Western Satraps - Knowledge

4198: 2082: 1698: 2756: 3986: 1649: 1515: 1527: 3692: 4097: 3519: 4047: 2837: 1661: 1086: 77: 3660: 3401: 4088: 1637: 1625: 2110: 4807: 1992: 3676: 3570: 1613: 5220:"The Satavahanas did not hold the western Deccan for long. They were gradually pushed out of the west by the Sakas (Western Khatrapas). The Kshaharata Nahapana's coins in the Nasik area indicate that the Western Kshatrapas controlled this region by the 1st century CE. By becoming master of wide regions including Malwa, Southern Gujarat, and Northern Konkan, from Broach to Sopara and the Nasik and Poona districts, Nahapana rose from the status of a mere Kshatrapa in the year 41 (58 AD) to that of Mahakshatrapa in the year 46 (63 AD)." in "History of the Andhras" 3256: 1043: 1362: 1551: 2801: 1063: 1503: 2997: 3756: 3858: 2310: 2471: 2983: 4131:) is the first long inscription in fairly standard Sanskrit that has survived into the modern era. It represents a turning point in Sanskrit epigraphy, states Salomon, being "the first extensive record in the poetic style" in "more or less standard Sanskrit". The Rudradaman inscription is "not pure classical Sanskrit", but with few epic-vernacular Sanskrit exceptions, it approaches high classical Sanskrit. It is important because it is likely the prototype of the extensive Sanskrit inscriptions of the 1687: 2746: 83: 4397: 4260: 1894: 2435: 4388: 1539: 2232: 4294: 4224: 3088: 2328: 4300: 4230: 2334: 637: 40: 921: 4306: 4236: 2340: 649: 632: 627: 52: 35: 30: 643: 46: 3108: 3128: 3004: 759: 3072: 3056: 3040: 1105: 1137: 1121: 3024: 1945:, gold and silver coin, on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places 4209: 6062:"later Satavahana named Yajna Satakarni seems to have conquered the Southern Dominions of the Western Satraps. His coins contain figures of ships, probably indicating the naval power of the Andras. He not only ruled Aparanta, but probably also the eastern part of the Central Provinces". Majumdar, p. 135 2657:) and other territories gained by his own valour, the towns, marts and rural parts of which are never troubled by robbers, snakes, wild beasts, diseases and the like, where all subjects are attached to him, (and) where through his might the objects of (religion), wealth and pleasure (are duly attained). 5895:

district . It records the erection of a chhaya-stambha or sculptured pillar at the place. The Satavahanas had, Therefore, to leave Western Maharashtra and Vidarbha. They seem to have repaired to their capital Pratishthana where they continued to abide waiting for a favourable opportunity to oust the

3844:

also have a readable legend "PANNIΩ IATPAΠAC CIASTANCA", transliteration of the Prakrit "Raño Kshatrapasa Castana": "In the reign of the Satrap Castana". After these two rulers, the legend in Greek script becomes denaturated, and seems to lose all signification, only retaining an aesthetic value. By

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for the earliest ones, or, slightly later, the closely related Western Satraps in western and central India. It is thought that they became promoters of Sanskrit as a way to show their attachment to Indian culture: according to Salomon "their motivation in promoting Sanskrit was presumably a desire

3556:

The campaign soon took a turn for the worse and the Gupta army was trapped. The Saka king, Rudrasimha III, demanded that Ramagupta hand over his wife Dhruvadevi in exchange for peace. To avoid the ignominy, the Guptas decided to send Madhavasena, a courtesan and a beloved of Chandragupta, disguised

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tradition of Hinduism, and parts of them reflect both standard Sanskrit and hybridized Sanskrit. An earlier hybrid Sanskrit inscription found on Amaravati slab is dated to the late 2nd-century, while a few later ones include Sanskrit inscriptions along with Prakrit inscriptions related to Hinduism

2026:

Ships are also customarily fitted out from the places across this sea, from Ariaca and Barygaza, bringing to these far-side market-towns the products of their own places; wheat, rice, clarified butter, sesame oil, cotton cloth (the monache and the sagmatogene), and girdles, and honey from the reed

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Kings, with Greek or pseudo-Greek legend and stylized profiles of royal busts on the obverse. The reverse of the coins, however, is original and typically depict a thunderbolt and an arrow, and later, a chaitya or three-arched hill and river symbol with a crescent and the sun, within a legend in

2011:

Inland from this place and to the east, is the city called Ozene, formerly a royal capital; from this place are brought down all things needed for the welfare of the country about Barygaza, and many things for our trade: agate and carnelian, Indian muslins and mallow cloth, and much ordinary

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behind the king's head. This is of immense value to date precisely Western Satrap rulers, and to clarify perfectly the chronology and succession between them, as they also mention their predecessor on their coins. According to his coins, Jivadaman seems to have ruled two times, once between

6120:

Report on the Elura cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina caves in western India; completing the results of the fifth, sixth, and seventh seasons' operations of the Archaeological survey, 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80. Supplementary to the volume on "The cave temples of

6102:

5774:

6581:"During the course of this expedition he is believed to have attacked and defeated the Saka Chief Shridhar Varman, ruling over Eran-Vidisha region. He then annexed the area and erected a monument at Eran (modern Sagar District) "for the sake cf augmenting his fame"." in 1331:...And by order of the lord I went to release the chief of the Uttamabhadras, who had been besieged for the rainy season by the Malayas, and those Malayas fled at the mere roar (of my approaching) as it were, and were all made prisoners of the Uttamabhadra warriors. 5713:"The three letters give us a complete name, which I read as Ṣastana (vide facsimile and cast). Dr. Vogel read it as Mastana but that is incorrect for Ma was always written with a circular or triangular knob below with two slanting lines joining the knob" 2908:, and is dated to the 2nd century CE. Although this Great Satrap is not otherwise known from coinage, this memorial pillar is thought to mark the southern extent of the conquests of the Western Satraps, much beyond the traditionally held boundary of the 6712:

is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ... for the

3223:

was again captured from the Satavahanas during the rule of Rudrasena II (255-278 CE), as shown by finds of Rudrasena II's coinage in the area. The region would then remain under Western Satrap rule until the 4th century CE, as attested by the

6045:"The pillar inscription of Rupiamma from Pauni (1-41) may present a similar example. In it, Rupiamma is described as Mahakhattava-kumära; he is a son or prince of the mahäksatrapa; the title in itself is felt to be sufficient identification" 3199:

and the Western Satraps seems to have occurred during the time of Rudrasena II, as the Andhra Ikshvaku ruler Māṭharīputra Vīrapuruṣadatta (250-275 CE) seems to have had as one of his wives Rudradhara-bhattarika, the daughter of "the ruler of

1599:

donated 3000 gold coins for this cave as well as for the food and clothing of the monks. Usabhdatta's wife (Nahapana's daughter), Dakshmitra also donated one cave for the Buddhist monks. Cave 10 - 'Nahapana Vihara' is spacious with 16 rooms.

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sixteen villages, who at the pure tirtha Prabhasa gave eight wives to the Brahmanas, and who also fed annually a hundred thousand Brahmanas- there has been given the village of Karajika for the support of the ascetics living in the caves at

2129:. Gautamiputra drove the Sakas from Malwa and Western Maharashtra, forcing Nahapana west to Gujarat. His victory is known from the fact that Gautamiputra restruck many of Nahapana's coins (such a hoard was found in Jogalthambi, 3791:, allowing for a quite precise datation of the rule of each king. This is a rather uncommon case in Indian numismatics. Some, such as the numismat R.C Senior considered that these dates might correspond to the much earlier 3506:

inscription of Samudragupta, as having "paid homage" to the Gupta Emperor, forced to "self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces".

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as the queen. However, Chandragupta changed the plan and himself went to the Saka King disguised as the queen. He then killed Rudrasimha and later his own brother, Ramagupta. Dhruvadevi was then married to Chandragupta.

3369:, and have been described as examples of the Western Indian art of the Western Satraps. It has been suggested that the art of Devnimori represented a Western Indian artistic tradition that was anterior to the rise of 2725:

Rudradarman is known for his sponsoring of the arts. He is known to have written poetry in the purest of Sanskrit, and made it his court language. His name is forever attached to the inscription by Sudharshini lake.

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The spread of the usage of Sanskrit inscriptions to the south can also probably be attributed to the influence of the Western Satraps, who were in close relation with southern Indian rulers: according to Salomon "a

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The Satavahanas and the Western Satraps remained at war however, and Rudradaman I defeated the Satavahanas twice in these conflicts, only sparing the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni due to their family alliance:

3502:(r.336-380 CE), established "for the sake of augmenting his fame", who may therefore have ousted Sridharavarman's Sakas in his campaigns to the West. Sridharavarman is probably the "Saka" ruler mentioned in the 3283:(r. 304–348 CE). He declared on his coins to be the son of a Lord (Svami) Jivadaman. His rule is partly coeval with that of other rulers, who were his sons as written on their coins and may have been sub-kings: 5908:

Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", p385 ("The Yavanajataka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in astrology, and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy", himself quoting

2514:. The conflict between Rudradaman and Satavahanas became so gruelling, that in order to contain the conflict, a matrimonial relationship was concluded by giving Rudradaman's daughter to the Satavahana king 3593:

The glorious Candragupta (II), (...) who proclaims in the world the good behaviour of the excellent people, namely, the dependents (of the king), and who has acquired banners of victory and fame in many

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An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Richard Salomon, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 442

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inscription of Samudragupta: "Self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces through the Garuḍa badge, by the

4320:, the classical capital of the Western Satrap realm. This combined with the presence of the Chastana statue side by side with Kanishka would also suggest Kushan alliance with the Western Satraps. 6388:

Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty, by British Museum. Dept. of Coins and Medals; Rapson, E. J. (Edward James)

4170:

inscriptions are the earliest substantial South Indian Sanskrit inscriptions, probably from the late 3rd-century to early 4th-century CE. These inscriptions are related to Buddhism and to the

2266:. This is consistent with the fact that his descendants (who we know used the Saka era on their coins and inscriptions) would use the date of their founder as their era. Castana was satrap of 4023:

inscriptions, although Prakrit is considered as a descendant of the Sanskrit language. This is because Prakrit, in its multiple variants, had been favoured since the time of the influential

3204:", possibly king Rudrasena II. According to an inscription at Nagarjunakonda, Iksvaku king Virapurushadatta had multiple wives, including Rudradhara-bhattarika, the daughter of the ruler of 2211:

took place during the time of the Western Satraps. People may have fled the sub-continent due to the conflicts there. Some foundation legends of Java describe the leader of the colonists as

3997:, runs the length of the entrance wall of one of the Nasik caves, over the doors, and is here visible in parts between the pillars. Actual image, and corresponding rubbing. Cave No.10, 2775:, in the year 100 (corresponding to 178 CE). His reign is otherwise undocumented, but he is the first Western Satrap ruler who started to print the minting date on his coins, using the 2534:, descended from the race of Karddamaka kings, (and) daughter of the Mahakshatrapa Ru(dra)....... .........of the confidential minister Sateraka, a water-cistern, the meritorious gift. 1879:

and the Indian cloths made therefrom, of the coarser sorts. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in color. The metropolis of this country is

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According to the inscriptions, Ushavadata accomplished various charities and conquests on behalf of his father-in-law. He constructed rest-houses, gardens and tanks at Bharukachchha (

9369: 2928:

defeated the Western Satraps in the late 2nd century CE, thereby reconquering their southern regions in western and central India, which led to the decline of the Western Satraps.

6191:"Another queen of Virapurusha was Rudradhara-bhattarika. According to D.C. Sircar she might have been related to Rudrasena II (c. a.d. 254-74) the Saka ruler of Western India" in 3691: 1225:

Location of Western Satrap inscriptions in Buddhist rock-cut caves, indicating the southern extent of their territory, circa 120 CE, and main neighbouring polities at that time.

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The large number of stone inscriptions from Kutch and Saurastra as well as hundreds of coins throughout Gujarat are found belonging to the Satrap period. The earlier caves at

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bear the Greek script legend "PANNIΩ IAHAPATAC NAHAΠANAC", transliteration of the Prakrit "Raño Kshaharatasa Nahapanasa": "In the reign of Kshaharata Nahapana". The coins of

3659: 2694:

Rudradaman (...) who by force destroyed the Yaudheyas who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their title of 'heroes among all Kshatriyas'.

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of Junagadh. They are comparable to Andhra-Satrap period caves in Deccan. As they have almost no carvings, the determination of their date and chronology is difficult. The

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Brahmi. These coins are very informative, since they record the name of the King, of his father, and the date of issue, and have helped clarify the early history of India.

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A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma, by Richard Salomon, South Asian Studies 11 1995, Pages 27-32, Published online: 09 Aug 2010

4737: 2755: 7180: 6174:

Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016

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rule in the western Deccan during the 1st century." in Guide to Monuments of India 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu - by George Michell, Philip H. Davies, Viking - 1989 Page 374

4197: 582: 568: 554: 540: 526: 501: 487: 473: 2690:"who would not submit because they were proud of their title 'heroes among the Kshatriyas'", before explaining that they were ultimately vanquished by Rudradaman I. 3706:

The campaigns of Chandragupta II brought an end to nearly four centuries of Saka rule on the subcontinent. This period also corresponds to the wane of the very last

7080:"The titles "Kshatrap" and "Mahakshatrapa" certainly show that the Western Kshatrapas were originally feudatories" in Rapson, "Coins of the British Museum", p.cv 4788: 1550: 9364: 9041: 8948: 3675: 4150:

from Greek to Sanskrit, for "the use of those who could not speak Greek", a translation which became an authority for all later astrology works in India.

1995:

The Western Satraps under Nahapana, with their harbour of Barigaza, were among the main actors of the 1st century CE international trade according to the

2862:, that is 185 CE, confirming the expansion of the Western Satraps to the east at that date. There is also an earlier inscription related to Saka rule in 2282:, and bearing the name "Shastana" is often attributed to Castana himself, and suggests Castana may have been a feudatory of the Kushans. Conversely, the 7216: 6969:"A Scythian dvarapala standing wearing his typical draperies, boots and head dress. Distinct ethnic and sartorial characteristics are noreworthy.", in 1977:

cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from

1819:

This inscription, the last one of the reign of Nahapana, suggests that Nahapana may have become an independent ruler since he is described as a King.

