9075:
430:
3418:
3313:
52:
2625:
3948:
4482:
4418:
3684:
4190:
3893:
3220:
2690:
3967:
4285:
3986:
3998:
3452:
4253:
2864:
3882:
4175:
3602:
4269:
3322:
4014:
3586:
3302:
3806:
4067:
3240:
3745:
3102:
2985:
4238:
4530:(c. 70β80 CE) documents a Scythian district in the lower Indus Valley, with Minnagra its capital. Ptolemy (c. 140 CE) also documents an Indo-Scythia in south-western India which consisted of the Patalene and Surastrene (Saurashtra) territories. The second-century BCE Scythian invasion of India was probably carried out jointly by the Saka, Pahlavas, Kambojas,
3941:. They are contemporary with other friezes representing people in Greek attire, hinting at an intermixing of Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks. In another relief, the same type of soldiers are playing musical instruments and dancing; in Gandharan art, Indo-Scythians are typically depicted as reveling devotees.
4025:
in
Gandhara are considered representative of Indo-Scythian art. The palettes, which combine Greek and Iranian influences, often have a simple, archaic style. Stone palettes have only been found in archaeological layers corresponding to Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian rule, and are unknown
3835:
Indo-Scythian coinage is generally realistic, artistically between Indo-Greek and Kushan coinage. It has been suggested that its coinage benefited from the help of Greek coin-makers. Indo-Scythian coins continue Indo-Greek tradition by using the Greek alphabet on the obverse and
Kharoshthi script on
5627:
have yielded such objects. Only four palettes have been found in Kushan-period archaeological sites. They come from secondary sites, such as Garav Kala and Ajvadz in Soviet
Tajikistan and Jhukar, in the Indus Valley, and Dalverzin Tepe. They are rather roughly made." In "Les Palettes du Gandhara",
4037:
The palettes often depict people in Greek dress in mythological scenes; a few have
Parthian dress (headbands over bushy hair, crossed-over jacket on a bare chest, jewelry, belt, baggy trousers), and fewer have Indo-Scythian dress (Phrygian hat, tunic and straight trousers). A palette found in
2664:
stage is the Saka (Ch. Sai). Saka is more a generic term than a name for a specific state or ethnic group; Saka tribes were part of a cultural continuum of early nomads across
Siberia and the Central Eurasian steppe lands from Xinjiang to the Black Sea. Like the Scythians whom
3175:, the greatest of all the rivers that flow into the Erythraean Sea, bringing down an enormous volume of water (...) This river has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town,
6011:
The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North
3647:
late in the first century BCE. For the following decades, A number of minor
Scythian leaders maintained themselves in local strongholds on the fringes of the loose Indo-Parthian empire over the next few decades, some paying allegiance to Gondophares I and his successors.
3316:
Bronze coin of King Azes. Obverse: BASILEWS BASILEWN MEGALOU AZOU, Humped
Brahman bull (zebu) walking right, Whitehead symbol 15 (Z in square) above; reverse: Kharosthi "jha" to right / Kharosthi legend, Lion or leopard standing right, Whitehead symbol 26 above
5606:
city succeeding her, did deliver any stone palettes during their excavations", in "Les palettes du
Gandhara", p89. "The terminal point after which such palettes are not manufactured anymore is probably located during the Kushan period. In effect, neither
5091:: "The Mudrarakshasa further informs us that his Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite army ... Among these are mentioned the following : Sakas, Yavanas (probably Greeks), Kiratas, Kambojas, Parasikas and Bahlikas."
51:
3171:), the continent making a wide curve from the east across the depths of the bays, there follows the coast district of Scythia, which lies above toward the north; the whole marshy; from which flows down the river
2681:, and many scholars refer to them together as Saka-Scythian), Sakas were Iranian-speaking horse nomads who deployed chariots in battle, sacrificed horses, and buried their dead in barrows or mound tombs called
3836:
the reverse. A portrait of the king is absent, with depictions of the king on a horse (sometimes on a camel) or sitting cross-legged on a cushion instead. The reverse of their coins typically show Greek gods.
2925:. According to the Chinese historical chronicles (who call the Saka "Sai" ε‘): " attacked the king of the Sai, who moved a considerable distance to the south and the Yuezhi then occupied his lands."
7508:
An
Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Richard Salomon, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 442
2722:
BCE, the
Achaemenid army was not Persian and the Saka probably participated in the invasion of northwest India. The Achaemenid army was composed of a number of ethnic groups who were part of the
3927:. They are depicted in loose tunics with trousers, with heavy, straight swords. They wear pointed hoods or the Scythian cap; this distinguishes them from the Indo-Parthians, who wore a simple
4058:
The Indo-Scythians seem to have supported Buddhism, with many of their practices continuing those of the Indo-Greeks.They had an active role in the dissemination of Buddhism beyond India.
3403:, and placed inside the stupa with several coins of Azes. This may have happened during the reign of Azes (60β20 BCE), or slightly later. The Indo-Scythians were connected with Buddhism.
9327:
9322:
5138:
6174:. Studies From the Former Soviet Union. New Series. Edited by B. A. Litvinskii and Carol Altman Bromberg. Translation directed by Mary Fleming Zirin. Vol. 8, (1994), pp 37β46.
5872:
Scholars like E. J. Rapson, L. Petech etc. also connect Kipin with Kapisha. Levi writes that before 600 CE, Kipin was Kashmir; after that, it was Kapisha. See discussion in
3947:
7519:
A KharosthΔ« Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma, by Richard Salomon, South Asian Studies 11 1995, Pages 27-32, Published online: 09 Aug 2010
2412:
3655:, one of the five Yuezhi tribes who lived in Bactria for over a century and expanded into India during the late first century CE. The Kushans regained northwestern India
4597:
Kharapallana and Vanaspara are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath and dated to the third year of Kanishka, in which they pledged allegiance to the Kushanas.
2576:
The invasion of the northern Indian subcontinent by Scythian tribes from Central Asia, often referred to as the Indo-Scythian invasion, played a significant role in the
4461:
as the king of the Scythians, but distinguishes the Sai Sakas from the Murunda Sakas. The Sai Scythians may have been Kamboja Scythians; the Sai-Wang were part of the
402:
388:
374:
360:
346:
321:
307:
293:
9074:
8595:
429:
7225:
7132:
4227:
of a Buddhist devotee in Greek dress has been found at the same spot, again suggesting a mingling of the populations. Reliefs at the same location show
7555:
5752:
3519:
Coinage of the period, such as that of Rajuvula, tends to be crude. It is also debased; the silver content becomes lower and bronze content higher, an
5944:"A Scythian dvarapala standing wearing his typical draperies, boots and head dress. Distinct ethnic and sartorial characteristics are noteworthy" in
4395:
also alludes to the invasion of mixed hordes from the northwest, with prophetic verses that "...the Mlechha (barbaric) kings of the Shakas, Yavanas,
2322:
6408:
7186:
6131:
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC β AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty
2382:
5122:: "Among those who helped Chandragupta in his struggle against the Nandas, were the Sakas (Scythians), Yavanas (Greeks), and Parasikas (Persians)"
7388:
7384:
2446:
2352:
3004:
who migrated to Drangiana and the surrounding regions later spread into north and south-west India via the lower Indus valley. They spread into
7396:
4306:
The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, a variation of the name "Saka" used by the Persians for Scythians. Shakas are mentioned in the
3126:
8529:
5719:
7303:
7241:
7237:
7198:
7194:
7178:
6241:
Seldeslachts, Erik (2007). "Greece, the Final Frontier? The Westwards Spread of Buddhism". In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (eds.).
2362:
6413:
9253:
8588:
7229:
7221:
7214:
3966:
9297:
8623:
7190:
7140:
7136:
4573:
4564:
has identified linguistic affinities between Indian and Central Asian languages, which also suggests a Saka influence in northern India.
4252:
8638:
7128:
7052:
4547:
4284:
5574:
2580:
and nearby regions. The Indo-Scythian war was triggered by the nomadic flight of Central Asians from conflict with tribes such as the
6159:
Liu, Xinru 2001 "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies."
4237:
3501:(Rajuvula's queen). The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian Mathura satraps. Rajuvula apparently eliminated
4216:
of a Buddhist devotee in foliage has been found which had a reliquary and coins of Azes buried at its base, dating the sculpture to
7233:
6440:
4178:
Buddhist stupas during the late Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian period were decorated structures with columns, stairs, and decorative
3250:
The presence of the Scythians in modern Pakistan and north-western India during the first century BCE was contemporaneous with the
9337:
9312:
9292:
8581:
7796:
7754:
6228:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
6195:
arly Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
6083:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
3712:
2713:
9229:
6075:
Faccenna D., "Sculptures from the sacred area of Butkara I", Istituto Poligrafico Dello Stato, Libreria Dello Stato, Rome, 1964.
9185:
7548:
5398:
9233:
5926:"In Nagarjunakonda Scythian influence is noticed and the cap and coat of a soldier on a pillar may be cited as an example" in
3923:
Indo-Scythian soldiers in military attire are sometimes represented in Buddhist friezes in Gandharan art, particularly in the
6286:
6186:
6114:
5307:
5232:
4869:
2972:. The Yuezhi tribes migrated east into Bactria after their defeat, from which they conquered northern India to establish the
4493:
The Scythian groups who invaded India and established kingdoms included, in addition to the Saka, allied tribes such as the
9302:
9287:
9277:
8756:
5828:
H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Mukerjee; Early History of North India, p 3, S. Chattopadhyava; India and Central Asia, p 126,
4301:
4268:
2964:
in Parthia between 138 and 124 BCE. The Sacaraucae-Massagetae alliance won several battles and killed the Parthian kings
2439:
2172:
2553:. The power of the Saka rulers began to decline during the 2nd century CE after the Indo-Scythians were defeated by the
8643:
5336:
3417:
6303:. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 106. September 2000. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
3931:
over their bushy hair, and which is worn by Indo-Scythian rulers on their coins. With their right hand, some form the
9307:
8799:
7541:
6272:
6220:
6215:. Translated and edited by Edward Luther Stevenson. 1991 unabridged reproduction. Dover Publications, Mineola, N. Y.
6004:
5201:
5115:
5072:
5045:
4986:
4212:
by an Italian archaeological team have yielded Buddhist sculptures thought to belong to the Indo-Scythian period. An
3792:
3281:
in 58 BCE. Indo-Greek kings again ruled and prospered after Maues, as indicated by the profusion of coins from Kings
2525:, and other regions. The Indo-Scythians extended their supremacy over the north-western subcontinent, conquering the
649:
4117:, a gold reliquary with an early image of the Buddha now in the British Museum. Some of his coins have the Buddhist
3774:
638:
4606:"The titles "Kshatrap" and "Mahakshatrapa" certainly show that the Western Kshatrapas were originally feudatories"
3839:
Buddhist symbolism is present in Indo-Scythian coinage. The Indo-Scythians adopted the Indo-Greek practice (since
9317:
9097:
3766:
6296:. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 80. July 1998. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
6026:
5661:
Richard Salomon, "An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman",
4915:
3832:
CE. A fairly high-quality, stereotypical coinage was continued by the Western Satraps until the fourth century.
3019:(c. 123β88/87 BCE) pursued an aggressive military policy in Central Asia and added a number of provinces to the
9332:
9272:
8604:
8393:
7746:
6143:
6107:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries AD
5523:
4930:
4526:
3770:
3160:
2432:
681:
439:
9213:
6418:
3526:
The Mathura lion capital inscriptions attest that Mathura came under Saka control. The inscriptions refer to
3349:
3060:
2257:
17:
3545:
The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the Northern Satraps to distinguish them from the
8249:
7863:
7686:
6433:
4473:
might have belonged to this group of Scythians who migrated from the Sai country (Central Asia) to Chipin.
4088:
Several Indo-Scythian kings after Azes made Buddhist dedications in their name on plaques or reliquaries:
3628:
766:
5360:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2010). "The early reign of Mithradates II the Great in Parthia". 1. Anabasis: 144β158
3352:
found several stone sculptures in the early Saka layer (layer number four, corresponding to the period of
3026:
Following military pressure from the Yuezhi (predecessors of the Kushana), some Indo-Scythians moved from
8628:
4952:
4627:
2367:
2237:
8368:
5002:
4433:
and entered Chipin (or Kipin) after crossing the Xuandu (ζΈεΊ¦, Hanging Pass) above the valley of Kanda in
2996:, a region of southern Afghanistan, western Pakistan and southern Iran which was then named Sakastan or
4632:(Second and revised ed.). London: Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications. p. 350.
4446:
4142:
4080:
3534:, the "chief queen of the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, satrap Rajuvula." Kharahostes was the son of
3056:
2417:
56:
Territories and expansion of the Indo-Scythians at their greatest extent, including territories of the
6154:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
9192:
7668:
4849:
3016:
2387:
2347:
2337:
1812:
1406:
755:
627:
7509:
5513:
Source: "A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc ..." Rapson, p ciii
4807:
4702:
Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D".
