985:
881:
865:
165:
523:
897:
512:
438:
44:
447:
978:
777:. It is not clear if the verse refers to routine appointments made by the king, or his actions after a political turmoil resulting from a war of succession or invasion. The inscription outlines several qualifications required to be the governor of Surashtra, stating that only Parnadatta met these requirements. Again, it is not clear if these were actual qualifications required to be a governor under Skandagupta's rule, or if the verse simply aims to eulogise Parnadatta.
396:. Jagannath Agrawal theorizes that the composer of the inscription deliberately departed from convention and devoted a line to the king's mother: this was not because of the inferior status of the mother. Agrawal disputes Fleet's reading of the "Aryan status" line, providing an alternative reading: "whom nobility causes to blush by reason of the narrations of his exploits by means of songs and eulogies". This line seems to be inspired from a verse in
294:
288:
282:
60:
815:. The regnal dates of Narendrasena are not certain, but he is generally thought to be a contemporary of Skandagupta. Since Malava was a part of the Gupta Empire at one time, it is possible that Narendrasena raided Gupta territories during Skandagupta's reign. Skandagupta would have restored Gupta control over the region soon after. A c. 460–461 inscription refers to the "tranquil reign of Skandagupta, the lord of hundred kings."
277:
55:
632:
172:
204:
188:
686:), which suggests that it happened later during Skandagupta's reign. However, a possible reference to this conflict in the Junagadh inscription suggests that it may have happened at the beginning of the Skandagupta's reign or during the reign of his father Kumaragupta. The Junagadh inscription, dated to the year 138 of the Gupta era (c. 457–458 CE) mentions Skandagupta's success against the
834:, who appears to have been his half-brother. Purugupta was a son of Kumaragupta I from his chief queen, and therefore, must have been his legitimate successor. It is possible that he was a minor at the time of Kumaragupta I's death, because of which Skandagupta ascended the throne. Skandagupta appears to have died heirless, or his son may have been dethroned by Purugupta's family.
479:, he restored "the fallen fortunes of his family". The inscription states that when he prepared to do so, he spent a night on the bare earth, and then defeated his enemies, who had grown wealthy and powerful. After defeating his enemies, he visited his widowed mother, whose eyes were "full of tears from joy".
497:
According to one theory, these enemies invaded the Gupta empire during the last years of
Kumaragupta's reign, or shortly after his death, and Skandagupta defeated them. According to another theory, the conflict referred to in the Bhitari inscription resulted from a disputed succession to the throne.
387:
have criticized this theory, pointing out that the
Bhitari inscription clearly suggests that Skandagupta's mother held a very exalted status in the eyes of her son. The inscription states that after restoring the fallen fortunes of his family by defeating his enemies, he visited his mother just like
849:
Skandagupta issued five types of gold coins: Archer type, King and queen type, Chhatra type, Lion-slayer type and
Horseman type. His silver coins are of four types: Garuda type, Bull type, Altar type and Madhyadesha type. The initial gold coinage was on the old weight standard used by his father
984:
715:
region, in which
Junagadh is located. Since Skandagupta is not known to have fought against any other foreigners, these mlechchhas were probably the Hunas. If this identification is correct, it is possible that as a prince, Skandagupta was sent to check the Huna invasion at the frontier, and
602:
Another argument cited in favour of the disputed succession theory is that the records of the subsequent Gupta kings omit
Skandagupta's name from the royal genealogy, listing Purugupta's name after that of Kumaragupta. An example is the Bhitari seal of the 6th century king
752:
ascended the throne after his father
Mahendraditya abdicated it, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the mlechchhas. Since Mahendraditya was a title of Kumaragupta, and Vikramaditya that of Skandagupta, this may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas.
1257:"For the temporary reprieve from the Huns won by Skandagupta was the final phase of Indian classicism . The king himself worshipped Hindu gods and goddesses, then returning to the fore, but he did not neglect other beliefs such as Jainism and Buddhism." in
1651:
is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the
Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ... for the
419:, it is more likely that the description aims to highlight the degraded position of his mother just like that of the legendary Devaki, before Skandagupta restored her to a position of prestige and power, just like Krishna did for Devaki.
