstances and Their Impact on Menarche and Menopause"
1981:
1931:
1926:
1911:
1855:
1303:
1287:
1283:
1106:
942:
935:
888:
853:. Some examples of honoring motherhood include the veneration of the
681:
631:
602:
454:
351:
327:
170:
120:
3481:
The myths of motherhood : how culture reinvents the good mother
577:
173:"maternal" refers to a mother and comparatively to "paternal" for a
8967:
8906:
8896:
8831:
8668:
8648:
8573:
7657:
7451:
7324:
7072:
6602:
6459:
6393:
5800:
5581:
5297:
4548:
4485:
4480:
4457:
4402:
4362:
4148:
3645:. Burlington, VT, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 71–84.
3589:. Burlington, VT, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 85–93.
2466:"Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States"
2431:
2106:
Mishra, Gita D.; Cooper, Rachel; Tom, Sarah E.; Kuh, Diana (2009).
1785:
1755:
1299:
1054:
892:
485:
427:
404:
384:. Unwanted motherhood occurs especially in cultures which practice
304:
292:
163:
143:
3429:. Burlington, VT, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 1–12.
2930:"Over 99 percent of maternal deaths occur in developing countries"
1026:
Paintings of mothers with their children have a long tradition in
807:
8926:
8901:
8678:
6835:
6096:
6060:
5104:
4475:
4382:
4352:
4265:
4160:
4155:
3994:
3879:
Motherhood, Social Policies and Women's Activism in Latin America
1863:
1827:
1823:
1795:
1775:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1718:
1329:
915:
876:
820:
816:
717:
Infant mortality rates under age 1, per 1,000 live births in 2013
658:
651:
481:
300:
8851:
8638:
8386:
6320:
6239:
5835:
5795:
5785:
5610:
5072:
4765:
4605:
4600:
4255:
4237:
4165:
4131:
4121:
4062:
4006:
3548:
Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues
2272:
New Choices, New Families: How Lesbians Decide about Motherhood
1876:
1735:
1279:
1212:
1027:
1020:
927:
919:
789:
773:
647:
416:
331:
323:
319:
288:
271:
174:
155:
104:
101:
3703:
The Oldest Vocation: Christian Motherhood in the Medieval West
3146:"Parricide: A Comparative Study of Matricide Versus Patricide"
2693:"Fathers' speech to their children: perfect pitch or tin ear?"
8756:
5656:
5320:
5089:
4590:
4193:
4138:
1416:
1404:
1347:
1337:
1295:
1195:
1181:
1013:
868:
812:
769:
677:
643:
315:
284:
112:
108:
90:
5738:
3802:
Lerner, Giovanna Faleschini, and D'Amelio Maria Elena, eds.
8542:
6571:
5927:
4520:
4260:
4197:
1805:
1770:
1129:
837:
Major world religions which have specific religious law or
542:
347:
178:
159:
3886:
Motherhood and Infancies in the Mediterranean in Antiquity
3884:
Romero, Margarita Sánchez, and Rosa María Cid López, eds.
2908:"WHO - Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)"
119:, by raising a child who may or may not be her biological
6201:
4143:
4031:
3377:"Negotiating the Maternal: Motherhood, Feminism, and Art"
3150:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
1859:
1760:
3668:"For Japanese, family names are the worst growing pains"
2803:"Motherhood: Is It Ever Too Late? | Jacob M. Appel"
2649:
Ann M. Berghout Austin1 and T.J. Braeger2 (1990-10-01).
2523:"The Changing Role of Women in North American Mammalogy"
879:
of ancient Greek pre-Christian belief are also mothers.
780:
are the safest countries in terms of maternal death and
661:
woman, with birth outside of marriage carrying a strong
1358:
In many other languages, similar pronunciations apply:
1053:, though this is changing with an increasing number of
1037:
was a painter well known for her portraits of mothers.
3337:
Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society
3230:
2791:. Vol. 6. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 23–42.
2007:"definition of mother from Oxford Dictionaries Online"
1139:
Mothers with children in liberated Guinea-Bissau, 1974
1098:"non-traditional and non-apologetic representations".
538:
Sociology of the family § Sociology of motherhood
2751:
2249:"Lesbian parenting: issues, strengths and challenges"
1340:; it is also used in some areas of the United States.
115:
may be considered a mother by virtue of having given
6685:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
3836:
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research
3041:
Safe motherhood strategies: a review of the evidence
3143:
3122:. Wisdom Enrichment Foundation, Inc. Archived from
2356:Kinkler, Lori A.; Goldberg, Abbie E. (2011-10-01).
311:) usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
3920:The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality
3457:. Bradford, Canada: Demeter Press. pp. 1–17.
2328:"Reproductive Options for Transgender Individuals"
2269:
2193:
2105:
609:. In recent decades there has been an increase in
475:
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3953:Unmarried Motherhood in the Metropolis, 1700–1850
3820:Motherhood – How should we care for our children?
3612:"The tenderness and tenacity of Black motherhood"
1044:has noted "the disjuncture between motherhood as
9027:
819:feeding her son, the elephant-headed wisdom god
3115:
2786:
2355:
1728:
3916:
3765:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
2267:
1842:also have numerous commonalities with humans.
1019:Fourth century grave reliefs on the island of
992:: She is shown having just gathered her son's
8881:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
8371:
6587:
5754:
4797:
4047:
3811:Double Lives: A History of Working Motherhood
3452:
2716:
2276:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2168:Adoption: A Brief Social and Cultural History
680:(7.03 children born per woman) and lowest in
65:Portrait of a woman holding her young child,
4811:
3541:
3514:"Mary Kelly, Post-Partum Document (article)"
3455:The M Word: Real Mothers in Contemporary Art
3029:
1119:
882:
4534:
2828:"Getting Pregnant After 50: Risks, Rewards"
2674:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2218:"Child Adoption : Trends and Policies"
752:the countries of the world, and found that
334:until the fetus (assuming it is carried to
8385:
8378:
8364:
7345:African-American women's suffrage movement
6594:
6580:
5761:
5747:
4804:
4790:
4054:
4040:
3424:
2974:
2850:
2848:
2164:
2114:. 5(2). Women's Health. pp. 175–190.
