168:, the average Indian agent was primarily nominated by various Christian denominations due to the increase in civilization reforms to Indian-white affairs, especially over land. Part of the Christian message of reform, carried out by the Indian agents, demonstrated the pervasive thought of Indian land ownership of the late 19th century: civilization can only be possible when Indians cease communal living in favor of private ownership. Many citizens still held the activities of Indian agents in poor esteem, calling the agents themselves "unprincipled opportunists" and people of low quality.
218:
137:... and should be retained in the service when they prove themselves to be efficient and helpful by their character and moral influence." This civilian run board was charged "with responsibility for supervising the disbursement of Indian appropriations" from state and federal governments. However, the United States Army command was extremely dissatisfied of the transfer of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from the Department of War to the
102:
See to the proper distribution of annuities granted by the state or federal government to various Indian tribes; and this usually occurred through a transfer of money or goods from the Indian agent to the respective chief which would then be distributed to the tribe, although this practice went into
81:
From the close of the 18th century to nearly 1869, Congress maintained the position that it was legally responsible for the protection of
Indians from non-Indians, and in establishing this responsibility it "continue to deal with Indian tribes by utilizing agents to negotiate treaties under the
68:
of 1793, a revision of the original 1790 law. This required land sales by or from
Indians to be federally licensed and permitted. The legislation also authorized the President to "appoint such persons, from time to time, as temporary agents to reside among the Indians," and guide them into
193:
As of July 1884, Indian agents were to compile an annual report of their reservations for submission aimed at collecting the following information from Indian respondents: Indian name, English name, Relationship, Sex, and Name among other statistical
120:
decided to place the position of Indian agent under civilian jurisdiction. This came at a time when many white
Americans saw the role of Indian agent as largely inefficient and dishonest in monetary and severalty dealings with various Indian tribes.
141:
by 1849, so they began to make public complaints about the corruptive nature of the civilian presence in the job of Indian agent. Despite its deeply felt convictions that its Indian agents were appointed and removed on merit, the civilian
112:
In the 1830s, the primary role of Indian agents was to assist in commercial trading supervision between traders and
Indians, while agents possessed the authority to both issue and revoke commercial trading licenses.
157:
stated that the "chief duty of an agent is to induce his Indian to labor in civilized pursuits. To attain this end every possible influence should be brought to bear, and in proportion as it is attained
146:
was frequently deemed corrupt, portrayed derogatorily in print and propaganda, and inadvertently assumed the scapegoat for the perceived inefficiency of Indian-White affairs: the Indian agent.
875:"The Official Correspondence of James S. Calhoun: While Indian Agent at Santa FĂŠ and Superintendent of Indian Affairs in New Mexico" by James S. Calhoun, 1915 U.S. Government Printing Office
129:
By 1850, many citizens had been calling for reform of the agents in the Bureau of Indian
Affairs. Their wish had been granted when in 1869 the bureau created the civilian-controlled
644:
209:
reached the presidency at the turn of the 20th century (1901â1909), the Indian agents that remained on the government payroll were all replaced by school superintendents.
165:
534:, Indian agent from 1792 to 1812; considered a "white Indian" because of his former association with the Miami Indians and role as an Indian agent interpreter
826:"Indian agent and wilderness scholar: the life of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft" by Richard G. Bremer, 1987 Clarke Historical Library at Central Michigan University
175:
See that
Indians in one's designated locality are not "idle for want of an opportunity to labor or of instructions as to how to go to work," and
467:
917:
149:
By the late 19th century, the job title of Indian agent began to change slightly in the wake of the recent attempts to 'civilize' Indians,
817:"Prairie Man: The Struggle between Sitting Bull and Indian Agent James McLaughlin" By Norman E. Matteoni, 2015 Rowman & Littlefield
669:
648:
150:
181:
See to it that the
Indians under one's jurisdiction can farm successfully and solely for the subsistence of their respective family
70:
64:
The federal regulation of Indian affairs in the United States first included development of the position of Indian agent in the
912:
306:
232:
50:
799:"The Life of Kit Carson, Hunter, Trapper, Guide, Indian Agent, and Colonel U.S.A." By Edward Sylvester Ellis, 1899 G.M. Hill
922:
396:
282:
190:
Allow
Indians to leave the reservation only if they have acquired a permit for such (permits were only irregularly granted)
133:. The board "never more deeply felt, that Indian agents should be appointed solely for merit and fitness for their work
302:
541:, Indian agent for the Ponca, Pawnee, Otoe, and Oakland Agency, in the Indian Territory, 1889â1893. Brother of Col.