348:. His mother may have been a junior queen or a concubine of Kumaragupta. This theory is based on the fact that Skandagputa's inscriptions mention the name of his father, but not of his mother. For example, Skandagupta's
591:, may be a reference to the disputed succession to the throne. The reading "Yudhyamitras", rather than "Pushyamitras", may be correct, and the enemies referred to in the inscription may be rival claimants to the throne.
332:. He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, and is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors. The Gupta genealogy after him is unclear, but he was most probably succeeded by
572:
or a ring. Assuming this woman is
Lakshmi, the depiction seems to be a visual representation of the statement made in the inscription. (Some scholars identify the woman as a queen rather than Lakshmi).
773:, has an inscription engraved on the orders of Skandagupta's governor Parnadatta. The inscription states that Skandagupta appointed governors of all provinces, including Parnadatta as the governor of
694:...whose fame, moreover, even enemies, in the countries of the mlechchhas... having their pride broken down to the very root, announce with the words "verily the victory has been achieved by him."
568:, the goddess of fortune, chose Skandagupta as her husband after rejecting all other "sons of kings". Some coins issued by Skandagupta depict a woman offering him an uncertain object, probably a
554:
The
Junagadh inscription states that after his father's death, Skandagupta became "the ruler of the earth" by his own prowess. This suggests that Skandagupta acquired the throne using force.
784:
area), which was presumably the capital of
Surashtra. The Junagadh inscription records Chakdrapalita's repairs to the Sudarshana lake, an ancient reservoir originally constructed by
854:
of approximately 8.4 gm. This initial coinage is quite scarce. At some point in his reign, Skandagupta revalued his currency, switching from the old dinar standard to a new
1453:
858:
standard that weighed approximately 9.2 gm. These later coins were all only of the Archer type, and this standard and type was followed by all subsequent Gupta rulers.
594:
Various historical records suggest that multiple people in the Gupta empire assumed sovereign status after Kumaragupta's death. These people include Kumaragupta's brother
661:(Skandagupta), "by whose two arms the earth was shaken, when he, the creator (of a disturbance like that) of a terrible whirlpool, joined in close conflict with the
716:
Kumaragupta died in the capital while this conflict was happening; Skandagupta returned to the capital and overcame rebels or rival claimants to ascend the throne.
864:
620:
611:, and the genealogical lists in their records intend to list only their direct ancestors, rather than provide a comprehensive list of the earlier Gupta kings.
738:, literally, "The Gupta conquered the Hunas". This may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas, although an alternative reading by scholar
665:; . . . . . . among enemies . . . . . . arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . proclaimed . . . . . . . . . . . . just as if it were the roaring of (the river)
880:
1727:
792:). Chakrapalita is said to have spent an "immeasurable" amount of wealth to build an embankment, and is also credited with the construction of a
788:, and later improved by his grandson Ashoka. The dam was subsequently re-built by Rudradaman in c. 150, but burst in c. 456–457 (year 137 of the
320:
suggests that he restored the Gupta power by defeating his enemies, who may have been rebels or foreign invaders. He repulsed an invasion by the
254:
682:
The date of the Huna invasion is not certain. The Bhitari inscription mentions it after describing the conflict with the Pushyamitras (or the
598:, his relative Ghatotkacha-gupta, and Prakashaditya (who is known from some gold coins). These people may have been rivals of Skandagupta.
494:. However, an alternative interpretation of the inscription reads "Yudhyamitras" (a generic term for enemies) instead of "Pushyamitras".
372:
read a line of the Bhitari inscription to state that Skandagupta was "raised to Aryan status by the panegyrics of bards". Based on this,
412:
aimed at glorifying the king, and its composer would not have made a derogatory insinuation about the low status of the king's mother.
1446:
674:
476:
456:
349:
317:
178:
164:
770:
607:. However, this omission may be explained by the fact that these subsequent kings were descendants of Skandagupta's half-brother
1236:
846:. It is possible that the various wars fought by him strained the state treasury, although this cannot be said with certainty.
415:
Based on the inscription, some scholars have theorised that Devaki was the name of his mother. However, according to historian
1970:
1803:
1782:
1761:
1290:
1270:
1950:
1711:
1656:
with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc.", p.cli
896:
1666:
842:
Compared to his predecessors, Skandagupta issued fewer gold coins, and some of these coins feature relatively
977:
1894:
1684:
1965:
1884:
947:
780:
Parnadatta appointed his son Chakrapalita as the magistrate of the Girinagara city (near modern Junagadh-
1889:
1229:
1205:
711:-456 CE), when Skandagupta ascended the throne and when he appointed Parnadatta as the governor of the
1874:, Varanasi:Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology, Banaras Hindu University.