3937:
to ward off evil spirits. In Gandhara, such friezes were used to decorate the pedestals of Buddhist
2765:
has the same origin as "Scythian". This would explain the strong Saka support of Buddhism in India.
8331:
8069:
7985:
7829:
7782:
7692:
7564:
7520:
6544:
6161:
5716:
4374:
4228:
4224:
3755:
2272:
1186:
1026:
4336:
3997:
3985:
3915:. Kushan men seem to wear thick, rigid tunics, and are generally represented more simplistically.
3055:
in "The Parthian Stations". According to Isidore, they were bordered by Greek cities on the east (
9282:
9168:
8531:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
8389:
7117:
6614:
6426:
4243:
4213:
4165:, which incorporates Buddhist symbols and relates the donations by his wife of relics to a stupa.
3956:
3759:
3312:
2750:
2613:
2377:
2342:
2177:
1957:
1506:
1058:
987:
6101:
9163:
9150:
9002:
8715:
5608:
5324:
5180:
is explicit on this point, and we have no reason to doubt its accuracy in matter of this kind."
5082:
4462:
3903:
Other than coins, few works of art are known to indisputably represent Indo-Scythians. Several
3486:
3200:
2969:
2558:
2502:. The migrations persisted from the middle of the second century BCE to the fourth century CE.
2292:
2267:
2217:
2157:
1742:
1678:
1476:
692:
567:
298:
149:
81:
5684:
5594:, stone palettes were found at all excavated levels. On the contrary, neither Bhir-Mound, the
5191:
4481:
3293:, the Indo-Scythians took control of northwestern India with their victory over Hippostratos.
9109:
8792:
8725:
8151:
8035:
8006:
7906:
6813:
6797:
6046:
5917:, 1996, fn 13, B. N. Mukerjee; Chilas, Islamabad, 1983, no 72, 78, 85, pp 98, 102, A. H. Dani
5297:
5224:
5218:
5176:, it was with largely the Persian army that he won the throne of India. The testimony of the
5062:
4690:
4434:
3184:
2936:. They were forced to move south, again displacing the Scythians (who migrated south towards
2327:
2297:
2162:
2117:
1947:
1586:
1576:
1546:
1278:
1258:
1119:
488:
450:
5329:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 2
5035:
4976:
6065:
5571:
4162:
4127:(ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE) dedicated a Buddhist reliquary. Some of his coins bear the Buddhist
4110:
3482:
3375:
3118:
3084:
3083:; in that place is the royal residence of the Sacae; and nearby is the city of Alexandria (
2624:
2407:
2262:
2247:
2192:
1833:
4417:
3330:
3179:. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia,
2561:. Indo-Scythian rule in the northwestern subcontinent ended when the last Western Satrap,
8:
8915:
8618:
8414:
8352:
7804:
7599:
6042:
5275:
4578:
4561:
4179:
4100:
3204:
3001:
2793:
2789:
2769:
2483:
2187:
1915:
1762:
1456:
1436:
848:
796:
3619:
by the Scythians during the first century BCE, after seven kings ruled in succession in
3337:
9114:
8720:
8163:
7990:
7934:
7890:
7426:
7258:
6624:
6528:
5990:
5763:
5638:
5435:
5163:
5155:
4815:
4719:
4557:
3720:
3683:
3639:
After Azes' death, Indo-Scythian rule in northwestern India ended with the rise of the
3251:
3149:
3042:). The region came to be known as "Sakistana of the Skythian Sakai [
2761: – were originally Scythians from Central Asia, and the Indian ethnonym
2392:
2252:
2232:
1877:
1486:
1396:
1166:
1156:
1089:
1038:
744:
660:
312:
127:
5299:
Tajikistan in the New Central Asia: Geopolitics, Great Power Rivalry and Radical Islam
2768:
The Persians, the Saka and the Greeks may have participated in the later campaigns of
9119:
8402:
8398:
8356:
8345:
8323:
8291:
8277:
7962:
7497:
6282:
6268:
6216:
6182:
6110:
6000:
5332:
5303:
5228:
5197:
5167:
5111:
5068:
5041:
4982:
4865:
4521:
4096:
3928:
3876:
3277:
retook Ujjain from the Indo-Scythians and celebrated his victory by establishing the
3254:
there, and they apparently initially recognized the power of the local Greek rulers.
3052:
2723:
2402:
2372:
2282:
2277:
2222:
2167:
1997:
1887:
1866:
1822:
1792:
1496:
1426:
1416:
1386:
868:
830:
710:
462:
144:
6078:
4350:. They are described as part of a group of other warlike tribes from the northwest.
9249:
9238:
9218:
9173:
9104:
8785:
8287:
8272:
8268:
8221:
8217:
8177:
8143:
8139:
7958:
6885:
6717:
5999:. Vol. 73 of Ancient peoples and places. New York: Praeger. pp. 113β114.
5147:
4861:
4857:
4711:
4346:
4043:
3412:
3263:
3122:
2577:
2546:
2534:
2397:
2332:
2302:
2287:
2242:
2227:
2212:
2182:
2077:
1772:
1556:
1466:
1345:
1335:
1288:
1217:
1196:
786:
776:
615:
550:
57:
4445:. Sai-Wang established his kingdom in Kipin. Konow interprets the Sai-Wang as the
4384:
from the northwest beginning in the second century BCE, and fixed the date of the
4231:, with characteristic tunics and pointed hoods, with reliefs of standing Buddhas.
2742:. These groups were probably included in the Achaemenid army which invaded India.
9208:
9029:
8573:
8525:
8406:
8364:
8360:
8327:
8299:
8295:
8241:
8147:
8079:
8041:
7847:
7480:
7206:
6985:
6785:
6752:
6663:
6147:
5994:
5974:
5947:
5929:
5723:
5599:
5578:
5105:
4894:"Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam)"
4430:
4092:
3728:
3678:
3546:
3273:
BCE, but his kingdom disintegrated after his death. In the east, the Indian king
3219:
3192:
3131:
3080:
3039:
3020:
3008:, Gujarat, Rajasthan and north India, including kingdoms on the Indian mainland.
3005:
2961:
2570:
2550:
2472:
1855:
1844:
1802:
1782:
1700:
1667:
1248:
1176:
1136:
1048:
1008:
970:
888:
353:
220:
61:
6201:
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1970. "The Wu-sun and Sakas and the YΓΌeh-chih Migration."
4377:
saw in these verses the struggles between the Hindus and the invading hordes of
4341:
4189:
8751:
8261:
8134:
7632:
7473:
7456:
7249:
7022:
6945:
6748:
6631:
5860:
5394:
4486:
4209:
4114:
4027:
3627:, the Saka king killed one-fourth of the population before he was slain by the
3557:. After Rajuvula, several successors are known to have ruled as vassals of the
3520:
3384:
3369:
3326:
3282:
3232:
3153:
3012:
2758:
2746:
2605:
2562:
2499:
2065:
2017:
1711:
1689:
1657:
1635:
1596:
1526:
1516:
1376:
919:
421:
367:
159:
7681:
6448:
5151:
3699:(276β293 CE), and held several areas of India well into the first millennium;
3051:
The presence of the Saka in Sakastan in the first century BCE is mentioned by
2716:
9266:
9135:
9034:
8730:
8410:
8213:
8173:
8074:
8057:
8010:
7995:
7981:
7954:
7950:
7910:
7895:
7884:
7836:
7332:
7097:
6880:
6511:
6506:
6487:
6449:
6030:
5798:
5683:
Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides, Rika Gyselen, Peeters Publishers, 2007, p.103
5603:
5177:
4205:
4138:
4071:
4031:
4022:
3924:
3897:
3892:
3640:
3558:
3535:
3357:
2973:
2928:
Sometime after 155 BCE, the Yuezhi were again defeated by an alliance of the
2868:
2857:
2844:
movement began among the Central Asian tribes. Recorded in the annals of the
2821:
2784:
2697:
2530:
2510:
1987:
1927:
1752:
1146:
1099:
1079:
953:
936:
898:
878:
813:
597:
587:
577:
520:
339:
326:
99:
4437:. Chipin has been identified by Pelliot, Bagchi, Raychaudhury and others as
9092:
9017:
8884:
8694:
8679:
8633:
8129:
8002:
7902:
7772:
7710:
7675:
7657:
7649:
7593:
7533:
7459:
7452:
7380:
7354:
7298:
7282:
7210:
7105:
7093:
7065:
6737:
6709:
6656:
6650:
6328:
6023:
5829:
5620:
4426:
3844:
3724:
3708:
3688:
3562:
3286:
3031:
2913:
BCE. Leaving a few people behind, most of the population moved west to the
2566:
2522:
2479:
2107:
2097:
1977:
1967:
1897:
1732:
1722:
1606:
1536:
1318:
1238:
858:
722:
670:
538:
395:
6251:
Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II (Revised Edition).
4560:
notes that the Saka also invaded parts of northern India. Indian linguist
3933:
3821:
Indo-Scythian coinage is generally of high quality, although the coins of
3023:. This included western Bactria, which he seized from the Indo-Scythians.
2734:. Herodotus listed the ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, which included
2660:
One group of Indo-European speakers that makes an early appearance on the
9054:
8920:
8761:
8689:
8550:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
8318:
8311:
8194:
8168:
7976:
7946:
7607:
7419:
7358:
7316:
7272:
7048:
6818:
6802:
6761:
6741:
6558:
6551:
6482:
5624:
5616:
5260:
4466:
4330:
4324:
4134:
4124:
4106:
4075:
3908:
3810:
3644:
3616:
3611:
3590:
3527:
3498:
3400:
3360:
roughly imitative of finer Hellenistic examples found in earlier layers.
3278:
3071:
Beyond is Sacastana of the Scythian Sacae, which is also Paraetacena, 63
2965:
2941:
2900:
2896:
2876:
2845:
2701:
2641:
2526:
2487:
2127:
2087:
2047:
1446:
1308:
1298:
381:
104:
7151:
5743:
Faccenna, "Sculptures from the sacred area of Butkara I", plate CCCLXXII
5527:
5159:
8970:
8940:
8911:
8899:
8862:
8842:
8766:
8699:
8380:
8190:
7415:
7362:
7309:
7253:
7202:
7161:
7109:
6997:
6891:
6857:
6849:
6779:
6646:
6618:
6172:
Bulletin of the Asia Institute: The Archaeology and Art of Central Asia
6165:, Volume 12, No. 2, Fall 2001. University of Hawaii Press, pp 261β292.
5734:
Facenna, "Sculptures from the sacred area of Butkara I", plate CCCLXXI.
4723:
4502:
4442:
4312:
3881:
3840:
3490:
3176:
3110:
2957:
2949:
2892:
2633:
2554:
2037:
1937:
1647:
113:
5611:
nor Taxila (although the Sirsukh had only been little excavated), nor
3695:
Indo-Scythians continued to hold the Sistan region until the reign of
2863:
9223:
9007:
8987:
8950:
8945:
8935:
8894:
8879:
8827:
8746:
8684:
8123:
7411:
7406:
7392:
7336:
7328:
7277:
7263:
7113:
7101:
7089:
7070:
6989:
6918:
6897:
6863:
6837:
6808:
6773:
6756:
6721:
6684:
6581:
6491:
6260:
4405:
4381:
4365:
4174:
4152:
4148:
3912:
3864:
3860:
3700:
3696:
3566:
3502:
3471:
3451:
3396:
3388:
3180:
3137:
3076:
3064:
3035:
2993:
2914:
2797:
2739:
2666:
2542:
2475:
2007:
6166:
6141:
5674:"Afghanistan, carrefour en l'Est et l'Ouest" p.373. Also Senior 2003
5331:(reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1230β1231.
5133:
5037:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
5015:
4978:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
4715:
4013:
3744:
3601:
9180:
9145:
8955:
8857:
8847:
8674:
8201:
8084:
7942:
7768:
7760:
7714:
7705:
7443:
7346:
7182:
7156:
7077:
7058:
7043:
7014:
6824:
6767:
6699:
6574:
6501:
6478:
6230:. Harmatta, JΓ‘nos, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp 191β207.
5087:
A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 2: Mauryas and Satavahanas
4893:
4737:
A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc.
4535:
4400:
4396:
4318:
4158:
4128:
4118:
3973:
3904:
3885:
3822:
3716:
3594:
3574:
3475:
3459:
In northern India, the Indo-Scythians conquered the Mathura region
3437:
3422:
3259:
3228:
3168:
2922:
2918:
2904:
2884:
2829:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2661:
2653:
2538:
2518:
2491:
2357:
1268:
733:
510:
500:
154:
138:
118:
6279:
Rome's Enemies (3): Parthians and Sassanid Persians (Men-at-Arms).
6098:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between AD 239 and 265.
