127:
120:
937:. Some scholars have attributed these coins to the Gupta ruler Ramagupta, but others believe him to be a distinct, local ruler. Since Garuda was the emblem of the imperial Gupta dynasty, numismatist K. D. Bajpai asserted that these coins were indeed issued by the Gupta emperor Ramagupta. Bajpai speculated that Samudragupta appointed his son Ramagupta as a governor of the eastern
878:(who must have been Ramagupta's successor). The medial 'i' character is different from the one featured in the Sanchi inscriptions, but such a character can also be found in earlier inscriptions, such as the Nandsa-Yupa inscriptions of the 3rd century. Thus, on palaeographic basis, the Ramagupta inscriptions can be assigned to the 4th century CE.
948:
However, historian D. C. Sircar doesn't find Bajpai's theory convincing, and states that the issuer of these coins may have been a local chief of imitated Gupta coinage after the decline of the Gupta dynast in the late 5th century CE. Sircar points out that a non-Gupta ruler named
Harigupta is known
709:
In the official Gupta genealogy, the kings are described as "meditating on the feet" of their fathers. However, in a departure from this convention, Chandragupta II is described as having been "accepted by his father" in his
Mathura stone pillar inscription as well as Bihar and Bhitari inscriptions
498:
argued that the additional literary evidence was too strong to dismiss
Ramagupta as a fictional character, and hoped that his existence would be proved by discovery of his coins in future. Subsequently, some scholars such as K. D. Bajpai attributed a few copper coins discovered in central India to
126:
857:
These inscriptions do not mention that
Ramagupta belonged to the Gupta dynasty, and do not mention any date. However, following arguments can be made to date them to the 4th century, and to support the identification of the Ramagupta mentioned in these inscriptions as a Gupta emperor:
845:
Based on the reconstructed text, all three inscriptions appear to contain same text except the name of the tirthankara. They state that emperor
Ramagupta caused the statues to be built at the behest of a mendicant. The mendicant was named Chella Kshamana or Chelu-kshamana
431:
narrative is debated. Several other sources refer to the events mentioned in the play, but these sources do not mention
Ramagupta by name, and may be based on the play itself. Three undated inscriptions, written in a variety of the
749:
Ramagupta; the partially-damaged inscription on another similar statue also appears to mention his name. The statues were discovered while clearing a field with a bulldozer, and were partially damaged by the bulldozer.
659:भगवतोर्हतः चन्द्रप्रभस्य प्रतिमेऽयं कारिता महाराजाधिराज-श्री-रामगुप्तेन उपदेशात् पाणिपात्रिक-चन्द्रक्षमाचार्य्य-क्षमण-श्रमण-प्रशिष्य-आचार्य्य सर्प्पसेन-क्षमण-शिष्यस्य गोलक्यान्त्या-सत्पुत्रस्य चेलु-क्षमणस्येति
436:
and discovered in central India, mention a king called
Ramagupta: this seems to attest the existence of a Gupta emperor named Ramagupta, although it does not conclusively prove the historicity of the
706:
The Eran inscription of
Samudragupta appears to mention that his queen Datta-devi had many sons and grandsons, although this cannot be said with certainty because the inscription is mutilated.
642:
below), historian Tej Ram Sharma speculates that
Ramagupta may have adopted "a peaceful style of life" after his humiliation by the Shaka enemy, which may explain his inclination towards
949:
to have issued copper coins that feature a garuda, and imitate the gold coins of
Chandragupta II. Coins of another such imitator, named Indragupta, have been discovered at
913:
has dated these records to a later period, based on a comparison of letters and signs that occur in these inscriptions and the Sanchi inscriptions of Chandragupta II.
680:
Inscriptions attributed to Ramagputa have been discovered in central India (see below). These inscriptions mention a king called Ramagupta who bore the imperial title
440:
story. Some coins discovered in central India have also been attributed to Ramagupta, but this attribution has not been unanimously accepted by modern historians.
899:
s (traditional symbols) associated with the tirthankaras, which suggests that the images belong to an "early stage in the development of the Jaina iconography".
634:, who controlled western and central Punjab. Altekar theorized that Piro invaded eastern Punjab, and Ramagupta attempted to check his advance, leading to a war.
1172:भारतीय दिगम्बर जैन अभिलेख और तीर्थ परिचय, मध्यप्रदेशः. 13वीं श. ई. तक (Bharatiya Digambar Jain Abhilekh aur Tirth Parichay, Madhya-Pradesh: 13 vi shati tak)
941:
region in central India; Ramagupta was forced to stay there even after his father's death because of the war with the Shakas, and the events depicted in
725:, although these sources may be based on the play itself, and therefore, cannot be regarded as conclusive evidence corroborating the play's historicity.