932:
1955:
626:
373:
935:, revived interest in Jaishankar Prasad's plays by successfully staging his most important play
72:
1751:
1260:
1793:
1222:
1772:
1634:
A.S. Altekar (1957). "The Coinage of the Gupta Empire", Varanasi: Banaras Hindu University.
1313:
522:
369:
1850:. Vol. 3, Part I: A.D. 300–985. Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
557:
His mother may was probably a junior wife of Kumaragupta rather than the chief queen (see
8:
1960:
1644:
785:
774:
712:
575:
The Bhitari inscription makes three mentions of the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family (
704:
The victory against the mlechchhas happened in or before the year 136 of the Gupta era (
1818:
1009:
1851:
1799:
1778:
1757:
1707:
1286:
1266:
912:
766:
643:
384:
482:
Many scholars read the name of the enemies mentioned in the Bhitari inscription as "
402:
916:
744:
321:
1899:
1613:
Sanjeev Kumar (2017). "Treasures of the Gupta Empire", Shivlee Trust, pp. 344–353.
1845:
1831:
1648:
1457:
1307:
1280:
1188:
1082:
871:
804:
604:
365:
511:
437:
1841:
1142:
1122:
1026:
739:
416:
357:
43:
1944:
1915:
1092:
943:
928:
636:
491:
446:
345:
143:
99:
1855:
1341:
1922:
1053:
1043:
992:
961:
924:
808:
749:
657:
The Bhitari pillar inscription states that Skandagupta defeated the Hunas:
595:
544:
539:
contains an inscription of Skandagupta, besides those of the earlier kings
483:
361:
309:
270:
239:
133:
32:
561:
section above), and therefore, his claim to the throne was not legitimate.
1171:
851:
662:
651:
647:
325:
228:
1822:
803:
king Narendrasena claims that his commands were obeyed by the rulers of
1282:
From Aristotle to Zoroaster: An A to Z Companion to the Classical World
1153:
1132:
843:
490:, were a tribe, and probably ruled an area located on the banks of the
210:
18:
Gupta Emperor who ruled parts of Indian subcontinent during c. 455–467
1932:
1616:
1112:
1071:
831:
824:
823:
The last known date of Skandagupta is c. 467–468 CE (year 148 of the
789:
687:
608:
465:
408:
333:
329:
293:
287:
281:
258:
219:
109:
59:
800:
762:
720:
532:
397:
153:
1514:
1512:
1482:
1480:
1411:
1409:
1396:
1394:
368:, but does not mention the chief queen of his father Kumaragupta.
276:
54:
1653:
1381:
1379:
631:
569:
565:
487:
389:
128:
49:
1813:
Jagannath Agrawal (1968). "The status of Skandagupta's mother".
1833:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age
1791:
1573:
1571:
1558:
1556:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1509:
1499:
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1495:
1477:
1406:
1391:
1347:
887:
793:
781:
666:
540:
536:
393:
377:
194:
1467:
1465:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
939:
written in 1928, with little changes to the original script.
812:
313:
1595:
1583:
1568:
1553:
1536:
1524:
1492:
650:) invaded India from the northwest, advancing as far as the
48:
Gold coin of Skandagupta, depicting himself on the obverse,
1462:
1421:
1353:
1320:
406:. Agrawal further argues that the Bhitari inscription is a
765:
rock, which contains inscription of the earlier emperors,
261:
of inscriptions of Skandagupta, and contemporary polities.
336:, who appears to have been his younger half-brother.
66:
appears vertically under the left arm of the emperor.
1815:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
870:Coin of Skandagupta (455-467), in the style of the
464:Skandagupta ascended the throne in year 136 of the
1890:The Bihar Stone Pillar Inscription of Skandagupta
1812:
1704:The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature – Volume 5
1415:
1400:
1262:The Pimlico Dictionary Of Classical Civilizations
1942:
1749:
1622:
827:), and he probably ruled for a few more years.