3356:, in which a number of his coins were found). Several of them are
3075:. There are the city of Barda and the city of Min and the city of
9039:
8997:
8980:
8965:
8837:
8808:
8282:
8208:
8109:
8090:
7938:
7811:
7764:
7726:
7719:
7438:
7039:
6843:
6703:
6516:
6264:
6208:
5173:
5139:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
4835:
4531:
4520:
of classical writings. At the beginning of the first century CE,
4517:
4498:
4438:
4360:
4355:
4307:
4182:
3977:
3907:
sculptures show foreigners in soft tunics, sometimes wearing the
3856:
3704:
3652:
3585:
3570:
3550:
3426:
3321:
3274:
3239:
3208:
3101:
3072:
3027:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2880:
2853:
2817:
2773:
2727:
2689:
2637:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2581:
1566:
471:
123:
3805:
3301:
2529:
and other local peoples. They were apparently subjugated by the
9155:
9140:
9044:
8975:
8960:
8852:
8832:
8822:
8669:
8245:
7816:
7731:
7663:
7589:
6924:
6868:
6678:
6496:
5853:
History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Unity
5612:
5595:
5591:
5017:
Possible Iranian Origins for the ΕΔkyas and Aspects of Buddhism
4513:
4194:
4066:
4039:
3938:
3620:
3531:
3513:
3467:
3444:
3434:
3353:
3306:
3290:
3196:
3191:
The Indo-Scythians established a kingdom in the northwest near
3145:
3114:
2997:
2888:
2849:
2825:
2801:
2754:
2731:
2682:
2629:
2597:
1366:
86:
76:
6313:
Hindu Polity, A Constitutional history of India in Hindu Times
6235:
Ptolemaios Geographie 6,9β21. Ostrian und Zentralasien, Teil I
4505:. These peoples were absorbed into mainstream Indian society.
4469:, and returned after being evicted from their ancestral land.
2984:
9064:
9049:
9022:
9012:
8930:
8925:
8872:
8867:
7430:
6951:
6600:
6472:
6255:
4641:
4639:
4494:
4470:
4429:
Scythians under Sai-Wang reportedly moved south, crossed the
4198:
3859:), the Buddhist lion on the coins of those two kings, or the
3852:
3814:
3554:
3539:
3538:, as attested by his own coins. Arta was the brother of King
3494:
3392:
3341:
3255:
3224:
3172:
3141:
2929:
2841:
2648:
The ancestors of the Indo-Scythians are thought to have been
2609:
2589:
2514:
2468:
196:
6123:
History of Indian Buddhism: From ΕΔkyamuni to Early MahΔyΔna
5847:, p 473, fn, W. W. Tarn; Yuan Chwang I, pp 259β60, Watters;
9059:
8992:
8889:
8659:
7776:
7617:
7366:
4808:"Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica); Section V"
4275:
4047:
3848:
3651:
Indo-Parthian rule was gradually replaced with that of the
3380:
3244:
2735:
2649:
2506:
2495:
2027:
177:
109:
8777:
5985:
5983:
5619:, neither the great Kushan archaeological sites of Soviet
4636:
3825:
deteriorate near the disintegration of Indo-Scythian rule
3577:(c. 130 CE), when they pledged allegiance to the Kushans.
3187:
princes who are constantly driving each other out ...
2707:
6203:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 33
5172:: "After Alexander's death, when Chandragupta marched on
4917:
Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan β Encyclopaedia Iranica
4673:
4671:
3387:, one of the earliest representations of the Buddha. The
3305:
Toilet tray of the type found in the early Saka layer at
3044:
2917:
region. They displaced the Saka, who migrated south into
9328:
States and territories disestablished in the 5th century
9323:
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
5250:, chap. 123 translated in: Burton Watson (1993), p. 234.
4856:. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1β2.
4095:(25 BCE β 10 CE) related his donation of a relic of the
4046:, shows a winged Indo-Scythian horseman riding a winged
3707:
were under Western Satrap rule until the fifth century.
2848:
and other Chinese records, the movement began after the
6138:"Heritage du Sanskrit Dictionnaire, Sanskrit-Francais,"
5980:
5628:
Henri-Paul Francfort, p 91. (in French in the original)
5316:
4658:
4656:
4654:
3623:
following the retreat of the Yavanas. According to the
2860:, displacing other central Asian tribes in their path.
2604:, have mentioned that the ancient Sakas ("Sakai") were
2584:
in the second century CE, which had lasting effects on
6226:
Puri, B. N. 1994. "The Sakas and Indo-Parthians." In:
6048:
India & Russia: linguistic & cultural affinity
5753:
Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art pp.35-51, 2017
5665:, Vol. 116, No. 3 (July - September 1996), pp. 418-452
4668:
4421:
Coin of Azes seated, holding a drawn sword and a whip
4113:
and on a reliquary. His coins were also found in the
3634:
3105:
Asia in 100 BCE, showing the Saka and their neighbors
2835:
2608:. The first rulers of the Indo-Scythian kingdom were
4651:
4344:, the KΔvyamΔ«mΔαΉsΔ, the BαΉhatkathΔmaΓ±jarΔ«i, and the
4193:
Possible Scythian devotee couple around the Buddha,
2824:. The Saka were the Scythians; the Yavanas were the
8543:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
5963:
History and Culture of Indian People, The Vedic Age
5857:
History and Culture of Indian People, Classical Age
5795:Andhrah Shakah Pulindashcha Yavanashcha naradhipah
5484:, 1996, p 398, H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Mukerjee;
5280:
Transoxiana Webfestschrift Series I: Eran Ud Aneran
3691:(c. 175β197 CE), a descendant of the Indo-Scythians
2899:) and evicted them from their homeland between the
2700:(also known as Khotanese), first documented in the
27:
Nomadic Iranian peoples of Saka and Scythian origin
8603:
5422:History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 2
4773:A Brief History of India, by Alain DaniΓ©lou p. 136
4508:The Shakas were from the trans-Hemodos regionβthe
3569:, who are known from an inscription discovered in
3489:which dates to the first century CE, describes in
2517:(first century BCE) who established Saka power in
5885:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, II. 1. XX f; cf:
5819:Serindia, Vol. I, 1980 edition, p. 8, M. A. Stein
5717:Text and photographic reference: Terre Lontane O2
4403: ... shall rule the earth un-righteously in
4017:Gandhara stone palette of Scythians playing music
3048:]" towards the end of the first century BCE.
2948:. A tribe known to ancient Greek scholars as the
2596:in the west. Ancient Roman historians, including
9264:
6072:, I. Abt., 4. Bd., I. Absch., Leiden-KΓΆln. 1958.
3715:. During his campaigns, Rudradaman conqured the
7256:, Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 230 β 250)
6301:A Hypothesis about the Source of the Sai Tribes
5975:Intercourse Between India and the Western World
5791:bahavo mechchha rajanah prithivyam manujadhipa
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4847:
2816:alliance in his campaign to take the throne in
8624:BactriaβMargiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)
5273:
4476:
4109:(10 BCE β 10 CE) is mentioned on the Buddhist
3669:, where they prospered for several centuries.
2628:Sculpted head of a Saka warrior, enemy of the
8793:
8589:
7549:
6434:
5927:
5789:Viparite tada loke purvarupa.n kshayasya tat
5424:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 191β207.
5291:
5289:
5131:
5040:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1β21.
4629:The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind
4290:Statue inscribed "year 318", probably 143 AD.
3344:with coins of Azes I inside. (British Museum)
2440:
266:2,600,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi)
9254:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia
7563:
6240:
6129:HulsewΓ©, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979.
5419:
5322:
4961:
4852:. In Nigel Dalziel, John M MacKenzie (ed.).
4645:
4538:and other allied tribes from the northwest.
3953:A Buner relief of Scythian soldiers dancing
3723:. The Western Satraps were conquered by the
3113:left by Saka soldiers at river crossings in
2956:, "nomadic Saka") and an allied people, the
8524:
5526:. Boloji.com. 14 March 2004. Archived from
5295:
4574:Central Asians in ancient Indian literature
3773:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3063:) and the Parthian-controlled territory of
2871:, apparently representing Scythian soldiers
2677:is an Iranian word equivalent to the Greek
8800:
8786:
8596:
8582:
7556:
7542:
6441:
6427:
6179:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
5989:
5793:mithyanushasinah papa mrishavadaparayanah
5478:Kshatrapasa pra Kharaostasa Artasa putrasa
5286:
5134:"The Zoroastrian Period of Indian History"
4548:List of Indo-Scythian dynasties and rulers
4457:(king, master or lord). Bagchi interprets
4137:, while a prince in 5-6 CE, dedicated the
3144:(the first Indo-Scythian king) to capture
2447:
2433:
50:
6109:. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
4981:. Princeton University Press. p. 5.
4891:
4762:World history from Early Times to AD 2000
4701:
3793:Learn how and when to remove this message
2979:
2592:and the Indian subcontinent and Rome and
2486:: the present-day South Asian regions of
9073:
8538:
6281:Osprey Publishing; illustrated edition.
6277:Wilcox, Peter and Angus McBride (1986).
6120:
5663:Journal of the American Oriental Society
5650:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
5216:
5189:
5099:
5097:
5080:
5060:
5033:
4974:
4954:Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind
4950:
4695:
4677:
4625:
4480:
4416:
4188:
4173:
4065:
4012:
3891:
3880:
3804:
3682:
3600:
3584:
3450:
3416:
3329:, representing the Buddha surrounded by
3320:
3311:
3300:
3266:in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan
3238:
3218:
3100:
2983:
2862:
2688:
2623:
7409:Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 325)
6409:"Indo-Scythian dynasties", R. C. Senior
6181:. Columbia University Press, New York.
6090:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue
5370:Isodor of Charax, Sathmoi Parthikoi, 18
5325:"Chapter 34: Khotanese Saka Literature"
4541:
4359:hordes of Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and
4295:
4185:. Butkara stupa, Swat, 1st century BCE.
2714:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
2708:Achaemenid period (6th-4th century BCE)
14:
9265:
9186:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea
8547:
8113:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
6192:
5764:Greco-Buddhist Art of Gandhara, p. 491
5264:61 4B Original tex: θ₯Ώζε‘ηγε‘ηεθ΅°ι εΎοΌζζ°ε±
ε
Άε°γ
5103:
5083:"The Foundation of the Mauryan Empire"
5029:
5027:
4662:
4388:around (or after) the 2nd century CE.
4246:from the Butkara Stupa, dated to 20 BC
3214:
3136:have established the route across the
8781:
8577:
8515:
8310:
8127:
8056:
8029:
7980:
7975:
7537:
6422:
6100:Draft annotated English translation.
6041:
5715:The Turin City Museum of Ancient Art
5223:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
5094:
4944:
3972:Indo-Scythians pushing the Greek god
3597:symbol is on the left of the reverse.
2726:. The army included Bactrians, Saka,
7424:Peroz III "Kushanshah" (c. 350 β360)
5436:"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 38"
5210:
5196:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 210.
4931:Also a Saka according to this source
4524:notes their presence in Sistan. The
4441:, but other scholars identify it as
4353:There are references to the warring
4061:
3771:adding citations to reliable sources
3738:
3163:describes the Scythian territories:
2875:According to these ancient sources,
2696:The Saka of western India spoke the
8757:Indo-Scythians in Indian literature
5945:
5110:. Anmol Publications. p. 134.
5085:. In K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (ed.).
5067:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 27.
5024:
5013:
4848:Suchandra Ghosh (11 January 2016).
4302:Indo-Scythians in Indian literature
3631:king Shata and a group of Sabalas.
3605:Profile of Azes on one of his coins
3096:
24:
9298:Foreign relations of ancient India
7496:From the dated inscription on the
6452:kings, territories and chronology
6319:Geographical Data in Early Puranas
6307:Political History of Ancient India
6024:Indian Institute of Romani Studies
5938:
5920:
5915:Political History of Ancient India
5903:Geographical Data in Early Puranas
5775:Political History of Ancient India
5746:
5637:Metropolitan Museum of Art notice
5488:, 1956, pp 220β221, R. K. Mukerjee
5482:Political History of Ancient India
5382:Political History of Ancient India
5125:
5054:
4898:Proceedings of the British Academy
4797:by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, p. 234
4412:
3672:
3635:Kushan and Indo-Parthian conquests
3593:in the name of Azes I. A Buddhist
3561:. They include the "Great Satrap"
3034:(or HΔmΕ«n) and settled in or near
2836:Yuezhi expansion (2nd century BCE)
2541:. The Saka continued to govern as
25:
9349:
6402:
6391:Mathura lion capital inscriptions
5561:Wilcox and McBride (1986), p. 12.
5504:, Vol II, Part 1, p 36, D S Konow
5276:"The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia"
5193:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
5064:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
5034:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
4975:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
4683:
4155:used the triratna on their coins.
4008:
3711:'s exploits are inscribed in the
3474:and Hagana, who were followed by
3406:
3391:was used for the dedication of a
3363:
3243:A coin of the Indo-Scythian king
2840:During the second century BCE, a
9078:Scythian and related populations
8423:References and sources for table
6359:Development of Kharoshthi script
5949:Life and Art of Early Andhradesa
5934:. Allied Publishers. p. 51.
5401:from the original on 20 May 2023
4283:
4267:
4251:
4236:
4169:
4099:to a Buddhist monastery, in the
3996:
3984:
3965:
3946:
3918:
3843:) of depicting gods forming the
3743:
2482:southward into the northwestern
428:
400:
386:
372:
358:
344:
319:
305:
291:
8496:
8487:
8478:
8469:
8460:
8451:
8442:
8433:
7513:
7502:
7490:
6395:Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarum
6068:1958. "Languages of the Saka."