4954:, in which they were paying allegiance to the Kushanas. Source: "A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc." Rapson, p ciii 9002: 4585: 9204: 9200: 4727: 4705: 3288: 4346:

Generally, the position taken by modern scholarship is that the Western Satraps were vassals of the Kushans, at least in the early period until

2182: 9212: 5995:"Siddham. The Asian Inscription Database, Pauni (पवनी Bhandara district). Memorial Pillar (OBNAG0032) with Inscription (INNAG0031) of Rupiamma" 4747: 2378:

Moreover the region which is next to the western part of India, is called Indoscythia. A part of this region around the (Indus) river mouth is

1221: 8190: 1805:

caves (inscription No. 26 in Cave VI of the Bhimasankar group of caves), mentions a gift by Nahapana's prime minister Ayama in the "year 46":

9119: 9057: 9053: 9014: 9010: 8994: 4615: 4605: 4565: 4555: 2134: 9045: 9037: 9030: 4655: 2081: 700:

who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, and were possibly vassals of the Kushans. They were also contemporaneous with the

9006: 8956: 8952: 6515: 4781: 4595: 3873:

The coins of the Kshatrapas were also very influential and imitated by neighbouring or later dynasties, such as the Satavahanas, and the

2836: 1085: 76: 5493: 2549:

Rudradaman (...) who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni, the lord of

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called sacchari. Some make the voyage especially to these market-towns, and others exchange their cargoes while sailing along the coast.

8944: 8868: 6136: 4363: 3798:

Also the father of each king is systematically mentioned in the reverse legends, which allows reconstruction of the regnal succession.

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to establish themselves as legitimate Indian or at least Indianized rulers and to curry the favor of the educated Brahmanical elite".

6673: 5850: 5793: 1722:, son of Dinika, son-in-law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, (...) inspired by (true) religion, in the Trirasmi hills at 9049: 8256: 1855:, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia is called 1502: 5335:

If Konow is right, then the length of time for Ksatrapa rule in the Nasik-Karla-Junnar region would be at least thirty-fire years.

7457: 7415: 5888: 4120: 4051: 2912:. The use of the word "Kumara" may also mean that Rupiamma was the son of a Great Satrap, rather than holding the title himself. 2699: 2662: 2558: 2491: 2250:

King in profile. The legend typically reads "PANNIΩ IATPAΠAC CIASTANCA" (corrupted Greek script), transliteration of the Prakrit

1648: 6951:"In Nagarjunakonda Scythian influence is noticed and the cap and coat of a soldier on a pillar may be cited as an example.", in 704:

who ruled in Central India. They are called "Western Satraps" in modern historiography in order to differentiate them from the "

7209: 5887:"Vidarbha also was under the rule of another Mahakshatrapa named Rupiamma, whose pillar inscription was recently discovered at 4774: 2262:. The date of Castana is not certain, but many believe his reign started in the year 78 CE, thus making him the founder of the 1416:

The Western Satraps are known for the construction and dedication of numerous Buddhist caves in Central India, particularly in

5897: 5441:: " By permanent charities of Ushavadata, the Saka, , son-in-law of king Nahapana, the ta Kshatrapa...." in Epigraphia Indica 7130: 6345: 5028: 4982: 3599: 3574: 1753: 1731: 1514: 719:

The power of the Western Satraps started to decline in the 2nd century CE after the Saka rulers were defeated by the Emperor

3957:, Sidhasar, Prabhas Patan and Ranapar in the Barada Hills are mostly plain and austere in looks except some carvings in the 2176:), who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race. 1078:ΞΑΗΑΡΑΤΑ(Ϲ)", Prakrit for "King Kshaharata" rendered in corrupted Greek letters) on the obverse of the coinage of Nahapana. 1027:(king). Nahapana's rule is variously dated to 24-70 CE, 66-71 CE, or 119–124 CE, according to one of his coins, which bear 5532:

Pollard, Elizabeth Ann (7 August 2013). "Indian Spices and Roman "Magic" in Imperial and Late Antique Indomediterranea".

3825:. From that time, only the Brahmi script would remain, together with the pseudo-Greek script on the facing, to write the 1937:; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, 7100:

Claudius Ptolemy, "The geography", Translated and edited by Edward Luther Stevenson, Dover Publications Inc., New York,

2996: 2565:

Rudradaman regained all the previous territories held by Nahapana, probably with the exception of the southern areas of

6799: 6454: 6427: 5586: 3611:(455-467 CE) is known for a long inscription where he describes himself as "the ruler of the earth" on a large rock at 3151: 5300:

World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008

2394:. (...) The Larica region of Indoscythia is located eastward from the swamp near the sea, in which on the west of the 1697: 7202: 7105: 7029: 6566: 6498: 6302: 6272: 6210: 6083: 5978: 5826: 5743: 5657: 5630: 5381: 5178: 5148: 5121: 5094: 6757:

Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty

6755: 5396:

Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums, by George Michell, Roli Books Private Limited, 1 mai 2013

815:

Although they called themselves "Satraps" on their coins, leading to their modern designation of "Western Satraps",

6366: 5346:

Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Zoroastrianism, Suresh K. Sharma, Usha Sharma, Mittal Publications, 2004

1526: 1809:

The meritorious gift.... of Ayama of the Vachhasagotra, prime minister of the King Mahakshatrapa the lord Nahapana

5758:

Artefacts of History: Archaeology, Historiography and Indian Pasts, Sudeshna Guha, SAGE Publications India, 2015

4030:

Besides a few examples from the 1st century BCE, most of the early Sanskrit inscriptions date to the time of the

2943:, testifying to the renewed extent of Satavahana territory. There are two inscriptions of Yajna Sri Satakarni at 1579: 1301:, inscription of the year 46) to have been viceroy of Nahapana, ruling over the southern part of his territory. 8054: 7407: 7185: 7122:

Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages

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with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc.", p.cli

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in his "Geographia", where he qualifies them as "Indo-Scythians". He describes this territory as starting from

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symbol and three arched mountain symbol struck respectively on the obverse and reverse of a drachm of Nahapana.

1996: 1828: 4312:). This also would suggest at least alliance and friendship, if not vassalage. Finally Kanishka claims in the 2054:

in the 1st century CE. There is a possibility that the statuette found its way to the west during the rule of

9379: 8234: 6910: 4645: 3946: 3764: 3189: 2986: 2776: 1660: 1439:

Numerous inscriptions in the caves are known, which were made by the family of Nahapana: six inscriptions in

277: 272: 8249: 7910: 7524: 7347: 4911: 3938:. They are the earliest dated monuments of the Satrap period and were erected in the time of Rudradaman I. 2114: 5924: 5373:

Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West

3985: 9394: 9384: 6772: 5195: 5045: 4866: 2286:

also claims Kushan dominion over Western Satrap territory (by mentioning Kushan control over the capital

8029: 2989:(256-278 CE). Head right, wearing close-fitting cap / Three-arched hill; group of five pellets to right. 2354:

The territory of the Western Satraps at the time of Chastana is described extensively by the geographer

5603: 3581:

The Western Satraps were eventually conquered by emperor Chandragupta II. Inscriptions of a victorious

2051: 1636: 993: 4256:" on their coin would suggest a recognized subjection to a higher ruler, possibly the Kushan emperor. 1744:, son of Dinika, son-in-law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, has bestowed this cave on the 1624: 1584:

Parts of the Nasik Caves, also called Pandavleni Caves, were also carved during the time of Nahapana.

9374: 7329: 6988: 5950: 5939: 3518: 3437: 3424:

further expanded into the northwest of the subcontinent, particularly in the regions of Gandhara and

3405: 3331:(339-368 CE). Another inscription of the same Sridhavarman with his military commander is known from 9325: 5520: 3742:

The Kshatrapas have a very rich and interesting coinage. It was based on the coinage of the earlier

2737:("Saying of the Greeks"), an astrological treatise and India's earliest Sanskrit work in horoscopy. 812:, and his successors under the Kushans, the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara. 9359: 9336: 8360: 7992: 7730: 7646: 7490: 7443: 7353: 7225: 3849:

exhibit the following type of meaningless legend in corrupted Greek script: "...ΛIOΛVICIVIIIΛ...".

2531: 2519: 2515: 772:

inscriptions, as here in a dedicatory inscription by Prime Minister Ayama in the name of his ruler

547: 250: 181: 4354:, who are usually thought to be Kushan vassals. The question is not considered perfectly settled. 4096: 4058:

circa 150 CE, is "the first long inscription recorded entirely in more or less standard Sanskrit".

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in the year 412-413 CE can be found on the railing near the Eastern Gateway of the Great Stupa in

8933: 8430: 8242: 8192:

Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

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Some ships were also fitted out from Barigaza, to export goods westward across the Indian Ocean:

1612: 1195: 192: 5466: 5454: 5442: 4046: 3400: 750:

Altogether, there were 27 independent Western Satrap rulers during a period of about 350 years.

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and the Śaka lords and by (rulers) occupying all Island countries, such as Siṁhala and others."

6202: 5140:

Transregional Trade and Traders: Situating Gujarat in the Indian Ocean from Early Times to 1900

5086:

Transregional Trade and Traders: Situating Gujarat in the Indian Ocean from Early Times to 1900

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and Buddhism. After the 3rd-century CE, Sanskrit inscriptions dominate and many have survived.

3534: 2967: 2098: 1902: 1050:(whose rule is variously dated to 24-70 CE, 66-71 CE, or 119–124 CE), a direct derivation from 720: 365: 7019: 6556: 6530: 6488: 6471: 6444: 6073: 5816: 5733: 5676: 5647: 5620: 5481: 5359: 5347: 5316: 5251: 5111: 5084: 5020: 4087: 3495:, it seems that Sridharavarman's inscription is succeeded by a monument and an inscription by 8629: 8613: 7812: 7696: 7667: 7567: 7165: 6920: 6634: 6417: 6292: 6262: 6175: 5759: 5576: 5397: 5371: 5301: 5138: 3488: 3316: 3225: 2867: 2258:

A new dynasty, called the Bhadramukhas or Kardamaka dynasty, was established by the "Satrap"

2149: 2126: 2109: 1910: 141: 7141: 5968: 4806: 3821:

script on the first coins of the Western Satraps, but is finally abandoned from the time of

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Under Rudrasimha II, the Western Satraps are known to have maintained their presence in the

1991: 864:

was given to the heir apparent. The western Kshatrapas were also known as Sakas to Indians.

5480:

Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Zoroastrianism, by Suresh K. Sharma, Usha Sharma

3926:

s of 1st century were recovered from a hillock near Andhau village in the Khavda region of

3440:. It is probable that the Sasanian expansion in India, which put an end to the remnants of 1398: 820: 6601: 4248:

It is still unclear whether the Western Satraps were independent rulers or vassals of the

2915: 846:, which means viceroy or governor of a province, and according to John Marshall, the word 8: 8075: 8013: 7465: 7260: 7021:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

6705: 6365:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 4 1981 Number I

5016: 4313: 3889:) with bust of the ruler and pseudo-Greek inscription on the obverse, and a royal eagle ( 3642:) with bust of the ruler and pseudo-Greek inscription on the obverse, and a royal eagle ( 3569: 3255: 3188:

The Kshatrapa dynasty seems to have reached a high level of prosperity under the rule of

2952: 2921: 2387: 2283: 1361: 1042: 981: 728: 669: 5284: 2706:

Recently discovered pillar inscriptions describe the presence of a Western Satrap named

9242: 9074: 8440: 8344: 7824: 7651: 7595: 7551: 6855: 6836: 6816: 6195: 6028: 5722:

The Dynastic Art of the Kushans, John Rosenfield, University of California Press, xxxiv

5557: 5504: 4825: 4142:. During the reign of Rudradaman, circa 150 CE, it is also known that the Greek writer 4062:

In western India, the first known inscription in Sanskrit appears to have been made by

3905: 3866: 3814: 3362: 3335:. These inscriptions point to the extent of Saka rule as of the time of Rudrasimha II. 3268: 2925: 2829: 2800: 2780: 2455: 2314: 1671:

Two inscriptions in Cave 10 mention the building and the gift of the whole cave to the

1591:, reveal that in 105-106 CE, Kshatrapas defeated the Satavahanas after which Kshatrapa 1062: 949: 900: 724: 575: 561: 506: 335: 6662: 6650: 6401: 5675:

Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992

5422: 5315:

Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992

1230:

Nahapana succeeded him, and became a very powerful ruler. He occupied portions of the

886:, meaning "lord of the country", and was likely the Saka synonym for the Indian title 9313: 8063: 8059: 8017: 8006: 7984: 7952: 7938: 7623: 7147: 7126: 7101: 7025: 6562: 6494: 6450: 6423: 6389: 6341: 6298: 6268: 6206: 6118: 6100: 6079: 6020: 5974: 5892: 5822: 5772: 5739: 5653: 5626: 5622:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

5582: 5561: 5549: 5377: 5201: 5174: 5144: 5117: 5090: 5024: 4978: 4928: 4872: 3966: 3862: 3417: 2855: 2711: 2510:, took the title "Mahakshatrapa" ("Great Satrap"), and defended his kingdom from the 1385: 1231: 1151: 6011:

Mirashi, V. V. (1965). "A Pillar Inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rupiamma from Pawni".

5002: 4998: 2313:

Statue of Chastana, with costume details. The belt displays designs of horsemen and

9389: 8701: 8533: 7948: 7933: 7929: 7882: 7878: 7838: 7804: 7800: 7619: 6828: 6617: 6337: 6152: 5541: 4820: 4324: 4159: 4035: 4024: 3958: 3755: 3503: 3323:

mentioning the construction of a well by the Saka chief and "righteous conqueror" (

2573:(epigraphical remains in these two areas at that time are exclusively Satavahana): 2483: 2186: 2138: 1909:

There are imported into this market-town (Barigaza), wine, Italian preferred, also

1538: 1425: 797: 705: 533: 132: 6744:

Rapson, "A Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc.", p.cxcii

6487:

Schindel, Nikolaus; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj; Pendleton, Elizabeth (2016).