909:
However, according to another theory, the Ramagupta of the Durjanpur inscriptions is a later Gupta king, not the brother of Chandragupta II. Historian
714:. Scholars who believe the play to have a historical basis argue that this is a covert way of stating that his accession to the throne was contested.
1185:
953:. Sircar also notes that other Gupta emperors are known to have issued gold coins, but no gold coins issued by Ramagupta have been discovered.
649:
Later, Chandragputa appears to have killed Ramagupta and married Dhruvadevi, who is mentioned as Chandragupta's queen in the Gupta records.
412:
of northern India. The surviving fragments of the play, combined with other literary evidence, suggest that he agreed to surrender his wife
822:
portions completely lost, Inscription erased (though some words and letters can be reconstructed based on the other two inscriptions).
490:
and R. Saraswati in 1923, Ramagupta's historicity became a matter of debate among historians. Some scholars, including Levi, dismissed
777:
Face of the tirthankara completely damaged, Face of the left-hand attendant figure damaged, Inscription well-preserved and complete.
460:. It is possible that the records of Ramagupta's successors omit his name from genealogical lists because he was not their ancestor.
1575:
378:
921:
A few copper coins, bearing the legend "Ramaguta" (Prakrit form of "Ramagupta") on the obverse, and the figure of a lion or a
1677:
1656:
1616:
1549:
1522:
1501:
1480:
1459:
881:
According to Gai, the sculptural features and styles of the statues also suggest that they belong to the 4th century CE. The
543:
and other supporting evidence, modern scholars theorize that Ramagupta was the elder son and successor of the Gupta emperor
1702:
699:
as an emperor. Dhruvadevi is attested by her royal seal which describes her as the wife of Chandragupta and the mother of
448:
Ramagupta's name does not appear in the official records of the Gupta dynasty. According to the official Gupta genealogy,
471:, but its extracts survive in other works. Several later literary and epigraphic sources corroborate the narrative of
517:
Ramagupta were discovered at Durjanpur, and have been cited as proof for the existence of the king mentioned in the
786:
ryya-kṣamaṇa-śramana-praśiṣya-acāryya Sarppasena-kṣamaṇa-śiṣyasya Golakyāntyā-satputraasya Celūkṣamaṇasyeti
119:
866:, who edited the inscriptions, the inscriptions feature the so-called southern or western variety of the
371:
347:
830:
The part containing the king's name can be restored as "Rāmaguptena" as faint traces of the letters
1697:
718:
476:
1445:
427:
The official Gupta genealogy does not mention Ramagupta, and therefore, the historicity of the
38:
1667:
1606:
1541:
1491:
1470:
1449:
364:
1512:
688:
script of 4th-5th centuries CE, which proves that Ramagupta was a historical Gupta emperor.
1592:. Vol. 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985. Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
8:
695:, are known to be historical persons. The official records of the Gupta dynasty mention
676:
The theory that Ramagupta was a historical person is supported by the following points:
1179:
468:
151:
562:
went to the enemy camp disguised as the queen, and killed the enemy. According to the
1673:
1669:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
1652:
1633:
1612:
1593:
1545:
1534:
1518:
1497:
1476:
1455:
404:
905:
is an imperial title, which indicates that Ramagupta was a historical Gupta emperor.
611:
king who ruled in Punjab, and who is referred to as "Devaputra-Shahi-Shanushahi" in
627:
616:
1646:
1627:
1587:
1563:
885:(halo) is not as developed and stylized as in the 5th century Buddha images from
875:
696:
559:
534:
513:
453:
421:
330:
224:
66:
30:
1583:
934:
417:
284:
264:
168:
1691:
772:
623:
608:
604:
580:
409:
234:
92:
1637:
1597:
910:
874:(who must have been Ramagupta's predecessor) and the Sanchi inscription of
871:
867:
854:
Sarppasena-kshamana, who in turn, was a pupil's pupil of Chandra-kshamana.
700:
685:
612:
544:
500:
487:
449:
433:
195:
185:
134:
103:
56:
494:
as unreliable for the purposes of history. Others, such as RD Banerji and
870:: the alphabet clearly resembles the alphabet of the Eran inscription of
792:
738:
711:
665:
495:
313:
244:
584:
calls the place "Aripura" (literally "enemy's city"); one manuscript of
691:
Dhruvadeva and Chandragupta, the two other main characters of the play
575:
551:
457:
413:
295:
274:
80:
424:
killed the Shaka enemy, and later dethroned him, marrying Dhruvadevi.