3207:
3039:In: De Brouwere V, Van Lerberghe W, eds.
2687:
2685:
2470:CDC/National Center for Health Statistics
2430:
2389:
2261:
2013:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
630:The way mothers speak to their children (
504:
7290:Discrimination against transgender women
3313:. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
2494:
2458:
1708:
1134:
1123:
999:
978:
963:
896:
806:
712:
704:
576:
560:
552:
541:
395:
265:
257:
249:
236:
85:Statue of a mother with children at the
80:
60:
3917:Thornhill, Randy; Gangestad, Steven W.
3609:
3584:
3185:
3183:
3092:"Religious Obligations of Jewish women"
2845:
2412:
2191:
2158:
162:counterpart of a mother. Women who are
14:
9028:
3477:
3448:
3446:
3420:
3418:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3005:
2682:
2476:from the original on September 6, 2011
2171:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 25–64.
1354:, and is a less formal term for mother
1033:At the end of the nineteenth century,
765:before reaching their first birthday.
733:About 56% of maternal deaths occur in
593:, mothers are said to often follow a "
232:
8359:
7633:Post-structuralist discourse analysis
6910:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary
6575:
5742:
4785:
4035:
3877:Ramm, Alejandra, and Jasmine Gideon.
3665:
3374:
3274:
2987:from the original on 20 February 2012
2888:from the original on 12 November 2019
2588:from the original on 21 February 2017
2572:"Has childlessness peaked in Europe?"
2296:
2058:from the original on 7 September 2018
2045:
1668:
1040:American poet, essayist and feminist
270:Mother and child. Gandola Monastery,
8496:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
3640:
3189:
3180:
3168:from the original on 16 October 2015
2719:Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
2320:
2195:"Why adoption is so easy in America"
1101:In her 2020 photography collection,
1057:publications addressing this topic.
278:
254:Map of countries by crude birth rate
5636:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
3753:(Cornell UP, 2018) in U.S. history.
3443:
3415:
3363:
2977:"Safest Place to Give Birth? Italy"
1858:are most similar, then the broader
996:'s broken body from the dark river.
768:The most recent data suggests that
448:
24:
6561:Parents Against Child Exploitation
3760:246.Supplement_15 (2020): 167-185.
3694:
3622:from the original on March 3, 2022
3066:"What The Bible Says About Mother"
2830:. Huffingtonpost.com. 2009-08-17.
2805:. Huffingtonpost.com. 2009-08-15.
2192:Jardine, Cassandra (31 Oct 2007).
438:have become more and more common.
262:Map of countries by fertility rate
25:
9067:
6531:Mothers Apart from Their Children
3987:
3816:
3705:(Cornell University Press, 2019).
3277:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
2029:"Define Mother at Dictionary.com"
1153:Familiar or colloquial terms for
841:that comment on mothers include:
8339:
8330:
8329:
8317:
7877:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7300:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
5641:Postpartum physiological changes
5341:Postpartum physiological changes
4866:Assisted reproductive technology
4017:
4005:
3993:
3781:
3317:from the original on 4 July 2015
3089:
3035:Van Lerberghe W, De Brouwere V.
2509:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01192.x
2374:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00654.x
2206:from the original on 2022-01-11.
1023:depicted mothers with children.
87:Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno
8431:Breastfeeding and mental health
6389:Management of domestic violence
6235:Corporal punishment in the home
5693:Adaptation to extrauterine life
3852:Portier-Le Cocq, Fabienne, ed.
3813:(Bloomsbury, 2020), focus on UK
3680:from the original on 2022-06-09
3659:
3634:
3603:
3578:
3535:
3524:from the original on 2022-03-03
3506:
3471:
3375:Heath, Joanne (December 2013).
3346:
3329:
3303:
3268:
3259:
3224:
3137:
3109:
3083:
3072:from the original on 2008-12-19
3058:
3046:
3018:from the original on 2017-12-22
2999:
2968:
2951:
2940:from the original on 2013-10-02
2922:
2900:
2870:
2834:from the original on 2015-07-02
2820:
2809:from the original on 2015-07-02
2795:
2780:
2745:
2710:
2699:from the original on 2012-10-19
2657:from the original on 2008-09-04
2642:
2617:
2600:
2564:
2546:
2535:from the original on 2016-03-04
2515:
2488:
2447:from the original on 2021-12-12
2406:
2349:
2338:from the original on 2021-12-12
2309:from the original on 2021-12-12
2290:
2241:
2230:from the original on 2022-03-24
2147:from the original on 2012-03-18
2137:"Your baby's first solid foods"
2118:from the original on 2009-06-06
2088:from the original on 2022-04-16
2046:Sacks, Alexandra (8 May 2017).
930:, such as the conflict between
476:Lesbian and bisexual motherhood
123:, or by supplying her ovum for
6546:National Fatherhood Initiative
5336:Maternal physiological changes
4559:Genealogical numbering systems
3393:10.1080/00043249.2013.10792867
3233:American Journal of Psychiatry
2497:Journal of Marriage and Family
2413:Montero, Darrel (2014-05-20).
2210:
2185:
2165:Peter Conn (28 January 2013).