6035:
6017:
5968:
5956:
5908:
5892:
5879:
5866:
5834:
5822:
5813:
5780:
5768:
5757:
5737:
5728:
5709:
5697:
5688:
5677:
5668:
5655:
5642:
5631:
5584:
5564:
5555:
5542:
5516:
5507:
5491:
5471:
5468:Whitehead 259; BMC pp. 86, 141.
5462:
5457:The dynastic art of the Kushans
5450:
5428:
5413:
5387:
5375:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5274:Craig Benjamin (October 2003).
5267:
5253:
5241:
5183:
5007:
4995:
4935:
4924:
4908:
4885:
4841:
4829:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4767:
4755:
4600:
3573:and dated to the third year of
2952:(probably from the Old Persian
9338:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan
9313:Former countries in South Asia
9293:Ancient history of Afghanistan
8605:Ancient India and Central Asia
7349:, "Kushanshah" (c. 300 β 325)
7312:, "Kushanshah" (c. 295 β 300)
6388:Anabaseeos Alexanddrou, Arrian
6263:. Chapter 123: The Account of
5851:, Vol I, p 189, N. K. Sastri;
5849:Comprehensive History of India
5502:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
5500:, pp 220β221, R. k. Mukerjee;
5296:Lena Jonson (3 October 2006).
5081:Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1957).
4862:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe067
4850:"Indo-Scythian (Saka) Kingdom"
4742:
4730:
4619:
4591:
4552:
4527:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
4050:and being attacked by a lion.
3731:(also known as Vikramaditya).
3580:
3497:with a relic of the Buddha by
3203:in the east, and the other at
3161:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
2988:Map of Sakastan around 100 BCE
2960:, came into conflict with the
2856:and fled west; this created a
2757: – the clan of
2669:describes in book four of his
682:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
13:
1:
9228:Iranian origin hypotheses of
9214:History of the western steppe
7266:, "Kushanshah" (c. 265 β 295)
7261:, "Kushanshah" (c. 250 β 265)
6267:. Columbia University Press.
6249:Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993.
6152:Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996.
5901:, 1955, p 124, P. C. Bagchi;
5797:Kamboja Bahlikah Shudrastath
5598:city preceding Sirkap on the
5190:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966).
5107:Encyclopaedia Indica: Mauryas
5089:. Orient Longmans. p. 4.
5061:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966).
4613:
4278:, with Indo-Scythians dancing
4217:
3826:
3663:
3656:
3523:suggesting a lack of wealth.
3506:
3485:, an Indo-Scythian sandstone
3460:
3267:
3061:Alexandria of the Arachosians
2907:
2828:, and the Parasikas were the
2776:
1612:
1351:
1324:
1223:
1202:
1125:
1064:
993:
976:
959:
942:
925:
904:
819:
802:
556:
236:
42:
8653:Historical peoples and clans
8639:Genetics and archaeogenetics
8552:, Cambridge University Press
8520:, Cambridge University Press
8250:Decline of Buddhism in India
7687:Northern Black Polished Ware
7422:"Kushanshahs" (c. 325 β 350)
6983:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the
6735:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the
6715:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the
6347:Early History of North India
5887:Early History of North India
5327:. In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.).
5104:Shashi, Shyam Singh (1999).
3847:with their right hand (like
3296:
767:Northern Black Polished Ware
7:
9303:Ancient peoples of Pakistan
9288:Ancient history of Pakistan
8807:
8629:Indo-Aryan migration theory
8518:An Introduction to Hinduism
6414:Coins of the Indo-Scythians
6341:Greeks in Bactria and India
6177:Millward, James A. (2007).
6156:. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
6085:. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
5977:, pp 75β93, H. G. Rawlinson
5845:Greeks in Bactria and India
5694:Source:"Butkara I", Faccena
5132:D. B. Spooner (1915).
4812:Ancient History Sourcebooks
4783:India in a Globalised World
4750:Coins of the British Museum
4567:
4477:Evidence of joint invasions
4262:and hunting scene from Swat
4053:
3888:on a horse, wearing a tunic
3687:Coin of the western satrap
3505:(the last Indo-Greek king)
3091:
2895:, who lived in the eastern
2578:history of the subcontinent
2363:Influence on Southeast Asia
10:
9354:
9278:Historical Iranian peoples
8612:Archaeology and prehistory
8541:Hinduism. Past and present
8411:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
8369:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
7761:Rise of Shramana movements
7164:(c. 190 β to at least 230)
6397:, Vol II, Part I, S. Konow
6377:Hellenism in Ancient India
6309:, 1996, H. C. Raychaudhury
6070:Handbuch der Orientalistik
6058:
5928:Sivaramamurti, C. (1961).
5905:, 1972, p 47, M. R. Singh.
5889:, pp 54, S Chattopadhyaya.
5524:"A gap in Puranic history"
5302:. I.B.Tauris. p. 25.
4854:The Encyclopedia of Empire
4545:
4299:
4143:Metropolitan Museum of Art
4081:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3874:
3813:of the Indo-Scythian king
3734:
3676:
3662:CE and the Mathura region
3410:
3373:
3367:
3057:Alexandria of the Caucasus
2852:tribe was defeated by the
2619:
745:Black and Red ware culture
9247:
9201:
9128:
9085:
9071:
8815:
8739:
8708:
8652:
8611:
8548:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
8420:
8317:
8296:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
8281:
8260:
8235:
8207:
8167:
8162:
8103:
7989:
7924:
7882:
7861:
7845:
7834:
7827:
7810:
7794:
7780:
7751:
7744:
7690:
7672:
7669:Painted Grey Ware culture
7654:
7646:
7630:
7606:
7603:
7598:
7585:
7580:
7571:
7479:
7477:
7472:
7469:
7450:
7436:
7404:
7402:
7378:
7375:
7352:
7344:
7342:
7326:
7323:
7315:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7294:
7270:
7247:
7219:
7176:
7173:
7149:
7126:
7087:
7084:
7063:
7056:
7047:
7038:
7035:
7030:
7027:
7020:
7018:
7013:
7010:
7005:
7002:
6995:
6993:
6982:
6979:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6959:
6956:
6949:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6932:
6929:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6905:
6902:
6895:
6890:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6867:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6823:
6812:
6807:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6784:
6771:
6760:
6747:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6714:
6707:
6698:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6677:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6645:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6613:
6611:
6604:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6524:
6460:
5648:Ahmad Hasan Dani et al.,
5220:The Empire of the Steppes
5152:10.1017/S0035869X00048437
4892:Abdullaev, Kazim (2007).
4626:Diringer, David (1953) .
4030:layers or the succeeding
3713:Junagadh rock inscription
3615:describes an invasion of
3348:Excavations organized by
2891:(possibly related to the
2745:Some scholars (including
2478:origin who migrated from
756:Painted Grey Ware culture
628:Indus Valley Civilisation
270:
262:
257:
253:
243:
230:
226:
216:
212:
202:
190:
186:
176:
168:
134:
95:
69:
49:
41:
34:
9308:Iron Age peoples of Asia
8740:Mythology and literature
8516:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
8105:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
8070:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
7986:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
7747:Persian-Greek influences
7565:Middle kingdoms of India
6162:Journal of World History
6146:27 February 2008 at the
6121:Hirakawa, Akira (1993).
5722:12 December 2006 at the
5459:, John Rosenfield, p 130
4951:Diringer, David (1948).
4838:vi, xiii (1932), p. 143.
4584:
3455:The Mathura lion capital
1407:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
1387:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
988:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
8539:Michaels, Axel (2004),
8237:Late-Classical Hinduism
6745:(ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE)
6294:A Study of Saka History
5602:site, nor Sirsukh, the
5590:"Let us remind that in
5570:Photographic reference
5395:"The Parthian Stations"
5217:Grousset, Rene (1970).
4941:Millward (2007), p. 13.
4785:by Sagarika Dutt, p. 24
4258:Dancing Indo-Scythians
4244:Indo-Corinthian capital
4214:Indo-Corinthian capital
3957:Cleveland Museum of Art
3863:symbol on the coins of
2944:and south-west towards
2751:Christopher I. Beckwith
1507:Western Chalukya Empire
650:Mature Harappan culture
9318:200s BC establishments
9151:Parama Kamboja Kingdom
9079:
8716:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
7623:Middle Gangetic Plain
6367:, 1956, R. K. Mukerjee
6353:Sakas in Ancient India
6325:India and Central Asia
6243:The Spread of Buddhism
6193:Neelis, Jason (2010).
6133:. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
6125:. Motilall Banarsidas.
5899:India and Central Asia
5810:
5323:Bailey, H.W. (1996) .
4704:Social Science History
4689:Encyclopedia Iranica,
4490:
4463:Parama Kamboja kingdom
4449:of Indian literature;
4422:
4201:
4186:
4085:
4018:
3900:
3889:
3870:
3818:
3692:
3606:
3598:
3456:
3448:
3345:
3318:
3309:
3247:
3236:
3189:
3106:
3089:
2989:
2980:Settlement in Sakastan
2872:
2772:to gain the throne of
2693:
2687:
2645:
2565:, was defeated by the
2559:Gautamiputra Satakarni
2413:Science and technology
797:Three Crowned Kingdoms
639:Early Harappan culture
454:(2,500,000β250,000 BC)
299:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
245:β’ Disestablished
150:Ancient Greek religion
9333:400 disestablishments
9273:Indo-Scythian peoples
9193:PonticβCaspian steppe
9077:
8726:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
8152:Western Ganga Dynasty
8019: 1st century BCE
8007:Early Pandyan kingdom
7972: 2nd century BCE
7932:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
7926:Preclassical Hinduism
7907:Early Pandyan kingdom
7879: 3rd century BCE
7824: 4th century BCE
7791: 5th century BCE
7701: 6th century BCE
7626:Lower Gangetic Plain
7614:Upper Gangetic Plain
6814:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM
6798:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM
6765:(ruled 10 BCEβ 10 CE)
6597:INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM
6373:, Vol III, T. L. Shah
6315:, 1978, K. P. Jayswal
6233:Ronca, Italo (1971).
6105:Hill, John E. (2009)
5786:
5652:, 1999, p 201, Unesco
5577:10 March 2007 at the
4691:Indo-Scythian Dynasty
4484:
4420:
4192:
4177:
4069:
4016:
3895:
3884:
3808:
3686:
3604:
3588:
3493:script the gift of a
3454:
3420:
3374:Further information:
3324:
3315:
3304:
3242:
3222:
3165:
3159:The first-century CE
3104:
3069:
3000:. The mixed Scythian
2987:
2867:Detail of one of the
2866:
2692:
2658:
2644:), first century BCE.
2627:
2316:Specialised histories
1587:Kalachuris of Kalyani
1577:Kalachuris of Tripuri
1259:Western Ganga Kingdom
1187:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
1137:Western Satrap Empire
1120:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1110:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
661:Late Harappan culture
422:History of South Asia
96:Common languages
36:Indo-Scythian kingdom
8644:History of the horse
8502:Michaels (2004) p.41
8493:Michaels (2004) p.40
8475:Michaels (2004) p.39
8457:Michaels (2004) p.39
8394:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
8026: 1st century CE
6383:Manu and Yajnavalkya
6335:Geography of Puranas
6253:Translated from the
6136:Huet, Gerard (2010)
6088:Hill, John E. 2004.
6043:Rishi, Weer Rajendra
5965:, pp 286β87, 313β14.
5952:. Agam. p. 249.
5843:XIV, p 291 S Konow;
4542:Dynasties and rulers
4485:"Scythian" soldier,
4296:In Indian literature
4223:BCE. A contemporary
4163:Mathura lion capital
4111:Mathura lion capital
3767:improve this section
3516:, his capital city.
3483:Mathura lion capital
3383:is connected to the
3376:Mathura lion capital
3211:) in the southwest.
3167:Beyond this region (
3119:Sacred Rock of Hunza
3087:), and six villages.
3085:Alexandria Arachosia
2992:The Saka settled in
1834:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1636:Late medieval period
1547:Eastern Ganga Empire
1279:Vishnukundina Empire
8619:Proto-Indo-Iranians
8353:Rashtrakuta dynasty
7805:Shaishunaga dynasty
7755:Second Urbanisation
7600:Indo-Gangetic Plain
6355:, S. Chattopadhyava
6349:, S. Chattopadhyava
6321:, 1972, M. R. Singh
6299:Yu, Taishan. 2000.
6292:Yu, Taishan. 1998.
6237:. IsMEO β ROM.
6205:(1970), pp 154β160.
6051:. Roma. p. 95.
5991:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
5946:Ray, Amita (1982).
5397:. Parthia.com. 18.
5014:Attwood, Jayarava.