3373:

art, and that it may have influenced not only the latter, but also the art of the

3315:

well into the 4th century: during his rule, in 319 CE, a Saka ruler inscribed the

696:

states), between 35 and 415 CE. The Western Satraps were contemporaneous with the

9399: 9296: 9022: 8601: 8568: 8479: 8186: 8067: 8025: 8021: 7988: 7960: 7956: 7902: 7808: 7702: 7508: 7170: 7120: 6972: 6954: 6803: 6709: 6684: 6603:

Corpus inscriptionum indicarum vol.4 pt.2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era

6584: 6230: 6047: 5857: 5800: 5706: 5328: 5168: 5010: 4845: 4635: 4163: 3900:

The Western Satrap coin design was also adopted by the subsequent dynasty of the

3878: 3788: 3666: 3631: 3582: 3562: 3546: 3457: 3421: 3196: 3176: 2577:

Rudradaman (...) who is the lord of the whole of eastern and western Akaravanti (

2125:

Nahapana and Ushavadata were ultimately defeated by the powerful Satavahana king

2043: 1493:, was constructed and dedicated in 120 CE by the Western Satraps ruler Nahapana. 1158: 893: 836: 732: 416: 261: 161: 152: 123: 6789: 5735:

The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States

3857: 2982: 2470: 2386:. That which is about the mouth of the Indus and the Canthicolpus bay is called 2309: 9289: 9272: 9065: 8838: 8761: 8564: 8447: 8412: 7922: 7795: 7692: 7293: 7167:

History of the Andhras, Prasad 1988 With many references to Western Satrap rule

5263: 5241:"Catalogue of Indian coins of the British Museum. Andhras etc." Rapson. p. LVII 5230: 5006: 4835: 4830: 4757: 4716: 4280: 4167: 4155: 4110: 3977:

excavated at Shamlaji probably belonged to this period or to the Gupta period.

3818: 3530: 3523: 3484: 3436:, the Sasanians exerted some sort of control or influence, as suggested by the 3389: 3384:

Overall, the Western Satraps may have played a role in the transmission of the

3361:

of Devnimori. The Buddha images in Devnimori clearly show the influence of the

3328: 3243:, in the burnt-brick monastery facing the caves on the right bank of the river 3180: 3094: 2586: 2347: 2173: 2090: 2055: 1774: 1723: 1686: 1204: 1055: 985: 693: 478: 402: 212: 89: 8264: 7342: 4074:. The inscription dates to the early 2nd century CE, and has hybrid features. 3973:

excavated at Boria and Intwa near Junagadh belonged to the Satrap period. The

3533:

seems to have been the last of the Western Satrap rulers. A fragment from the

2745: 9353: 9148: 8913: 8696: 8327: 8322: 8303: 8265: 8071: 7874: 7834: 7735: 7718: 7671: 7656: 7642: 7615: 7611: 7571: 7556: 7545: 7497: 6621: 6264:

Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D.

6024: 5910: 5553: 4840: 4685: 4483: 4288: 4264: 4249: 4218: 4136: 4106: 4031: 3962: 3882: 3846: 3707: 3682: 3635: 3441: 3300: 3280: 3239:

and son of Rudrasena II. A coin of Visvasena was found in excavations at the

2909: 2654: 2550: 2395: 2322: 2271: 2094: 1844: 1468: 1448: 1308: 1298: 1271: 1172: 1165: 1111: 874: 777: 769: 697: 661: 170: 98: 82: 6796: 5994: 5970:

Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh

5001:(1999). "Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms". In 960:

The Western Satraps are thought to have started with the rather short-lived

9275: 9268: 9196: 9170: 9114: 9098: 9026: 8921: 8909: 8881: 8553: 8525: 8472: 8466: 7790: 7663: 7563: 7433: 7371: 7336: 7318: 7310: 7254: 7194: 7189: 7151: 6377: 6331: 4695: 4513: 4503: 4467: 4347: 4332: 4147: 4132: 4124: 4055: 3954: 3931: 3874: 3829:

language employed by the Western satraps. Occasionally, the legends are in

3780: 3731: 3723: 3624: 3538: 3499: 3496: 3464: 3453: 3385: 3374: 3370: 3284: 3240: 3236: 3172: 3114: 2896:

A memorial pillar with an inscription in the name of "Mahakshatrapa Kumara

2851: 2842: 2805: 2789: 2734: 2683: 2503: 2487: 2439: 2270:

during that period. A statue found in Mathura together with statues of the

1337: 1316: 1067: 1032: 945: 736: 519: 230: 7050: 5545: 4396: 3462: 3342:

during the later part of Western Satrap rule is attested with the site of

2518:. The inscription relating the marriage between Rudradaman's daughter and 2105:

3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).

1822: 9235: 9174: 9132: 9088: 8864: 8634: 8618: 8577: 8557: 8374: 8367: 8298: 8211:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

7979: 7972: 7855: 7829: 7637: 7607: 7268: 7094:

Rapson, "A Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc."

6862:. Vol. X. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. 223–224. 6367:

An Exceptional Group of Painted Buddha Figures at Ajanṭā, p.97 and Note 2

5691:, Nashik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, 1992, p. 7. 5438: 4665: 4143: 4071: 3998: 3950: 3916:

Sudarshan Lake of the Satrap period is mentioned in major rock edicts of

3901: 3886: 3727: 3719: 3698: 3639: 3608: 3433: 2948: 2932: 2730: 2719: 2614: 2511: 2495: 2226: 2102: 2086: 1710: 1690: 1604: 1575: 1480: 1460: 1444: 1440: 1417: 1394: 1365: 1355: 1290: 1267: 1263: 1213: 1186: 1143: 1127: 904: 801: 685: 8967: 6032: 1377:, the son of Dinaka and the son-in-law of the king, the Kshaharata, the 1315:, whom they finally crushed. The claim appears in an inscription at the 739:

in the 4th century CE. The Western Satraps, having been defeated by the

9231: 9178: 9125: 9069: 9018: 8977: 8925: 8813: 8707: 8673: 8665: 8595: 8462: 8434: 8041: 7851: 6840: 5409: 5070: 4946:

Kharapallana and Vanaspara are known from an inscription discovered in

4625: 4524: 4259: 4208: 4063: 3990: 3942: 3806: 3743: 2974:, as there are no epigraphical records of the Kardamakas in this area. 2916:

Loss of southern territories to the Satavahanas (end of 2nd century CE)

2813: 2391: 2279: 2165: 2153: 1860: 1741: 1719: 1702: 1676: 1596: 1561: 1490: 1424:. It is thought that Nahapana ruled at least 35 years in the region of 1378: 1374: 1324: 1282: 1051: 933: 915: 858:

or the "Great Satrap" was given to the ruling Satrap, and the title of

701: 322: 1893: 1397:

without any distinction of sect or origin, for all who would keep the

1262:

districts. At that time, the area northwest of the Western Satraps in

9227: 9222: 9208: 9152: 9144: 9093: 9079: 8929: 8917: 8905: 8886: 8805: 8734: 8713: 8679: 8653: 8624: 8589: 8572: 8537: 8500: 8397: 8307: 7784: 6446:

The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion

5878:

Rapson, "A catalogue of the Indian coins in the British Museum", p.lx

5578:

The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion

4675: 4534: 4493: 4452: 4387: 4351: 4336: 4217:

Inscribed statue of Saka King Chastana, with inscription "Shastana" (

3776: 3715: 3542: 3512: 3491:

at Sanchi, and another inscription with his Naga general at Eran. At

3429: 3343: 3260: 3232: 3078: 2768: 2750: 2687: 2634: 2602: 2553:, on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him. 2463: 2434: 2407: 2220: 2133:

District),) and that he claimed victory on them in an inscription at

2062: 1966: 1946: 1880: 1389: 1384:, who gave three hundred thousand cows, who made gifts of gold and a 1285:(married to his daughter Dakshamitra), is known from inscriptions in 689: 308: 241: 221: 6832: 5200:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). 4871:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (h). 4162:

attests to a marital alliance between the Western Ksatrapas and the

3549:, decided to expand his kingdom by attacking the Western Satraps in 2446:

Bust of Rudradaman, with corrupted Greek legend "OVONIΛOOCVΛCHΛNO".

2366:

in the east ("Ozena-Regia Tiastani", "Ozene/Ujjain, capital of king

1307:

Circa 120 CE, the Western Satraps are known to have allied with the

1035:), or the lion seated on a capital, a representation of a pillar of 873:

by which the Western Satraps styled themselves is a derivation of a

9259: 9162: 8998: 8972: 8893: 8874: 8859: 8830: 8640: 8583: 8515: 8390: 8317: 8294: 7862: 7745: 7603: 7429: 7421: 7375: 7366: 4951: 4575: 4436: 4426: 4406: 4299: 4284: 4272: 4229: 4171: 4067: 4016: 4006: 3994: 3917: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3810: 3792: 3784: 3768: 3760: 3612: 3444:

rule, was also made in part at the expense of the Western Satraps.

3413: 3366: 3355: 3272: 3140: 2971: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2859: 2785: 2772: 2760: 2715: 2638: 2578: 2507: 2475: 2460:

Rajno Ksatrapasa Jayadamasaputrasa Rajno Mahaksatrapasa Rudradamasa

2399: 2390:. (...) In the island formed by this river are the cities Pantala, 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2333: 2318: 2291: 2275: 2263: 2259: 2236: 2231: 2212: 2070: 2058: 1954: 1942: 1901:

Under the Western Satraps, Barigaza was one of the main centers of

1836: 1798: 1766: 1706: 1592: 1464: 1463:, also left donative inscriptions at the Nasik Caves, Karla Caves, 1381: 1351: 1320: 1047: 1028: 1016: 1008: 944:

Capital of a pillar with seated lion with upraised paw, and wheel (

809: 773: 668:) rulers of the western and central parts of India (extending from 636: 604: 390: 350: 346: 327: 304: 290:

Approximate territory of the Western Satraps (35–415) circa 350 CE.

203: 39: 4293: 4223: 2733:("Lord of the Greeks"), who translated from Greek to Sanskrit the 2327: 1981:

make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi.

1019:, who only used on his coins the title of Satrap, and not that of 920: 899:

The Sakas of Western India spoke the Saka language, also known as

642: 45: 9254: 8855: 8659: 8519: 8332: 7943: 7869: 7770: 7751: 7599: 7472: 7425: 7387: 7380: 6714: 6490:

The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion

6244: 6242: 4947: 4416: 4340: 4305: 4235: 4128: 4039: 4020: 4012: 3894: 3826: 3647: 3616: 3550: 3472: 3378: 3339: 3304: 3264: 3244: 3220: 3160: 3062: 3010: 2944: 2936: 2871: 2825: 2821: 2646: 2622: 2606: 2523: 2451: 2355: 2339: 2216: 2208: 2169: 1938: 1848: 1762: 1486: 1421: 1312: 1275: 1247: 1239: 1071: 1012: 925: 816: 805: 740: 713: 681: 648: 631: 626: 492: 331: 51: 34: 29: 3771:, therefore 232 CE, clearly appears behind the head of the king. 3408:, circa 400 CE, in relation with the other polities of the time. 3175:(256–278) well into the 4th century. Marital alliances with the 2841:"King and Great Satrap Rudrasimha, son of King and Great Satrap 747:, declined rapidly during the second half of the third century. 8740: 8684: 8494: 8312: 7906: 7477: 7392: 7324: 7250: 5789: 5787: 5785: 4317: 4253: 3922: 3890: 3711: 3643: 3630:

Following these conquests, the silver coins of the Gupta kings

3620: 3586: 3560: 3476: 3425: 3347: 3320: 3308: 3216: 3205: 3201: 3164: 3046: 3014: 2966:

had remained in the hands of the Satavahanas since the time of

2940: 2875: 2863: 2812:

Bust of Rudrasimha, with corrupted Greek legend "..OHIIOIH.." (

2642: 2630: 2618: 2610: 2598: 2479: 2403: 2383: 2363: 2287: 2267: 2190: 2161: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2047: 2004: 1970: 1950: 1918: 1914: 1876: 1872: 1856: 1852: 1802: 1782: 1745: 1672: 1557: 1456: 1452: 1429: 1294: 1251: 1243: 1036: 831: 709: 657: 621: 300: 107: 6760:. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 198. 6311: 6239: 5250:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen

3787:, is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in 3275:, an example of the Western Indian art of the Western Satraps. 758: 9246: 8767: 8416: 8288: 6486: 4891:

World history from early times to A D 2000 by B .V. Rao: p.97

3927: 3358: 3351: 3156: 3134: 2963: 2959: 2901: 2650: 2626: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2570: 2566: 1978: 1962: 1958: 1934: 1930: 1864: 1786: 1778: 1770: 1588: 1569: 1433: 1286: 1259: 1255: 1235: 989: 677: 673: 600: 16:

Indo-Scythian rulers of western and central India (35-415 CE)

6900: 6898: 6896: 6871: 6869: 6419:

The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India

5782: 3861:

An imitation of Western Satrap coinage: silver coin of king

2462:: "King and Great Satrap Rudradaman, son of King and Satrap 2321:, the coat has a highly ornate hem. Inscription "Shastana" ( 9182: 7437: 7278: 6286: 6284: 6224: 6222: 5434: 3935: 3885:

adopted the Western Satrap design (itself derived from the

3638:

adopted the Western Satrap design (itself derived from the

3492: 3480: 3332: 3312: 3168: 3030: 2879: 2204: 2157: 2066: 1974: 1926: 1883:, from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. 1868: 1680: 1304:

Nahapana established the silver coinage of the Kshatrapas.