1648:
A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta
1559:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
863:
254:
1004:
1002:
801:
portions well-preserved, Last two lines of the inscription damaged.
1031:
1029:
631:
399:
1324:
1231:
999:
950:
930:
742:
735:
669:
643:
508:
87:
1114:
1112:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1026:
968:
966:
599:: Śaka) enemy is not certain. Proposed identifications include:
1153:
1151:
1046:
1044:
922:
891:
886:
550:
According to the play, Ramagupta decided to surrender his wife
1379:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
1411:
1409:
1396:
1394:
1355:
1207:
1124:
1109:
1097:
1080:
1068:
1056:
963:
938:
567:
1367:
1343:
1274:
1243:
1219:
1148:
1041:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1291:
1289:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1197:
1195:
1136:
1014:
978:
926:
847:
818:
Face of the tirthankara partially preserved, Attendant and
766:
transliteration, reconstructed portions in square bracket)
763:
596:
592:
555:
398:: Rāma-gupta; r. c. late 4th century CE), according to the
395:
1421:
1406:
1391:
797:
Face of the tirthankara completely damaged, Attendant and
850:: Celū-kṣamaṇa), who was a son Golakyanti and a pupil of
1301:
1286:
1255:
1192:
1169:
780:
Bhagavatorhataḥ Candraprabhasya pratime-yaṃ kāritā ma-
475:, although they do not mention Ramagupta by name (see
463:
Ramagupta is mentioned in the Sanskrit-language play
804:
Bhagavatorhataḥ Puṣpadantasya pratime-yaṃ kāritā ma-
1531:
1510:
1337:
806:
harājadhirāja-śri-Rāmaguptena upadeśāt-Pāṇipātrika-
1533:
1689:
825:Bhagavarha prabhasya pratime-yaṃ ritā mahadhirā-
1468:
1237:
1091:
1062:
1008:
972:
741:, discovered at Durjanpur (or Durjanpura) near
1644:
1582:
1361:
1249:
1213:
1130:
1118:
1103:
1050:
1035:
1020:
993:
782:harājadhirāja-śri-Rāmaguptena upadeśāt-Pāṇipā-
1665:
1604:
1373:
1225:
1157:
895:at the centre, instead of the characteristic
372:
1444:
1142:
1625:
1489:
1427:
1415:
1400:
1385:
1074:
638:Based on the Jain statue inscriptions (see
1184:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
717:Several later texts and inscriptions (see
379:
365:
1558:
1349:
1318:
1295:
1280:
1268:
1201:
889:. The pedestals of the statues feature a
574:, the enemy camp was located at Alipura.
721:) refer to the episode mentioned in the
684:. Moreover, the inscriptions are in the
1576:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
1536:History and Historians in Ancient India
467:. The original text of the play is now
1690:
1629:An introduction to Gupta numismatics
1475:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 315.
1472:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
719:Devichandraguptam § Historicity
477:Devichandraguptam § Historicity
1514:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times
925:on the reverse, have been found at
539:Based on the surviving passages of
13:
14:
1714:
1568:Journal of the Oriental Institute
1564:"Three inscriptions of Rāmagupta"
745:, bear inscriptions that mention
639:
522:
511:statue inscriptions referring to
1589:A Comprehensive History of India
125:
118:
1562:(1969). B. J. Sandesara (ed.).
1437:
1170:Kasturchand Jain Suman (2001).
1163:
729:
558:enemy, but his younger brother
503:disputed this attribution (see
499:Ramagupta, but others, such as
808:Candrakṣamaryya--śramana-praśi
652:
588:calls the place "Nalinapura".
1:
956:
762:Inscription on the pedestal (
591:The identity of Ramagupta's "
336:
319:
302:
201:
174:
157:
140:
1611:. Harvard University Press.
1532:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1984).
1511:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987).
504:
420:enemy: However, his brother
7:
1703:4th-century Indian monarchs
1672:. Pearson Education India.
815:C: Statue of Chandraprabha
10:
1719:
916:
532:
443:
1632:. Kusumanjali Prakashan.
862:According to epigraphist
554:(or Dhruva-svamini) to a
486:were first discovered by
86:
76:
72:
62:
52:
44:
37:
28:
23:
1469:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
1338:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1984
607:identified him with the
528:
408:, was an emperor of the
1645:Tej Ram Sharma (1989).
1496:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1493:Studies in Indian Coins
1454:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1451:Indian Kavya Literature
1174:. Delhi. pp. 1–10.
161: late 3rd century
144: late 3rd century
1666:Upinder Singh (2008).
1605:Romila Thapar (2013).