2129:
2099:
2070:
2039:
2021:
1999:
759:die in pregnancy or childbirth
597:" rather than being entirely "
531:
246:A mama cat feeding her kittens
13:
1:
8426:Breastfeeding and medications
6551:National Parents Organization
6276:Adverse childhood experiences
5768:
4891:partner-assisted reproduction
4698:International Day of Families
4358:Australian Aboriginal kinship
4022:The dictionary definition of
3895:(Taylor & Francis, 2017).
3799:27.6 (2018): 990-1005 in USA.
3751:Motherhood in black and white
3643:Reconciling Art and Mothering
3587:Reconciling Art and Mothering
3427:Reconciling Art and Mothering
2297:Halim, Shakera (2019-08-05).
1993:
1350:from American influence post-
903:Orestes Pursued by the Furies
618:within the workforce include
442:Adoption in the United States
66:
8988:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
8609:Infant cognitive development
8506:Neonatal intensive care unit
8239:Suffragists and suffragettes
6601:
6316:Effects of domestic violence
5958:Social emotional development
3955:(Springer, 2018) in London.
3929:Contemporary Social Sciences
3888:(Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2018).
3804:Italian Motherhood on Screen
3610:Quammie, Bee (May 5, 2021).
3006:Rogers, Simon (2010-04-13).
2975:Kevin Spak (14 April 2010).
2627:. Ucgstp.org. Archived from
1729:Notable mothers in mythology
1704:
1606:Maa(ମା), Bou/Bau(ବୋଉ/ବଉ) in
1332:, the Northern areas of the
802:
411:(the biologically unrelated
7:
8912:Supplemental nursing system
6132:Identification (psychology)
5127:Traditional birth attendant
3666:Shoji, Kaori (2004-10-28).
3245:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1578
3116:'Ali Al-Hashimi, Muhammad.
3094:. About.com. Archived from
1869:
1845:
583:American Mother of the Year
501:or in vitro fertilization.
303:. In well-nourished girls,
52:Motherhood (disambiguation)
10:
9072:
8664:Prenatal development table
8604:Irritant diaper dermatitis
6556:Parent–teacher association
6331:Parental abuse by children
6212:Positive Parenting Program
6162:Parent management training
6157:Normative social influence
5359:Brain health and pollution
4061:
3946:Review of European Studies
3190:West, Sara G. (Feb 2007).
1833:
1817:
1142:
973:William-Adolphe Bouguereau
922:torment him for his crime.
908:William-Adolphe Bouguereau
886:
744:In 2006, the organization
698:
535:
508:
452:
342:, late, or in the case of
283:Biological motherhood for
56:Maternity (disambiguation)
48:Mothering (disambiguation)
29:
8983:Prenatal cocaine exposure
8940:
8771:Infant care and equipment
8770:
8688:Socialization and Culture
8687:
8599:Infant visual development
8551:
8466:Infant and toddler safety
8394:
8311:
8251:
8190:
8183:
7862:
7569:
7320:Female genital mutilation
7263:
7196:
7093:
6813:
6802:
6729:Majority-Muslim countries
6694:
6661:
6618:
6609:
6541:National Childbirth Trust
6518:
6427:
6344:
6336:Stress in early childhood
6268:
6220:
6079:
6056:Taking children seriously
5976:
5888:Applied behavior analysis
5871:
5776:
5720:
5685:
5649:
5603:
5594:
5572:Chorionic villus sampling
5554:
5349:
5306:
5275:
5268:
5135:
5060:
5029:
5020:
4954:
4924:Obstetric ultrasonography
4911:
4856:
4848:Pre-conception counseling
4823:
4723:
4659:National Grandparents Day
4624:
4583:
4451:
4343:
4303:
4246:
4211:
4176:
4112:
4069:
3727:Journal of Family History
3192:"An Overview of Filicide"
2962:October 12, 2007, at the
1403:are used in languages of
1120:Synonyms and translations
959:
883:Mother-offspring violence
694:
581:Olga Pearson Engdahl was
462:reproductive technologies
318:develops from the viable
8993:Parental child abduction
8516:Oral rehydration therapy
8286:Women's studies journals
8244:Women's rights activists
6805:Movements and ideologies
6197:The talk (sex education)
5908:Developmental psychology
5462:Intrahepatic cholestasis
3891:Rye, Gill, et al., eds.
3861:Space and Culture, India
2766:10.1037/0012-1649.34.1.3
2754:Developmental Psychology
2611:August 15, 2013, at the
792:are the most dangerous.
786:Central African Republic
36:Mothers (disambiguation)
9046:Mythological archetypes
8998:Parental responsibility
8511:Newborn care and safety
7830:International relations
6404:Parental responsibility
6364:Cost of raising a child
5532:Motor vehicle emissions
5393:Concomitant conditions
5367:environmental toxicants
5110:Auxiliary nurse midwife
4871:artificial insemination
4838:Natural family planning
4751:Sociology of the family
4601:Philia (brotherly love)
4177:Second-degree relatives
3710:Slavery & Abolition
2419:Advances in Social Work
2268:Mezey, Nancy J (2008).
2048:"The Birth of a Mother"
1860:superfamily of all apes
684:(0.79 children/woman).
667:Legitimacy (family law)
436:international adoptions
374:voluntary childlessness
299:after she has begun to
32:Mother (disambiguation)
8742:Grandparent visitation
8259:Conservative feminisms
7559:Women in the workforce
7527:Violence against women
7502:Sexual objectification
7462:Opposition to feminism
6669:Bicycling and feminism
5626:Postpartum confinement
4886:in vitro fertilisation
4606:Storge (familial love)
4212:Third-degree relatives
4114:First-degree relatives
3998:Quotations related to
3931:28#3 (2019): 88–101.
3797:Women's History Review
3712:38#2 (2017): 223-231.
3701:Atkinson, Clarissa W.
3556:10.2979/nashim.33.1.09
3478:Thurer, Shari (1995).
2695:. Thefreelibrary.com.