984:

inscription, in which it qualifies the Indo-Scythian ruler

852:

means the viceroy of the "King of kings". The title of the

780:, circa 100 CE. Nahapana was also attributed the titles of 744: 665: 318: 6787: 3920:

but no trace of it remains. Six inscription-stones called

3447: 2665:. Geographical interpretations in parentheses from Rapson. 7062: 7038: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6893: 6881: 6866: 6516:"The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest" 5274:

Valukura is thought to be an ancient name for Karla Caves

5069:"Kharoshthi inscription, Taxila copper plate of Patika", 4279:

at the Temple of Mat together with the famous statues of

3155:

Western Satrap territory extended from the west coast of

2885: 1922: 9370:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

7097:

John Rosenfield, "The dynastic art of the Kushans", 1976

6989:"National Portal and Digital Repository: Record Details" 6281: 6219: 3809:, a script in use in more northern territories (area of 3432:

circa 350 CE. Further south, as far as the mouth of the

3250: 2947:, in cave No. 81, and in the Chaitya cave No. 3. In the 2203:

It seems that the Indian colonization of the islands of

6582: 3730:

in turn invaded northern India, bringing an end to the

1823:

International trade: the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

1587:

The inscriptions of cave no.10 in the Nasik Caves near

7024:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 906. 6926: 4011:

In what has been described as "the great linguistical

3654:

Gupta Empire coins on the model of the Western Satraps

3395: 3338:

The construction of Buddhist monuments in the area of

2792:, and once between Saka Era 119 and 120 (197-198 CE). 2227:

Kardamaka dynasty, family of Castana (1st–4th century)

1234:

in western and central India. Nahapana held sway over

1007:

The earliest Kshaharata for whom there is evidence is

887: 868: 859: 853: 847: 824: 787: 781: 763: 5358:

The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, John M. Rosenfield

3980: 2740: 1726:, has caused this cave to be made and these cisterns. 1436:, giving him ample time for construction work there. 6606:. Archaeological Society of India. pp. 605–611. 4178: 3783:, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the 3627:, confirming the Gupta hold on the western regions. 3235:(Vishwasen, r.293–304 CE), brother and successor to 3231:

The last Kshatrapa ruler of the Chastana family was

2749:

A coin dated to the beginning of the first reign of

2117:

struck over a drachm of Nahapana. Circa 167-196 CE.

1474: 916:

First expansion: Kshaharata dynasty (1st century CE)

8204:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 6817:"The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat" 6187: 6185: 6183: 5926:

Catalogue Of The Indian Coins In The British Museum

5869:

Rosenfield, "The dynastic art of the Kushans", p132

3893:, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas) replacing the 3646:, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas) replacing the 3179:of southern India are mentioned in inscriptions at 2958:There is a possibility, however, that the areas of 2198: 2076: 1905:. The Periplus describes the many goods exchanged: 796:

They are named Western Satraps in contrast to the "