4764:by B. V. Rao, p. 97
4646:Seldeslachts (2007)
4562:Weer Rajendra Rishi
4453:is synonymous with
4204:Excavations at the
4101:Taxila copper plate
3466:BCE. Some of their
3289:. In 55 BCE, under
3252:Indo-Greek kingdoms
3231:, 1st century BCE (
3215:Gandhara and Punjab
3183:; it is subject to
2794:Chandragupta Maurya
2790:Alexander the Great
2770:Chandragupta Maurya
2753:suggested that the
2612:(c. 85β60 BCE) and
2484:Indian subcontinent
1916:Early modern period
1763:Vijayanagara Empire
1743:Chitradurga Kingdom
1437:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
849:Shaishunaga dynasty
232:β’ Established
9080:
8721:Indo-Greek Kingdom
8484:Hiltebeitel (2002)
8466:Hiltebeitel (2002)
8164:Hephthalite Empire
8000:(300 BCE β 200 CE)
7991:Satavahana dynasty
7977:Indo-Greek Kingdom
7900:(300 BCE β 200 CE)
7891:Satavahana dynasty
7864:Spread of Buddhism
7586:Northwestern India
6853:(ruled c.0-20 CE)
6529:INDO-GREEK KINGDOM
6029:8 January 2013 at
5841:Epigraphia Indiaca
5530:on 14 January 2010
5420:Ahmad Hasan Dani.
4816:Fordham University
4558:Tadeusz Sulimirski
4491:
4423:
4202:
4187:
4086:
4019:
3901:
3896:Scythian devotee,
3890:
3819:
3693:
3607:
3599:
3521:alloying technique
3457:
3449:
3346:
3319:
3310:
3248:
3237:
3140:mountains used by
3107:
2990:
2873:
2694:
2646:
2467:) were a group of
2393:Partition of India
2258:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2206:Regional histories
2151:National histories
2038:Travancore Kingdom
2008:Thondaiman Kingdom
1878:Golkonda Sultanate
1487:Somavamshi Kingdom
1457:Rashtrakuta Empire
1397:Rashidun Caliphate
1319:Kabul Shahi Empire
1167:Nagas of Padmavati
1090:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1030:(230 BC β AD 1206)
723:Vedic Civilisation
671:Vedic Civilisation
568:Ahar-Banas culture
313:Indo-Greek kingdom
9260:
9259:
8775:
8774:
8571:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8403:Eastern Chalukyas
8399:Kalyani Chalukyas
8357:Eastern Chalukyas
8346:Gurjara-Pratihara
8339: 9th century
8324:Eastern Chalukyas
8307: 8th century
8292:Eastern Chalukyas
8278:Mlechchha dynasty
8257: 7th century
8239:(ca. CE 650-1100)
8186: 6th century
8159: 5th century
8119: 4th century
8065: 3rd century
8053: 2nd century
7963:Mahayana Buddhism
7930:"Hindu Synthesis"
7797:Persian conquests
7682:Shramanic culture
7618:Ganga-Yamuna doab
7531:
7530:
7498:Rukhana reliquary
7486:
7485:
7159:(c. 160 β c. 190)
7154:(c. 140 β c. 160)
6337:, 1973, S. M. Ali
6287:978-0-85045-688-2
6187:978-0-231-13924-3
6115:978-1-4392-2134-1
5874:The Classical Age
5863:, A. D. Pusalkar.
5706:, Francine Tissot
5548:Francine Tissot,
5309:978-1-84511-293-6
5234:978-0-8135-1304-1
5020:. pp. 47β69.
4871:978-1-118-45507-4
4522:Isidore of Charax
4375:H. C. Raychadhury
4097:Buddha Shakyamuni
4062:Royal dedications
4026:in the preceding
3877:Indo-Scythian art
3803:
3802:
3795:
3721:Satavahana Empire
3719:and defeated the
3395:in Bamiran, near
3340:, was found in a
3123:Ahmad Hassan Dani
3053:Isidore of Charax
2724:Achaemenid Empire
2457:
2456:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2056:
2055:
1958:Thanjavur Kingdom
1906:
1905:
1867:Bijapur Sultanate
1823:Deccan sultanates
1701:Tughlaq Sultanate
1648:Ghaznavid Dynasty
1626:
1625:
1497:Chaulukya Kingdom
1427:Mallabhum kingdom
1417:Umayyad Caliphate
1157:Bharshiva Dynasty
1053:(200 BC β AD 300)
1043:(230 BC β AD 220)
1039:Satavahana Empire
1017:
1016:
1013:(247 BC β AD 224)
869:Macedonian Empire
843:(450 BC β AD 489)
831:Achaemenid Empire
701:
700:
606:
605:
529:
528:
479:
478:
463:Madrasian culture
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
332:
331:
192:β’ 85β60 BCE
145:Scythian religion
16:(Redirected from
9345:
9250:Category:Scythia
9239:Scythian archers
9219:Bosporan Kingdom
9174:Bosporan Kingdom
8802:
8795:
8788:
8779:
8778:
8598:
8591:
8584:
8575:
8574:
8553:
8544:
8535:
8526:Hiltebeitel, Alf
8521:
8503:
8500:
8494:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8476:
8473:
8467:
8464:
8458:
8455:
8449:
8446:
8440:
8437:
8288:Badami Chalukyas
8283:Adivasi (tribes)
8273:Empire of Harsha
8269:Vakataka dynasty
8222:Kalabhra dynasty
8218:Badami Chalukyas
8209:Adivasi (tribes)
8178:Kalabhra dynasty
8144:Kalabhra dynasty
8140:Andhra Ikshvakus
8107:(ca. CE 320-650)
8091:Adivasi (tribes)
7959:Smarta Tradition
7812:Adivasi (tribes)
7727:Adivasi (tribes)
7583:cultural period
7578:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7535:
7534:
7522:
7517:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7494:
6886:Kujula Kadphises
6718:NORTHERN SATRAPS
6463:
6462:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6420:
6419:
6379:, G. N. Banerjee
6361:, C. C. Dasgupta
6246:
6198:
6126:
6053:
6052:
6039:
6033:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5987:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5931:Indian Sculpture
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5896:
5890:
5883:
5877:
5870:
5864:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5726:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5666:
5659:
5653:
5646:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5588:
5582:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5553:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5505:
5495:
5489:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5271:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5187:
5181:
5171:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5101:
5092:
5090:
5078:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4972:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4710:(3/4): 115β138.
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4666:
4660:
4649:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4607:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4347:KathΔsaritsΔgara
4287:
4271:
4255:
4240:
4222:
4219:
4044:New Delhi Museum
4000:
3988:
3969:
3950:
3851:on the coins of
3831:
3828:
3798:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3747:
3739:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3511:
3508:
3465:
3462:
3413:Northern Satraps
3272:
3269:
3258:first conquered
3135:
3097:Pamirs to Taxila
3079:and the city of
2970:Artabanus I
2940:and present-day
2912:
2909:
2788:says that after
2781:
2778:
2721:
2616:(c. 75β65 BCE).
2602:Claudius Ptolemy
2547:Northern Satraps
2535:Kujula Kadphises
2449:
2442:
2435:
2398:Pakistan studies
2238:Himachal Pradesh
2078:Portuguese India
2074:
2073:
2070:
2028:Sikh Confederacy
1924:
1923:
1920:
1773:Bengal Sultanate
1712:Sayyid Sultanate
1690:Khalji Sultanate
1679:Mamluk Sultanate
1644:
1643:
1640:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1557:Kakatiya Kingdom
1467:Paramara Kingdom
1360:
1356:
1353:
1329:
1326:
1269:Kamarupa Kingdom
1232:
1228:
1225:
1218:Kalabhras Empire
1211:
1207:
1204:
1130:
1127:
1114:(50 BC β AD 400)
1094:(180 BC β AD 10)
1073:
1069:
1066:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1002:
998:
995:
981:
978:
964:
961:
947:
944:
930:
927:
913:
909:
906:
824:
821:
807:
804:
787:Haryanka dynasty
777:Pradyota dynasty
719:
718:
715:
624:
623:
620:
561:
558:
551:Anarta tradition
547:
546:
543:
511:Mehrgarh culture
501:Bhirrana culture
497:
496:
493:
492:(10,800β3300 BC)
459:
458:
455:
445:
444:
432:
418:
417:
404:
403:
390:
389:
376:
375:
362:
361:
348:
347:
336:
335:
323:
322:
309:
308:
295:
294:
288:
287:
272:
271:
238:
58:Northern Satraps
54:
44:
32:
31:
21:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9243:
9209:Iranian peoples
9197:
9124:
9081:
9069:
9030:Pazyryk culture
8811:
8806:
8776:
8771:
8735:
8704:
8648:
8607:
8602:
8572:
8567:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8506:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8479:
8474:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8438:
8434:
8424:
8413:
8409:
8407:Medieval Cholas
8405:
8401:
8392:
8367:
8365:Medieval Cholas
8363:
8361:Pandyan kingdom
8359:
8355:
8330:
8328:Pandyan kingdom
8326:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8271:
8248:
8242:Advaita Vedanta
8240:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8193:
8180:
8176:
8150:
8148:Kadamba Dynasty
8146:
8142:
8133:
8112:
8108:
8080:Western Satraps
8042:Kuninda Kingdom
8034:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7999:
7993:
7984:
7961:
7933:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7899:
7893:
7830:Greek conquests
7763:
7759:
7685:
7679:
7667:
7661:
7615:
7587:
7582:
7567:
7562:
7532:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7518:
7514:
7507:
7503:
7495:
7491:
7481:Chandragupta II
7464:
7455:
7447:
7442:
7425:
7423:
7410:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7370:
7369:(c. 310? β 325)
7365:
7361:
7357:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7319:(c. 275 β 310)
7289:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7213:
7209:
7207:Damajadasri III
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7168:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7146:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7075:
7073:
7068:
7051:
7042:
6988:
6986:WESTERN SATRAPS
6984:
6883:
6852:
6841:
6816:
6800:
6766:
6764:
6755:
6753:Patika Kusulaka
6751:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6728:25 BCE β 10 CE
6720:
6716:
6702:
6649:
6617:
6599:
6490:
6481:
6467:
6456:
6447:
6405:
6400:
6385:, K. P. Jayswal
6148:Wayback Machine
6079:Harmatta, JΓ‘nos
6061:
6056:
6040:
6036:
6022:
6018:
6007:
5988:
5981:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5943:
5939:
5925:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5897:
5893:
5884:
5880:
5871:
5867:
5839:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5809:
5807:MBH 3.188.34β36
5806:
5803:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:, 1996, pp 3β4.