2078:"Definition of MOTHER"
1721:
1140:
1132:
1084:Ella Liebermann-Shiber
1008:
997:
988:, an 1897 painting by
976:
932:Cleopatra III of Egypt
923:
823:
718:
710:
639:in vitro fertilization
591:women in the workforce
586:
570:
558:
550:
505:Transgender motherhood
490:same-sex relationships
466:in vitro fertilization
354:process. The mother's
330:occurs in the woman's
275:
263:
255:
247:
93:
76:
8501:Infant sleep training
8299:Women in peacekeeping
7840:Revisionist mythology
7283:Children's literature
6526:Families Need Fathers
6087:After-school activity
6011:Concerted cultivation
6006:Buddha-like parenting
5938:Nature versus nurture
5903:Cognitive development
5621:Postpartum depression
5502:Pruritic folliculitis
5246:Unassisted childbirth
4715:National Adoption Day
4591:Agape (parental love)
3831:(Princeton UP, 1974).
3767:42.4 (2017): 843-866
3729:42.2 (2017): 162-183.
3542:Mor Presiado (2018).
3068:. Mothers Day World.
1882:Advanced maternal age
1712:
1138:
1128:Mother with child in
1127:
1114:maternity and slavery
1051:feminist art movement
1003:
990:Akseli Gallen-Kallela
985:Lemminkäinen's Mother
982:
967:
900:
810:
716:
708:
580:
565:Mother and children (
564:
556:
545:
511:Transgender pregnancy
434:. In recent decades,
396:Non-biological mother
269:
261:
253:
245:
129:gestational surrogacy
84:
64:
8659:Prenatal development
8559:Attachment parenting
8533:Shaken baby syndrome
7742:Pathways perspective
7588:Gender mainstreaming
7507:Substantive equality
7487:Reproductive justice
7437:Matriarchal religion
7295:Diversity (politics)
6384:Right to family life
6311:Dysfunctional family
6021:Free-range parenting
5996:Attachment parenting
5986:Achievement ideology
5728:Gravidity and parity
5708:Congenital disorders
5667:Lactation consultant
5537:Pre-existing disease
5216:Childbirth positions
5206:Rupture of membranes
4903:Unintended pregnancy
4881:fertility medication
4771:Dysfunctional family
4756:Museum of Motherhood
4703:National Family Week
4569:Quarters of nobility
4014:at Wikimedia Commons
3972:(Indiana UP, 1997),
3951:Williams, Samantha.
3827:Massell, Gregory J.
2856:"The World Factbook"
1937:Matrilocal residence
1887:Attachment parenting
1076:Post-Partum Document
1066:European Renaissance
971:, by French painter
611:stay at home fathers
603:stay at home mothers
480:The possibility for
44:Mum (disambiguation)
40:Mom (disambiguation)
8973:Infant ear piercing
8324:Feminism portal
8204:Ecofeminist authors
8054:Trinidad and Tobago
7994:Republic of Ireland
7855:Composition studies
7537:Women's empowerment
7492:Sex workers' rights
7417:Feminist capitalism
7397:Internalized sexism
7335:Feminism in culture
7218:Kurdish (Jineology)
6399:Parental alienation
6326:Narcissistic parent
6250:Positive discipline
6071:Work at home parent
6051:Strict father model
6036:Nurturant parenting
5943:Parental investment
5778:Kinship terminology
5631:Sex after pregnancy
5438:Endocrine diseases
5384:Prenatal depression
5256:Placental expulsion
5174:Uterine contraction
5157:cervical effacement
4898:Fertility awareness
4741:Wedding anniversary
4693:American Family Day
4649:Father–Daughter Day
4596:Eros (marital love)
4345:Kinship terminology
3968:Wood, Elizabeth A.
3783:Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer
2884:. 20 October 2021.
2789:Children's language
2653:. Fla.sagepub.com.
2528:. Biology.unm.edu.
2017:on August 15, 2011.
2011:Oxford Dictionaries
1897:Blessed Virgin Mary
1219:, and parts of the
855:Blessed Virgin Mary
737:and another 29% in
382:pregnancy from rape
233:Types of motherhood
183:terms of endearment
8481:Infant food safety
7700:Literary criticism
7578:Complementarianism
7305:Effects on society
7273:Complementarianism
7085:Women's liberation
6445:T. Berry Brazelton
6182:Social integration
5918:Identity formation
5407:Hypercoagulability
5236:Natural childbirth
5085:Postterm pregnancy
4843:Male contraceptive
4501:collateral descent
3979:2021-03-18 at the
3962:2022-03-10 at the
3948:7#5 (2015): 61–65.
3938:2021-03-10 at the
3909:2021-03-10 at the
3870:2021-07-30 at the
3863:7.4 (2020): 12-31
3856:(Routledge, 2019).
3845:2021-03-18 at the
3774:2021-03-10 at the
3758:Past & Present
3743:2021-03-10 at the
3719:2021-03-10 at the
2731:10.1007/bf01068149
2558:2011-03-23 at the
2052:The New York Times
1952:Motherhood penalty
1907:Jungian archetypes
1826:, particularly in
1722:
1346:was imported into
1141:
1133:
1009:
998:
977:
924:
824:
735:Sub-Saharan Africa
719:
711:
701:Maternal mortality
601:". Mothers may be
587:
571:
559:
551:
522:uterus transplants
322:, resulting in an
297:sexual intercourse
276:
264:
256:
248:
136:sexual intercourse
94:
77:
54:, and
9041:Human development
9023:
9022:
8883:
8720:Children's rights
8634:Object permanence
8456:Failure to thrive
8353:
8352:
8307:
8306:
7717:Political ecology
7623:Écriture féminine
7522:Triple oppression
7512:Toxic masculinity
7497:Sexual harassment
7362:Feminist stripper
7340:Feminist movement
7259:
7258:
7197:Ethnic and racial
6798:
6797:
6569:
6568:
6379:Family disruption
6301:Cinderella effect
6281:Child abandonment
6255:Tactical ignoring
6152:Moral development
6031:Helicopter parent
6026:Gatekeeper parent
5991:Atlas personality
5968:Social psychology
5913:Human development
5898:Child development
5883:Attachment theory
5736:
5735:
5721:Obstetric history
5716:
5715:
5677:Confinement nanny
5590:
5589:
5457:Acute fatty liver
5264:
5263:
5152:cervical dilation
4779:
4778:
4579:
4578:
4496:Lineal descendant
4466:Bilateral descent
4219:Great-grandparent
4104:Matrifocal family
4010:Media related to
3881:(Springer, 2020).