6194: 3107: 3087: 2429: 2152:(…) who crushed down the pride and conceit of the 1011:, whose rare coins are known. He was succeeded by 892:, which had itself been borrowed from the Iranian 7139: 6583:Pradesh (India), Madhya; Krishnan, V. S. (1982). 6317: 6248: 5841:Rapson, "Indian coins of the British Museum" p.lx 3701:(r.455-467), in the style of the Western Satraps. 3412:After a period of control of the areas as far as 1411: 9351: 6815:Nanavati, J. M.; Dhaky, M. A. (1 January 1969). 6180: 5708:Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society 5333:. Asiatic Society of Bombay. 1986. p. 219. 4158:memorial pillar inscription of the time of King 3669:(r.380–415) in the style of the Western Satraps. 3510: 2670: 2181:Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at 1508:Hall of the Great Chaitya Cave at Karla (120 CE) 1489:cave complex of the Karla Caves, the largest in 727:. After this, the Saka kingdom revived, but was 9072:, Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 230 – 250) 6791:The Archaeology of Gujarat: Including Kathiawar 4900:Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 234 3279:A new family took over, started by the rule of 3127: 2539:Kanheri inscription of Rudradaman I's daughter. 1740:Success! In the year 42, in the month Vesakha, 1388:on the river Banasa, who gave to the Devas and 823:" still called them "Indo-Scythians". The word 6411: 6409: 6197:Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh 5689:Studies in the Coinage of the Western Ksatraps 5408:"This hall is assigned to the brief period of 3969:belong to the later years of the Satraps. The 3381:and other places from the 5th century onward. 2402:emporium. On the east side of the river (...) 2003:Goods were also brought down in quantity from 1345: 879: 762:The rulers of the Western Satraps were called 9365:States and territories established in the 30s 8250: 7210: 6999: 6952: 6814: 6781: 6116: 6098: 5770: 5731: 5229:"New light on the Paratarajas" Pankaj Tandon 5136: 5082: 4782: 4287:. The statue has the inscription "Shastana" ( 2788:100 and 103 (178-181 CE), before the rule of 7224: 6378:Los Angeles County Museum of Art description 5193: 4942: 4940: 4864: 4252:(30–375 CE). The continued use of the word " 4019:inscriptions first appeared much later than 3897:hill with star and crescent on the reverse. 3650:hill with star and crescent on the reverse. 3354:. Coins of Rudrasimha were found inside the 2854:(178–197) was recently found at Setkhedi in 2424: 1358:shows his support of Buddhism and Hinduism: 840: 8185: 7186:The Origins of the Indian Coinage Tradition 7171:Online catalogue of Western Kshatrapa coins 6860:Journal Of Oriental Institute Baroda Vol.10 6674:"Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", 6406: 6336:. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 6260: 5738:. Cambridge University Press. p. 279. 5162: 5160: 5137:Alpers, Edward A.; Goswami, Chhaya (2019). 5083:Alpers, Edward A.; Goswami, Chhaya (2019). 2304: 2032:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chapter 14. 2017:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chapter 48. 1986:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chapter 49. 1693:inscription No.10. of Nahapana, Cave No.10. 8257: 8243: 7217: 7203: 6442: 6232:Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ujjain 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6052:(in German). E.J. Brill. 1974. p. 21. 6013:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5574: 4789: 4775: 4364:List of Indo-Scythian dynasties and rulers 3763:. The minting date, here 153 (100-50-3 in 2050:and is thought to have been the result of 1570:Cave No.10 of Nasik, the 'Nahapana Vihara' 1278:were expanding their empire in the North. 5851:Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I 5810: 5808: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5476: 5474: 4977:. Patna: Eastern book House. p. 16. 4937: 4810:Genealogical table of the Western Satraps 4343:to have been feudatories of the Kushans. 4066:, son-in-law of the Western Satrap ruler 2977: 2931:Yajna Sri Satakarni left inscriptions in 2795: 2729:He had at his court a Greek writer named 1888:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chap. 41 1031:symbols, such as the eight-spoked wheel ( 8199: 6853: 6415: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6290: 6267:Asian Educational Services. p. 82. 5962: 5960: 5958: 5625:. Pearson Education India. p. 383. 5601: 5437:in inscription 14a of Cave No.10 of the 5330:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay 5166: 5157: 5047:Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind 5043: 5012:History of civilizations of Central Asia 4997: 4972: 4805: 4258: 4135:era. These inscriptions are also in the 4045: 3984: 3856: 3754: 3568: 3517: 3483:had been occupied by a Saka ruler named 3399: 3254: 2981: 2799: 2744: 2469: 2433: 2308: 2230: 2108: 2080: 1990: 1892: 1696: 1685: 1447:, and one by Nahapana's minister in the 1360: 1061: 1041: 919: 768:(𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀔𑀢𑀧, "Great Satrap") in their 757: 9225:Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 325) 7118: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7005: 6939: 6916: 6904: 6887: 6875: 6599: 6589:. Government Central Press. p. 28. 6554: 6294:Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. 6235:. Government Central Press. p. 26. 6228: 6157: 6134: 6124:. London, Trübner & Co. p. 75. 6106:. London, Trübner & Co. p. 79. 6075:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 6010: 5778:. London, Trübner & Co. p. 78. 5732:Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (1995). 5531: 5492:"History of the Andhras", Durga Prasad 5143:. Oxford University Press. p. 99. 5089:. Oxford University Press. p. 99. 4926: 3448:Conquered by the Guptas (c. 335–415 CE) 3003: 2824:, with river, crescent and sun, within 2700:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 2686:acknowledged the military might of the 2663:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 2559:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 2492:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 9352: 8208: 7774:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 6794:. Natwarlal & Company. p. 46. 6753: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6636:The Cambridge Shorter History of India 6513: 6138:Archaeological Survey Of Western India 6117:Burgess, James; Bühler, Georg (1883). 6099:Burgess, James; Bühler, Georg (1883). 6078:. New Age International. p. 174. 6006: 6004: 5922: 5913:"The Yavanajataka of Sphujidhvaja" p5) 5814: 5805: 5771:Burgess, James; Bühler, Georg (1883). 5701: 5699: 5697: 5671: 5669: 5509: 5471: 5433:Ushavadata also presents himself as a 5283:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7, Hultzsch, E. 4930:Archaeological Survey Of Western India 4323:Finally, following the period of the " 3522:Coin of the last Western Satrap ruler 2886:Great Satrap Rupiamma (2nd century CE) 2870:, related to Saka rule in the area of 2718:, in the extreme northeastern area of 2675:Later, the Junagadh rock inscription ( 2097:: 𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯) defeated by 2007:, the capital of the Western Satraps: 1193: 1156: 270: 228: 219: 210: 201: 190: 159: 139: 130: 121: 96: 87: 8238: 8176: 7971: 7788: 7717: 7690: 7641: 7636: 7198: 7017: 6770: 6754:Rapson, E. J. (Edward James) (1908). 6529:(June–July 1991): 3–4. Archived from 6469: 6354: 6329: 6049:Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies 5966: 5955: 5618: 5311: 5309: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5109: 5037: 4909: 4263:The Western Satraps (orange) and the 3600:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II 3575:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II 3251:Rudrasimha II dynasty (c. 304–396 CE) 2771:became king for the centenary of the 1406:Inscription of Nahapana, Karla Caves. 1311:in order to repulse an attack by the 1163: 1149: 150: 9240:Peroz III "Kushanshah" (c. 350 –360) 6593: 6561:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 335. 5821:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 118. 5752: 5595: 5223: 5173:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 216. 5017:Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House 4070:, at the front of Cave no.10 in the 3619:, next to the older inscriptions of 3192:(256–278), 19th ruler of Kshatrapa. 2804:Coin of the Western Kshatrapa ruler 2530:Of the queen ... of the illustrious 1863:. It is a fertile country, yielding 1792: 1683:son-in-law and viceroy of Nahapana: 1350:An important inscription related to 1211: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1089: 248: 179: 168: 105: 7125:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6970: 6963: 6945: 6808: 6788:Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia (1941). 6689: 6586:Madhya Pradesh: District Gazetteers 6507: 6192: 6071: 6001: 5694: 5666: 5645: 5187: 3734:and the Classical period of India. 3396:Sasanian expansion in the northwest 1202: 259: 13: 9312:From the dated inscription on the 8268:kings, territories and chronology 7059:, pp. 90-91 with footnote 51. 6856:"A Kshatrapa Head from Saurashtra" 6400:Marshall, The Monuments of Sanchi 5973:. Mittal Publications. p. 6. 5525: 5402: 5390: 5306: 5289: 4395: 4386: 4113:Palace site, circa 2nd century CE. 3981:Contribution to Sanskrit epigraphy 3877:. Silver coins of the Gupta kings 3685:(r.414–455) (Western territories). 2741:Jivadaman (178-181 CE, 197-198 CE) 954:Kshaharatasa Kshatrapasa Bhumakasa 239: 14: 9411: 7159: 6661:Marshall, The Monuments of India 6649:Marshall, The Monuments of India 6493:. Oxbow Books. pp. 127–128. 6297:Motilal Banarsidass. p. 66. 6291:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1986). 4950:, and dated to the third year of 4357: 4339:are known from an inscription in 4179:Possible vassalage to the Kushans 3813:), is employed together with the 3726:. Less than a century later, the 3471:The Central Indian region around 3071: 2037: 1814:Junnar inscription No. 26, 124 CE 1475:Great Chaitya hall at Karla Caves 1336:Inscription in Cave No.10 of the 676:in the east, covering modern-day 9329: 9318: 9306: 8157: 8148: 8139: 8130: 8121: 8112: 8103: 8094: 8084:References and sources for table 7143:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā: A Cultural Study 7074: 7011: 6981: 6974:Life and Art of Early Andhradesa 6959:. Allied Publishers. p. 51. 6847: 6771:Virji, krishnakumari J. (1952). 6764: 6747: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6600:Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu (1955). 6476:. CUP Archive. pp. 790–791. 6229:(India), Madhya Pradesh (1982). 5197:A Historical atlas of South Asia 5194:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 4868:A Historical atlas of South Asia 4865:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 4304: 4298: 4292: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4207: 4196: 4095: 4086: 3690: 3674: 3658: 3126: 3106: 3086: 3070: 3055: 3054: 3038: 3022: 3002: 2995: 2955:, in the 7th year of his reign. 2835: 2754: 2722:, where he erected the pillars. 2338: 2332: 2326: 2199:Colonization of Java and Sumatra 2077:Defeat by Gautamiputra Satakarni 1851:and the coast of the country of 1659: 1647: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1595:’s son-in-law and Dinika's son- 1549: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1135: 1119: 1103: 1084: 1074:title "RANNIO KSAHARATA" ("ΡΑΝΝΙ 992:inscription of the 19th year of 976:depending on sources). The term 938:Chaharasada Chatrapasa Bhumakasa 932:Arrow, pellet, and thunderbolt. 829:has the same origin as the word 647: 641: 635: 630: 625: 580: 566: 552: 538: 524: 499: 485: 471: 81: 75: 50: 44: 38: 33: 28: 7176:Coins of the Western Kshatrapas 6667: 6655: 6643: 6627: 6610: 6575: 6548: 6480: 6463: 6436: 6394: 6382: 6371: 6323: 6254: 6201:. Sterling Publishers. p. 6145: 6128: 6110: 6092: 6065: 6056: 6039: 5987: 5944: 5933: 5916: 5902: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5844: 5835: 5764: 5725: 5716: 5681: 5639: 5612: 5568: 5498: 5486: 5459: 5447: 5427: 5415: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5321: 5277: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5235: 5214: 5167:Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1942). 5130: 5103: 5076: 5063: 5054: 4166:rulers of Nagarjunakonda". The 3750: 3195:A marital alliance between the 2430:Victory against the Satavahanas 1580:Nasik inscription of Ushavadata 903:as it is first attested in the 9165:, "Kushanshah" (c. 300 – 325) 9128:, "Kushanshah" (c. 295 – 300) 6854:Nanavati, J. M. (March 1961). 4991: 4966: 4957: 4920: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4858: 4267:(green), in the 2nd century CE 3845:the 4th century, the coins of 3039: 2951:, there is one inscription of 2866:, as well as a later one, the 2478:rock contains inscriptions of 2454:with river, crescent and sun. 2223:(which is also the Java era). 1997:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1835:, as ruler of the area around 1829:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1412:Construction of Buddhist caves 1104: 940:: "Ksaharata Satrap Bhumaka". 1: 9082:, "Kushanshah" (c. 265 – 295) 9077:, "Kushanshah" (c. 250 – 265) 7087: 6858:. In Sandesara, B. J. (ed.). 6774:Ancient History Of Saurashtra 6704:"Evidence of the conquest of 5923:Rapson, Edward James (1967). 5581:. BRILL. p. 64 Note 94. 4963:Ptolemy, "Geographia", Chap 7 4472: 4457: 4441: 3852: 3722:invaders from the steppes of 2676: 2671:Victory against the Yaudheyas 2641:("Western Border" – Northern 2295: 2240: 1973:, cotton cloth of all kinds, 1827:Nahapana is mentioned in the 1754:Inscription No.12 of Nahapana 1732:Inscription No.10 of Nahapana 1136: 1120: 1093: 381: 111: 9238:"Kushanshahs" (c. 325 – 350) 8799:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 8551:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 8531:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 8213:, Cambridge University Press 8181:, Cambridge University Press 7911:Decline of Buddhism in India 7348:Northern Black Polished Ware 6622:Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi 6555:Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (2016). 6072:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). 5860:, accessed on 23 March 2007. 4913:The Cave Paintings of Ajanta 3911: 3801: 3325:dharmaviyagi mahadandanayaka 3267:(375–400). Derived from the 3023: 2633:districts), Kukura (Eastern 2254:: "King and Satrap Castana". 2115:Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni 2046:, was found in the ruins of 1701:One of the pillars built by 980:is also known from the 6 CE 869: 835:and are both descended from 788: 782: 764: 7: 8179:An Introduction to Hinduism 6821:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum 6523:Oriental Numismatic Society 6261:Subramanian, K. R. (1989). 6193:Rao, P. Raghunadha (1993). 5376:. BRILL. 2013. p. 97. 4814: 4327:" who ruled in the area of 3463:Central India conquered by 3259:Head of Buddha Shakyamuni, 3210:Uj(e)nika mahara(ja) balika 2235:Coin of the Western Satrap 1497:Great Chaitya hall at Karla 1346:Support of Indian religions 888: 860: 854: 848: 825: 10: 9416: 8980:(c. 190 – to at least 230) 8202:Hinduism. Past and present 8072:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 8030:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 7422:Rise of Shramana movements 7140:K. Krishna Murthy (1977). 7112: 6953:Sivaramamurti, C. (1961). 6639:. CUP Archive. p. 93. 6470:Ghosh, Amalananda (1965). 6416:Schastok, Sara L. (1985). 5967:Misra, Om Prakash (2003). 5116:. Routledge. p. 310. 4361: 4316:that his power extends to 4004: 3737: 3451: 2889: 2882:in the early 4th century. 2763:(corresponding to 178 CE). 2219:, at the beginning of the 2052:Indo-Roman trade relations 1875:oil and clarified butter, 1859:, but the coast is called 1573: 1556:Donative inscription by a 1478: 1368:, inscription of Nahapana. 910: 881: 841: 716:until the 2nd century CE. 9295: 9293: 9288: 9285: 9266: 9252: 9220: 9218: 9194: 9191: 9168: 9160: 9158: 9142: 9139: 9131: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9110: 9086: 9063: 9035: 8992: 8989: 8965: 8942: 8903: 8900: 8879: 8872: 8863: 8854: 8851: 8846: 8843: 8836: 8834: 8829: 8826: 8821: 8818: 8811: 8809: 8798: 8795: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8775: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8748: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8721: 8718: 8711: 8706: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8639: 8628: 8623: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8600: 8587: 8576: 8563: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8530: 8523: 8514: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8493: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8461: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8429: 8427: 8420: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8340: 8276: 8209:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 8081: 7978: 7957:Pandyan kingdom (revival) 7942: 7921: 7896: 7868: 7828: 7823: 7764: 7650: 7585: 7543: 7522: 7506: 7495: 7488: 7471: 7455: 7441: 7412: 7405: 7351: 7333: 7330:Painted Grey Ware culture 7315: 7307: 7291: 7267: 7264: 7259: 7246: 7241: 7232: 7119:Salomon, Richard (1998). 