5773:
5769:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5724:Wayback Machine
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5660:
5656:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5632:
5589:
5585:
5579:Wayback Machine
5569:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5531:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5496:
5492:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5294:
5287:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5188:
5184:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5102:
5095:
5075:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5032:
5025:
5012:
5008:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4973:
4962:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4747:
4743:
4739:Rapson, p. ciii
4735:
4731:
4716:10.2307/1170959
4700:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4678:Hirakawa (1993)
4676:
4669:
4661:
4652:
4644:
4637:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4579:HanβXiongnu War
4570:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4479:
4431:Pamir Mountains
4415:
4413:Sai-Wang hordes
4304:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4279:
4272:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4241:
4220:
4172:
4093:Patika Kusulaka
4074:, dedicated by
4064:
4056:
4011:
4004:
4001:
3992:
3989:
3980:
3970:
3961:
3951:
3921:
3911:typical of the
3879:
3873:
3829:
3799:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3764:
3748:
3737:
3729:Chandragupta II
3681:
3679:Western Satraps
3675:
3673:Western Satraps
3666:
3659:
3637:
3589:Silver coin of
3583:
3565:and the satrap
3547:Western Satraps
3509:
3463:
3415:
3409:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3299:
3270:
3217:
3129:
3099:
3094:
3021:Parthian Empire
2982:
2962:Parthian Empire
2910:
2838:
2779:
2719:
2710:
2622:
2571:Chandragupta II
2551:Western Satraps
2453:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2071:
2068:
2066:Colonial states
2058:
2057:
1948:Madurai Kingdom
1921:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1856:Bidar Sultanate
1845:Berar sultanate
1813:Ladakh Kingdom
1803:Gajapati Empire
1783:Garhwal Kingdom
1668:Delhi Sultanate
1641:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1597:Chutiya Kingdom
1567:Zamorin Kingdom
1358:
1354:
1346:Maukhari Empire
1336:Chalukya Empire
1327:
1289:Maitraka Empire
1230:
1226:
1209:
1205:
1197:Vakataka Empire
1177:Sasanian Empire
1128:
1071:
1067:
1049:Kuninda Kingdom
1032:
1029:
1027:Middle Kingdoms
1019:
1018:
1009:Parthian Empire
1000:
996:
979:
962:
945:
928:
911:
907:
822:
805:
716:
713:
703:
702:
621:
618:
608:
607:
559:
544:
541:
531:
530:
521:Edakkal culture
494:
491:
481:
480:
472:Soanian culture
456:
453:
442:
401:
387:
373:
359:
354:Sassanid Empire
345:
320:
306:
292:
246:
233:
205:
193:
164:
122:
117:
108:
103:
91:
65:
62:Western Satraps
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9351:
9341:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9283:Iranian nomads
9280:
9275:
9258:
9257:
9248:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9236:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9160:Scythia Minor
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9089:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8905:Indo-Scythians
8902:
8897:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8805:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8782:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8712:
8710:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8665:Indo-Scythians
8662:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8615:
8613:
8609:
8608:
8601:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8578:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8555:
8554:
8545:
8536:
8522:
8512:
8505:
8504:
8495:
8486:
8477:
8468:
8459:
8450:
8441:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8396:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8350:
8348:
8343:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8321:
8316:
8314:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8266:
8264:
8262:Indo-Sassanids
8259:
8253:
8252:
8234:
8226:
8225:
8211:
8206:
8204:
8199:
8197:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8137:
8135:Varman dynasty
8126:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8102:
8094:
8093:
8088:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8039:
8036:Indo-Parthians
8032:Indo-Scythians
8028:
8022:
8021:
8015:
8014:
7988:
7979:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7923:
7915:
7914:
7888:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7867:
7860:
7852:
7851:
7848:HISTORICAL AGE
7843:
7842:
7840:
7833:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7807:
7802:
7800:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7779:
7750:
7743:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7717:
7708:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7689:
7671:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7636:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7611:
7610:
7608:Southern India
7605:
7604:Central India
7602:
7597:
7584:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7538:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7512:
7501:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7476:
7474:Rudrasimha III
7471:
7467:
7466:
7457:Chandragupta I
7449:
7446:(c. 345 β 375)
7441:(c. 325 β 345)
7435:
7403:
7401:
7377:
7373:
7372:
7351:
7343:
7341:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7314:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7285:(c. 250 β 275)
7280:(c. 240 β 250)
7275:(c. 230 β 240)
7269:
7250:INDO-SASANIANS
7246:
7218:
7187:Damajadasri II
7175:
7171:
7170:
7148:
7125:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7062:
7055:
7046:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7023:Vima Kadphises
7019:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6994:
6992:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6948:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6811:
6806:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6770:
6759:
6749:Liaka Kusulaka
6746:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6713:
6706:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6632:Apollodotus II
6628:
6621:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6512:Eastern Punjab
6509:
6507:Western Punjab
6504:
6499:
6494:
6485:
6475:
6469:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6446:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6404:
6403:External links
6401:
6399:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6275:
6247:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6206:
6199:
6190:
6175:
6169:
6157:
6150:
6134:
6127:
6118:
6103:
6086:
6076:
6073:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6034:
6016:
6005:
5996:The Sarmatians
5979:
5967:
5955:
5937:
5919:
5907:
5891:
5878:
5865:
5861:R. C. Majumdar
5833:
5821:
5812:
5804:
5787:
5779:
5767:
5756:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5708:
5696:
5687:
5676:
5667:
5654:
5641:
5630:
5583:
5563:
5554:
5541:
5515:
5506:
5490:
5470:
5461:
5449:
5427:
5412:
5386:
5384:, 1996, p 693.
5374:
5362:
5353:
5351:Justin XL.II.2
5344:
5338:978-0521246934
5337:
5315:
5308:
5285:
5266:
5252:
5240:
5233:
5209:
5202:
5182:
5146:(3): 416β417.
5124:
5116:
5093:
5073:
5053:
5046:
5023:
5006:
4994:
4987:
4960:
4957:. p. 350.
4943:
4934:
4923:
4907:
4884:
4870:
4840:
4828:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4766:
4754:
4741:
4729:
4694:
4682:
4680:, p. 230.
4667:
4665:, p. 110.
4650:
4648:, p. 142.
4635:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4566:
4554:
4551:
4546:Main article:
4543:
4540:
4487:Nagarjunakonda
4478:
4475:
4414:
4411:
4300:Main article:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4248:
4242:
4235:
4229:Indo-Scythians
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4146:
4132:
4122:
4115:Bimaran casket
4104:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4023:stone palettes
4010:
4009:Stone palettes
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3983:
3981:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3952:
3945:
3920:
3917:
3875:Main article:
3872:
3869:
3801:
3800:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3677:Main article:
3674:
3671:
3636:
3633:
3582:
3579:
3411:Main article:
3408:
3407:Mathura region
3405:
3385:Bimaran casket
3370:Bimaran casket
3368:Main article:
3365:
3364:Bimaran casket
3362:
3327:Bimaran casket
3298:
3295:
3283:Apollodotus II
3233:British Museum
3216:
3213:
3154:Apollodotus II
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3067:on the south:
3017:Mithridates II
2981:
2978:
2837:
2834:
2820:and found the
2759:Gautama Buddha
2747:Michael Witzel
2709:
2706:
2621:
2618:
2606:nomadic people
2563:Rudrasimha III
2545:, forming the
2500:northern India
2461:Indo-Scythians
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:Maratha Empire
2014:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:Sikkim Kingdom
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:Marava Kingdom
1984:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:Keladi Kingdom
1884:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:Mysore Kingdom
1789:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:Lodi Sultanate
1718:
1717:
1714:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:Ghurid Dynasty
1654:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:Hoysala Empire
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:Lohara Kingdom
1513:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1377:Tibetan Empire
1373:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:Kadamba Empire
1245:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
990:
984:
983:
973:
971:Pallava Empire
967:
966:
956:
950:
949:
939:
933:
932:
922:
916:
915:
901:
895:
894:
891:
889:Seleucid India
885:
884:
881:
875:
874:
871:
865:
864:
861:
855:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
837:
836:
833:
827:
826:
816:
814:Maha Janapadas
810:
809:
799:
793:
792:
789:
783:
782:
779:
773:
772:
769:
762:
761:
758:
751:
750:
749:(1300β1000 BC)
747:
740:
739:
736:
729:
728:
725:
717:
709:
708:
705:
704:
699:
698:
695:
688:
687:
686:(2000β1600 BC)
684:
677:
676:
673:
667:
666:
665:(1900β1300 BC)
663:
656:
655:
654:(2600β1900 BC)
652:
645:
644:
643:(3300β2600 BC)
641:
634:
633:
632:(3300β1300 BC)
630:
622:
619:(3300β1300 BC)
614:
613:
610:
609:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
592:(1600β1300 BC)
590:
584:
583:
580:
574:
573:
572:(3000β1500 BC)
570:
564:
563:
553:
545:
542:(3500β1500 BC)
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
526:
525:(5000β3000 BC)
523:
517:
516:
515:(7000β3300 BC)
513:
507:
506:
505:(7570β6200 BC)
503:
495:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
476:
474:
468:
467:
465:
457:
449:
448:
443:
438:
437:
434:
433:
425:
424:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
398:
392:
391:
384:
378:
377:
370:
368:Indo-Parthians
364:
363:
356:
350:
349:
342:
333:
330:
329:
324:
316:
315:
310:
302:
301:
296:
284:
283:
278:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
217:Historical era
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
163:
162:
160:Zoroastrianism
157:
152:
147:
141:
136:
132:
131:
97:
93:
92:
90:
89:
84:
79:
73:
71:
67:
66:
55:
47:
46:
45:150 BCEβ400 CE
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9350:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9255:
9251:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9200:
9194:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9136:Kazakh Steppe
9134:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9084:
9076:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9035:Tagar culture
9033:
9031:
9028:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8986:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8803:
8798:
8796:
8791:
8789:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8731:Kushan Empire
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8707:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8599:
8594:
8592:
8587:
8585:
8580:
8579:
8576:
8551:
8546:
8542:
8537:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8499:
8490:
8481:
8472:
8463:
8454:
8445:
8436:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8419:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8315:
8313:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8214:Vishnukundina
8212:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8174:Vishnukundina
8172:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8132:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8075:Kushan Empire
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8058:Kushan Empire
8054:
8051:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7996:Sangam period
7992:
7987:
7983:
7982:Shunga Empire
7978:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7955:Brahma Sutras
7952:
7951:Bhagavad Gita
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7896:Sangam period
7892:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7885:Maurya Empire
7880:
7877:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7831:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7756:
7749:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7659:
7652:
7651:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7601:
7595:
7591:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7554:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7489:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7445:
7440:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7408:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7389:Rudrasena III
7386:
7385:Rudradaman II
7382:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7348:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7333:Rudrasimha II
7330:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7311:
7305:
7300:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7268:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7251:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7098:Damajadasri I
7095:
7091:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7072:
7067:
7064:Great Satrap
7061:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7034:
7025:
7024:
7016:
7009:
7000:
6999:
6991:
6987:
6978:
6963:
6954:
6953:
6947:
6936:
6927:
6926:
6920:
6909:
6900:
6899:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6881:KUSHAN EMPIRE
6873:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6851:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6826:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6790:
6787:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6712:
6711:
6705:
6701:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6686:
6680:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6652:
6648:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6620:
6616:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6488:Paropamisadae
6486:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6450:Indo-Scythian
6444:
6439:
6437:
6432:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6371:Ancient India
6369:
6366:
6365:Ancient India
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6273:0-231-08167-7
6270:
6266:
6262:
6261:Ssu-ma Ch'ien
6258:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6221:0-486-26896-9
6218:
6214:
6213:The Geography