3809:McCarthy, Helen.
3806:(Springer, 2017).
3749:Feldstein, Ruth.
3652:978-1-4094-2613-4
3596:978-1-4094-2613-4
3464:978-0-9866671-2-1
3436:978-1-4094-2613-4
2866:on June 13, 2007.
2283:978-0-8018-9000-0
2178:978-1-137-33390-2
1922:Maternity package
1717:, aerial view in
763:see her child die
746:Save the Children
637:Since the 1970s,
549:mother with child
526:Caesarean section
517:Transgender women
494:lesbian parenting
362:for the infant's
358:is the source of
279:Biological mother
243:
16:(Redirected from
9063:
8879:
8564:Baby-led weaning
8380:
8373:
8366:
8357:
8356:
8343:
8342:
8333:
8332:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8188:
8187:
8171:History of women
7648:Political theory
7549:
7542:Women-only space
7427:Likeability trap
7315:Female education
6811:
6810:
6806:
6766:African-American
6696:Women's suffrage
6687:
6674:Feminist history
6616:
6615:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6573:
6572:
6419:Shared parenting
6230:Blanket training
6222:Child discipline
5862:In loco parentis
5841:Shared parenting
5763:
5756:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5601:
5600:
5567:Cardiotocography
5273:
5272:
5179:Vaginal delivery
5052:Nesting instinct
5027:
5026:
5012:Rudimentary horn
4941:Prenatal testing
4806:
4799:
4792:
4783:
4782:
4761:Astronaut family
4532:
4531:
4433:Iroquois kinship
4423:Sudanese kinship
4418:Hawaiian kinship
4393:Family of choice
4224:Great-grandchild
4099:Immediate family
4056:
4049:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3924:
3824:
3792:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3372:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3289:10.1002/bsl.2056
3272:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2972:
2966:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2914:. Archived from
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2862:. Archived from
2852:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2503:(4): 1192–1207.
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2472:. May 13, 2009.
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2434:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2362:Family Relations
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2003:
1672:
1667:
1274:are used in the
1257:are used in the
1207:are used in the
1176:(আম্মু) used in
1157:in English are:
1095:Catherine Opie's
914:was murdered by
863:Book of Proverbs
499:foster parenting
449:Surrogate mother
378:forced pregnancy
309:menstrual period
291:, occurs when a
244:
75:
71:
68:
21:
9071:
9070:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9056:Terms for women
9026:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9013:Paternity fraud
8963:Closed adoption
8936:
8892:Infant clothing
8867:Haberman Feeder
8837:Car seat safety
8766:
8747:Infant swimming
8725:UN Child rights
8683:
8594:Gestational age
8547:
8390:
8384:
8354:
8349:
8340:
8318:
8316:
8303:
8247:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8086:Northern Cyprus
7858:
7850:Science fiction
7643:Oedipus complex
7603:Women's studies
7565:
7564:
7563:
7547:
7457:Oedipus complex
7447:Men in feminism
7412:Language reform
7392:Ideal womanhood
7372:Gender equality
7367:Formal equality
7330:Feminationalism
7255:
7223:Native American
7192:
7191:
7190:
7089:
6999:Post-structural
6804:
6794:
6690:
6683:
6679:Women's history
6657:
6605:
6600:
6570:
6565:
6514:
6495:Matthew Sanders
6450:Rudolf Dreikurs
6423:
6409:Parents' rights
6369:Deadbeat parent
6346:
6340:
6264:
6216:
6192:The talk (race)
6075:
6066:Tiger parenting
5972:
5867:
5816:Extended family
5772:
5767:
5737:
5732:
5712:
5681:
5645:
5616:Postpartum care
5586:
5550:
5453:Liver diseases
5447:Thyroid disease
5345:
5331:Gestational age
5302:
5260:
5226:Labor induction
5131:
5122:Perinatal nurse
5095:Birth attendant
5056:
5016:
4950:
4946:Medical imaging
4907:
4876:fertility fraud
4852:
4819:
4810:
4780:
4775:
4719:
4620:
4575:
4564:Seize quartiers
4530:
4471:Common ancestor
4455:
4447:
4413:Chinese kinship
4408:Nurture kinship
4398:Fictive kinship
4339:
4299:
4288:daughter-in-law
4242:
4207:
4172:
4108:
4094:Conjugal family
4089:Extended family
4065:
4060:
3990:
3985:
3981:Wayback Machine
3964:Wayback Machine
3940:Wayback Machine
3911:Wayback Machine
3872:Wayback Machine
3847:Wayback Machine
3776:Wayback Machine
3745:Wayback Machine
3721:Wayback Machine
3697:
3695:Further reading
3692:
3683:
3681:
3673:The Japan Times
3664:
3660:
3653:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3583:
3579:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3423:
3416:
3373:
3364:
3351:
3347:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3229:
3225:
3188:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2969:
2964:Wayback Machine
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2918:on May 7, 2013.