6422:. BRILL. pp. 23–31. 5421:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 5113:Indian Ocean In Antiquity 5009:; Etemadi, G. F. (eds.). 4910:Singh, Madanjeet (1965). 4123:of Western Satraps ruler 4121:Junagadh rock inscription 4052:Junagadh rock inscription 3487:, who his known from the 3438:Sasanian coinage of Sindh 3406:Sasanian coinage of Sindh 3295:Contributions to Buddhism 2904:in the central region of 2425:Rudradaman I (130-150 CE) 2065:area, and was shipped to 2042:An Indian statuette, the 1281:His son-in-law, the Saka 596: 450: 446: 436: 426: 422: 412: 408: 396: 378: 374: 364: 356: 342: 314: 296: 70: 65: 23: 8177:Flood, Gavin D. (1996), 7766:"Golden Age of Hinduism" 7731:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom 7647:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 7408:Persian-Greek influences 7226:Middle kingdoms of India 6683:23 February 2009 at the 6443:Brancaccio, Pia (2010). 5856:23 February 2009 at the 5799:23 February 2009 at the 5575:Brancaccio, Pia (2010). 5534:Journal of World History 5262:Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 5170:History of Ancient India 5044:Diringer, David (1948). 4851: 3865:(c. 415–455 CE), of the 3125: 3105: 3085: 3069: 3053: 3037: 3021: 3001: 2900:" has been recovered in 2714:district of the area of 2532:Satakarni Vasishthiputra 2520:Vashishtiputra Satakarni 2516:Vashishtiputra Satakarni 2398:is the interior city of 2305:Territory under Chastana 2252:Raño Kshatrapasa Castana 1354:in the Great Chaitya at 1134: 1118: 1102: 548:Kalachuris of Mahishmati 8561:(ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE) 8200:Michaels, Axel (2004), 7898:Late-Classical Hinduism 7181:The Kshatrapas in Nasik 7018:Selin, Helaine (2013). 5818:Studies in Indian Coins 5652:. S. Chand Publishing. 5619:Singh, Upinder (2008). 5605:Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 4973:Marshall, John (1936). 3714:and the arrival of the 3545:, the elder brother of 2970:after his victory over 2920:The south Indian ruler 2466:" 16mm, 2.0 grams. 2419:, Book Seven, Chapter I 753: 7284:Middle Gangetic Plain 6449:. BRILL. p. 107. 6330:Mitra, Debala (2004). 6318:K. Krishna Murthy 1977 6249:K. Krishna Murthy 1977 5815:Sircar, D. C. (2005). 5687:A. Jha and D. Rajgor: 5015:. Vol. 2. Delhi: 4811: 4400: 4391: 4268: 4059: 4002: 3930:and were moved to the 3870: 3772: 3765:Brahmi script numerals 3605: 3578: 3527: 3409: 3276: 2990: 2978:Rudrasena II (256–278) 2968:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2847: 2796:Rudrasimha I (180-197) 2764: 2704: 2668: 2649:(an aboriginal tribe, 2563: 2542: 2499: 2467: 2422: 2406:-Regia Tiastani (...) 2351: 2290:) during the reign of 2255: 2196: 2150:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2127:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2122: 2106: 2099:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2035: 2020: 2000: 1989: 1903:Roman trade with India 1898: 1891: 1817: 1759: 1737: 1714: 1694: 1564:") named Vitasamghata. 1409: 1369: 1343: 1079: 1059: 957: 793: 721:Gautamiputra Satakarni 438:• Disestablished 8630:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM 8614:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM 8581:(ruled 10 BCE– 10 CE) 8413:INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM 7813:Western Ganga Dynasty 7680: 1st century BCE 7668:Early Pandyan kingdom 7633: 2nd century BCE 7593:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE) 7587:Preclassical Hinduism 7568:Early Pandyan kingdom 7540: 3rd century BCE 7485: 4th century BCE 7452: 5th century BCE 7362: 6th century BCE 7287:Lower Gangetic Plain 7275:Upper Gangetic Plain 6993:museumsofindia.gov.in 6802:3 August 2017 at the 6663:p.388 inscription 833 6514:Senior, R.C. (1991). 6135:Burgess, Jas (1883). 5646:V.D, Mahajan (2016). 5602:Hultzsch, E. (1906). 5546:10.1353/jwh.2013.0012 5423:p.326 Inscription No1 4927:Burgess, Jas (1883). 4809: 4399: 4390: 4331:, the "Great Satrap" 4262: 4049: 3988: 3860: 3758: 3591: 3572: 3521: 3489:Kanakerha inscription 3403: 3346:, which incorporates 3317:Kanakerha inscription 3258: 3226:Kanakerha inscription 2985: 2868:Kanakerha inscription 2820:Three-arched hill or 2803: 2748: 2692: 2575: 2547: 2528: 2522:appears in a cave at 2473: 2450:Three-arched hill or 2437: 2376: 2312: 2234: 2147: 2112: 2084: 2024: 2009: 1994: 1907: 1896: 1841: 1807: 1738: 1716: 1700: 1689: 1654:Chaitya and Umbrellas 1455:. At the same time, " 1443:, one inscription at 1371: 1364: 1329: 1065: 1045: 964:dynasty (also called 923: 761: 315:Common languages 9380:History of Rajasthan 8163:Michaels (2004) p.41 8154:Michaels (2004) p.40 8136:Michaels (2004) p.39 8118:Michaels (2004) p.39 8055:Kamboja-Pala dynasty 7687: 1st century CE 7008:, pp. 10, 86–90 6977:. Agam. p. 249. 6708:during the reign of 6536:on 26 September 2019 5711:. The Society. 1920. 4916:. Thames and Hudson. 4289:Middle Brahmi script 4219:Middle Brahmi script 3965:of Junagadh and the 3697:Coin of Gupta ruler 3681:Coin of Gupta ruler 3665:Coin of Gupta ruler 3511:Gujarat campaign of 3287:(r. 317–332 CE) and 3152:class=notpageimage| 2924:(170-199 CE) of the 2605:, Svabhra (northern 2323:Middle Brahmi script 2156:; who destroyed the 1897:Nahapana coin hoard. 1797:A dedication in the 1520:Right row of columns 1222:class=notpageimage| 819:in his 2nd century " 792:("Lord") conjointly. 8014:Rashtrakuta dynasty 7466:Shaishunaga dynasty 7416:Second Urbanisation 7261:Indo-Gangetic Plain 6971:Ray, Amita (1982). 6616:Lines 23-24 of the 5110:Cribb, Joe (2013). 4314:Rabatak inscription 4034:rulers, either the 3989:The inscription of 3775:From the reigns of 3428:, from the time of 3171:, from the time of 3118:(Viśvasena coinage) 2953:Sri Yajna Satakarni 2922:Yajna Sri Satakarni 2753:, in the year 100 ( 2284:Rabatak inscription 2160:(Western Satraps), 2101:, mentioned in the 1756:, Cave No.10, Nasik 1734:, Cave No.10, Nasik 1485:In particular, the 982:Taxila copper plate 800:" who ruled around 729:ultimately defeated 428:• Established 9395:History of Gujarat 9385:Dynasties of India 8669:(ruled c.0-20 CE) 8345:INDO-GREEK KINGDOM 8145:Hiltebeitel (2002) 8127:Hiltebeitel (2002) 7825:Hephthalite Empire 7661:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 7652:Satavahana dynasty 7638:Indo-Greek Kingdom 7561:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 7552:Satavahana dynasty 7525:Spread of Buddhism 7247:Northwestern India 6676:Project South Asia 5465:Epigraphia Indica 5453:Epigraphia Indica 4826:Indo-Greek Kingdom 4812: 4401: 4392: 4376:1st c. – 4th c. CE 4271:Also, a statue of 4269: 4186:Statue of Chastana 4060: 4003: 3906:Kingdom of Valabhi 3871: 3867:Traikutaka dynasty 3773: 3579: 3537:mentions that the 3528: 3410: 3363:Greco-Buddhist art 3277: 3269:Greco-Buddhist art 2991: 2926:Satavahana dynasty 2850:An inscription of 2848: 2765: 2500: 2468: 2352: 2256: 2123: 2107: 2001: 1899: 1781:) and Shorparaga ( 1715: 1695: 1370: 1274:polity, while the 1080: 1060: 996:also mentions the 958: 794: 725:Satavahana dynasty 618:Western Kshatrapas 576:Kingdom of Valabhi 562:Traikutaka dynasty 507:Satavahana dynasty 9347: 9346: 9314:Rukhana reliquary 9302: 9301: 8975:(c. 160 – c. 190) 8970:(c. 140 – c. 160) 8232: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8064:Eastern Chalukyas 8060:Kalyani Chalukyas 8018:Eastern Chalukyas 8007:Gurjara-Pratihara 8000: 9th century 7985:Eastern Chalukyas 7968: 8th century 7953:Eastern Chalukyas 7939:Mlechchha dynasty 7918: 7th century 7900:(ca. CE 650-1100) 7847: 6th century 7820: 5th century 7780: 4th century 7726: 3rd century 7714: 2nd century 7624:Mahayana Buddhism 7591:"Hindu Synthesis" 7458:Persian conquests 7343:Shramanic culture 7279:Ganga-Yamuna doab 7132:978-0-19-509984-3 7071:, pp. 91–93. 7047:, pp. 90–91. 6907:, pp. 93–94. 6890:, pp. 87–88. 6878:, pp. 86–87. 6347:978-81-87780-19-9 5896:Shaka invaders." 5030:978-8-120-81408-0 4984:978-81-85204-32-1 4975:A guide to Sanchi 4799: 4798: 4766: 4765: 4335:and the "Satrap" 4242:). Kushan period. 4190: 4080:Scythian warriors 4027:(circa 250 BCE). 3967:Khambhalida Caves 3904:(388–456) or the 3418:Kushano-Sasanians 3319:, on the hill of 3291:(r. 332–348 CE). 3183:(3rd century CE). 3144: 3119: 3100: 2856:Shajapur district 2482:(fourteen of the 2382:, above which is 2069:from the port of 1793:Junnar dedication 1266:was ruled by the 1232:Satavahana Empire 672:in the south and 610: 609: 592: 591: 588: 587: 512: 511: 9407: 9375:History of Sindh 9338: 9333: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9310: 8702:Kujula Kadphises 8534:NORTHERN SATRAPS 8279: 8278: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8236: 8235: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8187:Hiltebeitel, Alf 8182: 8164: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8119: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8101: 8098: 7949:Badami Chalukyas 7944:Adivasi (tribes) 7934:Empire of Harsha 7930:Vakataka dynasty 7883:Kalabhra dynasty 7879:Badami Chalukyas 7870:Adivasi (tribes) 7839:Kalabhra dynasty 7805:Kalabhra dynasty 7801:Andhra Ikshvakus 7768:(ca. CE 320-650) 7752:Adivasi (tribes) 7620:Smarta Tradition 7473:Adivasi (tribes) 7388:Adivasi (tribes) 7244:cultural period 7239: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7155: 7136: 7081: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6956:Indian Sculpture 6949: 6943: 6937: 6924: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6864: 6863: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6812: 6806: 6795: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6718: 6702: 6687: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6631: 6625: 6618:Allahabad pillar 6614: 6608: 6607: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6520: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6413: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6352: 6351: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6200: 6189: 6178: 6172: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6008: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5964: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5920: 5914: 5906: 5900: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5861: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5812: 5803: 5791: 5780: 5779: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5703: 5692: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5529: 5523: 5518: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5304: 5298: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5080: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5034: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4944: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4862: 4821:History of India 4791: 4784: 4777: 4477: 4474: 4462: 4459: 4446: 4443: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4325:Northern Satraps 4308: 4302: 4296: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4211: 4200: 4188: 4160:Rudrapurusadatta 4099: 4090: 4036:Northern Satraps 4025:Edicts of Ashoka 3993:, son-in-law of 3959:Bava Pyara Caves 3694: 3678: 3662: 3607:The Gupta ruler 3603: 3504:Allahabad pillar 3404:Location of the 3138: 3130: 3129: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3074: 3073: 3058: 3057: 3042: 3041: 3026: 3025: 3006: 3005: 2999: 2839: 2758: 2702: 2681: 2678: 2666: 2561: 2540: 2484:Edicts of Ashoka 2420: 2362:in the West, to 2342: 2336: 2330: 2300: 2297: 2245: 2242: 2215:, a prince from 2194: 2187:Pandavleni Caves 2139:Pandavleni Caves 2033: 2018: 1987: 1889: 1815: 1799:Lenyadri complex 1757: 1735: 1709:, circa 120 CE, 1663: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1553: 1541: 1529: 1517: 1505: 1407: 1341: 1216: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1154: 1139: 1138: 1123: 1122: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1088: 891: 884: 883: 872: 863: 857: 851: 844: 843: 828: 804:and the area of 798:Northern Satraps 791: 785: 767: 708:", who ruled in 706:Northern Satraps 651: 645: 639: 634: 629: 584: 583: 570: 569: 556: 555: 542: 541: 534:Vakataka dynasty 528: 527: 516: 515: 503: 502: 489: 488: 475: 474: 468: 467: 452: 451: 386: 383: 282: 280: 275: 268: 266: 257: 255: 246: 244: 237: 235: 226: 224: 217: 215: 208: 206: 199: 197: 188: 186: 177: 175: 166: 164: 157: 155: 148: 146: 137: 135: 128: 126: 119: 117: 116: 113: 103: 101: 94: 92: 85: 79: 60: 54: 48: 42: 37: 32: 21: 20: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9360:Western Satraps 9350: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9334: 9330: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9297:Chandragupta II 9280: 9271: 9263: 9258: 9241: 9239: 9226: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9186: 9185:(c. 310? – 325) 9181: 9177: 9173: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9135:(c. 275 – 310) 9105: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9029: 9025: 9023:Damajadasri III 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8984: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8939: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8891: 8889: 8884: 8867: 8858: 8804: 8802:WESTERN SATRAPS 8800: 8699: 8668: 8657: 8632: 8616: 8582: 8580: 8571: 8569:Patika Kusulaka 8567: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8544:25 BCE – 10 CE 8536: 8532: 8518: 8465: 8433: 8415: 8306: 8297: 8283: 8272: 8263: 8233: 8228: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8167: 8162: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8074: 8070: 8068:Medieval Cholas 8066: 8062: 8053: 8028: 8026:Medieval Cholas 8024: 8022:Pandyan kingdom 8020: 8016: 7991: 7989:Pandyan kingdom 7987: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7932: 7909: 7903:Advaita Vedanta 7901: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7854: 7841: 7837: 7811: 7809:Kadamba Dynasty 7807: 7803: 7794: 7773: 7769: 7741:Western Satraps 7703:Kuninda Kingdom 7695: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7660: 7654: 7645: 7622: 7594: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7560: 7554: 7491:Greek conquests 7424: 7420: 7346: 7340: 7328: 7322: 7276: 7248: 7243: 7228: 7223: 7162: 7133: 7115: 7110: 7090: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6968: 6964: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6927: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6867: 6852: 6848: 6833:10.2307/1522666 6813: 6809: 6804:Wayback Machine 6786: 6782: 6769: 6765: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6721: 6710:Chandragupta II 6703: 6690: 6685:Wayback Machine 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6615: 6611: 6598: 6594: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6355: 6348: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6190: 6181: 6173: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6133: 6129: 6115: 6111: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6009: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5965: 5956: 5949: 5945: 5940:Rapson, p.cxxiv 5938: 5934: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5903: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5858:Wayback Machine 5849: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5813: 5806: 5801:Wayback Machine 5792: 5783: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5705: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5510: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5068: 5064: 5060:Rapson, p. CVII 5059: 5055: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5003:Harmatta, János 4999:Harmatta, János 4996: 4992: 4985: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4945: 4938: 4925: 4921: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4846:Rulers of Malwa 4817: 4795: 4636:Damajadasri III 4475: 4460: 4444: 4375: 4374: 4372:Western Satraps 4366: 4360: 4303: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4146:translated the 4117: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4054:, inscribed by 4009: 3983: 3914: 3879:Chandragupta II 3855: 3817:script and the 3804: 3789:Brahmi numerals 3753: 3740: 3702: 3695: 3686: 3679: 3670: 3667:Chandragupta II 3663: 