69:
acculturation of
American society by changing their agricultural practices and domestic activities. Eventually, the
872:"The Silver Man: The Life and Times of Indian Agent John Kinzie" By Peter Shrake, 2016 Wisconsin Historical Society
423:
415:
83:
619:
241:, Indian Agent for the Fort Berthold Agency in the Dakota Territory, 1877â1877. Known as Rev. Robert Alden in
90:
Initially, and before the reforms of the late 19th century, an Indian agent's average duties were as follows:
878:"Christopher Gist: Colonial Frontiersman, Explorer, and Indian Agent" by Kenneth P. Bailey, 1976 Archon Books
130:
786:
187:
Both provide and supervise the instruction of
English education and industrial training for Indian children
42:
17:
897:
459:, Indian agent for the Kickapoo Agency, 1868â1871. Indian agent for the Cheyenne and Arapaho, 1878â1884.
138:
869:"Indian Agent: Peter Ellis Bean in Mexican Texas" By Jack Jackson, 2005 Texas A&M University Press
96:"He was to keep an eye out for violations of intercourse laws and to report them to superintendents"
490:
1886â1890. Part-Cherokee by birth, Owen was later elected one of the first two U.S. senators from
172:
In the 1880 Instruction to Indian Agents, it states the job duties of the Indian agent as follows:
117:
723:
Chaput, Donald (July 1972). "Generals, Indian Agents, Politicians: The Doolittle Survey of 1865".
531:
53:
567:
538:
406:
27:
Individual authorized to interact with Native Americans tribes on behalf of the U.S. government
789:. Legal and Administrative Background: The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
31:
572:
242:
106:
See to the successful removal of tribes from areas procured for settlement to reservations
8:
554:
442:
35:
866:"Indian Agents: Rulers of the Reserves" By John L. Steckley, 2016 Peter Lang Publishing
845:
767:
740:
705:
542:
483:
400:
315:
206:
65:
808:"Benjamin Hawkins, Indian Agent" By Merritt B. Pound, 2009 University of Georgia Press
688:
Unrau, William E. (October 1972). "The Civilian as Indian Agent: Villain or Victim?".
663:
497:
456:
419:
392:
374:
319:
288:
143:
836:
Hutton, Paul A. (September 1978). "William Wells: Frontier Scout and Indian Agent".
888:
732:
697:
548:
487:
433:
410:
382:
366:
325:
296:
222:
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from 1770 to 1810. Freeman also ran a tavern in Rowan and owned 250 acres of land.
437:
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in 1856; resigned to serve as a military officer in the Confederate Army in 1860.
519:
477:
471:
463:
360:
349:
292:
248:
758:
Castile, George P. (April 1981). "Edwin Eells, U.S. Indian Agent, 1871-1895".
906:
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absolutely "no work must be given to white men which can be done by Indians"
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345:
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them into American culture. Despite the public scorn for the agents, the
849:
771:
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The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians
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254:
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709:
515:
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356:
278:
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Individuals who have served as Indian agents include the following:
217:
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505:
491:
446:
337:
333:
268:
73:
ceased using the word "temporary" in the Indian agent's job title.
59:
257:, Indian agent to the Ute Indians and the Jicarilla Apaches, 1850s
518:
Agency to the Kiowa and Comanche. Guardian of future President
501:
99:
Maintain flexible cooperation with U.S. Army military personnel
889:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture â Indian Agencies
93:
Work toward preventing conflicts between settlers and Indians
76:
341:
272:
251:, Last Indian Agent for the Arizona Territory, 1871-1873
528:, Indian agent in Muskogee Indian Territory, 1879â1887
235:, Indian agent for the Ute Mountain Agency, 1870â1874
470:
to the Osage and Kaw, 1878â1893. Uncle of president
784:
436:for a brief time, 1878â1879, until killed in the
904:
60:Agents established in Nonintercourse Act of 1793
49:was an individual authorized to interact with
161:... an agent is successful or unsuccessful."
373:and other southern Indians under Presidents
77:Changing role of Indian Agents, 1800â1840s
607:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
216:
212:
124:
757:
683:
681:
679:
551:, Indian agent in California, 1850â1852
164:By the 1870s, due to president Grant's
14:
905:
835:
722:
668:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
602:
322:to the Cheyenne and Arapaho, 1869â1872
687:
585:
785:National Archives (15 August 2016).