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2785:
2781:
2750:
2746:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2613:Wayback Machine
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2560:Wayback Machine
2551:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2411:
2407:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2082:Merriam-Webster
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1972:Oedipus complex
1962:Mothers' rights
1872:
1848:
1836:
1820:
1815:
1731:
1707:
1665:
1147:
1122:
1088:Shoshana Neuman
1016:of motherhood.
1006:Brooklyn Museum
962:
895:
887:Main articles:
885:
839:religious texts
830:or through the
815:mother goddess
805:
703:
697:
620:maternity leave
616:Mothers' rights
607:working mothers
540:
534:
514:
507:
478:
457:
451:
398:
386:forced marriage
281:
237:
235:
127:in the case of
73:
69:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9069:
9059:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9015:
9005:
9003:Parenting plan
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8887:Infant carrier
8884:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8827:Baby transport
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8785:
8780:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8691:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8491:Infant massage
8488:
8486:Infant formula
8483:
8478:
8476:Infant feeding
8473:
8471:Infant bathing
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8436:Bottle feeding
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8402:
8400:
8392:
8391:
8389:and their care
8383:
8382:
8375:
8368:
8360:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8337:
8327:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8292:SCUM Manifesto
8288:
8283:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8194:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8163:
8161:United Kingdom
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
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8056:
8051:
8046:
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8026:
8021:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7835:Existentialism
7832:
7827:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7810:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7791:Existentialism
7788:
7787:
7786:
7784:Justice ethics
7776:
7771:
7766:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7583:Gender studies
7580:
7575:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7554:Women's rights
7551:
7548:Women's health
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7432:Male privilege
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7401:International
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7269:
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7267:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
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7242:
7232:
7231:
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7210:
7205:
7200:
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7194:
7193:
7189:
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7183:
7182:
7181:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7139:
7138:
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7132:
7127:
7122:
7112:
7107:
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6863:
6858:
6853:
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6817:
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6808:
6800:
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6793:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6744:United Kingdom
6741:
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6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6633:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6599:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6576:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6536:Mothers' Union
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6510:Benjamin Spock
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6490:Penelope Leach
6487:
6485:Annette Lareau
6482:
6477:
6475:Alan E. Kazdin
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6435:Mary Ainsworth
6431:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6347:social aspects
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
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6232:
6226:
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6217:
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6209:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6112:Dishabituation
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6041:Slow parenting
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5872:Theories
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5851:Blended family
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5831:Nuclear family
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5662:Health visitor
5659:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5577:Nonstress test
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5493:Skin diseases
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5283:Amniotic fluid
5279:
5277:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5231:Multiple birth
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Bradley method
5033:
5031:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4929:Pregnancy test
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4669:Children's Day
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
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4639:
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4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4544:Pedigree chart
4540:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Patrilineality
4508:
4506:Matrilineality
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Eskimo kinship
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4278:Sibling-in-law
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Nuclear family
4081:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4015:
4003:
3989:
3988:External links
3986:
3984:
3983:
3966:
3949:
3942:
3925:
3914:
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3889:
3882:
3875:
3857:
3850:
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3602:
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3505:
3490:
3470:
3463:
3442:
3435:
3414:
3362:
3345:
3328:
3302:
3267:
3258:
3239:(9): 1578–87.
3223:
3179:
3156:(3): 306–312.
3136:
3108:
3082:
3057:
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3028:
2998:
2967:
2950:
2921:
2899:
2869:
2844:
2819:
2794:
2779:
2744:
2709:
2681:
2641:
2616:
2599:
2563:
2545:
2514:
2487:
2457:
2432:10.18060/16139
2425:(2): 444–459.
2405:
2368:(4): 387–403.
2348:
2319:
2289:
2282:
2260:
2240:
2209:
2184:
2177:
2157:
2143:. 2017-12-21.
2128:
2098:
2069:
2038:
2033:Dictionary.com
2020:
1997:
1995:
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1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Nuclear family
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Mother goddess
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1934:
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1914:
1909:
1904:
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1894:
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1879:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1847:
1844:
1840:mammal mothers
1835:
1832:
1819:
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1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
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1773:
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1753:
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1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1715:Mother Armenia
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1686:
1677:
1670:[ʌmma]
1659:
1650:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1604:
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1573:
1560:
1539:
1526:
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1500:
1487:
1478:
1453:
1432:
1386:
1376:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1334:United Kingdom
1311:
1276:United Kingdom
1261:
1232:
1229:United Kingdom
1198:
1185:
1143:Main article:
1121:
1118:
961:
958:
951:domestic abuse
884:
881:
873:Mother Goddess
804:
801:
725:is defined by
723:maternal death
699:Main article:
696:
693:
624:parental leave
533:
530:
506:
503:
477:
474:
453:Main article:
450:
447:
397:
394:
390:child marriage
287:, as in other
280:
277:
234:
231:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9068:
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9054:
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9010:
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9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8978:Open adoption
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8958:Child neglect
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
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8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
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8888:
8885:
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8878:
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8873:
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8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8792:Hidden camera
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8715:Child custody
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8629:Nursery rhyme
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8619:Kangaroo care
8617:
8615:
8614:Infant crying
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8550:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8528:Preterm birth
8526:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8421:Breastfeeding
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8381:
8376:
8374:
8369:
8367:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8346:
8338:
8336:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8186:
8182:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8166:United States
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
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8119:
8117:
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8112:
8109:
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8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8014:Latin America
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
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7972:
7970:
7967:
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7962:
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7957:
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7880:
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7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7845:Technoscience
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7815:
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7809:
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7713:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7695:Art criticism
7693:
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7688:
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7683:
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7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7608:Men's studies
7606:
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7594:
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7540:
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7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7517:Transmisogyny
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7477:Purplewashing
7475:
7473:
7472:Protofeminism
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
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7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7387:Honor killing
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7353:
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7280:
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7098:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7063:Transnational
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
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7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
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6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6932:Individualist
6930:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
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6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
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6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6831:Anti-abortion
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6801:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6756:United States
6754:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6597:
6592:
6590:
6585:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
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6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:Organizations
6517:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:B. F. Skinner
6503:
6501:
6500:William Sears
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6470:Thomas Gordon
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6359:Child support
6357:
6355:
6354:Child custody
6352:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:Child neglect
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
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6225:
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6213:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
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6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6127:Homeschooling
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5963:Socialization
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:Paternal bond
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5933:Maternal bond
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Single parent
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Alloparenting
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Monthly nurse
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Amniocentesis
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Vaginal flora
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5412:Substance use
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:Fundal height
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5078:Preterm birth
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Hypnobirthing
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:3D ultrasound
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Birth control
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Single parent
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:Relationships
4582:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4526:Royal descent
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4443:Omaha kinship
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:Consanguinity
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:Parent-in-law
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4248:Family-in-law
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4028:at Wiktionary
4027:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:online review
3971:
3967:
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3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3817:Manne, Anne.