1574:. Oriental Institute,
759:State of preservation
661:
507:) below. Later, three
482:After the extracts of
48:c. late 4th century CE
1490:D.C. Sircar (2008) .
734:Two stone statues of
657:
1626:S. R. Goyal (1994).
1238:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1092:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1063:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1009:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
973:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
784:trika-Candrakṣamacā-
626:identified him with
190:(early 4th century?)
1540:. Abhinav. p.
1388:, pp. 226–227.
1362:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1352:, pp. 248–249.
1283:, pp. 250–251.
1250:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1214:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1131:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1119:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1104:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1077:, pp. 227–228.
1051:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1038:, pp. 116–122.
1036:Tej Ram Sharma 1989
1021:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1011:, pp. 153–154.
994:R. C. Majumdar 1981
219:(late 4th century?)
1608:The Past Before Us
1374:Upinder Singh 2008
1240:, p. 157-158.
1226:Romila Thapar 2013
1158:Romila Thapar 2013
572:Shringara-Prakasha
566:passage quoted in
456:, whose queen was
1679:978-81-317-1677-9
1658:978-81-7022-251-4
1618:978-0-674-72651-2
1551:978-0-391-03250-7
1524:978-81-7017-222-2
1503:978-81-208-2973-2
1482:978-81-208-0592-7
1461:978-81-208-0448-7
1143:A. K. Warder 1989
943:Devichandraguptam
843:
842:
723:Devichandraguptam
693:Devichandraguptam
564:Devichandraguptam
541:Devichandraguptam
519:Devichandraguptam
492:Devichandraguptam
484:Devichandraguptam
473:Devichandraguptam
465:Devichandraguptam
452:'s successor was
438:Devichandraguptam
429:Devichandraguptam
405:Devichandraguptam
389:
388:
356:
355:
98:
97:
1710:
1683:
1662:
1641:
1622:
1601:
1579:
1555:
1539:
1528:
1507:
1486:
1465:
1431:
1428:D.C. Sircar 2008
1425:
1419:
1416:D.C. Sircar 2008
1413:
1404:
1401:D.C. Sircar 2008
1398:
1389:
1386:D.C. Sircar 2008
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1078:
1075:D.C. Sircar 2008
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
997:
991:
976:
970:
945:happened there.
839:
753:
752:
672:
617:Allahabad Pillar
381:
374:
367:
341:
338:
324:
321:
307:
304:
206:
203:
179:
176:
162:
159:
145:
142:
129:
122:
115:
114:
109:
100:
99:
21:
20:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1659:
1619:
1552:
1525:
1504:
1483:
1462:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1325:
1317:
1302:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1193:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1000:
992:
979:
971:
964:
959:
919:
903:Maharajadhiraja
876:Chandragupta II
829:
828:
826:
809:
807:
805:
785:
783:
781:
747:Maharajadhiraja
732:
697:Chandragupta II
682:Maharajadhiraja
674:
663:
655:
537:
535:Gupta-Saka Wars
531:
514:Maharajadhiraja
454:Chandragupta II
446:
422:Chandragupta II
385:
339:
331:Kumaragupta III
322:
305:
229:(380 – 413/415)
225:Chandragupta II
204:
177:
160:
143:
107:
106:
67:Chandragupta II
31:Maharajadhiraja
19:
18:Maharajadhiraja
12:
11:
5:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1698:Gupta emperors
1685:
1684:
1678:
1663:
1657:
1642:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1584:R. C. Majumdar
1580:
1556:
1550:
1529:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:, p. 223.
1420:
1418:, p. 228.
1405:
1403:, p. 227.
1390:
1378:
1376:, p. 479.
1366:
1364:, p. 130.
1354:
1350:G. S. Gai 1969
1342:
1340:, p. 150.
1323:
1321:, p. 248.
1319:G. S. Gai 1969
1300:
1298:, p. 251.
1296:G. S. Gai 1969
1285:
1281:G. S. Gai 1969
1273:
1271:, p. 247.
1269:G. S. Gai 1969
1254:
1242:
1230:
1228:, p. 357.
1218:
1216:, p. 105.
1206:
1204:, p. 250.
1202:G. S. Gai 1969
1191:
1162:
1160:, p. 359.
1147:
1145:, p. 263.
1135:
1133:, p. 123.
1123:
1121:, p. 113.
1108:
1106:, p. 112.
1096:
1094:, p. 158.
1079:
1067:
1065:, p. 154.
1055:
1053:, p. 106.
1040:
1025:
1013:
998:
977:
975:, p. 157.