376:theorized that his mother was from a low-caste
1840:
1829:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1562:
1547:
1530:
1518:
1503:
1486:
1434:
1385:
1370:
1335:
748:(11th century) states that the legendary king
742:has "Jato" instead of "Gupto". A story in the
498:This theory is based on the following points:
1885:The Bhitari Pillar Inscription of Skandagupta
1872:History and Coinage of Skandagupta Kramāditya
1770:
1728:"स्कंदगुप्त की कहानी पर बनी है बाहुबली फिल्म"
1471:
1309:Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties
1230:
931:, Professor of Ancient Indian Drama while at
1895:The Junagadh Rock Inscription of Skandagupta
1447:"Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman",
1348:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
886:Coin of Skandagupta Kramaditya with facing
830:Skandagupta was most probably succeeded by
344:Skandagupta was a son of the Gupta emperor
1792:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
1237:
1223:
669:, making itself noticed in (their) ears."
614:
422:
1278:
1258:
675:Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta
457:Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta
430:Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta
1667:"स्कंदगुप्त (नाटक) : जयशंकर प्रसाद"
630:
504:Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta
1943:
171:
1305:
907:
564:The Junagadh inscription states that
203:
1753:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
1774:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times
1701:
187:
13:
1864:
1259:Cotterell, Arthur (30 June 2011).
14:
1982:
1878:
1706:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 4119.
950:was based on Skandagupta's life.
642:During Skandagupta's period, the
1847:A Comprehensive History of India
1671:www.hindikahani.hindi-kavita.com
983:
976:
895:
879:
863:
756:
521:
510:
445:
436:
292:
286:
280:
275:
202:
186:
170:
163:
58:
53:
42:
1742:
1720:
1695:
1677:
1659:
1637:
1628:
1607:
1440:
946:claimed that the popular movie
558:
1685:"Re-discovering Dhruvaswamini"
1299:
1251:
923:in 1928, based on the life of
1:
1643:"Evidence of the conquest of
1265:. Random House. p. 367.
1194:
1177:
1160:
1059:
1032:
1015:
998:
953:
818:
728:
705:
469:
339:
302:
82:
1971:5th-century maharajadhirajas
915:, a renowned poet of modern
646:(known as the White Huns or
7:
1951:5th-century Indian monarchs
1285:. Free Press. p. 173.
948:Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
927:Skandagupta. In the 1960s,
475:-456 CE). According to the
10:
1987:
1870:Singh, Jai Prakash (1976)
1279:Cotterell, Arthur (1998).
902:Gold dinar of Skandagupta.
837:
624:
618:
477:Bhitari pillar inscription
350:Bhitari pillar inscription
318:Bhitari pillar inscription
1929:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1836:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
635:Madra inscription on the
149:
139:
127:
119:
115:
105:
95:
78:
71:
52:on the reverse. The name
41:
30:
25:
1750:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
1456:23 February 2009 at the
933:National School of Drama
486:", who according to the
352:lists the chief queens (
328:in India), probably the
201:
185:
169:
1830:R. C. Majumdar (1962).
1756:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1019: late 3rd century
1002: late 3rd century
627:Gupta-Kidarite Conflict
615:Conflict with the Hunas
423:Ascension to the throne
392:had visited his mother
1900:Coinage of Skandagupta
1771:D. K. Ganguly (1987).
1625:, pp. 28–9, 31–2.
1416:Jagannath Agrawal 1968
1401:Jagannath Agrawal 1968
799:An inscription of the
702:
680:
639:
919:, wrote a play named
844:less quantity of gold
692:
659:
634:
1798:. Psychology Press.
1647:during the reign of
1623:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
1306:Allen, John (1914).
1048:(early 4th century?)
699:Junagadh inscription
255:class=notpageimage|
1702:Lal, Mohan (2006).
1602:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1590:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1578:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1563:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1548:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1531:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1519:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1504:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1487:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1435:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1386:R. C. Majumdar 1962
1371:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1336:R. C. Majumdar 1981
1077:(late 4th century?)
786:Chandragupta Maurya
388:the legendary hero
356:) of his ancestors
1966:5th-century Hindus
1817:. 48–49: 325–327.
1795:A History of India
1691:. 29 October 2009.