6210:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6140:p. 128.
6139:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6081:, ed., 1994.
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6066:Bailey, H. W.
6064:
6063:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6031:archive.today
6028:
6025:
6020:
6013:
6008:
6006:9789080057272
6002:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5976:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5951:
5950:
5941:
5933:
5932:
5923:
5916:
5911:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5888:
5882:
5875:
5869:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5816:
5802:
5800:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5691:
5685:
5680:
5671:
5664:
5658:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5567:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5510:
5503:
5499:
5498:Ancient India
5494:
5487:
5486:Ancient India
5483:
5479:
5474:
5465:
5458:
5453:
5438:. Fordham.edu
5437:
5431:
5423:
5416:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5357:
5348:
5340:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5292:
5290:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5262:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5203:9788120804050
5199:
5195:
5194:
5186:
5179:
5178:Mudrarakshasa
5175:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5128:
5119:
5117:9788170418597
5113:
5109:
5108:
5100:
5098:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5074:9788120804050
5070:
5066:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5047:9781400866328
5043:
5039:
5038:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4990:
4988:9781400866328
4984:
4980:
4979:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4956:
4955:
4947:
4938:
4932:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4796:
4795:Ancient India
4791:
4784:
4779:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4664:
4663:Neelis (2010)
4659:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4603:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4483:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:Central Asian
4425:A portion of
4419:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4337:BαΉhat SaαΉhitΔ
4333:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4274:Butkara door
4270:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4206:Butkara Stupa
4200:
4196:
4191:
4184:
4181:
4180:Acanthus-leaf
4176:
4170:Butkara Stupa
4164:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4139:Bajaur casket
4136:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4072:Bajaur casket
4068:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:, now in the
4041:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4015:
4003:Hunting scene
3999:
3994:
3991:Hunting scene
3987:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3925:Buner reliefs
3919:Buner reliefs
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3898:Butkara Stupa
3894:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3845:vitarka mudra
3842:
3837:
3833:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3794:
3786:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3752:This section
3750:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:Indo-Parthian
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:John Marshall
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3121:in Pakistan,
3120:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2974:Kushan Empire
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2887:attacked the
2886:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2869:Orlat plaques
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:domino effect
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:Maurya Empire
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2785:Mudrarakshasa
2775:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2738:(Greeks) and
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:Saka language
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:Kushan Empire
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:(also called
2462:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Uttar Pradesh
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:Mughal Empire
1926:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:Reddy Kingdom
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:Yadava Empire
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:Harsha Empire
1365:
1364:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:Kushan Empire
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:Shunga Empire
1078:
1077:
1062:
1060:
1059:Mitra Dynasty
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001: AD 500
997: 250 BC
991:
989:
986:
985:
980: 250 AD
974:
972:
969:
968:
963: 300 BC
957:
955:
952:
951:
946: 300 BC
940:
938:
937:Chera Kingdom
935:
934:
929: 300 BC
923:
921:
920:Pandya Empire
918:
917:
912: 300 AD
908: 300 BC
902:
900:
899:Sangam period
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
886:
882:
880:
879:Maurya Empire
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
838:
834:
832:
829:
828:
817:
815:
812:
811:
806: 600 BC
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
774:
770:
768:
764:
763:
760:(1200β600 BC)
759:
757:
753:
752:
748:
746:
742:
741:
738:(1500β600 BC)
737:
735:
731:
730:
727:(1500β500 BC)
726:
724:
721:
720:
714:(1500β200 BC)
712:
707:
706:
697:(1600β500 BC)
696:
694:
690:
689:
685:
683:
679:
678:
675:(2000β500 BC)
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
662:
658:
657:
653:
651:
647:
646:
642:
640:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
617:
612:
611:
602:(1400β700 BC)
601:
599:
598:Jorwe culture
596:
595:
591:
589:
588:Malwa culture
586:
585:
582:(1600β750 BC)
581:
579:
578:Pandu culture
576:
575:
571:
569:
566:
565:
554:
552:
549:
548:
540:
535:
534:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
502:
499:
498:
490:
485:
484:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
452:
447:
446:
441:
436:
435:
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:
399:
397:
394:
393:
385:
383:
380:
379:
371:
369:
366:
365:
357:
355:
352:
351:
343:
341:
340:Kushan Empire
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:Maurya Empire
325:
318:
317:
314:
311:
304:
303:
300:
297:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
242:
235:
229:
225:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:β’ 10 CE
201:
198:
195:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
115:
111:
106:
101:
98:
94:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
68:
63:
59:
53:
48:
40:
33:
30:
19:
18:Indo-Scythian
9169:Lower Danube
8916:Sauromatians
8904:
8885:Melanchlaeni
8695:Hephthalites
8680:Sakaldwipiya
8664:
8634:Swat culture
8549:
8540:
8530:
8517:
8508:
8507:
8498:
8489:
8480:
8471:
8462:
8453:
8444:
8435:
8427:
8426:
8390:Pala dynasty
8376:10th century
8375:
8338:
8306:
8256:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8185:
8158:
8130:Gupta Empire
8128:
8118:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8064:
8052:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8018:
8003:Early Cholas
7994:
7971:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7903:Early Cholas
7894:
7883:
7878:
7869:
7862:
7856:
7855:
7846:
7837:Nanda empire
7835:
7823:
7790:
7781:
7752:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7700:
7691:
7676:Vedic Period
7673:
7658:Vedic Period
7655:
7650:Vedic Period
7647:
7641:
7640:
7631:
7594:Sapta Sindhu
7581:Timeline and
7515:
7504:
7492:
7463:
7460:Samudragupta
7453:GUPTA EMPIRE
7451:
7437:
7405:
7397:Rudrasena IV
7381:Yasodaman II
7379:
7355:Vasudeva III
7353:
7345:
7327:
7308:
7299:Bhratadarman
7288:
7283:Kanishka III
7271:
7248:
7220:
7211:Rudrasena II
7177:
7167:
7150:
7145:
7127:
7122:
7106:Rudrasimha I
7094:Rudradaman I
7088:
7076:
7066:Kharapallana
7057:
7021:
6996:
6950:
6923:
6896:
6884:
6856:
6842:
6836:
6817:
6801:
6778:
6772:
6738:APRACHARAJAS
6710:Apollophanes
6708:
6683:
6662:
6657:Hippostratos
6655:
6651:Spalagadames
6630:
6623:
6596:
6580:
6573:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6527:
6466:Territories/
6453:
6394:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6343:, W. W. Tarn
6340:
6334:
6329:P. C. Bagchi
6324:
6318:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6293:
6278:
6254:
6250:
6242:
6234:
6227:
6212:
6202:
6194:
6178:
6171:
6160:
6153:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6106:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6069:
6047:
6037:
6019:
6010:
5995:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5948:
5940:
5930:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5886:
5881:
5873:
5868:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5830:P. C. Bagchi
5824:
5815:
5788:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5759:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5690:
5679:
5670:
5662:
5657:
5649:
5644:
5633:
5621:Central Asia
5586:
5566:
5557:
5549:
5544:
5532:. Retrieved
5528:the original
5518:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5440:. Retrieved
5430:
5421:
5415:
5403:. Retrieved
5389:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5356:
5347:
5328:
5318:
5298:
5279:
5269:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5219:
5212:
5192:
5185:
5143:
5137:
5127:
5106:
5086:
5063:
5056:
5036:
5016:
5009:
4997:
4977:
4953:
4946:
4937:
4926:
4916:
4910:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4875:. Retrieved
4853:
4843:
4831:
4819:. Retrieved
4811:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4685:
4628:
4621:
4602:
4593:
4556:
4525:
4509:
4507:
4492:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4447:Εaka Murunda
4424:
4404:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4342:VarΔhamihira
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4259:
4203:
4161:erected the
4087:
4078:
4057:
4036:
4021:A number of
4020:
3954:
3934:karana mudra
3932:
3922:
3902:
3838:
3834:
3820:
3789:
3780:
3765:Please help
3753:
3709:Rudradaman I
3694:
3689:Rudrasimha I
3650:
3638:
3624:
3610:
3608:
3563:Kharapallana
3544:
3525:
3518:
3512:CE and took
3480:
3458:
3441:
3433:Bust of the
3430:
3425:(c. 10 CE),
3379:
3358:toilet trays
3347:
3333:
3287:Hippostratos
3249:
3190:
3166:
3158:
3127:Karl Jettmar
3108:
3070:
3050:
3043:
3032:Lake Helmond
3025:
3010:
2991:
2953:
2927:
2874:
2839:
2783:
2767:
2762:
2744:
2711:
2695:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2659:
2647:
2636:in northern
2575:
2523:Indus Valley
2504:
2480:Central Asia
2464:
2460:
2458:
2338:Demographics
2328:Architecture
2108:French India
2098:Danish India
1978:Bengal Subah
1968:Bhoi dynasty
1898:Koch Kingdom
1733:Ahom Kingdom
1607:Deva Kingdom
1299:Huna Kingdom
1239:Gupta Empire
1141:(AD 35β405 )
1109:
1100:Kanva Empire
1072: 50 BC
954:Chola Empire
893:(312β303 BC)
883:(321β184 BC)
873:(330β323 BC)
863:(380β321 BC)
859:Nanda Empire
853:(424β345 BC)
835:(550β330 BC)
791:(684β424 BC)
781:(799β684 BC)
771:(700β200 BC)
693:Swat culture
539:Chalcolithic
451:Palaeolithic
396:Gupta Empire
281:Succeeded by
280:
275:
77:Ujjain/Ozene
29:
9055:Thyssagetae
8921:Agaragantes
8762:Uttaramadra
8690:Alchon Huns
8534:, Routledge
8415:Rashtrakuta
8319:Pala Empire
8312:Kabul Shahi
8195:Kabul Shahi
8169:Alchon Huns
7947:Mahabharata
7870:Pre-history
7783:Pre-history
7693:Pre-history
7470:388-395 CE
7427:HEPHTHALITE
7420:Varhran III
7376:320-388 CE
7359:Vasudeva IV
7324:300-320 CE
7317:Vasudeva II
7304:Datayola II
7295:280-300 CE
7273:Kanishka II
7242:Datarvharna
7238:Datarvharna
7199:Yasodaman I
7195:Isvaradatta
7179:Samghadaman
7174:230-280 CE
7118:Rudrasena I
7085:130-230 CE
7069:and Satrap
7049:PARATARAJAS
7011:100-120 CE
6819:Gondophares
6803:Gondophares
6762:Kharahostes
6742:Vijayamitra
6559:Artemidoros
6552:Menander II
6483:Balochistan
5801:narottama.
5625:Afghanistan
5617:Surkh Kotal
4553:Descendants
4467:Transoxiana
4409: ..."
4393:Mahabharata
4325:MahΔbhΔrata
4141:now in the
4135:Indravarman
4125:Vijayamitra
4107:Kharahostes
4076:Indravarman
3909:pointed hat
3817:(85β60 BCE)
3811:tetradrachm
3645:Gondophares
3625:Yuga Purana
3617:Pataliputra
3612:Yuga Purana
3591:Vijayamitra
3581:Pataliputra
3528:Kharahostes
3499:Nadasi Kasa
3447:, standing.
3401:Afghanistan
3279:Vikrama era
3195:, with two
3130: [
3117:and on the
3111:petroglyphs
2966:Phraates II
2942:Afghanistan
2901:Qilian Shan
2897:Tarim Basin
2877:Modu Shanyu
2846:Han dynasty
2712:During the
2702:Tarim Basin
2656:) tribes.
2642:Afghanistan
2573:in 395 CE.
2527:Indo-Greeks
2488:Afghanistan
2323:Agriculture
2293:South India
2268:Maharashtra
2218:Balochistan
2158:Afghanistan
2132:(1858β1947)
2128:British Raj
2122:(1757β1858)
2118:Company Raj
2112:(1759β1954)
2102:(1620β1869)
2092:(1605β1825)
2088:Dutch India
2082:(1510β1961)
2069:(1510β1961)
2052:(1799β1849)
2048:Sikh Empire
2042:(1729β1947)
2032:(1707β1799)
2022:(1674β1818)
2012:(1650β1948)
2002:(1642β1975)
1992:(1600β1750)
1982:(1576β1757)
1972:(1541β1804)
1962:(1532β1673)
1952:(1529β1736)
1942:(1540β1556)
1932:(1526β1858)
1919:(1526β1858)
1902:(1515β1947)
1892:(1499β1763)
1882:(1518β1687)
1871:(1492β1686)
1860:(1492β1619)
1849:(1490β1574)
1838:(1490β1636)
1827:(1490β1596)
1817:(1470β1842)
1807:(1434β1541)
1797:(1399β1947)
1787:(1358β1803)
1777:(1352β1576)
1767:(1336β1646)
1757:(1325β1448)
1747:(1300β1779)
1737:(1228β1826)
1727:(1451β1526)
1716:(1414β1451)
1705:(1320β1414)
1694:(1290β1320)
1683:(1206β1290)
1672:(1206β1526)
1662:(1170β1206)
1639:(1206β1526)
1620: 1300
1616: 1200
1601:(1187β1673)
1591:(1156β1184)
1571:(1102β1766)
1561:(1083β1323)
1551:(1078β1434)
1541:(1070β1230)
1537:Sena Empire
1531:(1040β1347)
1521:(1003β1320)
1447:Pala Empire
1309:Rai Kingdom
1151:(AD 60β240)
1084:(185β73 BC)
840:Ror Dynasty
560: 3950
382:Paratarajas
276:Preceded by
9267:Categories
8971:Spondolici
8941:Limigantes
8912:Sarmatians
8900:Massagetae
8863:Cimmerians
8843:Androphagi
8767:Uttarakuru
8700:Nezak Huns
8428:References
8381:Ghaznavids
8191:Nezak Huns
7433:invasions
7416:Varhran II
7363:Vasudeva V
7310:Hormizd II
7254:Ardashir I
7230:Bhimarjuna
7222:Miratakhma
7215:Visvasimha
7203:Vijayasena
7162:Vasudeva I
7110:Satyadaman
7078:Kanishka I
7059:Kanishka I
6998:Vima Takto
6980:75-100 CE
6892:Indravarma
6858:Sarpedones
6850:Vispavarma
6780:Strato III
6694:55β35 BCE
6673:55β35 BCE
6647:Spalirises
6641:65β55 BCE
6619:Spalahores
6609:75β70 BCE
6591:85-60 BCE
6568:90β70 BCE
6538:90β85 BCE
6454:(in green)
6094:by Yu Huan
5001:Herodotus
4877:28 January
4821:21 January
4614:References
4510:Shakadvipa
4503:Massagetae
4443:Kafiristan
4382:barbarians
4331:MahΔbhΔαΉ£ya
3841:Menander I
3783:March 2024
3667: 100
3549:ruling in
3530:and Queen
3491:Kharoshthi
3227:depicting
3205:Surastrene
3177:Barbaricum
3150:Indo-Greek
2958:Massagetae
2954:Sakaravaka
2950:Sacaraucae
2911: 175
2893:Tocharians
2792:'s death,
2780: 320
2740:Ethiopians
2720: 515
2634:Khalchayan
2555:Satavahana
2515:Maues/Moga
2505:The first
2494:, Eastern
2471:people of
2465:Indo-Sakas
2403:Philosophy
2383:Metallurgy
2373:Literature
2298:Tamil Nadu
2163:Bangladesh
1938:Sur Empire
1652:(977β1186)
1618: β c.
1581:(675β1210)
1511:(973β1189)
1501:(942β1244)
1491:(882β1110)
1481:(850β1334)
1471:(800β1327)
1451:(750β1174)
1431:(694β1947)
1411:(650β1036)
1391:(624β1075)
1359: 700
1357: β c.
1355: 550
1328: 500
1273:(350β1100)
1263:(350β1000)
1231: 600
1229: β c.
1227: 250
1210: 500
1208: β c.
1206: 250
1129: 130
1104:(75β26 BC)
1070: β c.
1068: 150
999: β c.
965:β AD 1279)
948:β AD 1102)
931:β AD 1345)
910: β c.