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
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3739:
3738:online review
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3519:
3515:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3491:0-14-024683-5
3487:
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3466:
3460:
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3449:
3447:
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3432:
3428:
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3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3340:, p. 234, at
3339:
3338:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3283:(2): 301–14.
3282:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
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3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3126:on 2002-03-02
3125:
3121:
3120:
3112:
3098:on 2008-09-26
3097:
3093:
3086:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3042:
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3017:
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3009:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2978:
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2954:
2939:
2935:
2934:worldbank.org
2931:
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2917:
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2909:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2861:
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2798:
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2755:
2748:
2740:
2736:
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2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2671:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2631:on 2008-02-25
2630:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2480:September 24,
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2397:
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2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2337:
2333:
2332:Yale Medicine
2329:
2323:
2308:
2304:
2303:Health Europa
2300:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2264:
2250:
2244:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1987:Single-parent
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Mother insult
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Maternal bond
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Breastfeeding
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1867:
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1764:
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1638:
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1623:
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1603:
1599:
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1590:
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1574:
1572:
1568:
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1402:
1398:
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1297:
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1277:
1273:
1269:
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1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:West Midlands
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:United States
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1145:Mama and papa
1137:
1131:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1042:Adrienne Rich
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1002:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
974:
970:
966:
957:
954:
952:
948:
947:schizophrenia
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
899:
894:
890:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
864:
860:
859:Mother of God
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
832:glorification
829:
828:religious law
822:
818:
814:
809:
800:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
728:
724:
715:
707:
702:
692:
690:
689:United States
685:
683:
679:
674:
672:
671:single parent
668:
664:
663:social stigma
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
635:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
579:
575:
568:
567:Mahabalipuram
563:
555:
548:
544:
539:
529:
527:
523:
518:
512:
502:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
469:
467:
463:
456:
446:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
419:). The term "
418:
415:of a child's
414:
410:
406:
402:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Childlessness
367:
365:
364:immune system
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:Typically, a
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
273:
268:
260:
252:
230:
228:
227:mother-figure
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
125:fertilisation
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
92:
88:
83:
79:
63:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
27:Female parent
19:
8941:Other topics
8880:
8847:Cradle board
8842:Cloth diaper
8802:Baby shampoo
8788:Baby monitor
8778:Baby bouncer
8732:Circumcision
8623:
8579:Birth defect
8461:Immunization
8411:Birth weight
8315:
8290:
8234:Rhetoricians
8224:Philosophers
8116:Saudi Arabia
7912:South Africa
7774:Epistemology
7727:Anthropology
7722:Architecture
7685:Legal theory
7593:Gynocentrism
7532:War on women
7467:Pro-feminism
7422:Gender-blind
7377:Gender quota
7350:Art movement
7147:Dianic Wicca
7026:Sex-positive
6989:Postcolonial
6856:Conservative
6836:Anti-fascist
6455:David Elkind
6306:Codependency
6291:Child labour
6147:Latchkey kid
6137:Introjection
5923:Introjection
5873:
5860:
5826:Noncustodial
5790:
5402:Hypertension
5389:Immunization
5372:in pregnancy
5288:Amniotic sac
5241:Silent birth
5184:Presentation
5147:Bishop score
5117:Obstetrician
5067:
5007:Interstitial
4934:home testing
4664:Parents' Day
4654:Siblings Day
4644:Father's Day
4632:Mother's Day
4616:Polyfidelity
4611:Filial piety
4536:Family trees
4438:Crow kinship
4388:Estrangement
4283:Child-in-law
4203:Niece/Nephew
4126:
4024:
4002:at Wikiquote
3969:
3952:
3945:
3928:
3919:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3860:
3853:
3838:(2018): 1-7
3835:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3787:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3733:
3732:Ezawa, Aya.
3726:
3709:
3702:
3682:. Retrieved
3671:
3661:
3642:
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3615:
3605:
3586:
3580:
3547:
3537:
3526:. Retrieved
3518:Khan Academy
3517:
3508:
3480:
3473:
3454:
3426:
3387:(4): 84–86.
3384:
3380:
3359:Google Books
3357:, p. 87, at
3352:
3348:
3342:Google Books
3335:
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3305:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3202:(2): 48–57.
3199:
3195:
3170:. Retrieved
3153:
3149:
3139:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:the original
3118:
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3096:the original
3090:Katz, Lisa.