3632:Chandragupta II 3604: 3598: 3583:Chandragupta II 3573:The victorious 3567: 3565:(r. 380–415 CE) 3563:Chandragupta II 3547:Chandragupta II 3516: 3469: 3467:(r. 336–380 CE) 3460: 3458:Gupta-Saka Wars 3452:Main articles: 3450: 3422:Sasanian Empire 3398: 3388:to the western 3386:art of Gandhara 3253: 3197:Andhra Ikshvaku 3186: 3185: 3184: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3141:Rupiamma pillar 3137: 3131: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3007: 2980: 2918: 2894: 2888: 2858:, dated to 107 2846: 2840: 2833: 2798: 2777:Brāhmī numerals 2743: 2703: 2698: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2562: 2557: 2541: 2538: 2502:Around 130 CE, 2438:Silver coin of 2432: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2370:"), and beyond 2337: 2307: 2298: 2243: 2229: 2201: 2195: 2180: 2079: 2044:Pompeii Lakshmi 2040: 2034: 2031: 2019: 2016: 1988: 1985: 1890: 1887: 1831:under the name 1825: 1816: 1813: 1795: 1758: 1752: 1736: 1730: 1667: 1664: 1655: 1652: 1643: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1619: 1616: 1582: 1572: 1565: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1509: 1506: 1483: 1477: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1242:, and Northern 1228: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1077: 918: 913: 894:Median language 756: 733:Chandragupta II 646: 614:Western Satraps 603: 581: 567: 553: 539: 525: 500: 486: 472: 439: 429: 399: 398:• 388–415 387: 384: 349: 326: 307: 303: 292: 291: 287: 286: 285: 284: 283: 278: 273: 271: 269: 264: 262: 260: 258: 253: 251: 249: 247: 242: 240: 238: 233: 231: 229: 227: 222: 220: 218: 213: 211: 209: 204: 202: 200: 195: 193: 191: 189: 184: 182: 180: 178: 173: 171: 169: 167: 162: 160: 158: 153: 151: 149: 144: 142: 140: 138: 133: 131: 129: 124: 122: 120: 114: 110: 108: 106: 104: 99: 97: 95: 90: 88: 86: 61: 56: 55: 49: 26: 25:Western Satraps 17: 12: 11: 5: 9413: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9328: 9317: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9292: 9290:Rudrasimha III 9287: 9283: 9282: 9273:Chandragupta I 9265: 9262:(c. 345 – 375) 9257:(c. 325 – 345) 9251: 9219: 9217: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9167: 9159: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9130: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9101:(c. 250 – 275) 9096:(c. 240 – 250) 9091:(c. 230 – 240) 9085: 9066:INDO-SASANIANS 9062: 9034: 9003:Damajadasri II 8991: 8987: 8986: 8964: 8941: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8878: 8871: 8862: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8839:Vima Kadphises 8835: 8833: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8810: 8808: 8797: 8793: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8737: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8710: 8705: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8627: 8622: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8586: 8575: 8565:Liaka Kusulaka 8562: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8529: 8522: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8497: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8448:Apollodotus II 8444: 8437: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8328:Eastern Punjab 8325: 8323:Western Punjab 8320: 8315: 8310: 8301: 8291: 8285: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8262: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8206: 8197: 8183: 8173: 8166: 8165: 8156: 8147: 8138: 8129: 8120: 8111: 8102: 8092: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8057: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8011: 8009: 8004: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7982: 7977: 7975: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7927: 7925: 7923:Indo-Sassanids 7920: 7914: 7913: 7895: 7887: 7886: 7872: 7867: 7865: 7860: 7858: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7798: 7796:Varman dynasty 7787: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7763: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7700: 7697:Indo-Parthians 7693:Indo-Scythians 7689: 7683: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7649: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7584: 7576: 7575: 7549: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7521: 7513: 7512: 7509:HISTORICAL AGE 7504: 7503: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7468: 7463: 7461: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7440: 7411: 7404: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7332: 7314: 7306: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7272: 7271: 7269:Southern India 7266: 7265:Central India 7263: 7258: 7245: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7222: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7161: 7160:External links 7158: 7157: 7156: 7137: 7131: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7037: 7030: 7010: 6998: 6980: 6962: 6944: 6925: 6909: 6892: 6880: 6865: 6846: 6807: 6780: 6777:. p. 225. 6763: 6746: 6737: 6728: 6719: 6688: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6626: 6609: 6592: 6574: 6567: 6547: 6506: 6499: 6479: 6462: 6456:978-9004185258 6455: 6435: 6429:978-9004069411 6428: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6370: 6353: 6346: 6322: 6310: 6303: 6280: 6273: 6253: 6238: 6218: 6211: 6179: 6156: 6144: 6141:. p. 114. 6127: 6109: 6091: 6084: 6064: 6055: 6038: 6000: 5986: 5979: 5954: 5943: 5932: 5915: 5901: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5843: 5834: 5827: 5804: 5781: 5763: 5751: 5744: 5724: 5715: 5693: 5680: 5665: 5658: 5638: 5631: 5611: 5594: 5588:978-9004185258 5587: 5567: 5524: 5508: 5497: 5485: 5470: 5458: 5446: 5426: 5414: 5401: 5389: 5382: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5320: 5305: 5288: 5276: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5234: 5222: 5213: 5206: 5186: 5179: 5156: 5149: 5129: 5122: 5102: 5095: 5075: 5062: 5053: 5050:. p. 350. 5036: 5029: 4990: 4983: 4965: 4956: 4936: 4933:. p. 103. 4919: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4877: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4836:Indo-Parthians 4833: 4831:Indo-Scythians 4828: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4758:Rudrasimha III 4754: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717:Sridharavarman 4712: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4586:Damajadasri II 4582: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4393: 4379: 4378: 4362:Main article: 4359: 4358:List of rulers 4356: 4350:conquered the 4297: 4281:Vima Kadphises 4227: 4216: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4189:Mathura Museum 4185: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4168:Nagarjunakonda 4156:Nagarjunakonda 4111:Nagarjunakonda 4104: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4005:Main article: 3982: 3979: 3913: 3910: 3854: 3851: 3803: 3800: 3752: 3749: 3739: 3736: 3710:rulers in the 3704: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3596: 3566: 3559: 3531:Rudrasimha III 3524:Rudrasimha III 3515: 3509: 3485:Sridharavarman 3468: 3461: 3449: 3446: 3397: 3394: 3329:Sridharavarman 3301:Central Indian 3297: 3296: 3252: 3249: 3215:The region of 3181:Nagarjunakonda 3150: 3149: 3133: 3132: 3124: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3095:Nagarjunakonda 3093: 3092: 3084: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3060: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2979: 2976: 2917: 2914: 2890:Main article: 2887: 2884: 2834: 2797: 2794: 2742: 2739: 2696: 2672: 2669: 2659: 2555: 2536: 2506:, grandson of 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2412: 2374:in the south. 2348:Mathura Museum 2331: 2306: 2303: 2228: 2225: 2200: 2197: 2178: 2174:Indo-Parthians 2078: 2075: 2056:Western Satrap 2039: 2038:Pompei Lakshmi 2036: 2029: 2014: 1983: 1885: 1845:gulf of Baraca 1824: 1821: 1811: 1794: 1791: 1765:), Dashapura ( 1750: 1728: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1476: 1473: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1347: 1344: 1333: 1319:, made by the 1220: 1219: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1056:British Museum 998:Khakharatavasa 986:Liaka Kusulaka 917: 914: 912: 909: 755: 752: 694:Madhya Pradesh 640: 608: 607: 598: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 578: 572: 571: 564: 558: 557: 550: 544: 543: 536: 530: 529: 522: 513: 510: 509: 504: 496: 495: 490: 482: 481: 479:Indo-Scythians 476: 464: 463: 458: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 437: 434: 433: 430: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 413:Historical era 410: 409: 406: 405: 403:Rudrasimha III 400: 397: 394: 393: 388: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 362: 361: 358: 354: 353: 344: 340: 339: 316: 312: 311: 298: 294: 293: 289: 288: 80: 74: 73: 72: 71: 68: 67: 63: 62: 43: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9412: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9261: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9224: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9205:Rudrasena III 9202: 9201:Rudradaman II 9198: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9164: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9149:Rudrasimha II 9146: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9127: 9121: 9116: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8914:Damajadasri I 8911: 8907: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8880:Great Satrap 8877: 8876: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8841: 8840: 8832: 8825: 8816: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8794: 8779: 8770: 8769: 8763: 8752: 8743: 8742: 8736: 8725: 8716: 8715: 8709: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8697:KUSHAN EMPIRE 8689: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8675: 8667: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8655: 8645: 8642: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8606: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8559: 8555: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8527: 8521: 8517: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8496: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8464: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8436: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8405: 8400: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8304:Paropamisadae 8302: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8266:Indo-Scythian 8260: 8255: 8253: 8248: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8160: 8151: 8142: 8133: 8124: 8115: 8106: 8097: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7875:Vishnukundina 7873: 7871: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7835:Vishnukundina 7833: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7736:Kushan Empire 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7719:Kushan Empire 7715: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7657:Sangam period 7653: 7648: 7644: 7643:Shunga Empire 7639: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7616:Brahma Sutras 7613: 7612:Bhagavad Gita 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7557:Sangam period 7553: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7546:Maurya Empire 7541: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7417: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7312: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7262: 7256: 7252: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7215: 7213: 7208: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7107: 7106:0-486-26896-9 7103: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7033: 7031:9789401714167 7027: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7007: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6975: 6966: 6958: 6957: 6948: 6942:, p. 89. 6941: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6784: 6776: 6775: 6767: 6759: 6758: 6750: 6741: 6735:Rapson p. CIV 6732: 6726:Rapson CCVIII 6723: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6605: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6587: 6578: 6570: 6568:9789352531325 6564: 6560: 6559: 6558:Ancient India 6551: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6500:9781785702105 6496: 6492: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6439: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6412: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6306: 6304:9788120800267 6300: 6296: 6295: 6287: 6285: 6276: 6274:9788120604445 6270: 6266: 6265: 6257: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6225: 6223: 6214: 6212:9788120714953 6208: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6122: 6113: 6105: 6104: 6095: 6087: 6085:9788122411980 6081: 6077: 6076: 6068: 6059: 6051: 6050: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6005: 5996: 5990: 5982: 5980:9788170998747 5976: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5936: 5929:. p. 83. 5928: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5911:David Pingree 5905: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5847: 5838: 5830: 5828:9788120829732 5824: 5820: 5819: 5811: 5809: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5747: 5745:9780521376952 5741: 5737: 5736: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5661: 5659:9789352531325 5655: 5651: 5650: 5649:Ancient India 5642: 5634: 5632:9788131711200 5628: 5624: 5623: 5615: 5608:. p. 60. 5607: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5385: 5383:9789004255302 5379: 5375: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5190: 5182: 5180:9788120800182 5176: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5150:9780199096138 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5123:9781136155314 5119: 5115: 5114: 5106: 5098: 5096:9780199096138 5092: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5057: 5049: 5048: 5040: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4960: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841:Kushan Empire 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4728:Rudrasena III 4726: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4706:Rudradaman II 4704: 4703: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4687: 4686:Rudrasimha II 4684: 4683: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4484:Damajadasri I 4482: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4275:was found in 4274: 4266: 4265:Kushan Empire 4261: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4250:Kushan Empire 4241: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4220: 4210: 4199: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4089: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032:Indo-Scythian 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963:Uparkot Caves 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883:Kumaragupta I 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3847:Rudrasimha II 3843: 3839: 3836:The coins of 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3748: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716:Kidarite Huns 3713: 3709: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3683:Kumaragupta I 3677: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636:Kumaragupta I 3633: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3602:, 412-413 CE. 3601: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3577:(412-413 CE). 3576: 3571: 3564: 3561:Conquests of 3558: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:Natya-darpana 3532: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3289:Rudradaman II 3286: 3282: 3281:Rudrasimha II 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3120: 3096: 3080: 3064: 3048: 3032: 3016: 3012: 2998: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2910:Narmada River 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2781:Brāhmī script 2778: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2680: 150 CE 2664: 2658: 2656: 2655:Central India 2653:and parts of 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2613:), Kachchha ( 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2551:Dakshinapatha 2546: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:Namadus river 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2244: 130 CE 2238: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Brahmi script 2092: 2088: 2083: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2028: 2023: 2013: 2008: 2006: 1998: 1993: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1820: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1749: 1748:generally.... 