676:
399:; Arizona Territory under President
397:San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation
385:. One of the most successful agents.
283:San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation
30:For the similar role in Canada, see
918:United States federal Indian policy
894:Fort Wayne Indian Agency Collection
557:, agent at Standing Rock, 1898â1903
522:and his siblings Theodore and Mary.
24:
200:
25:
934:
882:
617:
787:"Indian Census Roles, 1885-1940"
305:, Alabama's first member of the
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760:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
860:
802:
793:
778:
751:
716:
637:
611:
13:
1:
913:Indigenous affairs ministries
603:Prucha, Francis Paul (1984).
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184:Enforce prohibition of liquor
131:Board of Indian Commissioners
56:on behalf of the government.
725:Western Historical Quarterly
690:Western Historical Quarterly
355:Aaron Freeman, agent to the
7:
923:United States Indian agents
898:William L. Clements Library
838:Indiana Magazine of History
620:"Outline of Indian Affairs"
561:
10:
939:
424:Standing Rock Sioux Agency
139:Department of the Interior
29:
480:, Indian agent in Indiana
34:. For the 1948 film, see
395:), Indian Agent for the
307:House of Representatives
285:in the Arizona Territory
118:Bureau of Indian Affairs
103:decline by the mid-1800s
432:, Indian agent for the
328:, Indian agent for the
281:, Indian agent for the
263:, Indian agent for the
568:William Holland Thomas
539:David John Mosher Wood
508:in the 1820s and 1830s
407:Valentine McGillycuddy
225:
144:Board of Commissioners
220:
213:Notable Indian agents
125:Mid-late 19th century
32:Indian agent (Canada)
573:Indian agency police
309:, then agent to the
243:Laura Ingalls Wilder
82:jurisdiction of the
555:George Bingenheimer
443:Return J. Meigs Sr.
36:Indian Agent (film)
543:Samuel Newitt Wood
514:, Indian agent at
486:, Indian agent in
484:Robert Latham Owen
466:, Indian agent at
420:Devils Lake Agency
418:active 1876â1923,
409:, Indian agent of
401:Theodore Roosevelt
318:, Indian agent at
316:Brinton Darlington
226:
207:Theodore Roosevelt
66:Nonintercourse Act
498:Henry Schoolcraft
457:John DeBras Miles
453:from 1801 to 1823
393:Yellowstone Kelly
375:George Washington
320:Darlington Agency
289:Douglas H. Cooper
275:beginning in 1866
84:Department of War
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549:O. M. Wozencraft
488:Indian Territory
434:White River Utes
416:James McLaughlin
411:Red Cloud Agency
383:Thomas Jefferson
367:Benjamin Hawkins
326:George Davenport
297:Chickasaw Nation
291:, agent for the
223:Benjamin Hawkins
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653:. Retrieved
649:the original
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627:. Retrieved
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512:Lawrie Tatum
468:Osage Agency
389:Luther Kelly
371:Creek people
348:through the
344:, after the
311:Creek people
303:John Crowell
295:in 1853 and
239:Robert Alden
227:
204:
194:information.
166:Peace Policy
163:
151:assimilating
148:
128:
115:
111:
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63:
47:Indian agent
46:
45:history, an
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18:Indian Agent
861:Works cited
629:11 December
625:. p. 1
403:, 1904â1909
346:War of 1812
907:Categories
844:(3): 189.
655:2023-08-07
579:References
379:John Adams
255:Kit Carson
766:(2): 62.
516:Fort Sill
451:Tennessee
279:John Clum
245:'s books.
850:27790311
772:40490672
664:cite web
562:See also
506:Michigan
492:Oklahoma
447:Cherokee
426:(1881â?)
338:Illinois
221:Bust of
896:at the
352:of 1832
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770:
745:967424
743:
710:966865
708:
537:Major
502:Ojibwe
462:Major
381:, and
357:Chowan
159:
135:
54:tribes
846:JSTOR
768:JSTOR
741:JSTOR
706:JSTOR
623:(PDF)
205:When
670:link
631:2012
342:Iowa
340:and
332:and
273:Iowa
267:and
733:doi
698:doi
504:in
449:in
359:in
336:in
334:Fox
330:Sac
271:in
269:Fox
265:Sac
86:."
41:In
909::
842:74
840:.
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678:^
666:}}
662:{{
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