3085:
3074:. Retrieved
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3020:. Retrieved
3012:The Guardian
3011:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2933:
2924:
2916:the original
2911:
2902:
2892:10 September
2890:. Retrieved
2881:
2872:
2864:the original
2859:
2836:. Retrieved
2822:
2811:. Retrieved
2797:
2788:
2782:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2659:. Retrieved
2644:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:the original
2625:"ucgstp.org"
2619:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2578:
2566:
2553:Website list
2548:
2537:. Retrieved
2517:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2469:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2422:
2418:
2408:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2340:. Retrieved
2331:
2322:
2311:. Retrieved
2302:
2292:
2271:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2212:
2199:
2187:
2167:
2160:
2149:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2111:
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2051:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2015:the original
2010:
2001:
1957:Mother's Day
1892:Baby planner
1849:
1837:
1821:
1723:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1480:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:World War II
1343:
1324:are used in
1321:
1317:
1313:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1217:South Africa
1204:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1075:
1073:Mary Kelly's
1070:
1059:
1039:
1035:Mary Cassatt
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
994:Lemminkäinen
983:
968:
955:
940:
934:and her son
925:
912:Clytemnestra
901:
867:
843:Christianity
836:
825:
794:
767:
754:Scandinavian
743:
732:
722:
720:
686:
675:
656:
636:
628:
599:career women
588:
582:
572:
515:
479:
470:
460:advances in
458:
440:
425:
407:mother or a
400:
399:
368:
313:
282:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
168:
153:
140:egg donation
133:
97:
95:
78:
8953:Babywearing
8948:Baby shower
8922:Swim diaper
8812:Baby walker
8797:Baby powder
8737:Foster care
8705:Child abuse
8700:Babysitting
8552:Development
8538:Soy formula
8416:Breast pump
8274:Comic books
8199:Art critics
8121:South Korea
8101:Philippines
8081:New Zealand
8076:Netherlands
7808:Pornography
7796:Metaphysics
7737:Criminology
7732:Archaeology
7705:Film theory
7407:Women's Day
7157:Ecofeminist
7016:Reactionary
6964:Materialist
6739:Switzerland
6734:New Zealand
6653:Fourth-wave
6636:Second-wave
6465:Haim Ginott
6440:John Bowlby
6286:Child abuse
6206:educational
6122:Habituation
6107:Co-sleeping
5893:Behaviorism
5821:Foster care
5811:Coparenting
5698:Apgar score
5482:Hepatitis C
5468:Infections
5308:Development
5293:Endometrium
5251:Water birth
5169:Bloody show
5100:Men's roles
5030:Preparation
4982:Heterotopic
4491:Inheritance
4476:Family name
4335:Stepsibling
4229:Great-uncle
4184:Grandparent
3902:9.1 (2018)
3550:(33): 177.
3484:. Penguin.
3381:Art Journal
2878:"FastStats"
2760:(1): 3–27.
2725:: 321–332.
2592:17 December
2062:9 September
1977:Othermother
1862:, then all
1838:Many other
1483:(妈妈/媽媽) in
1369:(தாய்) in
1365:(அம்மா) or
1326:Netherlands
1292:New Zealand
1259:Philippines
1107:Renee Cox's
1103:Solana Cain
1062:Virgin Mary
1046:patriarchal
782:Afghanistan
632:"motherese"
595:mommy track
532:Social role
432:regulations
421:othermother
356:breast milk
340:prematurely
307:(the first
74: 1920
70: 1900
9051:Motherhood
9030:Categories
8932:Travel cot
8877:Infant bed
8872:High chair
8862:Baby wipes
8857:Diaper bag
8822:Baby swing
8710:Child care
8695:Attachment
8584:Childbirth
8446:Cradle cap
8397:Pediatrics
8264:Literature
8209:Economists
7929:Bangladesh
7863:By country
7813:Psychology
7769:Empiricism
7764:Aesthetics
7759:Philosophy
7618:Patriarchy
7598:Matriarchy
7403:Girl's Day
7382:Girl power
7355:In hip hop
7278:Literature
7213:Indigenous
7152:Reclaiming
7048:Standpoint
7021:Separatism
6994:Postmodern
6888:Vegetarian
6878:Difference
6821:Analytical
6648:Third-wave
6631:First-wave
6480:Truby King
6374:Disownment
6187:Television
6177:Role model
6102:Child care
6080:Techniques
6046:Soccer mom
6016:Enmeshment
5953:Pediatrics
5703:Child care
5596:Postpartum
5555:Procedures
5507:Dermatoses
5363:Nutrition
5221:Home birth
5143:Pelvimetry
5022:Childbirth
5002:Unintended
4858:Conception
4817:childbirth
4736:Only child
4681:Family Day
4554:Ahnentafel
4516:Progenitor
4378:Disownment
4323:stepmother
4318:stepfather
4313:Stepparent
4305:Stepfamily
4293:son-in-law
4233:Great-aunt
4189:Grandchild
3684:2022-06-09
3528:2022-03-03
3196:Psychiatry
3130:2008-11-24
3102:2008-11-24
3076:2008-11-24
3022:2016-12-15
2944:2013-09-21
2838:2015-07-01
2813:2015-07-01
2703:2011-10-27
2661:2011-10-27
2635:2015-07-01
2539:2015-07-01
2451:2021-12-12
2342:2021-12-12
2313:2021-12-12
2254:2011-01-25
2234:2015-07-01
2223:. Un.org.
2151:2018-12-17
2122:2018-08-27
2092:2022-02-12
1994:References
1856:great apes
1801:Queen Maya
1713:Statue of
1666:pronounced
1648:Vietnamese
1584:Portuguese
1524:Indonesian
1381:(बिमा) in
1225:Birmingham
1223:including
1178:Bangladesh
796:Childbirth
778:Luxembourg
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6704:Timeline
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6626:Timeline
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5527:Bleeding
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2807:Archived
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2609:Archived
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1624:(אם) in
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293:pregnant
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2860:cia.gov
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2391:3176589
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1828:mammals
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1719:Yerevan
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1425:Tamil
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