1472:D. K. Ganguly 1987
1449:Project South Asia
908:In popular culture
736:Ajayad-Gupto Hunan
732: 7th century
719:A sentence in the
640:
587:, rather than the
583:). The mention of
1939:
1938:
1930:Succeeded by
1805:978-0-415-32919-4
1784:978-81-7017-222-2
1763:978-81-208-0592-7
1521:, pp. 73–74.
1489:, pp. 70–71.
1388:, pp. 17–28.
1292:978-0-684-85596-7
1272:978-1-4464-6672-8
1247:
1246:
1214:
1213:
942:The news article
913:Jaishankar Prasad
725:Chandra-Vyakarana
644:Indo-Hephthalites
621:Gupta–Hunnic Wars
385:Dasharatha Sharma
322:Indo-Hephthalites
159:
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1913:Preceded by
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1083:Chandragupta II
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380:background.
374:A. L. Basham
362:Samudragupta
353:
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308:-467) was a
298:
271:Gupta script
266:
265:
240:
63:
33:Vikramaditya
31:
20:
15:
1927:455–467 CE
1777:. Abhinav.
1734:(in Hindi).
1210:(540 – 550)
1206:Vishnugupta
1172:Vainyagupta
1137:(476 – 495)
1127:(473 - 476)
1117:(467 – 473)
1107:(455 - 467)
1103:Skandagupta
1097:(415 – 455)
1010:Ghatotkacha
921:Skandagupta
852:Kumaragupta
652:Indus River
370:J. F. Fleet
267:Skandagupta
230:ALCHON HUNS
195:Girnar rock
96:Predecessor
26:Skandagupta
1961:467 deaths
1945:Categories
1312:. p.
1198: 530
1181: 507
1164: 510
1154:Bhanugupta
1133:Budhagupta
1038:– 335/350)
1036: 319
954:References
819:Succession
771:Rudradaman
713:Saurashtra
709: 455
688:mlechchhas
625:See also:
619:See also:
559:Early life
473: 455
403:Raghuvaṃśa
340:Early life
324:(known as
306: 455
259:Find spots
88: – c.
86: 455
36:Kramaditya
1933:Purugupta
1689:The Hindu
1645:Saurastra
1113:Purugupta
1072:Ramagupta
832:Purugupta
825:Gupta era
790:Gupta era
775:Surashtra
734:) states
609:Purugupta
466:Gupta era
409:prashasti
354:mahadevis
334:Purugupta
330:Kidarites
220:KIDARITES
110:Purugupta
106:Successor
1856:34008529
1844:(1981).
1823:41694254
1454:Archived
801:Vakataka
796:temple.
763:Junagadh
721:Sanskrit
697:—
672:—
535:rock in
533:Junagadh
398:Kalidasa
154:Hinduism
150:Religion
1654:chaitya
856:suvarna
838:Coinage
677:Line 15
570:garland
566:Lakshmi
488:Puranas
390:Krishna
129:Dynasty
64:Skan-da
50:Lakshmi
1854:
1821:
1802:
1781:
1760:
1710:
1289:
1269:
1065:– 375)
1021:- 319)
888:Garuda
813:Malava
809:Mekala
805:Kosala
794:Vishnu
782:Girnar
767:Ashoka
589:empire
585:family
581:vamsha
541:Ashoka
394:Devaki
378:Shudra
364:, and
316:. His
244:EMPIRE
140:Father
123:467 CE
1819:JSTOR
1044:Kacha
993:Gupta
723:text
667:Ganga
663:Hûnas
648:Hunas
326:Hunas
314:India
301:, r.
242:GUPTA
134:Gupta
79:Reign
1852:OCLC
1800:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1277:and
1267:ISBN
811:and
769:and
761:The
577:kula
543:and
531:The
455:The
120:Died
1314:114
579:or
400:'s
312:of
1947::
1730:.
1687:.
1669:.
1570:^
1555:^
1538:^
1511:^
1494:^
1479:^
1464:^
1423:^
1408:^
1393:^
1378:^
1355:^
1322:^
1195:c.
1178:c.
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1060:c.
1033:c.
1016:c.
999:c.
807:,
729:c.
706:c.
654:.
470:c.
360:,
303:c.
273::
83:c.
1858:.
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1295:.
1275:.
1238:e
1231:t
1224:v
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1152:(
1074:)
1070:(
1058:(
1031:(
1014:(
1004:)
997:(
890:.
874:.
727:(
547:.
468:(
269:(
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