1747: 1743: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1712: 1708: 1705:, viceroy of 1704: 1699: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1607:, cave No. 10 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1469:Manmodi Caves 1466: 1462: 1459:", Greeks or 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Manmodi Caves 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1373:Success!! By 1367: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:Uttamabhadras 1305: 1302: 1300: 1299:Manmodi Caves 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272:Indo-Parthian 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1215: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1174: 1173:KUSHAN EMPIRE 1167: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1129: 1113: 1097: 120 CE 1087: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 955: 952:inscription: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 908: 906: 902: 897: 895: 890: 885: 876: 875:Saka language 871: 865: 862: 856: 850: 845: 838: 834: 833: 827: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 790: 786:("King") and 784: 779: 778:Manmodi Caves 775: 771: 770:Brahmi script 766: 760: 751: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662:Indo-Scythian 659: 655: 650: 644: 638: 633: 628: 623: 619: 615: 606: 602: 599: 597:Today part of 595: 579: 577: 574: 573: 565: 563: 560: 559: 551: 549: 546: 545: 537: 535: 532: 531: 523: 521: 518: 517: 514: 508: 505: 498: 497: 494: 491: 484: 483: 480: 477: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 449: 445: 441: 435: 431: 425: 421: 418: 415: 411: 407: 404: 401: 395: 392: 389: 377: 373: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352: 348: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 320: 317: 313: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 281: 276: 267: 256: 245: 236: 225: 216: 207: 198: 187: 176: 165: 156: 147: 136: 127: 118: 115: 350 CE 102: 93: 84: 78: 69: 64: 59: 53: 47: 41: 36: 31: 22: 19: 9331: 9320: 9308: 9279: 9276:Samudragupta 9269:GUPTA EMPIRE 9267: 9253: 9221: 9213:Rudrasena IV 9197:Yasodaman II 9195: 9171:Vasudeva III 9169: 9161: 9143: 9124: 9115:Bhratadarman 9104: 9099:Kanishka III 9087: 9064: 9036: 9027:Rudrasena II 8993: 8983: 8966: 8961: 8943: 8938: 8922:Rudrasimha I 8910:Rudradaman I 8904: 8892: 8882:Kharapallana 8873: 8837: 8812: 8801: 8766: 8739: 8712: 8700: 8672: 8658: 8652: 8633: 8617: 8594: 8588: 8554:APRACHARAJAS 8526:Apollophanes 8524: 8499: 8478: 8473:Hippostratos 8471: 8467:Spalagadames 8446: 8439: 8396: 8389: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8343: 8282:Territories/ 8269: 8210: 8201: 8191: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8159: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8123: 8114: 8105: 8096: 8088: 8087: 8051:Pala dynasty 8037:10th century 8036: 7999: 7967: 7917: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7846: 7819: 7791:Gupta Empire 7789: 7779: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7740: 7725: 7713: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7664:Early Cholas 7655: 7632: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7564:Early Cholas 7555: 7544: 7539: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7507: 7498:Nanda empire 7496: 7484: 7451: 7442: 7413: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7361: 7352: 7337:Vedic Period 7334: 7319:Vedic Period 7316: 7311:Vedic Period 7308: 7302: 7301: 7292: 7255:Sapta Sindhu 7242:Timeline and 7190:Academia.edu 7142: 7121: 7076: 7069:Salomon 1998 7064: 7057:Salomon 1998 7052: 7045:Salomon 1998 7040: 7020: 7013: 7006:Salomon 1998 7001: 6992: 6983: 6973: 6965: 6955: 6947: 6940:Salomon 1998 6917:Salomon 1998 6912: 6905:Salomon 1998 6888:Salomon 1998 6883: 6876:Salomon 1998 6859: 6849: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6790: 6783: 6773: 6766: 6756: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6722: 6675: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6635: 6629: 6612: 6602: 6595: 6585: 6577: 6557: 6550: 6540:27 September 6538:. Retrieved 6531:the original 6526: 6522: 6509: 6489: 6482: 6472: 6465: 6445: 6438: 6418: 6396: 6384: 6373: 6332: 6325: 6320:, p. 5. 6313: 6293: 6263: 6256: 6251:, p. 6. 6231: 6196: 6147: 6137: 6130: 6119: 6112: 6101: 6094: 6074: 6067: 6058: 6048: 6041: 6016: 6012: 5989: 5969: 5946: 5935: 5925: 5918: 5904: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5846: 5837: 5817: 5773: 5766: 5754: 5734: 5727: 5718: 5707: 5688: 5683: 5648: 5641: 5621: 5614: 5604: 5597: 5577: 5570: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5500: 5488: 5461: 5449: 5429: 5417: 5404: 5392: 5372: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5279: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5237: 5225: 5216: 5196: 5189: 5169: 5139: 5132: 5112: 5105: 5085: 5078: 5065: 5056: 5046: 5039: 5011: 4993: 4974: 4968: 4959: 4929: 4922: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4867: 4860: 4748:Rudrasena IV 4696:Yasodaman II 4646:Rudrasena II 4514:Rudrasimha I 4504:Rudrasimha I 4468:Rudradaman I 4371: 4348:Rudradaman I 4345: 4333:Kharapallana 4322: 4309: 4270: 4247: 4239: 4152: 4148:Yavanajataka 4137: 4133:Gupta Empire 4127:(c. 150 AD, 4125:Rudradaman I 4118: 4061: 4056:Rudradaman I 4029: 4010: 3974: 3970: 3940: 3932:Kutch Museum 3921: 3915: 3899: 3881:and his son 3872: 3835: 3805: 3797: 3781:Rudrasimha I 3774: 3751:Regnal dates 3741: 3732:Gupta Empire 3724:Central Asia 3718:, the first 3705: 3634:and his son 3629: 3625:Rudradaman I 3606: 3592: 3580: 3555: 3529: 3500:Samudragupta 3497:Gupta Empire 3470: 3465:Samudragupta 3454:Gupta Empire 3411: 3383: 3375:Ajanta Caves 3371:Gupta Empire 3337: 3324: 3298: 3285:Yasodaman II 3278: 3241:Ajanta Caves 3230: 3214: 3209: 3194: 3190:Rudrasena II 3187: 3173:Rudrasena II 2987:Rudrasena II 2957: 2930: 2919: 2895: 2852:Rudrasimha I 2849: 2817: 2809: 2806:Rudrasimha I 2790:Rudrasimha I 2766: 2735:Yavanajataka 2728: 2724: 2707: 2705: 2693: 2684:Rudradaman I 2674: 2576: 2564: 2548: 2543: 2529: 2504:Rudradaman I 2501: 2488:Rudradaman I 2459: 2447: 2443: 2440:Rudradaman I 2416: 2377: 2353: 2343: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2202: 2148: 2124: 2041: 2025: 2021: 2010: 2002: 1908: 1900: 1842: 1832: 1826: 1818: 1808: 1796: 1760: 1739: 1717: 1713:, cave No10. 1670: 1586: 1583: 1532:Chaitya roof 1484: 1438: 1415: 1372: 1349: 1338:Nashik Caves 1330: 1317:Nashik Caves 1306: 1303: 1280: 1229: 1033:dharmachakra 1024: 1020: 1015:, father of 1006: 1001: 997: 994:Sri Pulamavi 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 959: 953: 946:dharmachakra 941: 937: 936:inscription 929: 898: 878: 866: 855:Mahakṣatrapa 842:xšaθrapāvan- 839: 830: 814: 795: 749: 737:Gupta Empire 718: 654:Mahakṣatrapa 653: 617: 613: 611: 520:Gupta Empire 461:Succeeded by 460: 455: 58:Mahakṣatrapa 57: 18: 9286:388-395 CE 9243:HEPHTHALITE 9236:Varhran III 9192:320-388 CE 9175:Vasudeva IV 9140:300-320 CE 9133:Vasudeva II 9120:Datayola II 9111:280-300 CE 9089:Kanishka II 9058:Datarvharna 9054:Datarvharna 9015:Yasodaman I 9011:Isvaradatta 8995:Samghadaman 8990:230-280 CE 8934:Rudrasena I 8901:130-230 CE 8885:and Satrap 8865:PARATARAJAS 8827:100-120 CE 8635:Gondophares 8619:Gondophares 8578:Kharahostes 8558:Vijayamitra 8375:Artemidoros 8368:Menander II 8299:Balochistan 8195:, Routledge 8076:Rashtrakuta 7980:Pala Empire 7973:Kabul Shahi 7856:Kabul Shahi 7830:Alchon Huns 7608:Mahabharata 7531:Pre-history 7444:Pre-history 7354:Pre-history 7146:. Concept. 5951:Rapson p.92 5540:(1): 1–23. 5439:Nasik Caves 5007:Puri, B. N. 4802:Family tree 4666:Bhartrdaman 4616:Yasodaman I 4606:Isvaradatta 4566:Samghadaman 4556:Prthivisena 4546:Rudrasena I 4144:Yavanesvara 4109:" soldier, 4072:Nasik Caves 4015:of India", 3999:Nasik Caves 3908:(475–776). 3902:Traikutakas 3887:Indo-Greeks 3728:Alchon Huns 3699:Skandagupta 3640:Indo-Greeks 3609:Skandagupta 3434:Indus river 3237:Bhartrdaman 3099:(Alliances) 2949:Nasik Caves 2933:Nasik Caves 2808:(178–197). 2731:Yavanesvara 2720:Maharashtra 2512:Satavahanas 2496:Skandagupta 2442:(130–150). 2166:Indo-Greeks 1847:is that of 1843:Beyond the 1789:district). 1711:Nasik Caves 1666:Inscription 1605:Nasik Caves 1576:Nasik Caves 1481:Karla Caves 1461:Indo-Greeks 1445:Karla Caves 1441:Nasik Caves 1418:Maharashtra 1366:Karla Caves 1356:Karla Caves 1323:'s viceroy 1268:Paratarajas 1264:Baluchistan 1238:, Southern 1214:HAN DYNASTY 1152:SATAVAHANAS 905:Tarim Basin 802:East Punjab 765:Mahākhatapa 686:Maharashtra 456:Preceded by 9354:Categories 9249:invasions 9232:Varhran II 9179:Vasudeva V 9126:Hormizd II 9070:Ardashir I 9046:Bhimarjuna 9038:Miratakhma 9031:Visvasimha 9019:Vijayasena 8978:Vasudeva I 8926:Satyadaman 8894:Kanishka I 8875:Kanishka I 8814:Vima Takto 8796:75-100 CE 8708:Indravarma 8674:Sarpedones 8666:Vispavarma 8596:Strato III 8510:55–35 BCE 8489:55–35 BCE 8463:Spalirises 8457:65–55 BCE 8435:Spalahores 8425:75–70 BCE 8407:85-60 BCE 8384:90–70 BCE 8354:90–85 BCE 8270:(in green) 8089:References 8042:Ghaznavids 7852:Nezak Huns 7088:References 6919:, p. 6153:Coin image 6151:CNG Coins 5410:Kshatrapas 5207:0226742210 5071:Sten Konow 5019:. p. 4878:0226742210 4656:Visvasimha 4626:Vijayasena 4537:(restored) 4525:Satyadaman 4516:(restored) 4476: 130 4461: 130 4310:Sha-sta-na 4240:Sha-sta-na 4064:Ushavadata 3991:Ushavadata 3853:Influences 3807:Kharoshthi 3744:Indo-Greek 3526:(388–395). 2843:Rudradaman 2828:legend in 2814:Indo-Greek 2591:West Malwa 2583:East Malwa 2417:Geographia 2388:Syrastrena 2301:–150 CE). 2299: 127 2280:Vima Taktu 2183:Cave No. 3 2154:Kshatriyas 2135:Cave No. 3 2103:Nasik cave 2085:The "Saka- 1861:Syrastrene 1775:Govardhana 1742:Ushavadata 1724:Govardhana 1720:Ushavadata 1703:Ushavadata 1691:Nasik Cave 1677:Ushavadata 1597:Ushavadata 1574:See also: 1562:Indo-Greek 1491:South Asia 1479:See also: 1375:Ushabadata 1325:Ushavadata 1283:Ushavadata 1091:South-Asia 1052:Indo-Greek 1002:Kshaharata 978:Kshaharata 974:Khakharata 962:Kshaharata 934:Kharoshthi 882:xšaθrapati 867:The title 821:Geographia 808:, such as 702:Satavahana 670:Saurashtra 357:Government 323:Kharoshthi 194:MAHAMEGHA- 109:South-Asia 9228:Varhran I 9223:Shapur II 9209:Simhasena 9153:Jivadaman 9145:Visvasena 9094:Vashishka 9080:Hormizd I 9007:Viradaman 8957:Mirahvara 8953:Hvaramira 8930:Jivadaman 8918:Jivadaman 8906:Jayadaman 8887:Vanaspara 8781:50-75 CE 8754:45-50 CE 8735:Aspavarma 8727:40-45 CE 8714:Abdagases 8691:30-40 CE 8680:Bhadayasa 8654:Ubouzanes 8647:20-30 CE 8625:Indravasu 8608:10-20 CE 8590:Strato II 8573:Zeionises 8538:Hagamasha 8501:Zoilos II 8480:Dionysios 8441:Telephos 8398:Archebius 8308:Arachosia 7993:Kalachuri 7785:Kidarites 6827:: 15–17. 6706:Saurastra 6025:2249-1937 6019:: 51–54. 5562:145360753 5554:1527-8050 4742:380–384/5 4738:Simhasena 4676:Visvasena 4596:Viradaman 4535:Jivadaman 4494:Jivadaman 4453:Jayadaman 4445: 78 4411:1st c. CE 4352:Yaudheyas 4337:Vanaspara 3912:Monuments 3863:Dahrasena 3833:instead. 3802:Languages 3795:instead. 3777:Jivadaman 3767:) of the 3543:Ramagupta 3513:Ramagupta 3430:Shapur II 3344:Devnimori 3303:areas of 3261:Devnimori 3233:Visvasena 3079:Devnimori 2769:Jivadaman 2759:) of the 2751:Jivadaman 2688:Yaudheyas 2635:Rajputana 2609:), Maru ( 2603:Surashtra 2597:country, 2464:Jayadaman 2415:Ptolemy, 2408:Minnagara 2344:Ṣa-sta-na 2319:anguipeds 2221:Shaka era 2063:Bhokardan 1967:carnelian 1947:spikenard 1911:Laodicean 1881:Minnagara 1718:Success! 1390:Brahmanas 1379:Kshatrapa 1207:PARTHIANS 1196:MAHAMEGA- 1054:coinage. 970:Khaharata 966:Chaharada 928:(?–119). 901:Khotanese 870:Kṣaharāta 690:Rajasthan 656:, "Great 417:Antiquity 385: 35 343:Religion 309:Minnagara 254:SASANIANS 243:KIDARITES 223:VAKATAKAS 205:SAMATATAS 134:KALABHRAS 125:IKSHVAKUS 91:KAMARUPAS 66:35–415 CE 9260:Kipunada 9163:Peroz II 8999:Damasena 8973:Huvishka 8968:Vāsishka 8945:Bagamira 8869:Yolamira 8860:Nahapana 8831:Abhiraka 8806:Chastana 8641:Rajuvula 8584:Mujatria 8516:Azilises 8391:Hermaeus 8318:Gandhara 8295:Pakistan 8293:Western 8287:Western 8189:(2002), 7863:Maitraka 7748:kingdom 7746:Kamarupa 7604:Ramayana 7430:Buddhism 7376:Panchala 7367:Gandhara 7327:culture) 7294:IRON AGE 6800:Archived 6681:Archived 6033:44140583 5893:Bhandara 5854:Archived 5797:Archived 4952:Kanishka 4815:See also 4576:Damasena 4437:Chastana 4427:Nahapana 4407:Abhiraka 4285:Kanishka 4273:Chastana 4172:Shaivism 4107:Scythian 4068:Nahapana 4017:Sanskrit 4007:Sanskrit 3995:Nahapana 3947:Junagadh 3918:Junagadh 3838:Nahapana 3831:Sanskrit 3823:Chastana 3811:Gandhara 3793:Azes era 3785:Saka era 3769:Saka era 3761:Damasena 3759:Coin of 3613:Junagadh 3597:— 3414:Gandhara 3392:region. 3367:Gandhara 3356:Buddhist 3273:Gandhara 3177:Ikshvaku 3063:Barigaza 2972:Nahapana 2906:Vidharba 2898:Rupiamma 2892:Rupiamma 2860:Saka Era 2816:style). 2786:Saka Era 2773:Saka Era 2761:Saka Era 2716:Vidarbha 2712:Bhandara 2708:Rupiamma 2697:— 2660:— 2639:Aparanta 2556:— 2537:— 2508:Chastana 2476:Junagadh 2458:legend: 2413:— 2400:Barygaza 2392:Barbaria 2380:Patalena 2372:Barigaza 2368:Chastana 2360:Patalene 2292:Kanishka 2276:Kanishka 2264:Saka era 2237:Chastana 2213:Aji Saka 2179:— 2170:Pahlavas 2113:Coin of 2071:Barigaza 2059:Nahapana 2030:— 2015:— 1984:— 1955:bdellium 1943:antimony 1886:— 1849:Barygaza 1837:Barigaza 1833:Nambanus 1812:— 1767:Mandasor 1751:— 1729:— 1707:Nahapana 1642:Interior 1593:Nahapana 1544:Capitals 1465:Lenyadri 1404:— 1395:Valuraka 1382:Nahapana 1352:Nahapana 1334:— 1321:Nahapana 1254:and the 1048:Nahapana 1046:Coin of 1029:Buddhist 1017:Nahapana 1009:Abhiraka 924:Coin of 889:Kṣatrapa 861:kṣatrapa 849:kṣatrapa 826:Kṣatrapa 810:Rajuvula 774:Nahapana 660:") were 605:Pakistan 391:Abhiraka 360:Monarchy 351:Buddhism 347:Hinduism 328:Sanskrit 305:Barygaza 263:SASANIAN 252:KUSHANO- 183:SASANIAN 163:PALLAVAS 154:KADAMBAS 9390:Satraps 9255:Shaka I 9075:Peroz I 8856:Bhumaka 8852:120 CE 8660:Pakores 8520:Azes II 8431:Vonones 8333:Mathura 8170:Sources 7961:Pallava 7892:Culture 7771:Puranas 7760:Culture 7600:Puranas 7581:Culture 7518:Culture 7434:Ājīvika 7426:Jainism 7401:Culture 7381:Magadha 7303:Culture 7152:4541213 7113:Sources 6841:1522666 6797:Alt URL 6715:chaitya 6121:India." 6103:India." 5891:in the 5775:India." 5467:p.82-83 5455:p.78-79 5443:p.85-86 5264:p.78-79 4948:Sarnath 4762:388–415 4752:382–388 4732:348–380 4722:339-368 4710:332–348 4700:317–332 4690:304–348 4680:293–304 4670:282–295 4660:277–282 4650:255–277 4640:251–255 4630:239–250 4610:236–239 4600:234–238 4590:232–239 4580:223–232 4570:222–223 4550:200–222 4540:197–199 4529:197-198 4519:191–197 4508:180–188 4498:178-181 4488:170–175 4431:119–124 4417:Bhumaka 4341:Sarnath 4329:Mathura 4277:Mathura 4164:Iksvaku 4129:Gujarat 4040:Mathura 4038:around 4021:Prakrit 4013:paradox 3895:chaitya 3842:Castana 3827:Prakrit 3738:Coinage 3648:chaitya 3617:Gujarat 3594:battles 3551:Gujarat 3473:Vidisha 3416:by the 3379:Sarnath 3348:viharas 3340:Gujarat 3305:Vidisha 3265:Gujarat 3245:Waghora 3221:Vidisha 3161:Vidisha 3011:Vidisha 2945:Kanheri 2937:Kanheri 2872:Vidisha 2832:script: 2826:Prakrit 2822:Chaitya 2779:of the 2710:in the 2647:Nishada 2623:Sauvira 2607:Gujarat 2593:), the 2524:Kanheri 2452:Chaitya 2356:Ptolemy 2315:tritons 2260:Castana 2217:Gujarat 2209:Sumatra 2185:of the 2162:Yavanas 2137:of the 2091:Palhava 2061:in the 1939:realgar 1915:Arabian 1801:of the 1785:in the 1630:Veranda 1487:chaitya 1457:Yavanas 1422:Gujarat 1313:Malavas 1276:Kushans 1248:Bharuch 1246:, from 1240:Gujarat 1181:SATRAPS 1179:WESTERN 1159:PANDYAS 1072:Prakrit 1013:Bhumaka 926:Bhumaka 911:History 817:Ptolemy 806:Mathura 741:Abhiras 735:of the 723:of the 714:Mathura 698:Kushans 682:Gujarat 658:Satraps 493:Malavas 380:• 338:script) 332:Prakrit 325:script) 297:Capital 214:ABHIRAS 196:VAHANAS 174:KUSHANS 143:WESTERN 9400:Ujjain 9050:Koziya 9042:Kozana 8949:Arjuna 8741:Gadana 8685:Sodasa 8602:Hagana 8495:Azes I 8361:Nicias 8313:Bajaur 8284:dates 8109:Samuel 8100:Samuel 7907:Tantra 7672:Cheras 7572:Cheras 7478:Assaka 7393:Assaka 7325:Srauta 7251:Punjab 7150: 7129: 7104: 7028: 6839: 6565: 6497: 6473:Taxila 6453: 6426: 6344: 6333:Ajanta 6301: 6271: 6209: 6176:p58-59 6082: 6031: 6023: 5977: 5898:Source 5825: 5794:Source 5742: 5656: 5629: 5585: 5560: 5552: 5521:Source 5505:Source 5494:Source 5380: 5204: 5177: 5147: 5120: 5093: 5027: 4981: 4875: 4318:Ujjain 4254:Satrap 4140:script 4138:Brāhmī 3971:stupas 3955:Talaja 3923:Lashti 3891:Garuda 3875:Guptas 3815:Brahmi 3712:Punjab 3708:Kushan 3644:Garuda 3621:Ashoka 3587:Sanchi 3477:Sanchi 3442:Kushan 3426:Punjab 3420:, the 3390:Deccan 3350:and a 3321:Sanchi 3309:Sanchi 3217:Sanchi 3206:Ujjain 3202:Ujjain 3165:Sanchi 3115:Ajanta 3047:Ujjain 3015:Sanchi 2941:Guntur 2876:Sanchi 2864:Ujjain 2830:Brahmi 2643:Konkan 2631:Multan 2619:Sindhu 2611:Marwar 2599:Anarta 2587:Avanti 2494:) and 2480:Ashoka 2456:Brahmi 2384:Abiria 2364:Ujjain 2288:Ujjain 2272:Kushan 2268:Ujjain 2191:Nashik 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