823: 600
808:β AD 1600)
616:Bronze Age
169:Government
114:Kharoshthi
9224:Sarmatism
9115:Languages
9098:Jewellery
9008:Hamaxobii
8988:Scythians
8951:Rimphaces
8946:Phoristae
8936:Cissianti
8895:Amyrgians
8880:Gelonians
8828:Agathyrsi
8752:ΔryΔvarta
8747:Shakdvipa
8685:Kidarites
8332:Kalachuri
8124:Kidarites
7412:Varhran I
7407:Shapur II
7393:Simhasena
7337:Jivadaman
7329:Visvasena
7278:Vashishka
7264:Hormizd I
7191:Viradaman
7141:Mirahvara
7137:Hvaramira
7114:Jivadaman
7102:Jivadaman
7090:Jayadaman
7071:Vanaspara
6965:50-75 CE
6938:45-50 CE
6919:Aspavarma
6911:40-45 CE
6898:Abdagases
6875:30-40 CE
6864:Bhadayasa
6838:Ubouzanes
6831:20-30 CE
6809:Indravasu
6792:10-20 CE
6774:Strato II
6757:Zeionises
6722:Hagamasha
6685:Zoilos II
6664:Dionysios
6625:Telephos
6582:Archebius
6492:Arachosia
5859:, p 617,
5168:162867863
4406:Kali Yuga
4366:Balakanda
4313:ManusmαΉti
4221: 20
4153:Aspavarma
4149:Zeionises
3913:Scythians
3905:Gandharan
3865:Zeionises
3861:triratana
3830: 20
3754:does not
3717:Yaudheyas
3701:Kathiawar
3697:Bahram II
3660: 75
3567:Vanaspara
3510: 10
3503:Strato II
3472:Hagamasha
3464: 60
3397:Jalalabad
3389:reliquary
3297:Sculpture
3271: 80
3199:: one at
3181:Minnagara
3138:Karakoram
3077:Palacenti
3065:Arachosia
3036:Drangiana
2994:Drangiana
2915:Ili River
2883:tribe of
2782:BCE. The
2728:Parthians
2667:Herodotus
2543:satrapies
2353:Education
2343:Dynasties
2263:Rajasthan
2248:Karnataka
2193:Sri Lanka
1461:(753β982)
1441:(736β916)
1421:(661β750)
1401:(632β661)
1381:(618β841)
1371:(606β647)
1340:(543β753)
1313:(489β632)
1303:(475β576)
1293:(475β767)
1283:(420β624)
1253:(345β525)
1243:(280β550)
1191:(230β360)
1181:(224β651)
1171:(210β340)
1161:(170β350)
1124:(AD 21 β
982:β AD 800)
734:Janapadas
562:β1900 BC)
489:Neolithic
221:Antiquity
135:Religion
9181:Sarmatia
9146:Sakasene
9120:Religion
8956:Roxolani
8858:Cercetae
8848:Arimaspi
8675:Kambojas
8528:(2002),
8202:Maitraka
8087:kingdom
8085:Kamarupa
7943:Ramayana
7769:Buddhism
7715:Panchala
7706:Gandhara
7666:culture)
7633:IRON AGE
7444:Kipunada
7347:Peroz II
7183:Damasena
7157:Huvishka
7152:VΔsishka
7129:Bagamira
7053:Yolamira
7044:Nahapana
7015:Abhiraka
6990:Chastana
6825:Rajuvula
6768:Mujatria
6700:Azilises
6575:Hermaeus
6502:Gandhara
6479:Pakistan
6477:Western
6471:Western
6327:, 1955,
6256:Shih chi
6245:. BRILL.
6211:(1932).
6197:. BRILL.
6144:Archived
6045:(1982).
6027:Archived
5993:(1970).
5876:, p 671.
5805:β
5720:Archived
5704:Gandhara
5575:Archived
5550:Gandhara
5534:14 March
5442:14 March
5405:14 March
5399:Archived
5160:25189338
4904:: 87β98.
4748:Rapson,
4568:See also
4536:Rishikas
4401:Bahlikas
4397:Kambojas
4386:Ramayana
4371:Ramayana
4361:Pahlavas
4319:RΔmΔyaαΉa
4225:pilaster
4159:Rajuvula
4129:triratna
4119:triratna
4054:Buddhism
4034:layers.
3974:Dionysos
3886:Azilises
3823:Rajuvula
3727:emperor
3595:triratna
3575:Kanishka
3476:Rajuvula
3442:Reverse:
3438:Rajuvula
3431:Obverse:
3423:Rajuvula
3421:Coin of
3260:Gandhara
3229:Balarama
3223:Coin of
3185:Parthian
3169:Gedrosia
3092:Kingdoms
3015:emperor
2932:and the
2923:Sogdiana
2919:Ferghana
2905:Dunhuang
2885:Mongolia
2830:Persians
2810:Parasika
2732:Sogdians
2662:Xinjiang
2654:Scythian
2569:emperor
2557:emperor
2539:Kanishka
2519:Gandhara
2509:king in
2492:Pakistan
2476:Scythian
2418:Timeline
2408:Religion
2388:Military
2378:Maritime
2368:Language
2358:Indology
2188:Pakistan
2178:Maldives
1876: β
1865: β
1854: β
1843: β
1832: β
1721: β
1710: β
1699: β
1688: β
1677: β
825:β300 BC)
765: β
754: β
743: β
732: β
711:Iron Age
691: β
680: β
659: β
648: β
637: β
208:Hajatria
172:Monarchy
155:Buddhism
139:Hinduism
119:Sanskrit
116:script),
9202:Related
9129:Regions
9110:Horizon
9105:Culture
9086:Culture
9040:Tapurei
8998:Cadusii
8981:Iazyges
8966:Siraces
8838:Amazons
8816:Peoples
8809:Scythia
8509:Sources
8300:Pallava
8231:Culture
8110:Puranas
8099:Culture
7939:Puranas
7920:Culture
7857:Culture
7773:ΔjΔ«vika
7765:Jainism
7740:Culture
7720:Magadha
7642:Culture
7439:Shaka I
7259:Peroz I
7040:Bhumaka
7036:120 CE
6844:Pakores
6704:Azes II
6615:Vonones
6517:Mathura
6265:Ta-yΓΌan
6209:Ptolemy
6059:Sources
5855:, 122;
5609:Mathura
5552:, p. 74
5480:. See:
5261:Han Shu
4836:Ptolemy
4752:, p. cv
4724:1170959
4532:Paradas
4518:Scythia
4516:or the
4514:Puranas
4512:of the
4499:Xanthii
4451:murunda
4439:Kashmir
4379:mleccha
4369:of the
4363:in the
4356:mleccha
4308:PurΔαΉas
4183:friezes
4131:symbol.
4121:symbol.
4028:Mauryan
3978:Ariadne
3857:Azes II
3809:Silver
3775:removed
3760:sources
3735:Coinage
3705:Gujarat
3653:Kushans
3629:Kalinga
3571:Sarnath
3559:Kushans
3551:Gujarat
3487:capital
3468:satraps
3427:Mathura
3275:Vikrama
3209:Gujarat
3201:Mathura
3197:satraps
3173:Sinthus
3073:schoeni
3028:Bactria
3013:Arsacid
2946:Parthia
2938:Bactria
2934:Xiongnu
2881:Xiongnu
2879:of the
2854:Xiongnu
2842:nomadic
2818:Magadha
2814:Bahlika
2806:Kamboja
2796:used a
2774:Magadha
2736:Ionians
2683:kurgans
2679:Scythes
2671:History
2638:Bactria
2632:, from
2620:Origins
2614:Vonones
2594:Parthia
2586:Bactria
2582:Xiongnu
2469:nomadic
2348:Economy
2333:Coinage
2253:Kashmir
2233:Gujarat
1330:β 1026)
440:Outline
263:20 est.
239:150 BCE
130:script)
124:Prakrit
82:Mathura
70:Capital
9230:Croats
9164:Crimea
9156:Alania
9141:Sistan
9045:Tapuri
8976:Yancai
8961:Serboi
8853:Budini
8833:Amardi
8823:Achaei
8709:States
8670:Yuezhi
8448:Samuel
8439:Samuel
8246:Tantra
8011:Cheras
7911:Cheras
7817:Assaka
7732:Assaka
7664:Srauta
7590:Punjab
7234:Koziya
7226:Kozana
7133:Arjuna
6925:Gadana
6869:Sodasa
6786:Hagana
6679:Azes I
6545:Nicias
6497:Bajaur
6468:dates
6285:
6271:
6219:
6185:
6113:
6012:India.
6003:
5799:Abhira
5615:, nor
5613:Begram
5604:Kushan
5600:Taxila
5596:Maurya
5592:Sirkap
5335:
5306:
5231:
5200:
5174:Magada
5166:
5158:
5114:
5071:
5044:
5003:VII 65
4985:
4868:
4722:
4501:, and
4334:, the
4328:, the
4322:, the
4316:, the
4310:, the
4195:Brahma
4040:Sirkap
4032:Kushan
3939:stupas
3929:fillet
3643:ruler
3621:Saketa
3532:Ayasia
3514:Sagala
3445:Pallas
3435:satrap
3354:Azes I
3334:(left)
3331:Brahma
3307:Sirkap
3291:Azes I
3264:Taxila
3193:Taxila
3146:Taxila
3115:Chilas
3006:Sovira
3002:hordes
2998:Sistan
2889:Yuezhi
2850:Yuezhi
2826:Greeks
2802:Yavana
2755:Shakya
2749:) and
2730:, and
2630:Yuezhi
2598:Arrian
2521:, the
2473:Iranic
2283:Odisha
2278:Punjab
2223:Bengal
2168:Bhutan
249:400 CE
182:
128:Brahmi
87:Taxila
9234:Serbs
9065:Zygii
9050:Tauri
9023:Spali
9018:Sindi
9013:Legae
9003:Gelae
8931:Aorsi
8926:Alans
8873:Parni
8868:Dahae
7935:Epics
7674:Late
7656:Late
7648:Late
7431:HUNAS
6952:Sases
6946:Sasan
6601:Maues
6473:India
6223:(pbk)
5248:Shiji
5164:S2CID
5156:JSTOR
4720:JSTOR
4585:Notes
4495:Medii
4471:Maues
4260:(top)
4199:Indra
3853:Maues
3815:Maues
3725:Gupta
3555:Malwa
3540:Maues
3495:stupa
3470:were
3393:stupa
3342:stupa
3338:Εakra
3256:Maues
3225:Maues
3152:King
3148:from
3142:Maues
3134:]
3109:From
3081:Sigal
3040:Sigal
2930:Wusun
2798:Shaka
2763:ΕΔkya
2610:Maues
2590:Kabul
2567:Gupta
2511:India
2303:Tibet
2288:Sindh
2243:Kabul
2228:Bihar
2213:Assam
2183:Nepal
2173:India
197:Maues
105:Greek
9232:and
9060:Uxii
8993:Abii
8890:Saka
8660:Saka
7777:Yoga
7711:Kuru
7367:Chhu
7031:...
7028:...
7006:...
7003:...
6975:...
6972:...
6960:...
6957:...
6933:...
6930:...
6906:...
6903:...
6777:and
6283:ISBN
6269:ISBN
6217:ISBN
6183:ISBN
6111:ISBN
6001:ISBN
5572:here
5536:2012
5444:2012
5407:2012
5333:ISBN
5304:ISBN
5229:ISBN
5198:ISBN
5112:ISBN
5069:ISBN
5042:ISBN
4983:ISBN
4879:2023
4866:ISBN
4823:2019
4459:Wang
4455:wang
4435:Swat
4391:The
4276:jamb
4210:Swat
4197:and
4151:and
4070:The
4048:deer
3976:and
3849:Zeus
3758:any
3756:cite
3703:and
3609:The
3553:and
3536:Arta
3481:The
3381:Azes
3336:and
3325:The
3285:and
3262:and
3245:Azes
3125:and
3059:and
3011:The
2968:and
2921:and
2903:and
2675:Saka
2650:Saka
2600:and
2549:and
2513:was
2507:Saka
2498:and
2496:Iran
2459:The
258:Area
178:King
110:Pali
100:Saka
60:and
9093:Art
7074:for
6259:of
6092:ιη₯
5623:or
5148:doi
4902:133
4858:doi
4712:doi
4465:of
4340:by
4208:in
3871:Art
3855:or
3769:by
3399:in
3045:sic
3030:to
2537:or
2533:'s
9269::
9252:,
8244:-
7957:-
7953:-
7949:-
7945:-
7941:-
7937:-
7928:-
7832:)
7799:)
7775:-
7771:-
7767:-
7620:)
7596:)
7429:/
7418:,
7414:,
6096:ιθ±’
6009:.
5982:^
5288:^
5278:.
5227:.
5225:32
5162:.
5154:.
5144:47
5142:.
5136:.
5096:^
5079:;
5026:^
4963:^
4900:.
4896:.
4864:.
4814:.
4810:.
4718:.
4706:.
4670:^
4653:^
4638:^
4534:,
4497:,
4399:,
4373:.
4218:c.
3867:.
3827:c.
3664:c.
3657:c.
3542:.
3507:c.
3478:.
3461:c.
3440:.
3429:.
3268:c.
3156:.
3132:de
2976:.
2908:c.
2832:.
2777:c.
2717:c.
2704:.
2588:,
2490:,
1613:c.
1352:c.
1325:c.
1224:c.
1203:c.
1126:c.
1065:c.
994:c.
977:c.
960:c.
943:c.
926:c.
905:c.
820:c.
803:c.
557:c.
237:c.
43:c.
8914:/
8801:e
8794:t
8787:v
8597:e
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8583:v
7828:(
7795:(
7757:"
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7713:-
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5409:.
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5341:.
5312:.
5282:.
5237:.
5206:.
5170:.
5150::
5120:.
5077:.
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4991:.
4920:.
4881:.
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4489:.
4145:.
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4079:(
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3796:)
3790:(
3785:)
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3777:.
3763:.
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3038:(
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2808:-
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2800:-
2685:.
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1233:)
1222:(
1212:)
1201:(
1131:)
1074:)
1063:(
1003:)
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