961:
960:
958:
955:
935:Madhya Pradesh
918:
915:
907:
906:
900:
879:
841:
840:
823:
816:
812:
811:
802:
795:
788:
787:
778:
775:
768:
767:
760:
757:
731:
728:
727:
726:
715:
707:
704:
689:
664:The Ramagupta
656:
654:
651:
636:
635:
620:
586:Harsha-charita
581:Harsha-charita
530:
527:
445:
442:
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
333:
327:
326:
316:
310:
309:
299:
291:
290:
289:(495 – ?)
287:
285:Narasimhagupta
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
267:
265:Kumaragupta II
261:
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169:Chandragupta I
165:
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84:
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1251:
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1023:, p. 48.
1022:
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996:, p. 46.
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791:B: Statue of
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773:Chandraprabha
771:A: Statue of
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640:#Inscriptions
633:
629:
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624:A. S. Altekar
621:
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605:V. V. Mirashi
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410:Gupta dynasty
407:
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235:Kumaragupta I
233:
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108:320 CE–550 CE
105:
102:
101:
94:
93:Gupta dynasty
91:
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39:Gupta emperor
36:
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27:
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16:
1668:
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1471:
1450:
1446:A. K. Warder
1438:Bibliography
1423:
1381:
1369:
1357:
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1209:
1171:
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1058:
1016:
947:
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911:D. C. Sircar
908:
902:
896:
890:
882:
872:Samudragupta
868:Gupta script
856:
851:
844:
835:
831:
819:
798:
746:
739:tirthankaras
733:
730:Inscriptions
722:
701:Govindagupta
692:
686:Gupta Brahmi
681:
675:
662:
658:
648:
637:
619:inscription.
613:Samudragupta
590:
585:
579:
571:
563:
560:Chandragupta
549:
545:Samudragupta
540:
538:
523:Inscriptions
518:
512:
501:D. C. Sircar
491:
488:Sylvain Levi
483:
481:
472:
464:
462:
450:Samudragupta
447:
437:
434:Gupta script
428:
426:
403:
391:
390:
213:
196:Samudragupta
104:Gupta Empire
57:Samudragupta
29:
15:
1651:. Concept.
1517:. Abhinav.
838:can be seen
827:śri-na uṇi
793:Pushpadanta
712:Skandagupta
668:found near
666:Inscription
653:Historicity
630:, a son of
552:Dhruva-devi
496:Henry Heras
352:(540 – 550)
348:Vishnugupta
314:Vainyagupta
279:(476 – 495)
269:(473 - 476)
259:(467 – 473)
249:(455 - 467)
245:Skandagupta
239:(415 – 455)
152:Ghatotkacha
53:Predecessor
1692:Categories
1578:: 247–251.
957:References
883:prabhavali
820:prabhavali
799:prabhavali
622:Historian
603:Historian
533:See also:
458:Dhruvadevi
414:Dhruvadevi
340: 530
323: 507
306: 510
296:Bhanugupta
275:Budhagupta
180:– 335/350)
178: 319
81:Dhruvadevi
1560:G. S. Gai
1180:cite book
864:G. S. Gai
392:Ramagupta
255:Purugupta
214:Ramagupta
63:Successor
24:Ramagupta
1638:32240275
1598:34008529
1586:(1981).
1448:(1989).
897:lanchana
632:Kidara I
525:below).
400:Sanskrit
951:Kumhrar
931:Vidisha
917:Coinage
852:Acharya
756:Statue
743:Vidisha
670:Vidisha
644:Jainism
505:Coinage
444:Sources
1676:
1655:
1636:
1615:
1596:
1548:
1521:
1500:
1479:
1458:
923:garuda
892:chakra
887:Sanchi
609:Kushan
207:– 375)
163:- 319)
77:Spouse
1572:XVIII
939:Malwa
593:Shaka
568:Bhoja
556:Shaka
529:Reign
521:(see
418:Shaka
416:to a
402:play
186:Kacha
135:Gupta
88:House
45:Reign
1674:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1634:OCLC
1613:ISBN
1594:OCLC
1546:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1186:link
929:and
927:Eran
848:IAST
834:and
764:IAST
736:Jain
628:Piro
597:IAST
576:Bana
509:Jain
469:lost
396:IAST
1542:150
933:in
836:pte
810:ti
710:of
615:'s
595:" (
578:'s
570:'s
479:).
1694::
1570:.
1566:.
1544:.
1408:^
1393:^
1326:^
1303:^
1288:^
1257:^
1194:^
1182:}}
1178:{{
1150:^
1111:^
1082:^
1043:^
1028:^
1001:^
980:^
965:^
646:.
547:.
337:c.
320:c.
303:c.
202:c.
175:c.
158:c.
141:c.
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832:m
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380:e
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335:(
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173:(
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139:(
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